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Kathrani A, Yen S, Hall EJ, Swann JR. The effects of a hydrolyzed protein diet on the plasma, fecal and urine metabolome in cats with chronic enteropathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19979. [PMID: 37968311 PMCID: PMC10652014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrolyzed protein diets are extensively used to treat chronic enteropathy (CE) in cats. However, the biochemical effects of such a diet on feline CE have not been characterized. In this study an untargeted 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic approach was used to compare the urinary, plasma, and fecal metabolic phenotypes of cats with CE to control cats with no gastrointestinal signs recruited at the Royal Veterinary College (RVC). In addition, the biomolecular consequences of a hydrolyzed protein diet in cats with CE was also separately determined in cats recruited from the RVC (n = 16) and the University of Bristol (n = 24) and whether these responses differed between dietary responders and non-responders. Here, plasma metabolites related to energy and amino acid metabolism significantly varied between CE and control cats in the RVC cohort. The hydrolyzed protein diet modulated the urinary metabolome of cats with CE (p = 0.005) in both the RVC and Bristol cohort. In the RVC cohort, the urinary excretion of phenylacetylglutamine, p-cresyl-sulfate, creatinine and taurine at diagnosis was predictive of dietary response (p = 0.025) although this was not observed in the Bristol cohort. Conversely, in the Bristol cohort plasma betaine, glycerol, glutamine and alanine at diagnosis was predictive of outcome (p = 0.001), but these same results were not observed in the RVC cohort. The biochemical signature of feline CE in the RVC cohort was consistent with that identified in human and animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. The hydrolyzed protein diet had the same effect on the urinary metabolome of cats with CE at both sites. However, biomarkers that were predictive of dietary response at diagnosis differed between the 2 sites. This may be due to differences in disease severity, disease heterogeneity, factors unrelated to the disease or small sample size at both sites. As such, further studies utilizing larger number of cats are needed to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kathrani
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Sandi Yen
- Oxford Centre for Microbiome Studies, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Edward J Hall
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Cecchetti M, Crowley SL, McDonald RA. Drivers and facilitators of hunting behaviour in domestic cats and options for management. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cecchetti
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE UK
| | - Sarah L. Crowley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE UK
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE UK
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Morris JG. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 15:153-68. [PMID: 19087402 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cats have obligatory requirements for dietary nutrients that are not essential for other mammals. The present review relates these idiosyncratic nutritional requirements to activities of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways of these nutrients. The high protein requirement of cats is a consequence of the lack of regulation of the aminotransferases of dispensable N metabolism and of the urea cycle enzymes. The dietary requirements for taurine and arginine are consequences of low activities of two enzymes in the pathways of synthesis that have a negative multiplicative effect on the rate of synthesis. Cats have obligatory dietary requirements for vitamin D and niacin which are the result of high activities of enzymes that catabolise precursors of these vitamins to other compounds. The dietary requirement for pre-formed vitamin A appears to result from deletion of enzymes required for cleavage and oxidation of carotenoids. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) requirements have not been defined but low activities of desaturase enzymes indicate that cats may have a dietary need for pre-formed PUFA in addition to those needed by other animals to maintain normal plasma concentrations. The nutrient requirements of domestic cats support the thesis that their idiosyncratic requirements arose from evolutionary pressures arising from a rigorous diet of animal tissue. These pressures may have favoured energy conservation through deletion of redundant enzymes and modification of enzyme activities to result in metabolites more suited to the cat's metabolism. However, this retrospective viewpoint allows only recognition of association rather than cause and effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Morris
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Wolf H. Studies on Tryptophan Metabolism in Man: The Effect of Hormones and Vitamin B6on Urinary Excretion of Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway: Part 2. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/00365517409104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Allegri G, Ragazzi E, Costa CVL, Caparrotta L, Biasiolo M, Comai S, Bertazzo A. Tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in diet-induced and genetic hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 350:41-9. [PMID: 15530458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity of nicotinic acid in hypercholesterolemia has been poorly understood. In man, nicotinic acid derives for the most part from tryptophan along the tryptophan-nicotinic acid pathway, also called the kynurenine pathway, kynurenine being the key metabolite in this process. In the present paper, we investigated if, in animals with hypercolesterolemia, degradation of tryptophan to nicotinic acid along the kynurenine pathway was perturbated. METHODS Liver, kidney and intestine enzyme activities of the tryptophan-nicotinic acid pathway in normolipidemic, diet-induced hyperlipidemic New Zealand and heritable hypercholesterolemic Watanabe (WHHL) rabbits were determined. RESULTS Liver tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) activity was present only as a holoenzyme and was higher in the controls than in the hyperlipidemic and Watanabe rabbits, but no difference was present between the group fed an atherogenic hyperlipidic diet and the WHHL rabbits. Small intestine indole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) did not vary significantly among the three groups but was higher in comparison with liver TDO activity. In liver, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase activities did not show any significant difference among the three groups of rabbits. Kynureninase and 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase activities per g of fresh tissue decreased significantly in the group of hyperlipidemic and in WHHL rabbits. In the kidneys, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and kynureninase activity did not change significantly in the three groups of rabbits; kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase activity per g of fresh tissue decreased in both hyperlipidemic groups, but no significant difference was observed between hyperlipidemic and Watanabe rabbits. 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase activity in kidney was decreased markedly in hyperlipidemic and Watanabe rabbits, but there was no difference between the two hypercholesterolemic groups. Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase activity did not change. Thus 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase may be an important regulatory mechanism in the control of the flow of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway to NAD in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. CONCLUSIONS This study first demonstrates that in rabbits, hypercholesterolemia, both diet- or genetically induced, can influence the enzyme activities of the tryptophan-nicotinic acid pathway leading to a decreased formation of nicotinic acid, and thus NAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Allegri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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Swan PB, Mehansho H. LaVell Merl Henderson (1917–1999). J Nutr 2003; 133:4067-70. [PMID: 14652348 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.12.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ragazzi E, Costa CVL, Caparrotta L, Biasiolo M, Bertazzo A, Allegri G. Enzyme activities along the tryptophan-nicotinic acid pathway in alloxan diabetic rabbits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1571:9-17. [PMID: 12031285 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent data from our laboratory have indicated that the rabbit is a suitable animal model for the study of enzyme activities of the tryptophan-nicotinic acid pathway. We report here the pattern of tryptophan metabolism in rabbits made diabetic with alloxan treatment, and hypercholesterolemic with a high-cholesterol diet. A group of rabbits with only hypercholesterolemia was also considered. The enzymes assayed were: liver tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), intestine indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), liver and kidney kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase, kynureninase, 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase and aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase.TDO showed a reduction of specific activity in liver of diabetic-hyperlipidemic and hyperlipidemic rabbits compared to controls. Intestine IDO activities and liver and kidney kynurenine monooxygenase were unchanged with respect to controls.Kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase and kynureninase activities were reduced in the kidneys, but not in the liver, of diabetic-hyperlipidemic rabbits. The main finding was the reduction of 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase activity (expressed as activity per g of fresh tissue) in the liver and kidneys of diabetic-hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic rabbits compared to controls. Conversely, aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase activity was significantly higher in diabetic hypercholesterolemic rabbits in comparison with control and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. These data demonstrate that also in diabetic rabbits there is an alteration of tryptophan metabolism at the level of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid-->nicotinic acid step. Also dyslipidemia seems to be involved in enzyme activity variations of the tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, Padua, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- H F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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9
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Serrano AE, Nagayama F. Liver 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 99:275-80. [PMID: 1764908 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90041-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. In rainbow trout, 3HAA activity was comparable with those of terrestrial animals; 3HAA:PC activity ratio suggests ineffective conversion of tryptophan to niacin. 2. Inactivation as well as reactivation under different conditions was investigated. 3. Some characteristics of the enzyme extract were studied with the aim of optimizing assay in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Serrano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan
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Halle I, Gebhardt G. [Nutrition of the cat]. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1990; 40:179-90. [PMID: 2200386 DOI: 10.1080/17450399009428394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The requirement of the cat in respect to protein, energy, vitamins and minerals are presented. The special requirements of this carnivore appear to be due to the loss or charge of certain metabolic processes which are normally present in species such as the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Halle
- Karl-Marx-Universität Leipzig
