1
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Crha R, Kozeleková A, Hofrová A, Iľkovičová L, Gašparik N, Kadeřávek P, Hritz J. Hiding in plain sight: Complex interaction patterns between Tau and 14-3-3ζ protein variants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130802. [PMID: 38492709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Tau protein is an intrinsically disordered protein that plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In brains of AD patients, Tau occurs abnormally phosphorylated and aggregated in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Together with Tau, 14-3-3 proteins - abundant cytosolic dimeric proteins - were found colocalized in the NFTs. However, so far, the molecular mechanism of the process leading to pathological changes in Tau structure as well as the direct involvement of 14-3-3 proteins are not well understood. Here, we aimed to reveal the effects of phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) on Tau structural preferences and provide better insight into the interaction between Tau and 14-3-3 proteins. We also addressed the impact of monomerization-inducing phosphorylation of 14-3-3 at S58 on the binding to Tau protein. Using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), chemical cross-linking analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) and PAGE, we unveiled differences in their binding affinity, stoichiometry, and interfaces with single-residue resolution. We revealed that the interaction between 14-3-3 and Tau proteins is mediated not only via the 14-3-3 amphipathic binding grooves, but also via less specific interactions with 14-3-3 protein surface and, in the case of monomeric 14-3-3, also partially via the exposed dimeric interface. In addition, the hyperphosphorylation of Tau changes its affinity to 14-3-3 proteins. In conclusion, we propose quite complex interaction mode between the Tau and 14-3-3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Crha
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Kozeleková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Hofrová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Iľkovičová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Gašparik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kadeřávek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Hritz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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2
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Ayoub CA, Moore KI, Kuret J. Quantification of Methylation and Phosphorylation Stoichiometry. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2754:221-235. [PMID: 38512670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3629-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neurodegenerative disorders accompanied by the conversion of functional forms of the microtubule associated protein Tau into non-functional aggregates. A variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on Tau precede or accompany the conversion, placing them in position to modulate Tau function as well as its propensity to aggregate. Although Tau PTMs can be characterized by their sites of modification, their total stoichiometry when summed over all sites also is an important metric of their potential impact on function. Here we provide a protocol for rapidly producing recombinant Tau with enzyme-specific PTMs at high stoichiometry in vitro and demonstrate its utility in the context of hyperphosphorylation. Additionally, protocols for estimating phosphorylation and methylation stoichiometry on Tau proteins isolated from any source are presented. Together these methods support experimentation on Tau PTM function over a wide range of experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ayoub
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Khadijah I Moore
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeff Kuret
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Balczon R, Choi CS, deWeever A, Zhou C, Gwin MS, Kolb C, Francis CM, Lin MT, Stevens T. Infection promotes Ser-214 phosphorylation important for generation of cytotoxic tau variants. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23042. [PMID: 37358817 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300620rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Patients who recover from hospital-acquired pneumonia exhibit a high incidence of end-organ dysfunction following hospital discharge, including cognitive deficits. We have previously demonstrated that pneumonia induces the production and release of cytotoxic oligomeric tau from pulmonary endothelial cells, and these tau oligomers can enter the circulation and may be a cause of long-term morbidities. Endothelial-derived oligomeric tau is hyperphosphorylated during infection. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether Ser-214 phosphorylation of tau is a necessary stimulus for generation of cytotoxic tau variants. The results of these studies demonstrate that Ser-214 phosphorylation is critical for the cytotoxic properties of infection-induced oligomeric tau. In the lung, Ser-214 phosphorylated tau contributes to disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier, resulting in increased permeability. However, in the brain, both the Ser-214 phosphorylated tau and the mutant Ser-214-Ala tau, which cannot be phosphorylated, disrupted hippocampal long-term potentiation suggesting that inhibition of long-term potentiation was relatively insensitive to the phosphorylation status of Ser-214. Nonetheless, phosphorylation of tau is essential to its cytotoxicity since global dephosphorylation of the infection-induced cytotoxic tau variants rescued long-term potentiation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that multiple forms of oligomeric tau are generated during infectious pneumonia, with different forms of oligomeric tau being responsible for dysfunction of distinct end-organs during pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Balczon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Chung-Sik Choi
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Althea deWeever
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Chun Zhou
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Meredith S Gwin
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Claire Kolb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - C Michael Francis
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Mike T Lin
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Troy Stevens
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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4
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Falconieri A, De Vincentiis S, Cappello V, Convertino D, Das R, Ghignoli S, Figoli S, Luin S, Català-Castro F, Marchetti L, Borello U, Krieg M, Raffa V. Axonal plasticity in response to active forces generated through magnetic nano-pulling. Cell Rep 2022; 42:111912. [PMID: 36640304 PMCID: PMC9902337 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force is crucial in guiding axon outgrowth before and after synapse formation. This process is referred to as "stretch growth." However, how neurons transduce mechanical input into signaling pathways remains poorly understood. Another open question is how stretch growth is coupled in time with the intercalated addition of new mass along the entire axon. Here, we demonstrate that active mechanical force generated by magnetic nano-pulling induces remodeling of the axonal cytoskeleton. Specifically, the increase in the axonal density of microtubules induced by nano-pulling leads to an accumulation of organelles and signaling vesicles, which, in turn, promotes local translation by increasing the probability of assembly of the "translation factories." Modulation of axonal transport and local translation sustains enhanced axon outgrowth and synapse maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara De Vincentiis
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy,The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Valentina Cappello
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Domenica Convertino
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ravi Das
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | | | - Sofia Figoli
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Frederic Català-Castro
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56127 Pisa, Italy,Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Borello
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michael Krieg
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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5
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Zhang HL, Wang XC, Liu R. Zinc in Regulating Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060785. [PMID: 35740910 PMCID: PMC9220840 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is essential for human growth and development. As a trace nutrient, zinc plays important roles in numerous signal transduction pathways involved in distinct physiologic or pathologic processes. Protein phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification which regulates protein activity, degradation, and interaction with other molecules. Protein kinases (PKs) and phosphatases (PPs), with their effects of adding phosphate to or removing phosphate from certain substrates, are master regulators in controlling the phosphorylation of proteins. In this review, we summarize the disturbance of zinc homeostasis and role of zinc disturbance in regulating protein kinases and protein phosphatases in neurodegenerative diseases, with the focus of that in Alzheimer’s disease, providing a new perspective for understanding the mechanisms of these neurologic diseases.
