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Tian Y, Miao Y, Guo P, Wang J, Han D. Insulin-like Growth Factor 2-Tagged Aptamer Chimeras (ITACs) Modular Assembly for Targeted and Efficient Degradation of Two Membrane Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316089. [PMID: 38059276 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of pathogenic membrane proteins drives abnormal proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. Various strategies to durably knockdown membrane proteins with heterobifunctional degraders have been successfully developed, including LYTAC, KineTAC, and AbTAC. However, challenges including complicated synthetic procedures and the inability to simultaneously degrade multiple pathogenic proteins still exist. Herein, we developed insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)-tagged aptamer chimeras (ITACs) that link the cell-surface lysosome-targeting receptor IGF2R and membrane proteins of interest (POIs) based on specific recognition of aptamers to the POIs and high-affinity binding of IGF2 to IGF2R. We demonstrated that ITACs exhibit robust degradation efficiency of various membrane proteins in multiple cell lines. Furthermore, systematic studies revealed that a moderate cell-surface IGF2R level is responsible for the excellent degradation performance of ITACs. Importantly, we further established a modular assembly strategy that allows assembly of one IGF2 with two aptamers with precise stoichiometry (dITACs), enabling cooperative and simultaneous degradation of two membrane proteins. This work provides an efficient and facile target membrane protein degradation platform and will shed light on the treatment of diseases related to the overexpression of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yanyan Miao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Da Han
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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2
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Wang X, Lin L, Lan B, Wang Y, Du L, Chen X, Li Q, Liu K, Hu M, Xue Y, Roberts AI, Shao C, Melino G, Shi Y, Wang Y. IGF2R-initiated proton rechanneling dictates an anti-inflammatory property in macrophages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabb7389. [PMID: 33239287 PMCID: PMC7688333 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic traits of macrophages can be rewired by insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2); however, how IGF2 modulates macrophage cellular dynamics and functionality remains unclear. We demonstrate that IGF2 exhibits dual and opposing roles in controlling inflammatory phenotypes in macrophages by regulating glucose metabolism, relying on the dominant activation of the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) by low-dose IGF2 (L-IGF2) and IGF1R by high-dose IGF2. IGF2R activation leads to proton rechanneling to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and enables sustained oxidative phosphorylation. Mechanistically, L-IGF2 induces nucleus translocation of IGF2R that promotes Dnmt3a-mediated DNA methylation by activating GSK3α/β and subsequently impairs expression of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (v-ATPase). This sequestrated assembly of v-ATPase inhibits the channeling of protons to lysosomes and leads to their rechanneling to mitochondria. An IGF2R-specific IGF2 mutant induces only the anti-inflammatory response and inhibits colitis progression. Together, our findings highlight a previously unidentified role of IGF2R activation in dictating anti-inflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liangyu Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liming Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Keli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingyuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yueqing Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Arthur I Roberts
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Changshun Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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3
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Potalitsyn P, Selicharová I, Sršeň K, Radosavljević J, Marek A, Nováková K, Jiráček J, Žáková L. A radioligand binding assay for the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238393. [PMID: 32877466 PMCID: PMC7467306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors 2 and 1 (IGF2 and IGF1) and insulin are closely related hormones that are responsible for the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, development and growth of the organism. Physiological functions of insulin and IGF1 are relatively well-studied, but information about the role of IGF2 in the body is still sparse. Recent discoveries called attention to emerging functions of IGF2 in the brain, where it could be involved in processes of learning and memory consolidation. It was also proposed that these functions could be mediated by the receptor for IGF2 (IGF2R). Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanism of signal transduction through this receptor. Here we produced His-tagged domain 11 (D11), an IGF2-binding element of IGF2R; we immobilized it on the solid support through a well-defined sandwich, consisting of neutravidin, biotin and synthetic anti-His-tag antibodies. Next, we prepared specifically radiolabeled [125I]-monoiodotyrosyl-Tyr2-IGF2 and optimized a sensitive and robust competitive radioligand binding assay for determination of the nanomolar binding affinities of hormones for D11 of IGF2. The assay will be helpful for the characterization of new IGF2 mutants to study the functions of IGF2R and the development of new compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Potalitsyn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Sršeň
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jelena Radosavljević
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Nováková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Yu XW, Pandey K, Katzman AC, Alberini CM. A role for CIM6P/IGF2 receptor in memory consolidation and enhancement. eLife 2020; 9:54781. [PMID: 32369018 PMCID: PMC7200152 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, also called insulin-like growth factor two receptor (CIM6P/IGF2R), plays important roles in growth and development, but is also extensively expressed in the mature nervous system, particularly in the hippocampus, where its functions are largely unknown. One of its major ligands, IGF2, is critical for long-term memory formation and strengthening. Using CIM6P/IGF2R inhibition in rats and neuron-specific knockdown in mice, here we show that hippocampal CIM6P/IGF2R is necessary for hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation, but dispensable for learning, memory retrieval, and reconsolidation. CIM6P/IGF2R controls the training-induced upregulation of de novo protein synthesis, including increase of Arc, Egr1, and c-Fos proteins, without affecting their mRNA induction. Hippocampal or systemic administration of mannose-6-phosphate, like IGF2, significantly enhances memory retention and persistence in a CIM6P/IGF2R-dependent manner. Thus, hippocampal CIM6P/IGF2R plays a critical role in memory consolidation by controlling the rate of training-regulated protein metabolism and is also a target mechanism for memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Yu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Kiran Pandey
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Aaron C Katzman
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
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5
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Wang R, Qi X, Schmiege P, Coutavas E, Li X. Marked structural rearrangement of mannose 6-phosphate/IGF2 receptor at different pH environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1466. [PMID: 32095534 PMCID: PMC7015683 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many cell surface receptors internalize their ligands and deliver them to endosomes, where the acidic pH causes the ligand to dissociate. The liberated receptor returns to the cell surface in a process called receptor cycling. The structural basis for pH-dependent ligand dissociation is not well understood. In some receptors, the ligand binding domain is composed of multiple repeated sequences. The insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) contains 15 β strand-rich repeat domains. The overall structure and the mechanism by which IGF2R binds IGF2 and releases it are unknown. We used cryo-EM to determine the structures of the IGF2R at pH 7.4 with IGF2 bound and at pH 4.5 in the ligand-dissociated state. The results reveal different arrangements of the receptor in different pH environments mediated by changes in the interactions between the repeated sequences. These results have implications for our understanding of ligand release from receptors in endocytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philip Schmiege
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elias Coutavas
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Corresponding author.
