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Nephrotoxic effects caused by co-exposure to noise and toluene in New Zealand white rabbits: A biochemical and histopathological study. Life Sci 2020; 259:118254. [PMID: 32800833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biological and renal effects made by simultaneous and non-simultaneous exposure to toluene and noise were investigated. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were exposed to 100 dB of white noise and 1000 ppm of toluene vapor for two weeks. The examined biochemical factors were urea, uric acid, creatinine, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and albumin serum levels, measured on different days after the end of the exposure. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX), malondialdehyde dismutase activity (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) parameters were measured in the kidney tissue. The hematoxylin and eosin staining method was used for histopathological experiments. Overall, the noise increased albumin, uric acid, creatinine, and glucose levels, but it decreased urea, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Toluene decreased albumin, uric acid, and urea levels, while it increased creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose levels. Simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene decreased albumin, uric acid, cholesterol, and urea levels, whereas it increased creatinine, glucose, and triglyceride levels. GPX, MDA, and SOD levels increased by simultaneous and non-simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene. Furthermore, massive tubular degeneration, tubular cell vacuolization, glomerular disorganization, congestion, glomerular cell shrinkage, and unclear brush border were detected in the kidney tissue.
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Xie WQ, Yu KX, Gong YX. A fast and simple headspace gas chromatographic technique for quantitatively analyzing urea in human urine. Anal Biochem 2019; 576:9-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Non-enzymatic detection of urea using unmodified gold nanoparticles based aptasensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:340-7. [PMID: 26002019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biosensing nitrogenous compounds like urea is required to control the incidents of Economically Motivated Adulteration (EMA). In this study, we report the FluMag Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (FluMag-SELEX) method to isolate a urea specific DNA aptamer with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 232 nM. The interaction of DNA aptamer with urea has been confirmed by affinity assay, CD analysis, melting curve analysis and truncation studies. Unlike other urea sensing methods reported so far, using this urea aptamer, we demonstrate a simple, 'non-enzymatic' easy-to-use, dual readout aptasensor that exploits unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to transduce the signals of aptamer binding to urea in terms of intrinsic fluorescence differences and color changes simultaneously. This method is free from complicated sample processing and labeling steps. The urea aptasensor displays high selectivity for urea and is free from interference from common milk adulterants. The developed aptasensor reliably detects urea adulteration in milk. The response signals linearly correlate with the increasing concentrations of urea in milk ranging from 20mM to 150 mM with detection limit of 20mM. We also show that this aptasensor can also be used as a simple fluorescence based "turn-on" sensor. The results obtained in this study are comparable to the commercial urease based detection methods.
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Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Lemosquet S, Rodriguez-Lopez JM, Messad F, Ortigues-Marty I. Diets rich in starch increase the posthepatic availability of amino acids in dairy cows fed diets at low and normal protein levels. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5151-66. [PMID: 24931534 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Five mid-lactation multicatheterized Jersey cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate whether the increase in milk N yield associated with diets rich in starch versus fiber could originate from changes in the splanchnic AA metabolism and if these changes depended upon the dietary crude protein (CP) content. Four isoenergetic diets were formulated to provide 2 different carbohydrate compositions [diets rich in starch (350g of starch and 310g of neutral detergent fiber/kg of dry matter) versus rich in fiber (45g of starch and 460g of neutral detergent fiber/kg of dry matter)] crossed by 2 different CP contents (12.0 vs. 16.5% CP). At the end of each treatment period, 6 hourly blood samples were collected from the portal and hepatic veins as well as the mesenteric artery to determine net nutrient fluxes across the portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, and total splanchnic tissues. Dry matter and calculated energy intake as well as total absorbed energy were similar across treatments. However, the net portal appearance (NPA) of acetate, total volatile fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate were higher with diets rich in fiber versus starch, whereas that of oxygen, glucose, butyrate, and insulin were lower. Concomitant to these changes, the percentage of N intake recovered as total AA (TAA) in the portal vein was lower for diets rich in fiber versus starch (42.3 vs. 51.4%, respectively), without, however, any difference observed in the NPA of the main AA used as energy fuels by the PDV (Glu, Gln, and Asp). Despite a higher NPA of TAA with starch versus fiber diets, no differences in the net hepatic flux of TAA, essential and nonessential AA were observed, resulting in a higher (+22%) net splanchnic release of AA and, hence, a greater (+7%) milk N yield. The net hepatic flux and hepatic fractional removal of none of the individual AA was affected as the main carbohydrate changed from fiber to starch, except for Gly and Lys, which were higher for the latter. After correcting for differences in NPA of TAA, the net hepatic uptake of TAA tended to be lower with starch versus fiber diets. The higher transfer of N from feed to milk with diets rich in starch is not the consequence of a direct sparing AA effect of glucogenic diets but rather the result of lower energy requirements by the PDV along with a higher microbial N flow to the duodenum. A better AA use by peripheral tissues with starch versus fiber diets was also hypothesized but more studies are warranted to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cantalapiedra-Hijar
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213 INRA-VetAgroSup, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France.
