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Korade Z, Xu L, Mirnics K, Porter NA. Lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a genetic mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:113-22. [PMID: 22718275 PMCID: PMC3674764 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) accumulates in tissues and fluids of patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ(7)-reductase (DHCR7). We recently reported that 7-DHC is the most reactive lipid molecule toward free radical oxidation (lipid peroxidation) and 14 oxysterols have been identified as products of oxidation of 7-DHC in solution. As the high oxidizability of 7-DHC may lead to systemic oxidative stress in SLOS patients, we report here lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a Dhcr7-KO mouse model of SLOS, including oxysterols, isoprostanes (IsoPs), and neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) that are formed from the oxidation of 7-DHC, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. In addition to a previously described oxysterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), we provide evidence for the chemical structures of three new oxysterols in the brain and/or liver tissue of Dhcr7-KO mice, two of which were quantified. We find that levels of IsoPs and NeuroPs are also elevated in brain and/or liver tissues of Dhcr7-KO mice relative to matching WT mice. While IsoPs and NeuroPs have been established as a reliable measurement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo, we show that in this genetic SLOS mouse model, 7-DHC-derived oxysterols are present at much higher levels than IsoPs and NeuroPs and thus are better markers of lipid oxidation and related oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department of Psychiatry and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. Department of Chemistry, 7962 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Gaylor JL. Membrane-bound enzymes of cholesterol synthesis from lanosterol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:1139-46. [PMID: 11969204 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Gachotte D, Barbuch R, Gaylor J, Nickel E, Bard M. Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG26 gene encoding the C-3 sterol dehydrogenase (C-4 decarboxylase) involved in sterol biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:13794-9. [PMID: 9811880 PMCID: PMC24900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/1998] [Accepted: 09/03/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All but two genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been cloned, and their corresponding mutants have been described. The remaining genes encode the C-3 sterol dehydrogenase (C-4 decarboxylase) and the 3-keto sterol reductase and in concert with the C-4 sterol methyloxidase (ERG25) catalyze the sequential removal of the two methyl groups at the sterol C-4 position. The protein sequence of the Nocardia sp NAD(P)-dependent cholesterol dehydrogenase responsible for the conversion of cholesterol to its 3-keto derivative shows 30% similarity to a 329-aa Saccharomyces ORF, YGL001c, suggesting a possible role of YGL001c in sterol decarboxylation. The disruption of the YGL001c ORF was made in a diploid strain, and the segregants were plated onto sterol supplemented media under anaerobic growth conditions. Segregants containing the YGL001c disruption were not viable after transfer to fresh, sterol-supplemented media. However, one segregant was able to grow, and genetic analysis indicated that it contained a hem3 mutation. The YGL001c (ERG26) disruption also was viable in a hem 1Delta strain grown in the presence of ergosterol. Introduction of the erg26 mutation into an erg1 (squalene epoxidase) strain also was viable in ergosterol-supplemented media. We demonstrated that erg26 mutants grown on various sterol and heme-supplemented media accumulate nonesterified carboxylic acid sterols such as 4beta, 14alpha-dimethyl-4alpha-carboxy-cholesta-8,24-dien-3be ta-ol and 4beta-methyl-4alpha-carboxy-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-o l, the predicted substrates for the C-3 sterol dehydrogenase. Accumulation of these sterol molecules in a heme-competent erg26 strain results in an accumulation of toxic-oxygenated sterol intermediates that prevent growth, even in the presence of exogenously added sterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gachotte
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Mercer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, U.K
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5
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Plemenitas A, Havel CM, Watson JA. Sterol-mediated regulation of mevalonic acid synthesis. Accumulation of 4-carboxysterols as the predominant sterols synthesized in a Chinese hamster ovary cell cholesterol auxotroph (mutant 215). J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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6
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Mechanistic studies of lanosterol 14 alpha-methyl demethylase: substrate requirements for the component reactions catalyzed by a single cytochrome P-450 isozyme. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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7
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Microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol. Solubilization and purification of steroid 8-isomerase. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Ekhato IV, Robinson CH. Regio-controlled synthesis of 4α-(3H3}methyl-5α-cholestan-3β-ol. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580230411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Kawata S, Trzaskos JM, Gaylor JL. Affinity chromatography of microsomal enzymes on immobilized detergent-solubilized cytochrome b5. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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10
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Caspi E. The mode of incorporation of C-2 hydrogen atoms of mevalonic acid into protosterols and sterols. Tetrahedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Kawata S, Trzaskos JM, Gaylor JL. Microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol. Purification and characterization of delta 7-sterol 5-desaturase of rat liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Trzaskos JM, Bowen WD, Shafiee A, Fischer RT, Gaylor JL. Cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation of lanosterol in cholesterol biosynthesis. Microsomal electron transport and C-32 demethylation. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
So far, reviews that have appeared on fungal lipids present data mainly on the lipid composition of these organisms and the influence of lipids on their physiology. These reviews provide little information about the enzymes of lipid metabolism in these organisms and it is assumed, by most workers, that lipid synthesis in all fungi takes place as in Saccharomyces cervesiae, the only fungus in which the complete pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis have been worked out. During the last few years, literature has accumulated on lipid metabolic enzymes of other fungi, as investigators became increasingly interested in this area of research. The present review, after an introduction, will be divided into different sections and each section will deal, comparatively, with various aspects of fungal lipid metabolism and physiology. This review will, therefore, bring out the differences or similarities of lipid metabolism in diverse fungal species.