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6
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Wang E, Sun H, Wang J, Wang Z, Liu H, Zhang JZH, Hou T. End-Point Binding Free Energy Calculation with MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA: Strategies and Applications in Drug Design. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9478-9508. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ercheng Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - John Z. H. Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU−ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200122, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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7
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Inhibition of ERK-Drp1 signaling and mitochondria fragmentation alleviates IGF-IIR-induced mitochondria dysfunction during heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 122:58-68. [PMID: 30098987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to myocyte loss and the development of heart failure. Myocytes have quality control mechanisms to retain functional mitochondria by removing damaged mitochondria via specialized autophagy, i.e., mitophagy. The underlying mechanisms of fission affect the survival of cardiomyocytes, and left ventricular function in the heart is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated the direct effect and potential mechanisms of mitochondrial functional defects associated with abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in heart failure. We observed that IGF-IIR signaling produced significant changes in mitochondrial morphology and function; such changes were associated with the altered expression and distribution of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and mitofusin (Mfn2). IGF-IIR signaled extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation to promote Drp1 phosphorylation and translocation to mitochondria for mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, IGF-IIR signaling triggered Rab9-dependent autophagosome formation by the JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at serine 87 and promoted ULK1/Beclin 1-dependent autophagic membrane formation. Excessive mitochondrial fission by Drp1 enhanced the Rab9-dependent autophagosome recognition and engulfing of damaged mitochondria and eventually decreased cardiomyocyte viability. Therefore, these results demonstrated the connection between Rab9-dependent autophagosomes and mitochondrial fission in cardiac myocytes, which provides a potential therapeutic strategy for treating heart disease.
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8
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Huang CY, Kuo WW, Ho TJ, Chiang SF, Pai PY, Lin JY, Lin DY, Kuo CH, Huang CY. Rab9-dependent autophagy is required for the IGF-IIR triggering mitophagy to eliminate damaged mitochondria. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7080-7091. [PMID: 29574782 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction is the major characteristic of mitophagy, which is essential in mitochondrial quality control. However, excessive mitophagy contributes to cell death in a number of diseases, including ischemic stroke and hepatotoxicity. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and its receptor (IGF-IIR) play vital roles in the development of heart failure during hypertension. We found that IGF-II triggers IGF-IIR receptor activation, causing mitochondria dysfunction, resulting in mitophagy, and cardiomyocyte cell death. These results indicated that IGF-IIR activation triggers mitochondria fragmentation, leading to autophagosome formation, and loss of mitochondria content. These results are associated with Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Additionally, autophagic proteins Atg5, and Atg7 deficiency did not suppress IGF-IIR-induced mitophagy. However, Rab9 knockdown reduced mitophagy and maintained mitochondrial function. These constitutive mitophagies through IGF-IIR activation trigger mitochondria loss and mitochondrial ROS accumulation for cardiomyocyte viability decrease. Together, our results indicate that IGF-IIR predominantly induces mitophagy through the Rab9-dependent alternative autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Huang
- Translation Research Core, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Chinese Medicine Department, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Chiang
- Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Pai
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taichung
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Wang Y, MacDonald RG, Thinakaran G, Kar S. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II/Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2636-2658. [PMID: 26993302 PMCID: PMC5901910 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional single transmembrane glycoprotein. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the structure, ligand-binding properties, and trafficking of the IGF-II/M6P receptor. This receptor has been implicated in a variety of important cellular processes including growth and development, clearance of IGF-II, proteolytic activation of enzymes, and growth factor precursors, in addition to its well-known role in the delivery of lysosomal enzymes. The IGF-II/M6P receptor, distributed widely in the central nervous system, has additional roles in mediating neurotransmitter release and memory enhancement/consolidation, possibly through activating IGF-II-related intracellular signaling pathways. Recent studies suggest that overexpression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor may have an important role in regulating the levels of transcripts and proteins involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the prevalent cause of dementia affecting the elderly population in our society. It is reported that IGF-II/M6P receptor overexpression can increase the levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein leading to the generation of β-amyloid peptide, which is associated with degeneration of neurons and subsequent development of AD pathology. Given the significance of the receptor in mediating the transport and functioning of the lysosomal enzymes, it is being considered for therapeutic delivery of enzymes to the lysosomes to treat lysosomal storage disorders. Notwithstanding these results, additional studies are required to validate and fully characterize the function of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in the normal brain and its involvement in various neurodegenerative disorders including AD. It is also critical to understand the interaction between the IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in neurodegenerative processes, which may shed some light on developing approaches to detect and prevent neurodegeneration through the dysfunction of the receptor and the endosomal-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R G MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - G Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
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10
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Yuan Y, Hong Y. Medaka insulin-like growth factor-2 supports self-renewal of the embryonic stem cell line and blastomeres in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:78. [PMID: 28250437 PMCID: PMC5428361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) regulate diverse processes including energy metabolism, cell proliferation and embryonic development. They activate the IGF signaling pathway via binding to cell surface receptors. Here we report an essential role of IGF2 in maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cell from medaka (Oryzias latipes). The medaka igf2 gene was cloned for prokaryotically expression of IGF2 ligand and green fluorescent protein-tagged IGF2 namely IGF2:GFP. With flow cytometry analysis, we demonstrated that the IGF2:GFP can bind to the cultured ES cells from medaka and zebrafish respectively. We also verified that IGF2 is able to activate the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt, and sustain the viability and pluripotency of medaka ES cells in culture. Furthermore, we characterized the binding of IGF2:GFP to freshly isolated blastomeres by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. Most importantly, we revealed the important role of IGF2 in supporting the derivation of blastomeres in short-term culture. Therefore, Medaka IGF2 is essential for the self-renewal of cultured ES cells and blastomeres from fish embryos. This finding underscores a conserved role of the IGF signaling pathway in stem cells from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yunhan Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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11
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Hexnerová R, Křížková K, Fábry M, Sieglová I, Kedrová K, Collinsová M, Ullrichová P, Srb P, Williams C, Crump MP, Tošner Z, Jiráček J, Veverka V, Žáková L. Probing Receptor Specificity by Sampling the Conformational Space of the Insulin-like Growth Factor II C-domain. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21234-21245. [PMID: 27510031 PMCID: PMC5076530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factors I and II are closely related protein hormones. Their distinct evolution has resulted in different yet overlapping biological functions with insulin becoming a key regulator of metabolism, whereas insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I/II are major growth factors. Insulin and IGFs cross-bind with different affinities to closely related insulin receptor isoforms A and B (IR-A and IR-B) and insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-1R). Identification of structural determinants in IGFs and insulin that trigger their specific signaling pathways is of increasing importance in designing receptor-specific analogs with potential therapeutic applications. Here, we developed a straightforward protocol for production of recombinant IGF-II and prepared six IGF-II analogs with IGF-I-like mutations. All modified molecules exhibit significantly reduced affinity toward IR-A, particularly the analogs with a Pro-Gln insertion in the C-domain. Moreover, one of the analogs has enhanced binding affinity for IGF-1R due to a synergistic effect of the Pro-Gln insertion and S29N point mutation. Consequently, this analog has almost a 10-fold higher IGF-1R/IR-A binding specificity in comparison with native IGF-II. The established IGF-II purification protocol allowed for cost-effective isotope labeling required for a detailed NMR structural characterization of IGF-II analogs that revealed a link between the altered binding behavior of selected analogs and conformational rearrangement of their C-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozálie Hexnerová