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Foster AC, White RJ, Schwarcz R. Synthesis of quinolinic acid by 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase in rat brain tissue in vitro. J Neurochem 1986; 47:23-30. [PMID: 2940338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb02826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian peripheral organs, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (3HAO), catalyzing the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to quinolinic acid, constitutes a link in the catabolic pathway of tryptophan to NAD. Because of the possible involvement of quinolinic acid in the initiation of neurodegenerative phenomena, we examined the presence and characteristics of 3HAO in rat brain tissue. A simple and sensitive assay method, based on the use of [carboxy-14C]3-hydroxyanthranilic acid as a substrate, was developed and the enzymatic product, [14C]quinolinic acid, identified by chromatographic and biochemical means. Kinetic analysis of rat forebrain 3HAO revealed a Km of 3.6 +/- 0.5 microM for 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and a Vmax of 73.7 +/- 9.5 pmol quinolinic acid/h/mg tissue. The enzyme showed pronounced selectivity for its substrate, since several substances structurally and metabolically related to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid caused less than 25% inhibition of activity at 500 microM. Both the Fe2+ dependency and the distinct subcellular distribution (soluble fraction) of brain 3HAO indicated a close resemblance to 3HAO from peripheral tissues. Examination of the regional distribution in the brain demonstrated a 10-fold variation between the region of highest (olfactory bulb) and lowest (retina) 3HAO activity. The brain enzyme was present at the earliest age tested (7 days postnatum) and increased to 167% at 15 days before reaching adult levels. Enzyme activity was stable over extended periods of storage at -80 degrees C. Taken together, these data indicate that measurements of brain 3HAO may yield significant information concerning a possible role of quinolinic acid in brain function and/or dysfunction.
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Wriston JC. Comparative biochemistry of the guinea-pig: a partial checklist. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 77:253-78. [PMID: 6365427 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A great deal is known about guinea-pig biochemistry, but the information is scattered and difficult to assemble. The guinea-pig also possesses a number of unusual biochemical features which add to its interest. For these reasons we have compiled a list of biochemical characteristics of the guinea-pig, organized in a series of tables, with brief discussions of some of the entries.
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MORRIS JAMESG, ROGERS QUINTONR. Metabolic basis for some of the nutritional peculiarities of the cat. J Small Anim Pract 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1982.tb02520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Savage N, Levy✠ P. The purification and some properties of 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase from baboon liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(75)90023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hankes LV, Brown RR, Leklem J, Schmaeler M, Jesseph J. Metabolism of C 14 labeled enantiomers of tryptophan, kynurenine and hydroxykynurenine in humans with scleroderma. J Invest Dermatol 1972; 58:85-95. [PMID: 5060301 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12551699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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[120] Picolinic car☐ylase in reference to NAD biosynthesis. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)18077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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[121] Picolinic acid car☐ylase. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)18078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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[58] Metabolism of the benzene ring of tryptophan (mammals). Methods Enzymol 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(71)17228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Leklem JE, Woodford J, Brown RR. Comparative tryptophan metabolism in cats and rats: differences in adaptation of tryptophan oxygenase and in vivo metabolism of tryptophan, kynurenine and hydroxykynurenine. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 31:95-109. [PMID: 4242203 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)92171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ahmad F, Moat AG. Nicotinic Acid Biosynthesis in Prototrophs and Tryptophan Auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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HANKES LV, SCHMAELER M, STONER RD. Metabolism of 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid labelled with Carbon-14 Carboxyl in Normal and Neoplastic Mice. Nature 1963; 200:676-7. [PMID: 14109949 DOI: 10.1038/200676b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Decker R, Kang H, Leach FR, Henderson L. Purification and Properties of 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid Oxidase. J Biol Chem 1961. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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HANKES LV, BROWN RR. 3-Hydroxykynurenine-keto-C14: a precursor of urinary quinolinic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1961; 4:19-22. [PMID: 13711227 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(61)90247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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Gholson R, Hankes L, Henderson L. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid as an Intermediate in the Oxidation of the Indole Nucleus of Tryptophan. J Biol Chem 1960. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Gholson R, Rao D, Henderson L, Hill RJ, Koeppe RE. THE METABOLISM OF dl-TRYPTOPHAN-7α-C14 BY THE RAT. J Biol Chem 1958. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)70552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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