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Comparison of the Chemical Properties of Selenocysteine and Selenocystine with Their Sulfur Analogs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 726:109233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
A new series of Se-substituted phenylalanine derivatives has been synthesized having the para position of the phenyl ring substituted by selenocyanate (-SeCN), seleninic acid (-SeO(2)H), or selenol (-SeH) functional groups. The starting material for synthesis was 4'-aminophenylalanine, which is readily available in DL- or L- forms. Selenium was incorporated into the ring by reacting the unprotected amino acid with nitrous acid, followed by reaction of the diazotized aromatic amine with potassium selenocyanate at pH 4-5 to give phenylalanine selenocyanate. The selenocyanate derivative was converted to the selenol directly by reduction with sodium borohydride, or oxidized to the seleninic acid, which was then reduced to the selenol. Alkylation of the selenol ('selenotyrosine') gave the selenoether derivatives of phenylalanine [(Phe-SeR), R=methyl or allyl], and air oxidation of the selenol gave the diselenide. Mild oxidation of the selenoether 4'-(MeSe)Phe with peroxide gave the selenoxide derivative, 4'-[Se(O)Me]. Because of their stability and useful redox properties, aromatic selenoamino acids can be used as synthetic analogues to increase chemical functionality in proteins or peptides, and have potential pharmaceutical or nutritional applications. The possibility that aromatic selenoamino acids could be formed metabolically through reactions of reactive selenium intermediates with aromatic amino acid residues is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Ganther
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 1415 Linden Drive, University of WI Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Motchnik PA, Tappel AL. Rat plasma selenoprotein P properties and purification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 993:27-35. [PMID: 2804122 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A selenoprotein in rat plasma, selenoprotein P, was fractionated and characterized. Plasma collected from rats 3 h post injection of 75SeO3(2-) contained one 75Se-labeled protein, selenoprotein P. Selenoprotein P was fractionated using salt precipitation, Affi-Gel Blue, and DEAE chromatography. The 75Se-containing subunit of selenoprotein P was purified to 90% homogeneity using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electroelution. This isolation resulted in an 850-fold purification of the 75Se-containing subunit of selenoprotein P with a 15% yield of 75Se radioactivity. The molecular weight of selenoprotein P in plasma was 98,000. The 75Se-containing subunit of selenoprotein P had a molecular mass of 57 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing under nondenaturing conditions resulted in a band of 75Se radioactivity at pH 5.4. A comparison of Coomassie Blue- and silver-staining properties of selenoprotein P in SDS-polyacrylamide gels was made. Reverse-phase HPLC and Sephadex G-50 chromatography of tryptic peptides of the 57 kDa subunit of selenoprotein P yielded several peaks of 75Se radioactivity. These results indicate that 75Se is present in several locations within the 57 kDa subunit of selenoprotein P.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Motchnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616
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Abstract
Aspergillus terreus, a moderately selenium-tolerant fungus, metabolized Se-selenite into several protein seleno-amino acids: selenomethionine and selenocysteine, as well as, nonprotein seleno-amino acids, selenocystathionine, and y-glutamyl selenomethyl selenocysteine. The results indicate the failure of the fungus to discriminate between sulphur and selenium. Selenium was also incorporated into several proteins of different molecular weights, mostly of low molecular weight proteins. Labeled studies showed the presence of high levels of selenomethionine and selenocysteine in the protein hydrolysate. The actual incorporation of protein seleno-amino acids into the fungal protein was proven. The results demonstrated a finding that detracts from previous held views.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Ramadan
- Faculty of Science for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Medinet Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
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Kleinow KM, Brooks AS. Selenium compounds in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)--I. Uptake, distribution, and elimination of orally administered selenate, selenite and l-selenomethionine. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1986; 83:61-9. [PMID: 2869908 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(86)90013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) with either [75Se]selenate, -selenite or -l-selenomethionine by gavage at 20 ng Se/g resulted in organ uptake and early distribution patterns which differed significantly between compounds. The greatest differences in uptake between compounds was observed in liver tissue which accumulated much less [75Se]selenate than either selenite or l-selenomethionine. The 75Se burdens and relative distribution among the various organs were nearly identical during the elimination phase for [75Se]selenate and -selenite. This suggests that selenium derived from these compounds converge to a common metabolic pool. The whole body T1/2, rate of 75Se uptake and magnitude of 75Se accumulation were generally greater for [75Se]selenomethionine than the inorganic forms. Selenium-75 was present in the bile following the oral administration of each compound. The partitioning of selenate and selenite into the plasma and cellular fraction of blood differs with both the compound and time following exposure.