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Květoslava Křížková
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic, and
| | - Irena Sieglová
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kedrová
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Collinsová
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Ullrichová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Srb
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher Williams
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Crump
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Zdeněk Tošner
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Veverka
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic,
| | - Lenka Žáková
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic,
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12
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Křížková K, Chrudinová M, Povalová A, Selicharová I, Collinsová M, Vaněk V, Brzozowski AM, Jiráček J, Žáková L. Insulin–Insulin-like Growth Factors Hybrids as Molecular Probes of Hormone:Receptor Binding Specificity. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2903-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Květoslava Křížková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science,
Department of Biochemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Chrudinová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science,
Department of Biochemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Povalová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science,
Department of Biochemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Collinsová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Vaněk
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej M. Brzozowski
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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13
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Tsai CT, Chang YM, Lin SL, Chen YS, Yeh YL, Padma VV, Tsai CC, Chen RJ, Ho TJ, Huang CY. Alpinate Oxyphyllae Fructus Inhibits IGFII-Related Signaling Pathway to Attenuate Ang II-Induced Pathological Hypertrophy in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts. J Med Food 2016; 19:300-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yung-Ming Chang
- 1PT Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Department, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Luan Lin
- 1PT Lukang Chinese Medicine Clinics, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lan Yeh
- Department of pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | | | - Chin-Chuan Tsai
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Department, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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IGFBP-2: The dark horse in metabolism and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:329-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Vashisth H. Theoretical and computational studies of peptides and receptors of the insulin family. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:48-83. [PMID: 25680077 PMCID: PMC4384091 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic interactions among peptides and receptors of the insulin family are required for glucose homeostasis, normal cellular growth and development, proliferation, differentiation and other metabolic processes. The peptides of the insulin family are disulfide-linked single or dual-chain proteins, while receptors are ligand-activated transmembrane glycoproteins of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily. Binding of ligands to the extracellular domains of receptors is known to initiate signaling via activation of intracellular kinase domains. While the structure of insulin has been known since 1969, recent decades have seen remarkable progress on the structural biology of apo and liganded receptor fragments. Here, we review how this useful structural information (on ligands and receptors) has enabled large-scale atomically-resolved simulations to elucidate the conformational dynamics of these biomolecules. Particularly, applications of molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods are discussed in various contexts, including studies of isolated ligands, apo-receptors, ligand/receptor complexes and intracellular kinase domains. The review concludes with a brief overview and future outlook for modeling and computational studies in this family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Vashisth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, 33 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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16
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Xie J, Chen X, Zheng J, Li C, Stacy S, Holzenberger M, Hu X, Zhang CC. IGF-IR determines the fates of BCR/ABL leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:3. [PMID: 25648584 PMCID: PMC4320836 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tyrosine kinase receptor insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-IR) contributes to the initiation and progression of many types of malignancies. We previously showed that IGF-2, which binds IGF-IR, is an extrinsic factor that supports the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We also demonstrated that IGF-IR is not required for HSC activity in vivo. Methods and results Here we investigated the role of IGF-IR in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) using the retroviral BCR/ABL transplantation mouse model. Existing antibodies against IGF-IR are not suitable for flow cytometry; therefore, we generated a fusion of the human IgG Fc fragment with mutant IGF-2 that can bind to IGF-IR. We used this fusion protein to evaluate mouse primary hematopoietic populations. Through transplantation assays with IGF-IR+ and IGF-IR− cells, we demonstrated that IGF-IR is expressed on all mouse HSCs. The expression of IGF-IR is much higher on CML cells than on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. The depletion of IGF-IR expression in BCR/ABL+ cells led to the development of ALL (mostly T cell ALL) but not CML. Lack of IGF-IR resulted in decreased self-renewal of the BCR/ABL+ CML cells in the serial replating assay. Conclusion IGF-IR regulates the cell fate determination of BCR/ABL+ leukemia cells and supports the self-renewal of CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xie
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Junke Zheng
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Chunling Li
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Satomi Stacy
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Martin Holzenberger
- INSERM and Sorbonne Universities, UPMC, Research Center UMR938, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, Shandong, China. .,Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA.
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17
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Henderson ST, Brierley GV, Surinya KH, Priebe IK, Catcheside DEA, Wallace JC, Forbes BE, Cosgrove LJ. Delineation of the IGF-II C domain elements involved in binding and activation of the IR-A, IR-B and IGF-IR. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:20-27. [PMID: 25458127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and -II) ligands share a high degree of sequence and structural homology. Despite their similarities, IGF-I and IGF-II exhibit differential receptor binding and activation characteristics. The C domains of IGF-I and IGF-II are the primary determinants of binding specificity to the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), insulin receptor exon 11- (IR-A) and exon 11+ (IR-B) isoforms. DESIGN Three IGF-II analogues were generated in order to delineate the C domain residues that confer the differential receptor binding affinity and activation properties of the IGFs. Chimeric IGF-II analogues IGF-IICI(N) and IGF-IICI(C) contained partial IGF-I C domain substitutions (IGF-I residues underlined) GYGSSSRRSR and SRVSRRAPQT, respectively. RESULTS The IGF-IICI(N) analogue bound the IR-A and IGF-IR with high affinity but bound the IR-B with a relatively lower affinity than IGF-II, suggesting a negative interaction between the exon-11 encoded peptide in the IR-B and the C-domain. The ability of IGF-IICI(N) to activate receptors and elicit cell viability responses was generally proportional to its relative receptor binding affinity but appeared to act as a partial agonist equivalent to IGF-I when binding and activating the IGF-IR. In contrast, IGF-IICI(C) bound IGF-IR with high affinity but elicited lower receptor activation and cell viability responses. Analogue IGF-IICI(S) contained a truncated IGF-I C domain (GSSSRRAT) and generally displayed a relatively poor ability to bind, activate and elicit viability responses via each receptor. CONCLUSIONS Together, the IGF analogues demonstrate that both flanks of the IGF-II C domain play important roles in the greater ability of IGF-II to bind and activate IR receptors than IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Henderson
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - G V Brierley
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - K H Surinya
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - I K Priebe
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - D E A Catcheside
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - J C Wallace
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - B E Forbes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - L J Cosgrove
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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18