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6
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Kitoka K, Skrabana R, Gasparik N, Hritz J, Jaudzems K. NMR Studies of Tau Protein in Tauopathies. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:761227. [PMID: 34859051 PMCID: PMC8632555 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.761227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are the most troublesome of all age-related chronic conditions, as there are no well-established disease-modifying therapies for their prevention and treatment. Spatio-temporal distribution of tau protein pathology correlates with cognitive decline and severity of the disease, therefore, tau protein has become an appealing target for therapy. Current knowledge of the pathological effects and significance of specific species in the tau aggregation pathway is incomplete although more and more structural and mechanistic insights are being gained using biophysical techniques. Here, we review the application of NMR to structural studies of various tau forms that appear in its aggregation process, focusing on results obtained from solid-state NMR. Furthermore, we discuss implications from these studies and their prospective contribution to the development of new tauopathy therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Kitoka
- Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Gasparik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Hritz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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7
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Neurotoxicity of oligomers of phosphorylated Tau protein carrying tauopathy-associated mutation is inhibited by prion protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166209. [PMID: 34246750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are manifested by the deposition of well-characterized amyloid aggregates of Tau protein in the brain. However, it is rather unlikely that these aggregates constitute the major form of Tau responsible for neurodegenerative changes. Currently, it is postulated that the intermediates termed as soluble oligomers, assembled on the amyloidogenic pathway, are the most neurotoxic form of Tau. However, Tau oligomers reported so far represent a population of poorly characterized, heterogeneous and unstable assemblies. In this study, to obtain the oligomers, we employed the aggregation-prone K18 fragment of Tau protein with deletion of Lys280 (K18Δ280) linked to a hereditary tauopathy. We have described a new procedure of inducing aggregation of mutated K18 which leads either to the formation of nontoxic amyloid fibrils or neurotoxic globular oligomers, depending on its phosphorylation status. We demonstrate that PKA-phosphorylated K18Δ280 oligomers are toxic to hippocampal neurons, which is manifested by loss of dendritic spines and neurites, and impairment of cell-membrane integrity leading to cell death. We also show that N1, the soluble N-terminal fragment of prion protein (PrP), protects neurons from the oligomers-induced cytotoxicity. Our findings support the hypothesis on the neurotoxicity of Tau oligomers and neuroprotective role of PrP-derived fragments in AD and other tauopathies. These observations could be useful in the development of therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
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8
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Benítez MJ, Cuadros R, Jiménez JS. Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of Tau Protein by the Catalytic Subunit of PKA, as Probed by Electrophoretic Mobility Retard. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1143-1156. [PMID: 33386804 PMCID: PMC7990467 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tau is a microtubule associated protein that regulates the stability of microtubules and the microtubule-dependent axonal transport. Its hyperphosphorylated form is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies and the major component of the paired helical filaments that form the abnormal proteinaceous tangles found in these neurodegenerative diseases. It is generally accepted that the phosphorylation extent of tau is the result of an equilibrium in the activity of protein kinases and phosphatases. Disruption of the balance between both types of enzyme activities has been assumed to be at the origin of tau hyperphosphorylation and the subsequent toxicity and progress of the disease. Objective: We explore the possibility that, beside the phosphatase action on phosphorylated tau, the catalytic subunit of PKA catalyzes both tau phosphorylation and also tau dephosphorylation, depending on the ATP/ADP ratio. Methods: We use the shift in the relative electrophoretic mobility suffered by different phosphorylated forms of tau, as a sensor of the catalytic action of the enzyme. Results: The results are in agreement with the long-known thermodynamic reversibility of the phosphorylation reaction (ATP + Protein = ADP+Phospho-Protein) catalyzed by PKA and many other protein kinases. Conclusion: The results contribute to put the compartmentalized energy state of the neuron and the mitochondrial-functions disruption upstream of tau-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Benítez
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cuadros
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan S Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Neves JF, Petrvalská O, Bosica F, Cantrelle FX, Merzougui H, O'Mahony G, Hanoulle X, Obšil T, Landrieu I. Phosphorylated full-length Tau interacts with 14-3-3 proteins via two short phosphorylated sequences, each occupying a binding groove of 14-3-3 dimer. FEBS J 2020; 288:1918-1934. [PMID: 32979285 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) remain poorly explored targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with Tau was shown to be linked to Tau pathology. This PPI is therefore seen as a potential target for Alzheimer's disease. When Tau is phosphorylated by PKA (Tau-PKA), several phosphorylation sites are generated, including two known 14-3-3 binding sites, surrounding the phosphorylated serines 214 and 324 of Tau. The crystal structures of 14-3-3 in complex with peptides surrounding these Tau phosphosites show that both these motifs are anchored in the amphipathic binding groove of 14-3-3. However, in the absence of structural data with the full-length Tau protein, the stoichiometry of the complex or the interface and affinity of the partners is still unclear. In this work, we addressed these points, using a broad range of biophysical techniques. The interaction of the long and disordered Tau-PKA protein with 14-3-3σ is restricted to two short sequences, containing phosphorylated serines, which bind in the amphipathic binding groove of 14-3-3σ. Phosphorylation of Tau is fundamental for the formation of this stable complex, and the affinity of the Tau-PKA/14-3-3σ interaction is in the 1-10 micromolar range. Each monomer of the 14-3-3σ dimer binds one of two different phosphorylated peptides of Tau-PKA, suggesting a 14-3-3/Tau-PKA stoichiometry of 2 : 1, confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation. These results contribute to a better understanding of this PPI and provide useful insights for drug discovery projects aiming at the modulation of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Filipe Neves
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivia Petrvalská
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Bosica
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - François-Xavier Cantrelle
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Hamida Merzougui
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gavin O'Mahony
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Tomáš Obšil
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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10
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Wu HY, Kuo PC, Wang YT, Lin HT, Roe AD, Wang BY, Han CL, Hyman BT, Chen YJ, Tai HC. β-Amyloid Induces Pathology-Related Patterns of Tau Hyperphosphorylation at Synaptic Terminals. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:814-826. [PMID: 30016458 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synergy between β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau appears to occur in Alzheimer disease (AD), but the mechanisms of interaction, and potential locations, are little understood. This study investigates the possibility of such interactions within the cortical synaptic compartments of APP/PS1 mice. We used label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to study the phosphoproteome of synaptosomes, covering 2400 phosphopeptides and providing an unbiased survey of phosphorylation changes associated with amyloid pathology. Hyperphosphorylation was detected on 36 synaptic proteins, many of which are associated with the cytoskeleton. Importantly, tau is one of the most hyperphosphorylated proteins at the synapse, upregulated at both proline-directed kinase (PDK) sites (S199/S202, S396/S404) and nonPDK sites (S400). These PDK sites correspond to well-known pathological tau epitopes in AD patients, recognized by AT8 and PHF-1 antibodies, respectively. Hyperphosphorylation at S199/S202, a rarely examined combination, was further validated in patient-derived human synaptosomes by immunoblotting. Global surveys of upregulated phosphosites revealed 2 potential kinase motifs, which resemble those of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5, a PDK) and casein kinase II (CK2, a nonPDK). Our data demonstrate that, within synaptic compartments, amyloid pathology is associated with tau hyperphosphorylation at disease-relevant epitopes. This provides a plausible mechanism by which Aβ promotes the spreading of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Tai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Allyson D Roe
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bo Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Barbier P, Zejneli O, Martinho M, Lasorsa A, Belle V, Smet-Nocca C, Tsvetkov PO, Devred F, Landrieu I. Role of Tau as a Microtubule-Associated Protein: Structural and Functional Aspects. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:204. [PMID: 31447664 PMCID: PMC6692637 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) play a fundamental role in many vital processes such as cell division and neuronal activity. They are key structural and functional elements in axons, supporting neurite differentiation and growth, as well as transporting motor proteins along the axons, which use MTs as support tracks. Tau is a stabilizing MT associated protein, whose functions are mainly regulated by phosphorylation. A disruption of the MT network, which might be caused by Tau loss of function, is observed in a group of related diseases called tauopathies, which includes Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tau is found hyperphosphorylated in AD, which might account for its loss of MT stabilizing capacity. Since destabilization of MTs after dissociation of Tau could contribute to toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases, a molecular understanding of this interaction and its regulation is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Barbier
- Fac Pharm, Aix Marseille Univ., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inst Neurophysiopathol (INP), Fac Pharm, Marseille, France
| | - Orgeta Zejneli
- Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT (JPArc), Lille, France
| | - Marlène Martinho
- Aix Marseille Univ., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7281, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (BIP), Marseille, France
| | - Alessia Lasorsa
- Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), Lille, France
| | - Valérie Belle
- Aix Marseille Univ., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7281, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (BIP), Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Smet-Nocca
- Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), Lille, France
| | - Philipp O Tsvetkov