| | - S Lemosquet
- INRA, UMR 1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - J M Rodriguez-Lopez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213 INRA-VetAgroSup, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France
| | - F Messad
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213 INRA-VetAgroSup, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France
| | - I Ortigues-Marty
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213 INRA-VetAgroSup, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France
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Adaptations of hepatic amino acid uptake and net utilisation contributes to nitrogen economy or waste in lambs fed nitrogen- or energy-deficient diets. Animal 2011; 5:678-90. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Ouji Y, Yoshikawa M, Moriya K, Nishiofuku M, Ouji-Sageshima N, Matsuda R, Nishimura F, Ishizaka S. Isolation and characterization of murine hepatocytes following collagenase infusion into left ventricle of heart. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:487-90. [PMID: 20547368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A method for obtaining mouse hepatocytes by infusing collagenase solution into the left ventricle was established. This technique was shown to be equivalent to the intra-portal infusion method and more practical, especially in postnatal mice with a small body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiteru Ouji
- Program in Tissue Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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Shannon IL, Prigmore JR. THE USE OF THE AUTOANALYZER IN STUDIES OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF THE PAROTID GLAND *. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb23232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kaplan A. The determination of urea, ammonia, and urease. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 17:311-24. [PMID: 4893472 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110355.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Isoda K, Koide H, Kojima M, Arita E, Ikkaku M, Higashiyama S, Tashiro F, Yamato E, Miyazaki JI, Kawase M, Yagi K. Stimulation of hepatocyte survival and suppression of CCl4-induced liver injury by the adenovirally introduced C/EBPbeta gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:182-7. [PMID: 15721291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has attracted attention as a potentially effective alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatic failure. We chose the C/EBPbeta gene, which plays vital roles in liver regeneration, as a candidate for gene therapy, and examined its effect on hepatocyte survival and the suppression of liver inflammation. C/EBPbeta gene overexpression significantly maintained hepatocyte viability during 12 days of the culture. Urea synthesis ability, which is a liver-specific function, in Adv-C/EBPbeta-infected hepatocytes was stably maintained during the culture, but the activity per cell was significantly lower than that in non-infected cells. On the contrary, DNA synthesis activity in Adv-C/EBPbeta-infected hepatocytes was significantly higher than that in non-infected cells. COX-2 was induced in Adv-C/EBPbeta-infected hepatocytes, and the addition of NS398, a specific inhibitor of COX-2, suppressed the viability-maintenance effect. COX-2 was thus shown to be involved in the survival effect of C/EBPbeta gene. The introduction of the C/EBPbeta gene into liver-damaged mice significantly suppressed the serum AST and ALT activities. These results indicate that C/EBPbeta appears to be a survival factor under stressful conditions, and the introduction of the gene has therapeutic function against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Isoda