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Yau SW, Azar WJ, Sabin MA, Werther GA, Russo VC. IGFBP-2 - taking the lead in growth, metabolism and cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:125-42. [PMID: 25617050 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) ligands elicited via their receptors and transduced by various intracellular signal pathways is modulated by the IGF Binding Proteins (IGFBPs). Among all the IGFBPs, IGFBP-2 has been implicated in the regulation of IGF activity in most tissue and organs. Besides binding to IGFs in the circulation these IGF-regulatory activities of IGFBP-2 involve interactions with components of the extracellular matrix, cell surface proteoglycans and integrin receptors. In addition to these local peri-cellular activities, IGFBP-2 exerts other key functions within the nucleus, where IGFBP-2 directly or indirectly promotes transcriptional activation of specific genes. All of these IGFBP-2 activities, intrinsic or dependent on IGFs, contribute to its functional roles in growth/development, metabolism and malignancy as evidenced by studies in IGFBP-2 animal models and also by many in vitro studies. Finally, preclinical studies have demonstrated that IGFBP-2 administration can be beneficial in improving metabolic responses (inhibition of adipogenesis and enhanced insulin sensitivity), while blockade of IGFBP-2 appears to be an effective approach to inhibiting tumour growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Yau
- Deparment of Cell Biology, Hormone Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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19
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Dung-shen (Codonopsis pilosula) attenuated the cardiac-impaired insulin-like growth factor II receptor pathway on myocardial cells. Food Chem 2013; 138:1856-67. [PMID: 23411318 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Zastavna D, Makukh H, Tretjak B, Bilevych O, Tyrka M. Loss of Imprinting of IGF2 Gene in the Chorionic Tissues of Spontaneously Eliminated Human Embryos. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2013; 5:17-22. [PMID: 25512704 PMCID: PMC4222333 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s11460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) is a mitogen, growth and differentiation modulator for many cell types. It is mainly expressed during the prenatal development, and its activity strongly depends on the genomic imprinting. Genomic imprinting in the chorionic tissues of spontaneously eliminated human embryos has been studied on the model of 820-AG (Apa1) of the IGF-2 gene locus. Molecular and genetic analysis was performed on the polymorphic 820-AG IGF2 locus in 107 samples of DNA extracted from the chorionic tissues of spontaneously eliminated human embryos within 5–10 weeks of gestation. Presence of AG genotype Apa1 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the IGF-2 was shown to cause more than a 7-fold increase in the risk of embryo elimination. Thus, the loss of genomic imprinting of the IGF-2 gene may be an important cause of the miscarriages in human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Halyna Makukh
- Institute of Hereditary Pathology NAMS of Ukraine, Lviv
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21
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Rajapaksha H, Alvino C, McCarthy P, Forbes BE. The insulin-like growth factor mutation database (IGFmdb). Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:158-166. [PMID: 22698731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), and insulin are evolutionarily conserved hormonal regulators of eukaryotic growth and development. Through interactions with their cognate receptors, all three molecules can influence cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival, as well as metabolic processes. As such, perturbations in signaling by IGFs and insulin are a well-documented cause of altered growth, development and survival during both embryonic and post-natal life. A key approach in understanding how IGFs and insulin elicit their biological effects has been through identifying structural features of the ligands that influence their receptor interactions. Over the years, the study of many hundreds of specifically engineered IGF and insulin analogues has provided a wealth of knowledge about how specific residues of these ligands contribute to ligand:receptor interactions. Some analogues have even provided the basis for designing therapeutic agents for the treatment of IGF and insulin-related diseases. As the list of IGF and insulin analogues continues to grow we find that, while many have been produced and studied, it would be of considerable value to have a central repository from which information about specific analogues and their receptor binding data were readily available in an easily searchable and comparable format. To address this, we have created the "Insulin-like growth factor mutation database" (IGFmdb). The IGFmdb is a web-based curated database of annotated ligand analogues and their receptor binding affinities that can be accessed via http://www.adelaide.edu.au/igfmutation. Currently the IGFmdb contains receptor-binding data for 67 IGF-II analogues that were publicly accessible prior to 2012, as well as 67 IGF-I analogues, including all of those produced and characterised in our laboratory. A small number of these are IGF species homologues. There are also 32 insulin analogues within IGFmdb that were reported within the included IGF analogue studies, representing only a small fraction of existing insulin mutants. Future developments of the IGFmdb will incorporate receptor-binding data for all publicly accessible IGF-I analogues and the data will be expanded to include IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinda Rajapaksha
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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22
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Amritraj A, Posse de Chaves EI, Hawkes C, Macdonald RG, Kar S. Single-transmembrane domain IGF-II/M6P receptor: potential interaction with G protein and its association with cholesterol-rich membrane domains. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4784-98. [PMID: 22903618 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) receptor is a single-transmembrane domain glycoprotein that plays an important role in the intracellular trafficking of lysosomal enzymes and endocytosis-mediated degradation of IGF-II. The receptor may also mediate certain biological effects in response to IGF-II binding by interacting with G proteins. However, the nature of the IGF-II/M6P receptor's interaction with the G protein or with G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) interacting proteins such as β-arrestin remains unclear. Here we report that [(125)I]IGF-II receptor binding in the rat hippocampal formation is sensitive to guanosine-5'-[γ-thio]triphosphate, mastoparan, and Mas-7, which are known to interfere with the coupling of the classical GPCR with G protein. Monovalent and divalent cations also influenced [(125)I]IGF-II receptor binding. The IGF-II/M6P receptor, as observed for several GPCRs, was found to be associated with β-arrestin 2, which exhibits sustained ubiquitination after stimulation with Leu(27)IGF-II, an IGF-II analog that binds rather selectively to the IGF-II/M6P receptor. Activation of the receptor by Leu(27)IGF-II induced stimulation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 via a pertussis toxin-dependent pathway. Additionally, we have shown that IGF-II/M6P receptors under normal conditions are associated mostly with detergent-resistant membrane domains, but after stimulation with Leu(27)IGF-II, are translocated to the detergent-soluble fraction along with a portion of β-arrestin 2. Collectively these results suggest that the IGF-II/M6P receptor may interact either directly or indirectly with G protein as well as β-arrestin 2, and activation of the receptor by an agonist can lead to alteration in its subcellular distribution along with stimulation of an intracellular signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Amritraj
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Wang KCW, Brooks DA, Thornburg KL, Morrison JL. Activation of IGF-2R stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the late gestation sheep fetus. J Physiol 2012; 590:5425-37. [PMID: 22930271 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.238410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies using rat and fetal sheep cardiomyocytes indicate that, in addition to its role as a clearance receptor, the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF-2R) can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In the present study, we have determined the effect of specific activation of the IGF-2R in the heart of the late gestation fetus on cardiomyocyte development. Leu(27)IGF-2, an IGF-2R agonist, was infused into the fetal left circumflex coronary artery for 4 days beginning at 128.1 ± 0.4 days gestation. Ewes were humanely killed at 132.2 ± 1.2 days gestation (term, 150 days). Fetuses were delivered and hearts dissected to isolate the cardiomyocytes and to collect and snap-freeze tissue. Leu(27)IGF-2 infusion into the left circumflex coronary artery of fetal sheep increased the area of binucleated cardiomyocytes in the left, but not the right, ventricle. However, this infusion of Leu(27)IGF-2 did not change fetal weight, heart weight, blood pressure, blood gases or cardiomyocyte proliferation/binucleation. The increase in cardiomyocyte size in the Leu(27)IGF-2-infused group was associated with increased expression of proteins in the Gαs, but not the Gαq, signalling pathway. We concluded that infusion of Leu(27)IGF-2 into the left circumflex coronary artery causes cardiac IGF-2R activation in the left ventricle of the heart, and this stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in a Gαs-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley C W Wang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, Australia 5001
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24
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Wang KC, Brooks DA, Botting KJ, Morrison JL. IGF-2R-Mediated Signaling Results in Hypertrophy of Cultured Cardiomyocytes from Fetal Sheep1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:183. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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25