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14
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Total enzymic synthesis of cholesterol from 4,4,14 alpha-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3 beta-ol. Solubilization, resolution, and reconstitution of delta 7-sterol 5-desaturase. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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15
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Maitra US, Mohan VP, Kochi H, Shankar V, Adlersberg M, Liu KP, Ponticorvo L, Sprinson DB. Purification of a terminal oxygenase in demethylation of C-30 of lanosterol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 108:517-25. [PMID: 6816234 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)90859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Trzaskos JM, Bowen WD, Fisher GJ, Billheimer JT, Gaylor JL. Microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol: a progress report. Lipids 1982; 17:250-6. [PMID: 6806557 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Berry DJ, Chang TY. Further characterization of a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant defective in lanosterol demethylation. Biochemistry 1982; 21:573-80. [PMID: 7066308 DOI: 10.1021/bi00532a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive in vitro lanosterol 14 alpha- and 4 alpha-methylsterol oxidase assays, particularly suitable for cell extracts of tissue culture cells, were developed and validated. Using these assays, we showed that the biochemical lesion of mutant 215, a cholesterol-requiring Chinese hamster ovary cell auxotroph isolated and partially characterized previously [Chang, T. Y., Telakowski, C., Vanden Heuvel, W., Alberts, A. W., & Vagelos, P. R. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 832-836], was localized at the 4 alpha-methylsterol oxidase enzyme system. The defect in 4 alpha-methylsterol oxidase activity in mutant 215 cells could be demonstrated by using either 4,4-dimethylcholestanol or 4 alpha-methylcholestanol as the substrate, suggesting that the enzyme systems responsible for 4 alpha-methyl- and 4,4-dimethylsterols may share a common component. However, demethylation of the C-14 alpha methyl group was found to occur at identical rates in wild-type and mutant 215, suggesting that C-14 alpha demethylation and C-4 alpha demethylation may occur by separate enzyme systems. A [3H]dihydrolanosterol incorporation experiment in intact cells of wild-type and mutant 215 supported these conclusions. Despite these results, a [14C]acetate pulse experiment indicated that [14C]lanosterol, instead of its 14C-labeled 14-demethylated sterol derivative(s), accumulated in intact cells of mutant 215. Possible implications of these findings for the mechanisms of lanosterol demethylation reactions are discussed.
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18
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Billheimer JT, Alcorn M, Gaylor JL. Solubilization and partial purification of a microsomal 3-ketosteroid reductase of cholesterol biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 211:430-8. [PMID: 6946726 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Brady D. Oxidative demethylation in sterol metabolism. Inhibition by NADH, a required cofactor. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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20
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Fukushima H, Grinstead G, Gaylor J. Total enzymic synthesis of cholesterol from lanosterol. Cytochrome b5-dependence of 4-methyl sterol oxidase. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Aoyama Y, Yoshida Y, Sato R, Susani M, Ruis H. Involvement of cytochrome b5 and a cyanide-sensitive monooxygenase in the 4-demethylation of 4,4-dimethylzymosterol by yeast microsomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 663:194-202. [PMID: 6163470 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(81)90205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
According to Ohba et al. (Ohba, M., Sato, R., Yoshida, Y., Nishino, T. and Katsuki, H. (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 85, 21-27), yeast microsomes catalyze the removal of three methyl groups attached to the C-4 and C-14 positions of [1,7,15,22,26,30-14C]lanosterol (4,4,14 alpha-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3 beta-ol) in the presence of NADPH, NAD+ and molecular oxygen, concomitant with the liberation of 14CO2 derived from C-30 (one of the two methyl groups at the C-4 position). In this process the methyl group at the C-14 position is first removed in a cyanide-insensitive reaction and then the two methyl groups at the C-4 position are removed by a cyanide-sensitive enzyme system. In this study it was found that the 14CO2 formation from the 14C-labeled lanosterol was inhibited by antibodies to yeast cytochrome b5 and by palmitoyl-CoA, a substrate of the cytochrome b5-containing fatty acyl-CoA desaturase system of yeast microsomes. However, neither the antibodies nor palmitoyl-CoA inhibited the conversion of lanosterol to 4,4-dimethyl zymosterol (4,4-dimethyl-5 alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3 beta-ol). It is concluded that cytochrome b5 and a cyanide-sensitive enzyme are involved in the 4-demethylation of 4,4-dimethylzymosterol, but not the 14 alpha-demethylation of lanosterol, by yeast microsomes. It is suggested that a cyanide-sensitive enzyme acts as the terminal 4-demethylase and cytochrome b5 transfers reducing equivalents from NADPH to the terminal enzyme, as in the case of fatty acyl-CoA desaturation. The cyanide sensitivity of the 4-demethylation was, however, much greater than that of the desaturation.