- Fac Pharm, Aix Marseille Univ., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inst Neurophysiopathol (INP), Fac Pharm, Marseille, France
| | - François Devred
- Fac Pharm, Aix Marseille Univ., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inst Neurophysiopathol (INP), Fac Pharm, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), Lille, France
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12
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Yeboah F, Kim TE, Bill A, Dettmer U. Dynamic behaviors of α-synuclein and tau in the cellular context: New mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104543. [PMID: 31351173 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) and tau have a lot in common. Dyshomeostasis and aggregation of both proteins are central in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multi-system atrophy and other 'synucleinopathies' in the case of αS; Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and other 'tauopathies' in the case of tau. The aggregated states of αS and tau are found to be (hyper)phosphorylated, but the relevance of the phosphorylation in health or disease is not well understood. Both tau and αS are typically characterized as 'intrinsically disordered' proteins, while both engage in transient interactions with cellular components, thereby undergoing structural changes and context-specific folding. αS transiently binds to (synaptic) vesicles forming a membrane-induced amphipathic helix; tau transiently interacts with microtubules forming an 'extended structure'. The regulation and exact nature of the interactions are not fully understood. Here we review recent and previous insights into the dynamic, transient nature of αS and tau with regard to the mode of interaction with their targets, the dwell-time while bound, and the cis and trans factors underlying the frequent switching between bound and unbound states. These aspects are intimately linked to hypotheses on how subtle changes in the transient behaviors may trigger the earliest steps in the pathogenesis of the respective brain diseases. Based on a deeper understanding of transient αS and tau conformations in the cellular context, new therapeutic strategies may emerge, and it may become clearer why existing approaches have failed or how they could be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Yeboah
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anke Bill
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Reza-Zaldivar EE, Hernández-Sapiéns MA, Minjarez B, Gutiérrez-Mercado YK, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Canales-Aguirre AA. Potential Effects of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:317. [PMID: 30319358 PMCID: PMC6165870 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia affecting regions of the central nervous system that exhibit synaptic plasticity and are involved in higher brain functions such as learning and memory. AD is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction, memory loss and behavioral disturbances of synaptic plasticity and energy metabolism. Cell therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment of AD. The use of adult stem cells, such as neural stem cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) from bone marrow and adipose tissue, have the potential to decrease cognitive deficits, possibly by reducing neuronal loss through blocking apoptosis, increasing neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and angiogenesis. These processes are mediated primarily by the secretion of many growth factors, anti-inflammatory proteins, membrane receptors, microRNAs (miRNA) and exosomes. Exosomes encapsulate and transfer several functional molecules like proteins, lipids and regulatory RNA which can modify cell metabolism. In the proteomic characterization of the content of MSC-derived exosomes, more than 730 proteins have been identified, some of which are specific cell type markers and others are involved in the regulation of binding and fusion of exosomes with adjacent cells. Furthermore, some factors were found that promote the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of other cells like neural stem cells. Moreover, within exosomal cargo, a wide range of miRNAs were found, which can control functions related to neural remodeling as well as angiogenic and neurogenic processes. Taking this into consideration, the use of exosomes could be part of a strategy to promote neuroplasticity, improve cognitive impairment and neural replacement in AD. In this review, we describe how exosomes are involved in AD pathology and discuss the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes mediated by miRNA and protein cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin E Reza-Zaldivar
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mercedes A Hernández-Sapiéns
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Benito Minjarez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Yanet K Gutiérrez-Mercado
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana L Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Profesor del programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud Ambiental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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14
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A Closer Look into the Role of Protein Tau in the Identification of Promising Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8090162. [PMID: 30149687 PMCID: PMC6162660 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most commonly known chronic neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), manifests the common type of dementia in 60⁻80% of cases. From a clinical standpoint, a patent cognitive decline and a severe change in personality, as caused by a loss of neurons, is usually evident in AD with about 50 million people affected in 2016. The disease progression in patients is distinguished by a gradual plummet in cognitive functions, eliciting symptoms such as memory loss, and eventually requiring full-time medical care. From a histopathological standpoint, the defining characteristics are intracellular aggregations of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, known as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and depositions of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) in the brain. The abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein is attributed to a wide gamut of neurological disorders known as tauopathies. In addition to the hyperphosphorylated tau lesions, neuroinflammatory processes could occur in a sustained manner through astro-glial activation, resulting in the disease progression. Recent findings have suggested a strong interplay between the mechanism of Tau phosphorylation, disruption of microtubules, and synaptic loss and pathology of AD. The mechanisms underlying these interactions along with their respective consequences in Tau pathology are still ill-defined. Thus, in this review: (1) we highlight the interplays existing between Tau pathology and AD; and (2) take a closer look into its role while identifying some promising therapeutic advances including state of the art imaging techniques.
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15
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Bacterial co-expression of human Tau protein with protein kinase A and 14-3-3 for studies of 14-3-3/phospho-Tau interaction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178933. [PMID: 28575131 PMCID: PMC5456370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant regulatory 14-3-3 proteins have an extremely wide interactome and coordinate multiple cellular events via interaction with specifically phosphorylated partner proteins. Notwithstanding the key role of 14-3-3/phosphotarget interactions in many physiological and pathological processes, they are dramatically underexplored. Here, we focused on the 14-3-3 interaction with human Tau protein associated with the development of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Among many known phosphorylation sites within Tau, protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates several key residues of Tau and induces its tight interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. However, the stoichiometry and mechanism of 14-3-3 interaction with phosphorylated Tau (pTau) are not clearly elucidated. In this work, we describe a simple bacterial co-expression system aimed to facilitate biochemical and structural studies on the 14-3-3/pTau interaction. We show that dual co-expression of human fetal Tau with PKA in Escherichia coli results in multisite Tau phosphorylation including also naturally occurring sites which were not previously considered in the context of 14-3-3 binding. Tau protein co-expressed with PKA displays tight functional interaction with 14-3-3 isoforms of a different type. Upon triple co-expression with 14-3-3 and PKA, Tau protein could be co-purified with 14-3-3 and demonstrates complex which is similar to that formed in vitro between individual 14-3-3 and pTau obtained from dual co-expression. Although used in this study for the specific case of the previously known 14-3-3/pTau interaction, our co-expression system may be useful to study of other selected 14-3-3/phosphotarget interactions and for validations of 14-3-3 complexes identified by other methods.
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16
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Rubin K, Glazer S. The pertussis hypothesis: Bordetella pertussis colonization in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Immunobiology 2017; 222:228-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Ontiveros-Torres MÁ, Labra-Barrios ML, Díaz-Cintra S, Aguilar-Vázquez AR, Moreno-Campuzano S, Flores-Rodríguez P, Luna-Herrera C, Mena R, Perry G, Florán-Garduño B, Luna-Muñoz J, Luna-Arias JP. Fibrillar Amyloid-β Accumulation Triggers an Inflammatory Mechanism Leading to Hyperphosphorylation of the Carboxyl-Terminal End of Tau Polypeptide in the Hippocampal Formation of the 3×Tg-AD Transgenic Mouse. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:243-69. [PMID: 27031470 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative and irreversible disorder whose progressiveness is dependent on age. It is histopathologically characterized by the massive accumulation of insoluble forms of tau and amyloid-β (Aβ) asneurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, respectively. Many studies have documented that these two polypeptides suffer several posttranslational modifications employing postmortem tissue sections from brains of patients with AD. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the posttranslational modifications of key players in this disease, including Aβ and tau, several transgenic mouse models have been developed. One of these models is the 3×Tg-AD transgenic mouse, carrying three transgenes encoding APPSWE, S1M146V, and TauP301L proteins. To further characterize this transgenicmouse, we determined the accumulation of fibrillar Aβ as a function of age in relation to the hyperphosphorylation patterns of TauP301L at both its N- and C-terminus in the hippocampal formation by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Moreover, we searched for the expression of activated protein kinases and mediators of inflammation by western blot of wholeprotein extracts from hippocampal tissue sections since 3 to 28 months as well. Our results indicate that the presence of fibrillar Aβ deposits correlates with a significant activation of astrocytes and microglia in subiculum and CA1 regions of hippocampus. Accordingly, we also observed a significant increase in the expression of TNF-α associated to neuritic plaques and glial cells. Importantly, there is an overexpression of the stress activated protein kinases SAPK/JNK and Cdk-5 in pyramidal neurons, which might phosphorylate several residues at the C-terminus of TauP301L. Therefore, the accumulation of Aβ oligomers results in an inflammatory environment that upregulates kinases involved in hyperphosphorylation of TauP301L polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Ontiveros-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Luisa Labra-Barrios
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro., México