- Laboratory of Bio-functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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KAGAYA NORITAKA, HARA YUKIHIKO, SAIJO RYOYASU, KAMIYOSHI AKIKO, TAGAWA YOHICHI, KAWASE MASAYA, YAGI KIYOHITO. Novel Function of Rare Catechin, Epigallocatechin-3-(3′′-O-methyl)gallate, against Cold Injury in Primary Rat Hepatocytes. J Biosci Bioeng 2004. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.96.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Isoda K, Kojima M, Takeda M, Higashiyama S, Kawase M, Yagi K. Maintenance of hepatocyte functions by coculture with bone marrow stromal cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2004; 97:343-6. [PMID: 16233641 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rat hepatocytes and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were cocultured with the aim of maintaining differentiated hepatocyte functions. After BMSCs were expanded to a confluent monolayer, freshly isolated hepatocytes were cultured with them, separated by a semipermeable membrane. The BMSCs significantly increased the urea synthesis and albumin secretion activities of the hepatocytes. Conditioned medium prepared from a BMSC monoculture had the same effect. Further study showed that interleukin-6 was involved in the maintenance of urea synthesis and another factor in the maintenance of albumin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Isoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Tsutsui T, Koide H, Fukahori H, Isoda K, Higashiyama S, Maeda I, Tashiro F, Yamato E, Miyazaki JI, Yodoi J, Kawase M, Yagi K. Adenoviral transfection of hepatocytes with the thioredoxin gene confers protection against apoptosis and necrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:765-70. [PMID: 12878175 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant adenovirus vector containing the human thioredoxin (TRX) gene was constructed using the Cre-loxP recombination system and used to transfect rat hepatocytes with very high efficiency. The TRX gene was expressed in a dose-dependent manner and significantly modulated rat cellular functions. The TRX gene conferred resistance to oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide treatment, on the host hepatocytes. FACS analysis of DNA fragmentation showed that the TRX gene suppressed hepatocyte apoptosis. It also significantly extended the life span of hepatocytes cultured conventionally on polystyrene plates. Liver-specific functions were maintained in the viability-modulated hepatocytes. Moreover, TRX expression did not affect hepatocyte spheroid formation and it extensively suppressed necrosis in the internal cells. Thus, the transfection of hepatocytes with the TRX gene successfully confers global maintenance of liver functions. These findings provide important information for the development of bioartificial liver support systems and gene therapy for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Tsutsui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Higashiyama S, Noda M, Kawase M, Yagi K. Mixed-ligand modification of polyamidoamine dendrimers to develop an effective scaffold for maintenance of hepatocyte spheroids. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 64:475-82. [PMID: 12579561 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Compared with a monolayer culture, hepatocyte spheroids are known to maintain liver function for long periods. We found that hepatocytes formed spheroids when cultured on polyamidoamine dendrimers modified with fructose. Because galactose is a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor on the hepatocyte cytoplasmic membrane, it was chosen as another ligand for modification in order to maintain adhesion of spheroids for long periods. Simultaneous modification of dendrimers with fructose and galactose had a marked effect on the time length of spheroid adhesion. Suppression of apoptosis and necrosis was observed in hepatocyte spheroids cultured on a dendrimer modified with fructose and galactose (F/G dendrimer). Moreover, the hepatocyte spheroids cultured on the F/G dendrimer had higher activities of liver-specific functions, such as urea synthesis and albumin gene expression, than did those cultured on single-ligand-modified dendrimers. The expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes was examined to evaluate the stress response of cells to scaffolds. The hepatocytes cultured on the F/G dendrimer had very low expression levels of both HSP60 and HSP70 mRNAs. Thus immobilization of mixed-ligand-modified dendrimers could generate a suitable surface for hepatocyte spheroid formation. These dendrimers could be a powerful tool for generating custom-made scaffolds for cells other than hepatocytes by selecting the ligands suitable for each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kagaya N, Hara Y, Saijo R, Kamiyoshi A, Tagawa YI, Kawase M, Yagi K. Novel