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The molecular basis of IGF-II/IGF2R recognition: a combined molecular dynamics simulation, free-energy calculation and computational alanine scanning study. J Mol Model 2011; 18:1421-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Insulin-like growth factor I receptor β expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:882-91. [PMID: 21292299 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The insulinlike growth factor signaling axis (factors I and II and their receptor) has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. Previous studies on insulinlike growth factor I receptor using resected hepatocellular carcinoma generated mixed results; however, the distribution and clinical significance of insulinlike growth factor I receptor β expression in hepatocellular carcinoma in the setting of liver transplantation have not been evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for insulinlike growth factor I receptor β was performed in 72 liver explants from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver transplantation. Expression of insulinlike growth factor I receptor β in hepatocytes was noted in 59.7% of tumors but only 6.9% of adjacent, nontumorous liver tissues (P < .001). Compared with subjects with tumors within Milan criteria, those who fell beyond had 3.1 times higher odds of having insulinlike growth factor I receptor β-positive tumors (95% confidence interval, 1.003-9.8). Poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas had 10.3 times higher odds of insulinlike growth factor I receptor β positivity compared with well- or moderately differentiated tumors (95% confidence interval, 1.3-85.2). Subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis were less likely to have insulinlike growth factor I receptor β-positive tumors (P = .015). Finally, higher arteriolar insulinlike growth factor I receptor β scores in the tumor and adjacent liver were significantly associated with insulinlike growth factor I receptor β expression in tumor cells (P = .015 and .043 for intratumoral and adjacent arterioles, respectively) in a subset of 26 randomly chosen hepatocellular carcinoma. Our results suggest that synchronized up-regulation of the insulinlike growth factor I receptor axis in tumor cells and intratumoral and adjacent arterioles could represent a mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis and progression as manifest by poor differentiation and tumors beyond Milan criteria. Targeted therapies against insulinlike growth factor receptors may be justifiable in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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27
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Kolychev AP. Structural organization of binding determinants in the molecule of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209301001010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Brown J, Jones EY, Forbes BE. Interactions of IGF-II with the IGF2R/cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor mechanism and biological outcomes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 80:699-719. [PMID: 19251056 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor (IGF2R) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein consisting of 15 homologous extracellular repeat domains. The major function of this receptor is trafficking of lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network to the endosomes and their subsequent transfer to lysosomes. The IGF2R also plays a major role in binding and regulating the circulating and tissue levels of IGF-II. As this ligand is important for cell growth, survival, and migration, the maintenance of correct IGF-II levels influences its actions in normal growth and development. Deregulation of IGF2R expression has therefore been associated with growth related disease and cancer. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the IGF2R structure and mechanism of interaction with its ligands, in particular IGF-II. Recent mutagenesis studies combined with the crystal structure of domains 11-14 in complex with IGF-II have mapped the sites of interaction and explain how the IGF2R specificity for IGF-II is achieved. The role of domain 13 in high-affinity IGF-II binding is also revealed. Characterization of ligand:IGF2R interactions is vital for the understanding of the mechanism of IGF2R actions and will allow the development of specific cancer therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brown
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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29
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Kolychev AP. The binding ability of insulin-related peptides as the clue to the search for their functional role in phylogenesis. Introduction to the problem. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093008060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alvino CL, McNeil KA, Ong SC, Delaine C, Booker GW, Wallace JC, Whittaker J, Forbes BE. A novel approach to identify two distinct receptor binding surfaces of insulin-like growth factor II. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7656-64. [PMID: 19139090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the residues important for the interaction of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) with the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) and the insulin receptor (IR). Insulin, to which IGF-II is homologous, is proposed to cross-link opposite halves of the IR dimer through two receptor binding surfaces, site 1 and site 2. In the present study we have analyzed the contribution of IGF-II residues equivalent to insulin's two binding surfaces toward the interaction of IGF-II with the IGF-1R and IR. Four "site 1" and six "site 2" analogues were produced and analyzed in terms of IGF-1R and IR binding and activation. The results show that Val(43), Phe(28), and Val(14) (equivalent to site 1) are critical to IGF-1R and IR binding, whereas mutation to alanine of Gln(18) affects only IGF-1R and not IR binding. Alanine substitutions at Glu(12), Asp(15), Phe(19), Leu(53), and Glu(57) analogues resulted in significant (>2-fold) decreases in affinity for both the IGF-1R and IR. Furthermore, taking a novel approach using a monomeric, single-chain minimized IGF-1R we have defined a distinct second binding surface formed by Glu(12), Phe(19), Leu(53), and Glu(57) that potentially engages the IGF-1R at one or more of the FnIII domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair L Alvino
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Gate 8, Victoria Drive, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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31
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Maternal Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Promotes Placental Functional Development Via the Type 2 IGF Receptor in the Guinea Pig. Placenta 2008; 29:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Hawkes C, Amritraj A, Macdonald RG, Jhamandas JH, Kar S. Heterotrimeric G proteins and the single-transmembrane domain IGF-II/M6P receptor: functional interaction and relevance to cell signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 35:329-45. [PMID: 17917122 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-007-0021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family represents the largest and most versatile group of cell surface receptors. Classical GPCR signaling constitutes ligand binding to a seven-transmembrane domain receptor, receptor interaction with a heterotrimeric G protein, and the subsequent activation or inhibition of downstream intracellular effectors to mediate a cellular response. However, recent reports on direct, receptor-independent G protein activation, G protein-independent signaling by GPCRs, and signaling of nonheptahelical receptors via trimeric G proteins have highlighted the intrinsic complexities of G protein signaling mechanisms. The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6 phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a single-transmembrane glycoprotein whose principal function is the intracellular transport of lysosomal enzymes. In addition, the receptor also mediates some biological effects in response to IGF-II binding in both neuronal and nonneuronal systems. Multidisciplinary efforts to elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways that underlie these effects have generated data to suggest that the IGF-II/M6P receptor might mediate transmembrane signaling via a G protein-coupled mechanism. The purpose of this review is to outline the characteristics of traditional and nontraditional GPCRs, to relate the IGF-II/M6P receptor's structure with its role in G protein-coupled signaling and to summarize evidence gathered over the years regarding the putative signaling of the IGF-II/M6P receptor mediated by a G protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hawkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Alzheimer and Neurodegenerative Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
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33
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Moriyama S, Yamaguchi K, Takasawa T, Chiba H, Kawauchi H. Identification of two insulin-like growth factor IIs in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica: Cloning, tissue distribution, and expression after growth hormone treatment and seawater acclimation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:47-57. [PMID: 17855139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the role of IGFs in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, we cloned insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) cDNAs and examined their mRNA expression in several tissues. Two eel IGF-II cDNAs, eIGF-II-1 and eIGF-II-2, were cloned from the liver. A signal peptide and a mature peptide of both preproIGF-IIs were composed of 47 amino acids (aa) and 69 aa, but they differed at 17 aa and 13 aa, respectively. The E domain of eIGF-II-1 was 49 aa longer than that of eIGF-II-2, and differed at 22 aa within 52 aa. The highest eIGF-II-1 and II-2 mRNA levels were observed in the liver, with detectable levels also found in all tissues examined. The eIGF-II-1 mRNA levels in the liver, heart, and muscle were higher in females than in males, whereas those in the stomach and intestine were lower in the females. The eIGF-II-2 mRNA levels in the liver and swim-bladder were also higher in females than in males whereas those in the stomach, spleen, and intestine were lower in the females. The eIGF-II-1 mRNA levels in the liver were higher in large compared to small glass eels, while the eIGF-II-2 mRNA levels did not correlate with body weight. Both eIGF-II mRNA levels in the liver increased after eel GH treatments in vivo and in vitro. No differences in both eIGF-II mRNA levels were observed in the gills, liver, stomach and whole kidney between seawater- and freshwater-reared eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Moriyama
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Sanriku, Iwate 022-0101, Japan.