| | | | - Samadhi Moreno-Campuzano
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paola Flores-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México.,Present address: Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Dgo., México
| | - Claudia Luna-Herrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Raúl Mena
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Benjamín Florán-Garduño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- Banco Nacional de Cerebros, Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Pedro Luna-Arias
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
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18
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Avila J, Jiménez JS, Sayas CL, Bolós M, Zabala JC, Rivas G, Hernández F. Tau Structures. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:262. [PMID: 27877124 PMCID: PMC5099159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that plays an important role in axonal stabilization, neuronal development, and neuronal polarity. In this review, we focus on the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary tau structures. We describe the structure of tau from its specific residues until its conformation in dimers, oligomers, and larger polymers in physiological and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
| | - Juan S Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen L Sayas
- Centre for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Zabala
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, IDIVAL-Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
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19
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Li T, Paudel HK. 14-3-3ζ Mediates Tau Aggregation in Human Neuroblastoma M17 Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160635. [PMID: 27548710 PMCID: PMC4993442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein tau is the major component of paired helical filaments (PHFs) associated with the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tau in the normal brain binds and stabilizes microtubules. Tau isolated from PHFs is hyperphosphorylated, which prevents it from binding to microtubules. Tau phosphorylation has been suggested to be involved in the development of NFT pathology in the AD brain. Recently, we showed that 14-3-3ζ is bound to tau in the PHFs and when incubated in vitro with 14-3-3ζ, tau formed amorphous aggregates, single-stranded straight filaments, double stranded ribbon-like filaments and PHF-like filaments that displayed close resemblance with corresponding ultrastructures of AD brain. Surprisingly however, phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated tau aggregated in a similar manner, indicating that tau phosphorylation does not affect in vitro tau aggregation (Qureshi et al (2013) Biochemistry 52, 6445–6455). In this study, we have examined the role of tau phosphorylation in tau aggregation in cellular level. We have found that in human M17 neuroblastoma cells, tau phosphorylation by GSK3β or PKA does not cause tau aggregation, but promotes 14-3-3ζ-induced tau aggregation by destabilizing microtubules. Microtubule disrupting drugs also promoted 14-3-3ζ-induced tau aggregation without changing tau phosphorylation in M17 cell. In vitro, when incubated with 14-3-3ζ and microtubules, nonphosphorylated tau bound to microtubules and did not aggregate. Phosphorylated tau on the other hand did not bind to microtubules and aggregated. Our data indicate that microtubule-bound tau is resistant to 14-3-3ζ-induced tau aggregation and suggest that tau phosphorylation promotes tau aggregation in the brain by detaching tau from microtubules and thus making it accessible to 14-3-3ζ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- The Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hemant K Paudel
- The Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,The Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Eftekharzadeh B, Hyman BT, Wegmann S. Structural studies on the mechanism of protein aggregation in age related neurodegenerative diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 156:1-13. [PMID: 27005270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The progression of many neurodegenerative diseases is assumed to be caused by misfolding of specific characteristic diseases related proteins, resulting in aggregation and fibril formation of these proteins. Protein misfolding associated age related diseases, although different in disease manifestations, share striking similarities. In all cases, one disease protein aggregates and loses its function or additionally shows a toxic gain of function. However, the clear link between these individual amyloid-like protein aggregates and cellular toxicity is often still uncertain. The similar features of protein misfolding and aggregation in this group of proteins, all involved in age related neurodegenerative diseases, results in high interest in characterization of their structural properties. We review here recent findings on structural properties of some age related disease proteins, in the context of their biological importance in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Eftekharzadeh
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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21
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Joo Y, Schumacher B, Landrieu I, Bartel M, Smet-Nocca C, Jang A, Choi HS, Jeon NL, Chang KA, Kim HS, Ottmann C, Suh YH. Involvement of 14-3-3 in tubulin instability and impaired axon development is mediated by Tau. FASEB J 2015; 29:4133-44. [PMID: 26103986 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins act as adapters that exert their function by interacting with their various protein partners. 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in a variety of human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. 14-3-3 proteins have recently been reported to be abundant in the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) observed inside the neurons of brains affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). These NFTs are mainly constituted of phosphorylated Tau protein, a microtubule-associated protein known to bind 14-3-3. Despite this indication of 14-3-3 protein involvement in the AD pathogenesis, the role of 14-3-3 in the Tauopathy remains to be clarified. In the present study, we shed light on the role of 14-3-3 proteins in the molecular pathways leading to Tauopathies. Overexpression of the 14-3-3σ isoform resulted in a disruption of the tubulin cytoskeleton and prevented neuritic outgrowth in neurons. NMR studies validated the phosphorylated residues pSer214 and pSer324 in Tau as the 2 primary sites for 14-3-3 binding, with the crystal structure of 14-3-3σ in complex with Tau-pSer214 and Tau-pSer324 revealing the molecular details of the interaction. These data suggest a rationale for a possible pharmacologic intervention of the Tau/14-3-3 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyoung Joo
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Schumacher
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Bartel
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Caroline Smet-Nocca
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahram Jang
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Soon Choi
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Kim
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Ottmann
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- *Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Council, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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22
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Wisely EV, Xiang YK, Oddo S. Genetic suppression of β2-adrenergic receptors ameliorates tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4024-34. [PMID: 24626633 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the microtubule-binding protein tau is a key event in several neurodegenerative disorders referred to as tauopathies, which include Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. Thus, understanding the molecular pathways leading to tau accumulation will have a major impact across multiple neurodegenerative disorders. To elucidate the pathways involved in tau pathology, we removed the gene encoding the beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) from a mouse model overexpressing mutant human tau. Notably, the number of β2ARs is increased in brains of AD patients and epidemiological studies show that the use of beta-blockers decreases the incidence of AD. The mechanisms underlying these observations, however, are not clear. We show that the tau transgenic mice lacking the β2AR gene had a reduced mortality rate compared with the parental tau transgenic mice. Removing the gene encoding the β2ARs from the tau transgenic mice also significantly improved motor deficits. Neuropathologically, the improvement in lifespan and motor function was associated with a reduction in brain tau immunoreactivity and phosphorylation. Mechanistically, we provide compelling evidence that the β2AR-mediated changes in tau were linked to a reduction in the activity of GSK3β and CDK5, two of the major tau kinases. These studies provide a mechanistic link between β2ARs and tau and suggest the molecular basis linking the use of beta-blockers to a reduced incidence of AD. Furthermore, these data suggest that a detailed pharmacological modulation of β2ARs could be exploited to develop better therapeutic strategies for AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Wisely
- Department of Physiology and The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Oddo
- Department of Physiology and The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Sun City, AZ, USA
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23
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Overexpression of 14-3-3z promotes tau phosphorylation at Ser262 and accelerates proteosomal degradation of synaptophysin in rat primary hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84615. [PMID: 24367683 PMCID: PMC3868614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid peptide accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and synapse loss are characteristic neuropathological symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tau hyperphosphorylation is suggested to inhibit the association of tau with microtubules, making microtubules unstable and causing neurodegeneration. The mechanism of tau phosphorylation in AD brain, therefore, is of considerable significance. Although PHF-tau is phosphorylated at over 40 Ser/Thr sites, Ser262 phosphorylation was shown to mediate β-amyloid neurotoxicity and formation of toxic tau lesions in the brain. In vitro, PKA is one of the kinases that phosphorylates tau at Ser262, but the mechanism by which it phosphorylates tau in AD brain is not very clear. 14-3-3ζ is associated with neurofibrillary tangles and is upregulated in AD brain. In this study, we show that 14-3-3ζ promotes tau phosphorylation at Ser262 by PKA in differentiating neurons. When overexpressed in rat hippocampal primary neurons, 14-3-3ζ causes an increase in Ser262 phosphorylation, a decrease in the amount of microtubule-bound tau, a reduction in the amount of polymerized microtubules, as well as microtubule instability. More importantly, the level of pre-synaptic protein synaptophysin was significantly reduced. Downregulation of synaptophysin in 14-3-3ζ overexpressing neurons was mitigated by inhibiting the proteosome, indicating that 14-3-3ζ promotes proteosomal degradation of synaptophysin. When 14-3-3ζ overexpressing neurons were treated with the microtubule stabilizing drug taxol, tau Ser262 phosphorylation decreased and synaptophysin level was restored. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of 14-3-3ζ accelerates proteosomal turnover of synaptophysin by promoting the destabilization of microtubules. Synaptophysin is involved in synapse formation and neurotransmitter release. Our results suggest that 14-3-3ζ may cause synaptic pathology by reducing synaptophysin levels in the brains of patients suffering from AD.