function of rare catechin, epigallocatechin-3-(3″-O-methyl)gallate, against cold injury in primary rat hepatocytes. J Biosci Bioeng 2003; 96:559-63. [PMID: 16233573 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-(3''-O-methyl)gallate (EGCg-3''-OMe) is a rare component in green tea leaf and its bioactivity is hardly known. In this paper, we report that EGCg-3''-OMe has the function for cold preservation of primary rat hepatocytes. Confluent primary cultured hepatocytes were suspended in a storage solution, culture medium or cell banker (CB). EGCg-3''-OMe was tested as a supplement in the storage solution together with a general cryoprotectant, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). After 24 h cold preservation of cells at 4 degrees C followed by 1 h rewarming, cell viability and urea-synthesizing activity, one of the most important liver functions, were measured. EGCg-3''-OMe dose-dependently maintained cell viability and this effect was equal to that of a commercial CB at the highest concentration. Cell viability was also maintained after a further 24 h incubation at 37 degrees C of the cold-preserved hepatocytes. Conversely, urea-synthesizing activity was dose-dependently reduced by EGCg-3''-OMe. Cell protection by EGCg-3''-OMe due to the decrease in metabolic activity in cold-preserved cells was suggested. The decreased hepatic function of cells caused by EGCg-3''-OMe was rescued after a further 24 h incubation of cells at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Kagaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Nakamura E, Hagen SJ. Role of glutamine and arginase in protection against ammonia-induced cell death in gastric epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G1264-75. [PMID: 12388179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00235.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a cytotoxic factor produced during Helicobacter pylori infection that may reduce the survival of surface epithelial cells. Here we examine whether ammonia kills cells and whether L-glutamine (L-Gln) protects against cell death by stimulating ammonia detoxification pathways. Cell viability and vacuolation were quantified in rat gastric epithelial (RGM1) cells incubated with ammonium chloride at pH 7.4 in the presence or absence of L-Gln. Incubation of RGM1 cells with ammonium chloride caused a dose-dependent increase in cell death and vacuolation, which were both inhibited by L-Gln. We show that RGM1 cells metabolize ammonia to urea via arginase, a process that is stimulated by L-Gln and results in reduced ammonia cytotoxicity. L-Gln also inhibits the uptake and facilitates the extrusion of ammonia from cells. Blockade of glutamine synthetase did not reduce the survival of RGM1 cells, demonstrating that the conversion of L-glutamate and ammonia to L-Gln is not involved in ammonia detoxification. Thus our data support a role for L-Gln and arginase in protection against ammonia-induced cell death in gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Kawase M, Shiomi T, Matsui H, Ouji Y, Higashiyama S, Tsutsui T, Yagi K. Suppression of apoptosis in hepatocytes by fructose-modified dendrimers. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2001; 54:519-24. [PMID: 11426596 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(20010315)54:4<519::aid-jbm70>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
By immobilizing fructose-modified dendrimers on a polystyrene culture plate, the number of initially adhered hepatocytes on it was increased. Moreover, increasing the number of generations of fructose-modified dendrimer (fructose-dendrimer) increased the number. Urea synthesis per unit area also was increased, corresponding to the increase in the number of initially adhered hepatocytes. This result suggests that the fructose-dendrimers do not cause a decline in cell function. On the other hand, apoptosis of hepatocytes occurs during cultivation, and results in a decrease in the number of adhered cells and a decline in cell function. Fructose-dendrimers were found to suppress apoptosis of hepatocytes. This characteristic is considered to be responsible for the increase in the number of initially adhered hepatocytes without a decline in cell function. Fructose-dendrimers are shown to be very suitable scaffolds for use in a high-performance bioartificial liver support