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34
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Gauguin L, Klaproth B, Sajid W, Andersen AS, McNeil KA, Forbes BE, De Meyts P. Structural basis for the lower affinity of the insulin-like growth factors for the insulin receptor. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2604-13. [PMID: 18048361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709220200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) bind with high affinity to their cognate receptor and with lower affinity to the noncognate receptor. The major structural difference between insulin and the IGFs is that the IGFs are single chain polypeptides containing A-, B-, C-, and D-domains, whereas the insulin molecule contains separate A- and B-chains. The C-domain of IGF-I is critical for high affinity binding to the insulin-like growth factor I receptor, and lack of a C-domain largely explains the low affinity of insulin for the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. It is less clear why the IGFs have lower affinity for the insulin receptor. In this study, 24 insulin analogues and four IGF analogues were expressed and analyzed to explore the role of amino acid differences in the A- and B-domains between insulin and the IGFs in binding affinity for the insulin receptor. Using the information obtained from single substituted analogues, four multiple substituted analogues were produced. A "quadruple insulin" analogue ([Phe(A8), Ser(A10), Thr(B5), Gln(B16)]Ins) showed affinity as IGF-I for the insulin receptor, and a "sextuple insulin" analogue ([Phe(A8), Ser(A10), Thr(A18), Thr(B5), Thr(B14), Gln(B16)]Ins) showed an affinity close to that of IGF-II for the insulin receptor, whereas a "quadruple IGF-I" analogue ([His(4), Tyr(15), Thr(49), Ile(51)]IGF-I) and a "sextuple IGF-II" analogue ([His(7), Ala(16), Tyr(18), Thr(48), Ile(50), Asn(58)]IGF-II) showed affinities similar to that of insulin for the insulin receptor. The mitogenic potency of these analogues correlated well with the binding properties. Thus, a small number of A- and B-domain substitutions that map to the IGF surface equivalent to the classical binding surface of insulin weaken two hotspots that bind to the insulin receptor site 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Gauguin
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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35
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Structure and functional analysis of the IGF-II/IGF2R interaction. EMBO J 2007; 27:265-76. [PMID: 18046459 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development and normal growth require exquisite control of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). In mammals the extracellular region of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor has gained an IGF-II-binding function and is termed type II IGF receptor (IGF2R). IGF2R sequesters IGF-II; imbalances occur in cancers and IGF2R is implicated in tumour suppression. We report crystal structures of IGF2R domains 11-12, 11-12-13-14 and domains 11-12-13/IGF-II complex. A distinctive juxtaposition of these domains provides the IGF-II-binding unit, with domain 11 directly interacting with IGF-II and domain 13 modulating binding site flexibility. Our complex shows that Phe19 and Leu53 of IGF-II lock into a hydrophobic pocket unique to domain 11 of mammalian IGF2Rs. Mutagenesis analyses confirm this IGF-II 'binding-hotspot', revealing that IGF-binding proteins and IGF2R have converged on the same high-affinity site.
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36
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Masnikosa R, Nikolic A, Nedic O. Affinity Modulation of Human Placental Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptors by Lectins. J Biochem 2007; 143:813-20. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Williams C, Rezgui D, Prince SN, Zaccheo OJ, Foulstone EJ, Forbes BE, Norton RS, Crosby J, Hassan AB, Crump MP. Structural insights into the interaction of insulin-like growth factor 2 with IGF2R domain 11. Structure 2007; 15:1065-78. [PMID: 17850746 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor (IGF2R) mediates trafficking of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)-containing proteins and the mitogenic hormone IGF2. IGF2R also plays an important role as a tumor suppressor, as mutation is frequently associated with human carcinogenesis. IGF2 binds to domain 11, one of 15 extracellular domains on IGF2R. The crystal structure of domain 11 and the solution structure of IGF2 have been reported, but, to date, there has been limited success when using crystallography to study the interaction of IGFs with their binding partners. As an approach to investigate the interaction between IGF2 and IGF2R, we have used heteronuclear NMR in combination with existing mutagenesis data to derive models of the domain 11-IGF2 complex by using the program HADDOCK. The models reveal that the molecular interaction is driven by critical hydrophobic residues on IGF2 and IGF2R, while a ring of flexible, charged residues on IGF2R may modulate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Williams
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Delaine C, Alvino CL, McNeil KA, Mulhern TD, Gauguin L, De Meyts P, Jones EY, Brown J, Wallace JC, Forbes BE. A Novel Binding Site for the Human Insulin-like Growth Factor-II (IGF-II)/Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor on IGF-II. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18886-94. [PMID: 17475626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II/cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF2R) binds IGF-II with high affinity. By targeting IGF-II to lysosomal degradation, it plays a role in the maintenance of correct IGF-II levels in the circulation and in target tissues. Loss of IGF2R function is associated with tumor progression; therefore, the IGF2R is often referred to as a tumor suppressor. The interaction between IGF2R and IGF-II involves domains 11 and 13 of the 15 extracellular domains of the receptor. Recently, a hydrophobic binding region was identified on domain 11 of the IGF2R. In contrast, relatively little is known about the residues of IGF-II that are involved in IGF2R binding and the determinants of IGF2R specificity for IGF-II over the structurally related IGF-I. Using a series of novel IGF-II analogues and surface plasmon resonance assays, this study revealed a novel binding surface on IGF-II critical for IGF2R binding. The hydrophobic residues Phe(19) and Leu(53) are critical for IGF2R binding, as are residues Thr(16) and Asp(52). Furthermore, Thr(16) was identified as playing a major role in determining why IGF-II, but not IGF-I, binds with high affinity to the IGF2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie Delaine
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Fu P, Thompson JA, Leeding KS, Bach LA. Insulin-like growth factors induce apoptosis as well as proliferation in LIM 1215 colon cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:58-68. [PMID: 16888814 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in cell proliferation and survival. However, more recently, a small number of studies have shown that IGFs induce apoptosis in some cells. Our initial studies showed this occurred in LIM 1215 colon cancer cells but not RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells. IGFs induced both proliferation and apoptosis in LIM 1215 cells, and the induction of apoptosis was dose-dependent. [R54, R55]IGF-II, which binds to the IGF-I receptor with normal affinity but does not bind to the IGF-II receptor, induced apoptosis to the same extent as IGF-II, whereas [L27]IGF-II, which binds to the IGF-I receptor with 1000-fold reduced affinity, had no effect on apoptosis. These results suggest that the IGF-I receptor is involved in induction of apoptosis. Western blot analyses demonstrated that Akt and Erk1/2 were constitutively activated in RD cells. In contrast, phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 were transient and basal expression of Akt protein was lower in LIM 1215 cells. Analysis of apoptosis-related proteins showed that IGFs decreased pro-caspase-3 levels and increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bad in LIM 1215 cells. IGFs co-activate proliferative and apoptotic pathways in LIM 1215 cells, which may contribute to increased cell turnover. Since high turnover correlates with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer, this study provides further evidence for the role of the IGF system in its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fu
- Department of Medicine, Central & Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3181, Australia
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40