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22
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Brady D, Crowder R, Hayes W. Mixed function oxidases in sterol metabolism. Source of reducing equivalents. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Billheimer J, Gaylor J. Cytosolic modulators of activities of microsomal enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. Role of a cytosolic protein with properties similar to Z-protein (fatty acid-binding protein). J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Subden RE, Renaud RL. Isolation of 4 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3 beta-ol from ester fractions of nutritionally deprived Neurospora crassa. Steroids 1979; 34:643-8. [PMID: 161433 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(79)90134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A method of isolating pure fractions of 4 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-38-ol for sterol intermediate studies is described. Starvation cultures of Neurospora crassa readily incorporate exogenous mevalonic acid into the sterol ester fraction. Isolation involves a simple solvent extraction and two chromatograms. Only the ester fraction yielded the required purity. Radioactive 4 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3 beta-ol is readily produced from DL-[2-14C] mevalonic acid.
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25
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Crowder R, Brady D. Mixed function oxidases in sterol metabolism. Separate routes for electron transfer from NADH and NADPH. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Dey AC, Senciall IR. Acidic steroid metabolites: biosynthesis of steroid carboxylic acids by rabbit liver microsomes and the involvement of a cytochrome P450-independent mixed function oxidase system. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:1099-104. [PMID: 34064 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(78)90039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Aoyama Y, Yoshida Y. Interaction of lanosterol to cytochrome P-450 purified from yeast microscomes: evidence for contribution of cytochrome P-450 to lanosterol metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 82:33-8. [PMID: 27189 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Brady D, Crowder R. Study of microsomal mixed function oxidative demethylation and deformylation of 4-methyl and 4-hydroxymethylene sterols. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Gaylor JL, Delwiche CV. Purification of a soluble rat liver protein that stimulates microsomal 4-methyl sterol oxidase activity. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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30
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Mitropoulos KA, Gibbons GF, Reeves BE. Lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase. Similarity of the enzyme system from yeast and rat liver. Steroids 1976; 27:821-9. [PMID: 781918 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(76)90141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of 24,25-dihydro[32-14C]lanosterol is described. The incubation of this material with a cell-free system from Saccharomyces cerevisiae or with a microsomal preparation from rat liver resulted in both cases in the release of [14C]formic acid. This result suggests that in the biosynthesis of ergosterol in yeast, as well as in that of cholesterol in higher animals, the 14alpha-methyl group of lanosterol is removed as formic acid. In both systems, the measurement of the rate of release of [14C]formic acid from 24,25-dihydro[32-14C]lanosterol provides a simple and direct assay of lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase. Carbon monoxide inhibited both yeast and liver 14alpha-demethylase.
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31
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Brady DR, Mattingly TW, Gaylor JL. A simplified assay of 4-methyl sterol oxidase of liver microsomes. Anal Biochem 1976; 70:413-23. [PMID: 4991 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Nelson J, Kahn S, Spencer T, Sharpless K, Clayton R. Some aspects of substrate specificity in biological demethylation at C4 of steroids. Bioorg Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(75)90047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Gaylor JL, Miyake Y, Yamano T. Stoichiometry of 4-methyl sterol oxidase of rat liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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34
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Derksen A, Cohen P. Extensive Incorporation of [2-14C]Mevalonic Acid into Cholesterol Precursors by Human Platelets in Vitro. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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35
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Baxter C, Coscia CJ. In vitro synthesis of spermidine in the higher plant, Vinca rosea. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:147-54. [PMID: 4741562 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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36
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Gaylor JL, Delwiche CV. Investigation of the multienzymic system of microsomal cholesterol biosynthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 212:122-38. [PMID: 4532473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb47591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Bechtold MM, Delwiche CV, Comai K, Gaylor JL. Investigation of the Component Reactions of Oxidative Sterol Demethylation. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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38
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Bloxham D, Akhtar M. An anti-anabolic role of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in the control of liver metabolism. a hypothetical mechanism for gluconeogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(72)90041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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40
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Rahimtula AD, Gaylor JL. Investigation of the Component Reactions of Oxidative Sterol Demethylation. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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41
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Lutsky BN, Martin J, Schroepfer G. Studies of the Metabolism of 5α-Cholesta-8,14-dien-3β-ol and 5α-Cholesta-7,14-dien-3β-ol in Rat Liver Homogenate Preparations. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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42
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43
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44
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Miller W, Gaylor J. Investigation of the Component Reactions of Oxidative Sterol Demethylation. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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