system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Kawase M, Kurikawa N, Miura N, Shiomi T, Ozawa C, Higashiyama S, Mizoguchi T, Yagi K. Immobilization of ligand-modified polyamidoamine dendrimer for cultivation of hepatoma cells. Artif Organs 2000; 24:18-22. [PMID: 10677152 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1594.2000.06443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers are known to be highly branched cascade polymers. The core part of these polymers, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, was immobilized onto polystyrene plates to which animal cells do not adhere. using photoreactive 4-(3-trifluoromethylazirino) benzoyl-N-succinimide (TDBA-OSu). Cells of a rat hepatoma cell line, H4-II-E-C3, adhered to a surface immobilized with a first-generation dendrimer probably through interactions between the terminal amino groups of the dendrimer and the cell membranes. The adhered cells were viable, could proliferate, and exhibited urea synthetic activity. The modification of the terminal amino groups with fructose increased the final number of cells obtained after 5 days of cultivation. Multigeneration dendrimers were prepared by repeated linkage of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine with the amino groups. Theoretically, the number of terminal amino groups available for ligand modification is twice as much for each generation of dendrimer growth. Cells cultivated on multigeneration fructose-modified dendrimers exhibited enhanced urea synthetic activity. The use of ligand-modified dendrimers is, therefore, considered to be very promising for the construction of bioartificial organs based on cultivation of the animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawase
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
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Kawase M, Kurikawa N, Higashiyama S, Miura N, Shiomi T, Ozawa C, Mizoguchi T, Yagi K. Effectiveness of polyamidoamine dendrimers modified with tripeptide growth factor, glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine, for enhancement of function of hepatoma cells. J Biosci Bioeng 1999; 88:433-7. [PMID: 16232640 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(99)80222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1999] [Accepted: 07/16/1999] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers are known to be highly branched cascade polymers. Tripeptide growth factor, glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK), was employed as a ligand for activation or attachment of cells from a rat hepatoma cell line, H4-H-E-C3, and immobilized at the terminus of the dendrimer (GHK-dendrimer) to develop a suitable surface for use as a culture substratum in the bioartificial liver support system (BAL). The growth of cells was inhibited by increasing the number of generations of GHK-dendrimers. On the other hand, urea synthesis and lidocaine clearance of the cells adhered on fifth generation GHK-dendrimers were enhanced much more than on first generation GHK-dendrimers. GHK was shown to act as a growth inhibitor and an activator of hepatoma cells. These properties of GHK are advantageous for the utilization of hepatoma cells in BAL. Ligand-modified dendrimers are very promising for the creation of a high-performance substratum for cell culture and high performance bioartificial organs, as well as for high-performance bioartificial liver systems. GHK may have the potential to be a highly useful ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawase
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 760-8522, Japan
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Abstract
A method is described for the direct colorimetric determination of urea in biological fluids. The method depends on the reaction (first described by Wheatley, 1948) between urea, diacetylmonoxime, and phenylanthranilic acid in the presence of controlled amounts of oxidant; chloride ions are included to sensitize the reaction; manganous ions stabilize the resultant colour; and phosphate enables reasonable reproducibility to be achieved. The method is rapid and suitable for routine analytical purposes. Precision and accuracy are good; sensitivity is high for an activated acid reagent up to about one week old, and thereafter decreases.A hypothetical mechanism for colour formation is presented.