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24
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Ou Y, Zheng X, Gao Y, Shu M, Leng T, Li Y, Yin W, Zhu W, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Tang J, Qiu P, Yan G, Hu J, Ruan H, Hu H. Activation of cyclic AMP/PKA pathway inhibits bladder cancer cell invasion by targeting MAP4-dependent microtubule dynamics. Urol Oncol 2013; 32:47.e21-8. [PMID: 24140250 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the notorious reputation of the vicious invasion, the bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Inhibiting invasion through microtubule dynamics interruption has emerged as an important treatment of bladder cancer. Here we investigated the role of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway in human bladder cancer cells invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS With or without the treatment of various cAMP elevators, we assessed invasive and migrated capabilities of T24 and UM-UC-3, two high-grade invasive bladder cancer cell lines, using matrigel transwell inserts assay and scratch wound healing assay. The microtubule (MT) dynamics were examined by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Microtubule-Associated Protein 4 (MAP4) was silenced to investigate its role in tumor invasion. We also analyzed gene expression of MAP4 in 34 patients with bladder cancer using immunohistochemical staining assay. The interaction between PKA and MAP4 was examined by co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We used cAMP elevators and small interfering RNA of MAP4 here, found that both of them can potently inhibit the invasion and the migration of bladder cancer cells by disrupting microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. Consistently, the bladder cancer grade is positively correlated with the protein level of MAP4. Furthermore, we found that cAMP/PKA signaling can disrupt MT cytoskeleton by the phosphorylation of MAP4. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway might inhibit bladder cancer cell invasion by targeting MAP4-dependent microtubule dynamics, which could be exploited for the therapy of invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Ou
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Department of Phathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yixing Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Minfeng Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tiandong Leng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhong-shan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Huaizhen Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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Mendoza J, Sekiya M, Taniguchi T, Iijima KM, Wang R, Ando K. Global analysis of phosphorylation of tau by the checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 in vitro. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2654-65. [PMID: 23550703 DOI: 10.1021/pr400008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau is thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. We previously showed that DNA damage-activated cell cycle checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 phosphorylate tau at an AD-related site and enhance tau toxicity, suggesting potential roles of these kinases in AD. The purpose of this study is to systematically identify which sites in tau are directly phosphorylated by Chk1 and Chk2. Using recombinant human tau phosphorylated by Chk1 and Chk2 in vitro, we first analyzed tau phosphorylation at the AD-related sites by Western blot with phospho-tau-specific antibodies. Second, to globally identify phosphorylated sites in tau, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(3)) was employed. These systematic analyses identified a total of 27 Ser/Thr residues as Chk1- or Chk2- target sites. None of them were proline-directed kinase targets. Many of these sites are located within the microtubule-binding domain and C-terminal domain, whose phosphorylation has been shown to reduce tau binding to microtubules and/or has been implicated in tau toxicity. Among these 27 sites, 13 sites have been identified to be phosphorylated in AD brains. Since DNA damage is accumulated in diseased brains, Chk1 and Chk2 may be involved in tau phosphorylation and toxicity in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhoana Mendoza
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, New York 10029, United States
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26
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Yoshida H, Goedert M. Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau by AMPK-related kinases. J Neurochem 2011; 120:165-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Sluchanko NN, Sudnitsyna MV, Seit-Nebi AS, Antson AA, Gusev NB. Properties of the monomeric form of human 14-3-3ζ protein and its interaction with tau and HspB6. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9797-808. [PMID: 21978388 DOI: 10.1021/bi201374s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dimers formed by seven isoforms of the human 14-3-3 protein participate in multiple cellular processes. The dimeric form has been extensively characterized; however, little is known about the structure and properties of the monomeric form of 14-3-3. The monomeric form is involved in the assembly of homo- and heterodimers, which could partially dissociate back into monomers in response to phosphorylation at Ser58. To obtain monomeric forms of human 14-3-3ζ, we produced four protein constructs with different combinations of mutated (M) or wild-type (W) segments E(5), (12)LAE(14), and (82)YREKIE(87). Under a wide range of expression conditions in Escherichia coli, the MMM and WMM mutants were insoluble, whereas WMW and MMW mutants were soluble, highly expressed, and purified to homogeneity. WMW and MMW mutants remained monomeric over a wide range of concentrations while retaining the α-helical structure characteristic of wild-type 14-3-3. However, WMW and MMW mutants were highly susceptible to proteolysis and had much lower thermal stabilities than the wild-type protein. Using WMW and MMW mutants, we show that the monomeric form interacts with the tau protein and with the HspB6 protein, in both cases forming complexes with a 1:1 stoichiometry, in contrast to the 2:1 and/or 2:2 complexes formed by wild-type 14-3-3. Significantly, this interaction requires phosphorylation of tau protein and HspB6. Because of minimal changes in structure, MMW and especially WMW mutant proteins are promising candidates for analyzing the effect of monomerization on the physiologically important properties of 14-3-3ζ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai N Sluchanko
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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28
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Sluchanko NN, Gusev NB. 14-3-3 proteins and regulation of cytoskeleton. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1528-46. [PMID: 21417993 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910130031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The proteins of the 14-3-3 family are universal adapters participating in multiple processes running in the cell. We describe the structure, isoform composition, and distribution of 14-3-3 proteins in different tissues. Different elements of 14-3-3 structure important for dimer formation and recognition of protein targets are analyzed in detail. Special attention is paid to analysis of posttranslational modifications playing important roles in regulation of 14-3-3 function. The data of the literature concerning participation of 14-3-3 in regulation of intercellular contacts and different elements of cytoskeleton formed by microfilaments are analyzed. We also describe participation of 14-3-3 in regulation of small G-proteins and protein kinases important for proper functioning of cytoskeleton. The data on the interaction of 14-3-3 with different components of microtubules are presented, and the probable role of 14-3-3 in developing of certain neurodegenerative diseases is discussed. The data of the literature concerning the role of 14-3-3 in formation and normal functioning of intermediate filaments are also reviewed. It is concluded that due to its adapter properties 14-3-3 plays an important role in cytoskeleton regulation. The cytoskeletal proteins that are abundant in the cell might compete with the other protein targets of 14-3-3 and therefore can indirectly regulate many intracellular processes that are dependent on 14-3-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Sluchanko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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29
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Calcium channel blocking as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease: the case for isradipine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1584-90. [PMID: 21925266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most devastating neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly, yet treatment options are severely limited. The drug development effort to modify Alzheimer's disease pathology by intervention at beta amyloid production sites has been largely ineffective or inconclusive. The greatest challenge has been to identify and define downstream mechanisms reliably predictive of clinical symptoms. Beta amyloid accumulation leads to dysregulation of intracellular calcium by plasma membrane L-type calcium channels located on neuronal somatodendrites and axons in the hippocampus and cortex. Paradoxically, L-type calcium channel subtype Ca(v)1.2 also promotes synaptic plasticity and spatial memory. Increased intracellular calcium modulates amyloid precursor protein processing and affects multiple downstream pathways including increased hyperphosphorylated tau and suppression of autophagy. Isradipine is a Federal Drug Administration-approved dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that binds selectively to Ca(v)1.2 in the hippocampus. Our studies have shown that isradipine in vitro attenuates beta amyloid oligomer toxicity by suppressing calcium influx into cytoplasm and by suppressing Ca(v)1.2 expression. We have previously shown that administration of isradipine to triple transgenic animal model for Alzheimer's disease was well-tolerated. Our results further suggest that isradipine became bioavailable, lowered tau burden, and improved autophagy function in the brain. A better understanding of brain pharmacokinetics of calcium channel blockers will be critical for designing new experiments with appropriate drug doses in any future clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the importance of Ca(v)1.2 channel overexpression, the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and suppression of autophagy in Alzheimer's disease and modulation of this pathway by isradipine.