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Sitar T, Popowicz GM, Siwanowicz I, Huber R, Holak TA. Structural basis for the inhibition of insulin-like growth factors by insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13028-33. [PMID: 16924115 PMCID: PMC1551901 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605652103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) control bioavailability, activity, and distribution of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)1 and -2 through high-affinity IGFBP/IGF complexes. IGF-binding sites are found on N- and C-terminal fragments of IGFBPs, the two conserved domains of IGFBPs. The relative contributions of these domains to IGFBP/IGF complexation has been difficult to analyze, in part, because of the lack of appropriate three-dimensional structures. To analyze the effects of N- and C-terminal domain interactions, we determined several x-ray structures: first, of a ternary complex of N- and C-terminal domain fragments of IGFBP4 and IGF1 and second, of a "hybrid" ternary complex using the C-terminal domain fragment of IGFBP1 instead of IGFBP4. We also solved the binary complex of the N-terminal domains of IGFBP4 and IGF1, again to analyze C- and N-terminal domain interactions by comparison with the ternary complexes. The structures reveal the mechanisms of IGF signaling regulation via IGFBP binding. This finding supports research into the design of IGFBP variants as therapeutic IGF inhibitors for diseases of IGF disregulation. In IGFBP4, residues 1-38 form a rigid disulphide bond ladder-like structure, and the first five N-terminal residues bind to IGF and partially mask IGF residues responsible for the type 1 IGF receptor binding. A high-affinity IGF1-binding site is located in a globular structure between residues 39 and 82. Although the C-terminal domains do not form stable binary complexes with either IGF1 or the N-terminal domain of IGFBP4, in the ternary complex, the C-terminal domain contacts both and contributes to blocking of the IGF1 receptor-binding region of IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sitar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Igor Siwanowicz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert Huber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Tad A. Holak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Zaccheo OJ, Prince SN, Miller DM, Williams C, Kemp CF, Brown J, Jones EY, Catto LE, Crump MP, Hassan AB. Kinetics of Insulin-like Growth Factor II (IGF-II) Interaction with Domain 11 of the Human IGF-II/Mannose 6-phosphate Receptor: Function of CD and AB Loop Solvent-exposed Residues. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:403-21. [PMID: 16631789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ligands of the IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF2R) include IGF-II and mannose 6-phosphate modified proteins. Disruption of the negative regulatory effects of IGF2R on IGF-II-induced growth can lead to embryonic lethality and cancer promotion. Of the 15 IGF2R extracellular domains, domains 1-3 and 11 are known to have a conserved beta-barrel structure similar to that of avidin and the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, yet only domain 11 binds IGF-II with high specificity and affinity. In order to define the functional basis of this critical biological interaction, we performed alanine mutagenesis of structurally determined solvent-exposed loop residues of the IGF-II-binding site of human domain 11, expressed these mutant forms in Pichia pastoris, and determined binding kinetics with human IGF-II using isothermal calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance with transition state thermodynamics. Two hydrophobic residues in the CD loop (F1567 and I1572) were essential for binding, with a further non-hydrophobic residue (T1570) that slows the dissociation rate. Aside from alanine mutations of AB loop residues that decrease affinity by modifying dissociation rates (e.g. Y1542), a novel mutation (E1544A) of the AB loop enhanced affinity by threefold compared to wild-type. Conversion from an acidic to a basic residue at this site (E1544K) results in a sixfold enhancement of affinity via modification principally of the association rate, with enhanced salt-dependence, decreased entropic barrier and retained specificity. These data suggest that a functional hydrophobic binding site core is formed by I1572 and F1567 located in the CD loop, which initially anchors IGF-II. Within the AB loop, residues normally act to either stabilise or function as negative regulators of the interaction. These findings have implications for the molecular architecture and evolution of the domain 11 IGF-II-binding site, and the potential interactions with other domains of IGF2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Zaccheo
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology and Growth Factor Research Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Roche P, Brown J, Denley A, Forbes BE, Wallace JC, Jones EY, Esnouf RM. Computational model for the IGF-II/IGF2r complex that is predictive of mutational and surface plasmon resonance data. Proteins 2006; 64:758-68. [PMID: 16741994 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are key regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation, and are thus pivotal in cancer, especially breast, prostate, and colon neoplasm. Their potent mitogenic and anti-apoptotic actions depend primarily on their availability to bind to the signaling IGF cell surface receptors. One mechanism by which IGF-II availability is thought to be modulated is by binding to the nonsignaling IGF-II receptor (IGF2R). This binding is essentially mediated by domain 11 in the multidomain IGF2R extracellular region. The crystal structure of domain 11 of the human IGF-II receptor (IGF2R-d11) has identified a putative IGF-II binding site, and a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure for the IGF-II ligand has also been characterized. These structures have now been used to model in silico the protein-protein interaction between IGF-II and IGF2R-d11 using the program 3D-Dock. Because the IGF-II data comprise an ensemble of 20 structures, all of which satisfy the NMR constraints, the docking procedure was applied to each member of the ensemble. Only those models in which residue Ile1572 of IGF2R-d11, known to be essential for the binding of IGF-II, was at the interface were considered further. These plausible complexes were then critically assessed using an array of analysis techniques including consideration of additional mutagenesis data. One model was strongly supported by these analyses and is discussed here in detail. Furthermore, we demonstrate in vitro experimental support for this model by studying the binding of chimeras of IGF-I and IGF-II to IGF2R fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Roche
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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43
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Russo VC, Gluckman PD, Feldman EL, Werther GA. The insulin-like growth factor system and its pleiotropic functions in brain. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:916-43. [PMID: 16131630 DOI: 10.1210/er.2004-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, much interest has been devoted to defining the role of the IGF system in the nervous system. The ubiquitous IGFs, their cell membrane receptors, and their carrier binding proteins, the IGFBPs, are expressed early in the development of the nervous system and are therefore considered to play a key role in these processes. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the IGF system promotes differentiation and proliferation and sustains survival, preventing apoptosis of neuronal and brain derived cells. Furthermore, studies of transgenic mice overexpressing components of the IGF system or mice with disruptions of the same genes have clearly shown that the IGF system plays a key role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Russo
- Centre for Hormone Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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44
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Zhu Y, Li X, Mcvie-Wylie A, Jiang C, Thurberg B, Raben N, Mattaliano R, Cheng S. Carbohydrate-remodelled acid alpha-glucosidase with higher affinity for the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor demonstrates improved delivery to muscles of Pompe mice. Biochem J 2005; 389:619-28. [PMID: 15839836 PMCID: PMC1180711 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the delivery of rhGAA (recombinant GAA, where GAA stands for acid alpha-glucosidase) to the affected muscles in Pompe disease, the carbohydrate moieties on the enzyme were remodelled to exhibit a high affinity ligand for the CI-MPR (cation-independent M6P receptor, where M6P stands for mannose 6-phosphate). This was achieved by chemically conjugating on to rhGAA, a synthetic oligosaccharide ligand bearing M6P residues in the optimal configuration for binding the receptor. The carbonyl chemistry used resulted in the conjugation of approx. six synthetic ligands on to each enzyme. The resulting modified enzyme [neo-rhGAA (modified recombinant human GAA harbouring synthetic oligosaccharide ligands)] displayed near-normal specific activity and significantly increased affinity for the CI-MPR. However, binding to the mannose receptor was unaffected despite the introduction of additional mannose residues in neo-rhGAA. Uptake studies using L6 myoblasts showed neo-rhGAA was internalized approx. 20-fold more efficiently than the unmodified enzyme. Administration of neo-rhGAA into Pompe mice also resulted in greater clearance of glycogen from all the affected muscles when compared with the unmodified rhGAA. Comparable reductions in tissue glycogen levels in the Pompe mice were realized using an approx. 8-fold lower dose of neo-rhGAA in the heart and diaphragm and an approx. 4-fold lower dose in the skeletal muscles. Treatment of older Pompe mice, which are more refractory to enzyme therapy, with 40 mg/kg neo-rhGAA resulted in near-complete clearance of glycogen from all the affected muscles as opposed to only partial correction with the unmodified rhGAA. These results demonstrate that remodelling the carbohydrate of rhGAA to improve its affinity for the CI-MPR represents a feasible approach to enhance the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhu