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KULHANEK V, MADEROVA V, SINDELAROVA K, VOJTISKOVA V. MODIFIED DETERMINATION OF ORNITHINE-CARBAMYL-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 8:579-85. [PMID: 14063973 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(63)90108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yagi K, Sumiyoshi N, Yamada C, Michibayashi N, Nakashima Y, Kawase M, Miura Y, Mizoguchi T. In vitro maintenance of liver function in hierarchical co-culture of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)87734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Characterization of urease from the phototrophic bacteriumRhodobacter capsulatus E1F1. Curr Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01570869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Taylor AJ, Vadgama P. Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of urea. Ann Clin Biochem 1992; 29 ( Pt 3):245-64. [PMID: 1610100 DOI: 10.1177/000456329202900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Taylor
- Department of Medicine (Clinical Biochemistry), Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
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28
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Richards JF, Smith RV, Wilcox RE. Comparison of two spectrophotometric assays for blood urea nitrogen: Influence of apomorphine. Microchem J 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(84)90086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Studies on syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes: 30. Ultrafiltration and dialysis characteristics of cellulose nitrate-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) polymer blend membranes. POLYMER 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(81)90024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Ferris JP, Edelson EH, Mount NM, Sullivan AE. The effect of clays on the oligomerization of HCN. J Mol Evol 1979; 13:317-30. [PMID: 229235 DOI: 10.1007/bf01731372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 0.1 M HCN and dilute solutions of diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN) at pH 8--9 and 25 degrees C in the presence of suspensions of montmorillonite (bentonite) clays were investigated. Montmorillonite clays inhibit the oligomerization of aqueous solutions of HCN. Yields of colored oligomers, ura, and DAMN, are all diminished by clays, but the rate of loss of cyanide is not significantly decreased. The inhibition of oligomer formation is due to the clay-catalyzed decomposition of DAMN. The absence of strong binding of DAMN to clays was suggested by our failure to detect DAMN when a clay that had been incubated with DAMN was washed with spermidine (6 x 10(-3) g/liter). It was established that DAMN does not simply bind to the clays by the observation that the bulk of the radioactivity was recovered from the supernatant in the reaction of 14C-DAMN with montmorillonite. The clay-catalyzed decomposition of DAMN was observed when montmorillonite from two different sources was used and with a variety of homoinic montmorillonites and bentonites. A modification of the established procedure for using the cyanide electrode for cyanide analyses was used to follow the release of HCN from DAMN. This new method can be used in both the acidic and basic pH range and it does not result in the destruction of DAMN by the reagents used for the analysis. Quantitative analyses of the reaction solution from the clay-catalyzed decomposition of DAMN revealed the formation of 1--2 equivalents of HCN per mole of DAMN. The possible significance of these clay-catalyzed reactions in chemical evolution is discussed.
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31
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Kawashima H, Igarashi T, Nakajima Y, Akiyama Y, Usuki K, Ohtake S. Chronic hypertension induced by streptozotocin in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1978; 305:123-6. [PMID: 153477 DOI: 10.1007/bf00508281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An intravenous injection of 40 or 65 mg/kg streptozotocin induced not only diabetes but also severe hypertension in rats. Whereas the hyperglycemia developed fully within a few days after the injection of streptozotocin, the hypertension progessively advanced and reached maximum level several weeks after the treatment and lasted more than 20 weeks. Twenty mg/kg streptozotocin did not induce hyperglycemia but significantly increased blood pressure several weeks after the treatment. Arrest of growth, polyuria, glycosuria, hyperlipemia and lenticular cataracts developed in the animals treated with 40 or 65 mg/kg streptozotocin, but in none of the animals treated with 20 mg/kg. In histological examinations in the 24th week after the treatment, degranulation and necrosis in the pancreatic beta-cells, and vacuolization and deposition of PAS-positive materials in the renal proximal tubules were found in the animals treated with 40 or 65 mg/kg streptozotocin.