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30
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Giralt A, Saavedra A, Carretón O, Xifró X, Alberch J, Pérez-Navarro E. Increased PKA signaling disrupts recognition memory and spatial memory: role in Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4232-47. [PMID: 21835884 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) patients and mouse models show learning and memory impairment even before the onset of motor symptoms. However, the molecular events involved in this cognitive decline are still poorly understood. Here, using three different paradigms, the novel object recognition test, the T-maze spontaneous alternation task and the Morris water maze, we detected severe cognitive deficits in the R6/1 mouse model of HD before the onset of motor symptoms. When we examined the putative molecular pathways involved in these alterations, we observed hippocampal cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) hyper-activation in naïve R6/1 mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and calcineurin activities were not modified. Increased PKA activity resulted in hyper-phosphorylation of its substrates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1, Ras-guanine nucleotide releasing factor-1 and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase, but not cAMP-responsive element binding protein or the microtubule-associated protein tau. In correlation with the over-activation of the PKA pathway, we found a down-regulation of the protein levels of some phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 family members. Similar molecular changes were found in the hippocampus of R6/2 mice and HD patients. Furthermore, chronic treatment of WT mice with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram up-regulated PKA activity, and induced learning and memory deficits similar to those seen in R6 mice, but had no effect on R6/1 mice cognitive impairment. Importantly, hippocampal PKA inhibition by infusion of Rp-cAMPS restored long-term memory in R6/2 mice. Thus, our results suggest that occlusion of PKA-dependent processes is one of the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in R6 animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Sluchanko NN, Sudnitsyna MV, Chernik IS, Seit-Nebi AS, Gusev NB. Phosphomimicking mutations of human 14-3-3ζ affect its interaction with tau protein and small heat shock protein HspB6. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 506:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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32
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Qureshi HY, Paudel HK. Parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and alpha-synuclein mutations promote Tau protein phosphorylation at Ser262 and destabilize microtubule cytoskeleton in vitro. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5055-68. [PMID: 21127069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson disease (PD) brain, a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons leads to dopamine depletion in the striatum and reduced motor function. Lewy bodies, the characteristic neuropathological lesions found in the brain of PD patients, are composed mainly of α-synuclein protein. Three point mutations in the α-synuclein gene are associated with familial PD. In addition, genome-wide association studies indicate that α-synuclein and Tau protein synergistically increase disease susceptibility in the human population. To determine the mechanism by which α-synuclein and Tau act together, we have used PD-causing neurotoxin MPTP and pathogenic α-synuclein mutants A30P, E46K, and A53T as models. We found that exposure of human neuroblastoma M17 cells to MPTP enhances the intracellular α-synuclein protein level, stimulates Tau protein phosphorylation at Ser(262), and induces apoptosis. In mouse brain, ablation of α-synuclein function significantly suppresses Tau phosphorylation at Ser(262). In vitro, α-synuclein binds to phosphorylated Ser(214) of Tau and stimulates PKA-catalyzed Tau phosphorylation at Ser(262). PD-associated α-synuclein mutations increase α-synuclein binding to Tau and stimulate Tau phosphorylation at Ser(262). In HEK-293 cells, α-synuclein and its all PD-associated mutants destabilize the microtubule cytoskeleton in a similar extent. In contrast, when co-expressed with Tau, these PD-associated mutants destabilize microtubules with significantly higher potency than WT. Our results demonstrate that α-synuclein is an in vivo regulator of Tau protein phosphorylation at Ser(262) and suggest that PD-associated risk factors such as environmental toxins and α-synuclein mutations promote Tau phosphorylation at Ser(262), causing microtubule instability, which leads to loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Y Qureshi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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Leroy A, Landrieu I, Huvent I, Legrand D, Codeville B, Wieruszeski JM, Lippens G. Spectroscopic studies of GSK3{beta} phosphorylation of the neuronal tau protein and its interaction with the N-terminal domain of apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33435-33444. [PMID: 20679343 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease neurons are characterized by extraneuronal plaques formed by aggregated amyloid-β peptide and by intraneuronal tangles composed of fibrillar aggregates of the microtubule-associated Tau protein. Tau is mostly found in a hyperphosphorylated form in these tangles. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a proline-directed kinase generally considered as one of the major players that (hyper)phosphorylates Tau. The kinase phosphorylates mainly (Ser/Thr)-Pro motifs and is believed to require a priming activity by another kinase. Here, we use an in vitro phosphorylation assay and NMR spectroscopy to characterize in a qualitative and quantitative manner the phosphorylation of Tau by GSK3β. We find that three residues can be phosphorylated (Ser-396, Ser-400, and Ser-404) by GSK3β alone, without priming. Ser-404 is essential in this process, as its mutation to Ala prevents all activity of GSK3β. However, priming enhances the catalytic efficacy of the kinase, as initial phosphorylation of Ser-214 by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) leads to the rapid modification by GSK3β of four regularly spaced additional sites. Because the regular incorporation of negative charges by GSK3β leads to a potential parallel between phospho-Tau and heparin, we investigated its interaction with the heparin/low density lipoprotein receptor binding domain of human apolipoprotein E. We indeed observed an interaction between the GSK3β-promoted regular phospho-pattern on Tau and the apolipoprotein E fragment but none in the absence of phosphorylation or the presence of an irregular phosphorylation pattern by the prolonged activity of PKA. Apolipoprotein E is therefore able to discriminate and interact with specific phosphorylation patterns of Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Leroy
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq; Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté de Pharmacie à Châtenay-Malabry, University of Paris XI, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Isabelle Huvent
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Dominique Legrand
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Bernadette Codeville
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Jean-Michel Wieruszeski
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Guy Lippens
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq.
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Change in tau phosphorylation associated with neurodegeneration in the ME7 model of prion disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:545-51. [PMID: 20298219 DOI: 10.1042/bst0380545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau is a significant determinant in AD (Alzheimer's disease), where it is associated with disrupted axonal transport and probably causes synaptic dysfunction. Although less well studied, hyperphosphorylation has been observed in prion disease. We have investigated the expression of hyperphosphorylated tau in the hippocampus of mice infected with the ME7 prion agent. In ME7-infected animals, there is a selective loss of CA1 synapse, first discernable at 13 weeks of disease. There is a potential that dysfunctional axonal transport contributes to this synaptopathy. Thus investigating hyperphosphorylated tau that is dysfunctional in AD could illuminate whether and how they are significant in prion disease. We observed no differences in the levels of phosphorylated tau (using MC1, PHF-1 and CP13 antibodies) in detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble fractions extracted from ME7- and NBH- (normal brain homogenate) treated animals across disease. In contrast, we observed an increase in phospho-tau staining for several epitopes using immunohistochemistry in ME7-infected hippocampal sections. Although the changes were not of the magnitude seen in AD tissue, clear differences for several phospho-tau species were seen in the CA1 and CA3 of ME7-treated animals (pSer(199-202)>pSer(214)>PHF-1 antibody). Temporally, these changes were restricted to animals at 20 weeks and none of the disease-related staining was associated with the axons or dendrites that hold CA1 synapses. These findings suggest that phosphorylation of tau at the epitopes examined does not underpin the early synaptic dysfunction. These data suggest that the changes in tau phosphorylation recorded here and observed by others relate to end-stage prion pathology when early dysfunctions have progressed to overt neuronal loss.