- *Genzyme Corporation, 31 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, U.S.A
| | - Xuemei Li
- *Genzyme Corporation, 31 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, U.S.A
| | - Alison Mcvie-Wylie
- *Genzyme Corporation, 31 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, U.S.A
| | - Canwen Jiang
- *Genzyme Corporation, 31 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, U.S.A
| | - Beth L. Thurberg
- *Genzyme Corporation, 31 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, U.S.A
| | - Nina Raben
- †National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | | | - Seng H. Cheng
- *Genzyme Corporation, 31 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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45
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Kolychev AP. Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) in Vertebrate Phylogenesis. Comparative Analysis of the IGF-II Domain Binding to the Mannose-6-Phosphate IGF-II-Receptor. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10893-006-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Denley A, Cosgrove LJ, Booker GW, Wallace JC, Forbes BE. Molecular interactions of the IGF system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:421-39. [PMID: 15936977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a complex network of two soluble ligands; several cell surface transmembrane receptors and six soluble high-affinity binding-proteins. The IGF system is essential for normal embryonic and postnatal growth, and plays an important role in the function of a healthy immune system, lymphopoiesis, myogenesis and bone growth among other physiological functions. Deregulation of the IGF system leads to stimulation of cancer cell growth and survival. In order to manipulate the IGF system in the treatment of certain disorders, we must understand the protein-protein interactions at a molecular level. The complex molecular interactions of the ligands and receptors of the IGF system underlie all the biological actions mentioned above and will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Denley
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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47
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Siwanowicz I, Popowicz GM, Wisniewska M, Huber R, Kuenkele KP, Lang K, Engh RA, Holak TA. Structural basis for the regulation of insulin-like growth factors by IGF binding proteins. Structure 2005; 13:155-67. [PMID: 15642270 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) control the extracellular distribution, function, and activity of IGFs. Here, we report an X-ray structure of the binary complex of IGF-I and the N-terminal domain of IGFBP-4 (NBP-4, residues 3-82) and a model of the ternary complex of IGF-I, NBP-4, and the C-terminal domain (CBP-4, residues 151-232) derived from diffraction data with weak definition of the C-terminal domain. These structures show how the IGFBPs regulate IGF signaling. Key features of the structures include (1) a disulphide bond ladder that binds to IGF and partially masks the IGF residues responsible for type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-IR) binding, (2) the high-affinity IGF-I interaction site formed by residues 39-82 in a globular fold, and (3) CBP-4 interactions. Although CBP-4 does not bind individually to either IGF-I or NBP-4, in the ternary complex, CBP-4 contacts both and also blocks the IGF-IR binding region of IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Siwanowicz
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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48
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Foulstone E, Prince S, Zaccheo O, Burns JL, Harper J, Jacobs C, Church D, Hassan AB. Insulin-like growth factor ligands, receptors, and binding proteins in cancer. J Pathol 2005; 205:145-53. [PMID: 15641016 DOI: 10.1002/path.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize experimental evidence supporting the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling system in the progression, maintenance, and treatment of cancer. These data implicate the IGF system as an important modifier of cancer cell proliferation, survival, growth, and treatment sensitivity. The role of the IGF system in cancer should be examined in the context of the extra-cellular and intra-cellular signalling networks, in particular: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and forkhead transcription factors (FOXO). This review highlights evidence derived from molecular structure and functional genetics with respect to how the extra-cellular components of the IGF system function normally, and their subsequent modifications in cancer. The therapeutic relevance of the research evidence described is also addressed, as the challenge is to apply this knowledge to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Foulstone
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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49
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Denley A, Wang CC, McNeil KA, Walenkamp MJE, van Duyvenvoorde H, Wit JM, Wallace JC, Norton RS, Karperien M, Forbes BE. Structural and functional characteristics of the Val44Met insulin-like growth factor I missense mutation: correlation with effects on growth and development. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 19:711-21. [PMID: 15576456 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described the phenotype resulting from a missense mutation in the IGF-I gene, which leads to expression of IGF-I with a methionine instead of a valine at position 44 (Val44Met IGF-I). This mutation caused severe growth and mental retardation as well as deafness evident at birth and growth retardation in childhood, but is relatively well tolerated in adulthood. We have conducted a biochemical and structural analysis of Val44Met IGF-I to provide a molecular basis for the phenotype observed. Val44Met IGF-I exhibits a 90-fold decrease in type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) binding compared with wild-type human IGF-I and only poorly stimulates autophosphorylation of the IGF-1R. The ability of Val44Met IGF-I to signal via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt/protein kinase B pathways and to stimulate DNA synthesis is correspondingly poorer. Binding or activation of both insulin receptor isoforms is not detectable even at micromolar concentrations. However, Val44Met IGF-I binds IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-6 with equal affinity to IGF-I, suggesting the maintenance of overall structure, particularly in the IGFBP binding domain. Structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance confirms retention of near-native structure with only local side-chain disruptions despite the significant loss of function. To our knowledge, our results provide the first structural study of a naturally occurring mutant human IGF-I associated with growth and developmental abnormalities and identifies Val44 as an essential residue involved in the IGF-IGF-1R interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Denley
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia
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50
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Hawkes C, Kar S. The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor: structure, distribution and function in the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 44:117-40. [PMID: 15003389 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional single transmembrane glycoprotein which, along with the cation-dependent M6P (CD-M6P) receptor, mediates the trafficking of M6P-containing lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to lysosomes. Cell surface IGF-II/M6P receptors also function in the degradation of the non-glycosylated IGF-II polypeptide hormone, as well as in the capture and activation/degradation of extracellular M6P-bearing ligands. In recent years, the multifaceted role of the receptor has become apparent, as several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to its role in lysosomal enzyme trafficking, clearance and/or activation of a variety of growth factors and endocytosis-mediated degradation of IGF-II, the IGF-II/M6P receptor may also mediate transmembrane signal transduction in response to IGF-II binding under certain conditions. However, very little is known about the physiological significance of the receptor in the function of the central nervous system (CNS). This review aims to delineate what is currently known about IGF-II/M6P receptor structure, its ligand binding properties and role in lysosomal enzyme transport. It also summarizes the recent data regarding the role of the receptor in the CNS, including its distribution, possible importance for normal and activity-dependent functioning as well as its implications in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hawkes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
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