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32
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Shannon IL, Feller RP, Eknoyan G, Suddick RP. Human parotid saliva urea in renal failure and during dialysis. Arch Oral Biol 1977; 22:83-6. [PMID: 266867 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(77)90082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Matsui M, Hakozaki M, Kinuyama Y. Extraction of steroid diconjugates using Amberlite XAD-2 resin. J Chromatogr A 1975; 115:625-8. [PMID: 1206068 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)98971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Hubbard JS, Voecks GE, Hobby GL. Ultraviolet-gas phase and -photocatalytic synthesis from CO and NH3. J Mol Evol 1975; 5:223-41. [PMID: 1159801 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The major photoproduct obtained on irradiation of gaseous NH3 and CO mixtures is ammonium cyanate; lesser amounts of urea, biurea, biuret semi-carbazide, formamide and cyanide were observed. The formation of the major gas phase photolysis product may be rationalized by the following reaction sequence: (see article). Urea is probably formed from NH4NCO in a thermal reaction while formamide may result from the disproportionation of NH2CO. Photocatalytic syntheses of 14C-urea, -formamide, and -formadehyde are effected by irradiation of 14CO and NH3 in the presence of Vycor, silica gel, or volcanic ash shale surfaces. These syntheses are catalyzed by ultraviolet wavelengths longer than those absorbed by the gaseous reactants. The syntheses are also effected when the surface material is first irradiated in the presence of CO followed by a dark incubation with NH3. Apparently, the initiating step is a light dependent formation of a reactive form of CO on the surface. A discussion is given on the possible contribution of these reactions to the abiotic synthesis of organic nitrogen compounds on Mars, on the primitive Earth and in interstellar space.
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35
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Lugosi R, Thibert RJ, Holland WJ, Lam LK. A study of the reaction of urea with diacetyl monoxime and diacetyl. Clin Biochem 1972; 5:171-81. [PMID: 5082608 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(72)80028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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37
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Knabe J, Junginger H, Strauss D, Schmidt HL. [Synthesis of 14C-labeled optically active N-methyl-barbiturates. 14. Barbituric acid derivatives]. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1972; 305:277-80. [PMID: 5047661 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19723050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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38
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Guilbault GG, Hrabánková E. Determination of urea in blood and urine with a urea-sensitive electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1970; 52:287-94. [PMID: 5487840 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)80959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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39
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40
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Shannon IL, Suddick RP, Chauncey HH. Effect of atropine-induced flow rate depression on the composition of unstimulated human parotid fluid. Arch Oral Biol 1969; 14:761-70. [PMID: 5257203 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(69)90167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Labadie M, Jensen R, Neuzil E. Recherches sur l'évolution pré-biologique III. Les acides azulmiques noirs formés à partir du cyanure d'ammonium. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Hepatocatalase peroxidase, an active peroxidase-oxidase subunit isolated from beef-liver catalase, prevents cholesterol deposition and aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits and has no apparent toxicity or undesirable de effects. No allergic or immunological reactions have been observed. The participation of this enzymatic subunit in homeostatic control mechanisms and its potential pharmacological value in the control of human atherosclerosis are suggested.
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43
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FILLIOS LC, NAITO C, ANDRUS SB, ROACH AM. Further Studies on Experimental Atherosclerosis and Dietary Pyrimidines: Orotic Acid, Thiouracil, and Uracil in Male and Female Rats. Circ Res 1960; 8:71-7. [PMID: 13822796 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.8.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The comparative potencies of uracil nnd thiouracil in terms of thyroidal changes, hypercholesteremia, azotemia, and incipient atherosclerosis were determined in rats fed cholesterol and cholic acid. Higher dietary levels of uracil were required to produce changes similar to those seen with thiouracil. Certain dietary components related to uracil were also studied. Orotic acid was found to have a dramatic effect on female rats: it favored a markedly lower serum cholesterol level and less cardiovascular sudanophilia. When orotic acid was combined with uracil, the uracil-induced hypercholesteremia and atherogenesis were significantly inhibited, particularly in the females. Orotic acid also protected against the uracil-induced thyroid hyperplasia in these females.
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KITAMURA M, IUCHI I. An improved diacetylmonoxime method for the determination of urea in blood and urine. Clin Chim Acta 1959; 4:701-6. [PMID: 14409493 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(59)90013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Marsh WH. Automation. Adv Clin Chem 1959. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Banks CV, Adama CI, Richard JJ. Solubility of vic-dioximes in urea solutions. Anal Chim Acta 1958. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)88214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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