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Sluchanko NN, Seit-Nebi AS, Gusev NB. Phosphorylation of more than one site is required for tight interaction of human tau protein with 14-3-3zeta. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2739-42. [PMID: 19647741 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Serine residues phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) in the shortest isoform of human tau protein (tau3) were sequentially replaced by alanine and interaction of phosphorylated tau3 and its mutants with 14-3-3 was investigated. Mutation S156A slightly decreased interaction of phosphorylated tau3 with 14-3-3. Double mutations S156A/S267A and especially S156A/S235A, strongly inhibited interaction of phosphorylated tau3 with 14-3-3. Thus, two sites located in the Pro-rich region and in the pseudo repeats of tau3 are involved in phosphorylation-dependent interaction of tau3 with 14-3-3. The state of tau3 phosphorylation affects the mode of 14-3-3 binding and by this means might modify tau filament formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai N Sluchanko
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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36
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Iqbal K, Liu F, Gong CX, Alonso ADC, Grundke-Iqbal I. Mechanisms of tau-induced neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:53-69. [PMID: 19184068 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) and related tauopathies are histopathologically characterized by a specific type of slow and progressive neurodegeneration, which involves the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule associated protein (MAP) tau. This hallmark, called neurofibrillary degeneration, is seen as neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, and dystrophic neurites and is apparently required for the clinical expression of AD, and in related tauopathies it leads to dementia in the absence of amyloid plaques. While normal tau promotes assembly and stabilizes microtubules, the non-fibrillized, abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau sequesters normal tau, MAP1 and MAP2, and disrupts microtubules. The abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, which can be generated by catalysis of several different combinations of protein kinases, also promotes its misfolding, decrease in turnover, and self-assembly into tangles of paired helical and or straight filaments. Some of the abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau ends up both amino and C-terminally truncated. Disruption of microtubules by the non-fibrillized abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau as well as its aggregation as neurofibrillary tangles probably impair axoplasmic flow and lead to slow progressive retrograde degeneration and loss of connectivity of the affected neurons. Among the phosphatases, which regulate the phosphorylation of tau, protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A), the activity of which is down-regulated in AD brain, is by far the major enzyme. The two inhibitors of PP-2A, I (1) (PP2A) and I (2) (PP2A) , which are overexpressed in AD, might be responsible for the decreased phosphatase activity. AD is multifactorial and heterogeneous and involves more than one etiopathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA,
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37
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Tsukane M, Yamauchi T. Ca2 +/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mediates apoptosis of P19 cells expressing human tau during neural differentiation with retinoic acid treatment. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:365-71. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802187851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Tsukane
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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38
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Han D, Qureshi HY, Lu Y, Paudel HK. Familial FTDP-17 missense mutations inhibit microtubule assembly-promoting activity of tau by increasing phosphorylation at Ser202 in vitro. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13422-13433. [PMID: 19304664 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m901095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) and other tauopathies, tau accumulates and forms paired helical filaments (PHFs) in the brain. Tau isolated from PHFs is phosphorylated at a number of sites, migrates as approximately 60-, 64-, and 68-kDa bands on SDS-gel, and does not promote microtubule assembly. Upon dephosphorylation, the PHF-tau migrates as approximately 50-60-kDa bands on SDS-gels in a manner similar to tau that is isolated from normal brain and promotes microtubule assembly. The site(s) that inhibits microtubule assembly-promoting activity when phosphorylated in the diseased brain is not known. In this study, when tau was phosphorylated by Cdk5 in vitro, its mobility shifted from approximately 60-kDa bands to approximately 64- and 68-kDa bands in a time-dependent manner. This mobility shift correlated with phosphorylation at Ser(202), and Ser(202) phosphorylation inhibited tau microtubule-assembly promoting activity. When several tau point mutants were analyzed, G272V, P301L, V337M, and R406W mutations associated with FTDP-17, but not nonspecific mutations S214A and S262A, promoted Ser(202) phosphorylation and mobility shift to a approximately 68-kDa band. Furthermore, Ser(202) phosphorylation inhibited the microtubule assembly-promoting activity of FTDP-17 mutants more than of WT. Our data indicate that FTDP-17 missense mutations, by promoting phosphorylation at Ser(202), inhibit the microtubule assembly-promoting activity of tau in vitro, suggesting that Ser(202) phosphorylation plays a major role in the development of NFT pathology in AD and related tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Hamid Y Qureshi
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Yifan Lu
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Hemant K Paudel
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
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39
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Effect of phosphorylation on interaction of human tau protein with 14-3-3ζ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:990-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Sadik G, Tanaka T, Kato K, Yamamori H, Nessa BN, Morihara T, Takeda M. Phosphorylation of tau at Ser214 mediates its interaction with 14-3-3 protein: implications for the mechanism of tau aggregation. J Neurochem 2008; 108:33-43. [PMID: 19014373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule associated protein tau is a major component of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease brain, however the neuropathological processes behind the formation of neurofibrillary tangles are still unclear. Previously, 14-3-3 proteins were reported to bind with tau. 14-3-3 Proteins usually bind their targets through specific serine/threonine -phosphorylated motifs. Therefore, the interaction of tau with 14-3-3 mediated by phosphorylation was investigated. In this study, we show that the phosphorylation of tau by either protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase B (PKB) enhances the binding of tau with 14-3-3 in vitro. The affinity between tau and 14-3-3 is increased 12- to 14-fold by phosphorylation as determined by real time surface plasmon resonance studies. Mutational analyses revealed that Ser214 is critical for the phosphorylation-mediated interaction of tau with 14-3-3. Finally, in vitro aggregation assays demonstrated that phosphorylation by PKA/PKB inhibits the formation of aggregates/filaments of tau induced by 14-3-3. As the phosphorylation at Ser214 is up-regulated in fetal brain, tau's interaction with 14-3-3 may have a significant role in the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in development. Also as the phosphorylation at Ser214 is up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease brain, tau's interaction with 14-3-3 might be involved in the pathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Sadik
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Rubio A, Pérez M, de Lecea L, Avila J. Effect of cortistatin on tau phosphorylation at Ser262 site. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2462-75. [PMID: 18438934 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of intraneuronal lesions as a result of the progressive deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau at specific brain regions (such as hippocampus and cortex) plays a key role in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms by which tau phosphorylation is regulated, mainly in the pathology found in the cortex, are still poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the effect of cortistatin, a cortical neuropeptide related to somatostatin, on tau phosphorylation at Ser262 in cultures of murine cortical neurons. Both somatostatin and cortistatin induce tau phosphorylation at Ser262, a site modified in Alzheimer's disease, although with different kinetics in cortex. The effect of cortistatin likely is mediated by heterodimeric receptors composed of somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 4 and also by protein kinase C signaling. Cortistatin-deficient mice show decreased tau phosphorylation at Ser262 in the cortex but not in other brain regions tested. Our results suggest an important role for cortistatin in the regulation of tau phosphorylation that may be associated with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease in regions such as the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rubio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Reynolds CH, Garwood CJ, Wray S, Price C, Kellie S, Perera T, Zvelebil M, Yang A, Sheppard PW, Varndell IM, Hanger DP, Anderton BH. Phosphorylation regulates tau interactions with Src homology 3 domains of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase Cgamma1, Grb2, and Src family kinases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18177-86. [PMID: 18467332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709715200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau can associate with various other proteins in addition to tubulin, including the SH3 domains of Src family tyrosine kinases. Tau is well known to aggregate to form hyperphosphorylated filamentous deposits in several neurodegenerative diseases (tauopathies) including Alzheimer disease. We now report that tau can bind to SH3 domains derived from the p85alpha subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase Cgamma1, and the N-terminal (but not the C-terminal) SH3 of Grb2 as well as to the kinases Fyn, cSrc, and Fgr. However, the short inserts found in neuron-specific isoforms of Src prevented the binding of tau. The experimentally determined binding of tau peptides is well accounted for when modeled into the peptide binding cleft in the SH3 domain of Fyn. After phosphorylation in vitro or in transfected cells, tau showed reduced binding to SH3 domains; no binding was detected with hyperphosphorylated tau isolated from Alzheimer brain, but SH3 binding was restored by phosphatase treatment. Tau mutants with serines and threonines replaced by glutamate, to mimic phosphorylation, showed reduced SH3 binding. These results strongly suggest that tau has a potential role in cell signaling in addition to its accepted role in cytoskeletal assembly, with regulation by phosphorylation that may be disrupted in the tauopathies including Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hugh Reynolds
- The MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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43
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Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I. Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration: significance, etiopathogenesis, therapeutics and prevention. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:38-55. [PMID: 18194444 PMCID: PMC3139457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is multi-factorial and heterogeneous. Independent of the aetiology, this disease is characterized clinically by chronic and progressive dementia and histopathologically by neurofibrillary degeneration of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau seen as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads and dystrophic neurites, and by neuritic (senile) plaques of beta-amyloid. The neurofibrillary degeneration is apparently required for the clinical expression of AD, and in related tauopathies it leads to dementia in the absence of amyloid plaques. While normal tau promotes assembly and stabilizes microtubules, the abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau sequesters normal tau, MAP1 and MAP2, and disrupts microtubules. The abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau also promotes its self-assembly into tangles of paired helical and or straight filaments. Tau is phosphorylated by a number of protein kinases. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and cyclin dependent protein kinase 5 (cdk5) are among the kinases most implicated in the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau. Among the phosphatases which regulate the phosphorylation of tau, protein phosphatase-2A (PP-2A), the activity of which is down-regulated in AD brain, is by far the major enzyme. The inhibition of abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau is one of the most promising therapeutic targets for the development of disease modifying drugs. A great advantage of inhibiting neurofibrillary degeneration is that it can be monitored by evaluating the levels of total tau and tau phosphorylated at various known abnormally hyperphosphorylated sites in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients, obtained by lumbar puncture. There are at least five subgroups of AD, each is probably caused by a different etiopathogenic mechanism. The AD subgroup identification of patients can help increase the success of clinical trials and the development of specific and potent disease modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA.
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44
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Steinhilb ML, Dias-Santagata D, Fulga TA, Felch DL, Feany MB. Tau phosphorylation sites work in concert to promote neurotoxicity in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:5060-8. [PMID: 17928404 PMCID: PMC2096612 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-04-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule binding protein implicated in a number of human neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Phosphorylation of serine-proline/threonine-proline sites, targeted by proline-directed kinases, coincides temporally with neurodegeneration in the human diseases. Recently, we demonstrated that this unique group of serines and threonines has a critical role in controlling tau toxicity in a Drosophila model of tauopathy. Here, we use a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches to examine these sites individually and to determine which of them is primarily responsible for controlling tau neurotoxicity. Despite the importance placed on individual phosphoepitopes and their contributions to disease pathogenesis, our results indicate that no single phosphorylation residue plays a dominant role in controlling tau toxicity. These findings suggest that serine-proline/threonine-proline sites cooperate to mediate neurodegeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Tudor A. Fulga
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Daniel L. Felch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Mel B. Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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45
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Hanger DP, Byers HL, Wray S, Leung KY, Saxton MJ, Seereeram A, Reynolds CH, Ward MA, Anderton BH. Novel phosphorylation sites in tau from Alzheimer brain support a role for casein kinase 1 in disease pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23645-54. [PMID: 17562708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703269200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau in Alzheimer disease brain is highly phosphorylated and aggregated into paired helical filaments comprising characteristic neurofibrillary tangles. Here we have analyzed insoluble Tau (PHF-tau) extracted from Alzheimer brain by mass spectrometry and identified 11 novel phosphorylation sites, 10 of which were assigned unambiguously to specific amino acid residues. This brings the number of directly identified sites in PHF-tau to 39, with an additional six sites indicated by reactivity with phosphospecific antibodies to Tau. We also identified five new phosphorylation sites in soluble Tau from control adult human brain, bringing the total number of reported sites to nine. To assess which kinases might be responsible for Tau phosphorylation, we used mass spectrometry to determine which sites were phosphorylated in vitro by several kinases. Casein kinase 1delta and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta were each found to phosphorylate numerous sites, and each kinase phosphorylated at least 15 sites that are also phosphorylated in PHF-tau from Alzheimer brain. A combination of casein kinase 1delta and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activities could account for over three-quarters of the serine/threonine phosphorylation sites identified in PHF-tau, indicating that casein kinase 1delta may have a role, together with glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane P Hanger
- MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
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46
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Virdee K, Yoshida H, Peak-Chew S, Goedert M. Phosphorylation of human microtubule-associated protein tau by protein kinases of the AGC subfamily. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2657-62. [PMID: 17512525 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intraneuronal inclusions made of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau are a defining neuropathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, and of several other neurodegenerative disorders. Many phosphorylation sites in tau are S/TP sites that flank the microtubule-binding repeats. Others are KXGS motifs in the repeats. One site upstream of the repeats lies in a consensus sequence for AGC kinases. This site (S214) is believed to play an important role in the events leading from normal, soluble to filamentous, insoluble tau. Here, we show that all AGC kinases tested phosphorylated S214. RSK1 and p70 S6 kinase also phosphorylated the neighbouring T212, a TP site that conforms weakly to the AGC kinase consensus sequence. MSK1 phosphorylated S214, as well as S262, a KXGS site in the first repeat, and S305 in the second repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwar Virdee
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
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47
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Liu F, Liang Z, Shi J, Yin D, El-Akkad E, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K, Gong CX. PKA modulates GSK-3beta- and cdk5-catalyzed phosphorylation of tau in site- and kinase-specific manners. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6269-74. [PMID: 17078951 PMCID: PMC1828604 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of tau protein is regulated by several kinases, especially glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta), cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (cdk5) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Phosphorylation of tau by PKA primes it for phosphorylation by GSK-3beta, but the site-specific modulation of GSK-3beta-catalyzed tau phosphorylation by the prephosphorylation has not been well investigated. Here, we found that prephosphorylation by PKA promotes GSK-3beta-catalyzed tau phosphorylation at Thr181, Ser199, Ser202, Thr205, Thr217, Thr231, Ser396 and Ser422, but inhibits its phosphorylation at Thr212 and Ser404. In contrast, the prephosphorylation had no significant effect on its subsequent phosphorylation by cdk5 at Thr181, Ser199, Thr205, Thr231 and Ser422; inhibited it at Ser202, Thr212, Thr217 and Ser404; and slightly promoted it at Ser396. These studies reveal the nature of the inter-regulation of tau phosphorylation by the three major tau kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuronal Regeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China
| | - Zhihou Liang
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Jianhua Shi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuronal Regeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuronal Regeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China
| | - Ezzat El-Akkad
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Inge Grundke-Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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48
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Aoki Y, Kinoshita E, Koike T. Label-free kinase profiling using phosphate affinity polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 6:356-66. [PMID: 17088264 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.t600044-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe three applications of label-free kinase profiling using a novel type of phosphate affinity polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The phosphate affinity site is a polyacrylamide-bound dinuclear Mn2+ complex that enables the mobility shift detection of phosphorylated proteins from their nonphosphorylated counterpart. The first application is in vitro kinase activity profiling for the analysis of varied phosphoprotein isotypes in phosphorylation status. The activity profiles of six kinds of kinases, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p35, protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), casein kinase II, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, were determined using a substrate protein, Tau, which has a number of phosphorylation sites. Each kinase demonstrated characteristic multiple electrophoresis migration bands up-shifted from the nonphosphorylated Tau due to differences in the phosphorylation sites and stoichiometry. The second application is in vivo kinase activity profiling for the analysis of protein phosphorylation involved in intracellular signal transduction. The time course changes in the epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation levels of Shc and MAPK in A431 cells were visualized as highly up-shifted migration bands by subsequent immunoblotting with anti-Shc and anti-MAPK antibodies. The third application is in vitro kinase inhibition profiling for the quantitative screening of kinase-specific inhibitors. The inhibition profile of a tyrosine kinase, Abl (a histidine-tagged recombinant mouse Abl kinase), was determined using the substrate Abltide-GST (a fusion protein consisting of a specific substrate peptide for Abl and glutathione S-transferase) and the approved drug Glivec (an ATP competitor). In the kinase assay, the slower migration band, monophosphorylated Abltide-GST, increased time-dependently, whereas the faster migration band, nonphosphorylated Abltide-GST, decreased. The dose-dependent inhibition of Glivec was determined by a change in the ratio of the faster and slower migration bands, which showed an IC50 value of 1.6 microM in the presence of 0.10 mM ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kasumi 1-2-3, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Yoshida H, Goedert M. Sequential phosphorylation of tau protein by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and SAPK4/p38? or JNK2 in the presence of heparin generates the AT100 epitope. J Neurochem 2006; 99:154-64. [PMID: 16987243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein tau in a hyperphosphorylated state is the major component of the filamentous lesions that define a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Pick's disease, argyrophilic grain disease and frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). Previous work has established that the phosphorylation-dependent anti-tau antibody AT100 is a specific marker for filamentous tau in adult human brain. Here we have identified protein kinases that generate the AT100 epitope in vitro and have used them, in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis of tau, to map the epitope. We show that the sequential phosphorylation of recombinant tau by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the stress-activated protein kinases SAPK4/p38delta or JNK2 generated the AT100 epitope and that this required phosphorylation of T212, S214 and T217. Tau protein from newborn, but not adult, mouse brain was weakly labelled by AT100. Phosphorylation by PKA and SAPK4/p38delta abolished the ability of tau to promote microtubule assembly, but failed to influence significantly the heparin-induced assembly of tau into filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Yoshida
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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Kang JH, Jiang Y, Toita R, Oishi J, Kawamura K, Han A, Mori T, Niidome T, Ishida M, Tatematsu K, Tanizawa K, Katayama Y. Phosphorylation of Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK/ROK) substrates by protein kinases A and C. Biochimie 2006; 89:39-47. [PMID: 16996192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK/ROK) is a serine/threonine kinase and plays an important role in various cellular functions. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A/PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) are also serine/threonine kinases, and directly and/or indirectly take part in the signal transduction pathways of Rho-kinase. They have similar phosphorylation site motifs, RXXS/T and RXS/T. The purpose of this study was to identify whether sites phosphorylated by Rho-kinase could be targets for PKA and PKC and to find peptide substrates that are specific to Rho-kinase, i.e., with no phosphorylation by PKA and PKC. A total of 18 substrates for Rho-kinase were tested for phosphorylation by PKA and PKC. Twelve of these sites were easily phosphorylated. These results mean that Rho-kinase substrates can be good substrates for PKA and/or PKC. On the other hand, six Rho-kinase substrates showing no or very low phosphorylation efficiency (<20%) for PKA and PKC were identified. Kinetic parameters (K(m) and k(cat)) showed that two of these peptides could be useful as substrates specific to Rho-kinase phosphorylation.
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