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Hawkes WC, Wilhelmsen EC, Tappel AL. Abundance and tissue distribution of selenocysteine-containing proteins in the rat. J Inorg Biochem 1985; 23:77-92. [PMID: 3156209 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(85)83011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The form and distribution of selenium (Se) in proteins from selected tissues of the rat were studied by measuring 75Se radioactivity in animals provided for 5 months with [75Se]selenite as the main dietary source of Se. Equilibration of the animals to a constant specific activity of 75Se allowed the measurement of 75Se to be used as a specific elemental assay for Se. Skeletal muscle, liver and blood accounted for 73% of the whole-body Se and 95% of the total Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. Over 80% of the whole-body Se was in protein in the form of the selenoamino acid, selenocysteine. All other forms of Se that were measured accounted for less than 3% of the whole-body Se. The Se in protein was distributed in seven subunit sizes and nine chromatographic forms. The Se in glutathione peroxidase accounted for one-third of the whole-body Se. These results show that the main use of dietary Se, as selenite, in rats is for the synthesis of selenocysteine-containing proteins. Furthermore, the presence of two-thirds of the whole-body Se in nonglutathione peroxidase, selenocysteine-containing proteins suggests that there may be other important mammalian selenoenzymes besides glutathione peroxidase.
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Osman M, Latshaw JD. Biological potency of selenium from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, and selenocystine in the chick. Poult Sci 1976; 55:987-94. [PMID: 935062 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0550987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of selenium (Se) from sodium selenite, selenomethionine and selenocystine for promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis. The chicks used were hatched from eggs low in Se. They were fed a basal diet made up mostly of corn (low in Se) and torula yeast or the basal diet supplemented with various levels of Se from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, or selenocystine. At 10 mug. of added Se per kg of diet, sodium selenite and selenocystine were about equal in promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis. Selenomethionine was less effective. Tissues from chicks fed the various Se sources providing 60 mug. Se per kg of diet for four weeks were analyzed for Se. The content of tissues from chicks fed sodium selenite or selenocystine was similar. Chicks fed selenomethionine had a higher concentration of Se in the pancreas and breast muscle than chicks fed the other two Se sources, but a lower concentration in the kidney, liver, and heart. The level of Se in the kidney, liver, or heart which a Se source produces seems to be more important for preventing exudative diathesis than that which is found in the pancreas or muscle.
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Abstract
There are conflicting reports in the literature concerning the synthesis of selenoamino acids from inorganic selenium in animals, and this work was undertaken to further investigate this. Pronase digests of acetone powders of liver and kidney tissue from rats administered 75SeO3= were subjected to fractionation by cation exchange chromatography using current methods for separating the various amino acids. Very little, if any, selenocystine was found in the digests. However, good evidence was obtained for the occurrence of 2,7-diamino-4-thia-5-selenaoctanedioic acid. It is suggested that the selenocysteine portion of this compound was formed by the reduction of the selenite to selenide with its subsequent incorporation into the amino acid by the action of serine hydrolase (E C 4.2.1.22). No selenomethionine was found under the conditions of this study.
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Hara T, Tilbury RS, Freed BR, Woodard HQ, Laughlin JS. Production of 73 Se in cyclotron and its uptake in tumors of mice. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES 1973; 24:377-84. [PMID: 4740252 DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(73)90017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bradford Vickery H. The History of the Discovery of the Amino Acids II. A Review of Amino Acids Described Since 1931 as Components of Native Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Witting L. The interrelationship of polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(71)90035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Martin JL, Gerlach ML. Separate elution by ion-exchange chromatography of some biologically important selenoamino acids. Anal Biochem 1969; 29:257-64. [PMID: 5792563 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(69)90309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Palmer IS, Fischer DD, Halverson AW, Olson OE. Identification of a major selenium excretory product in rat urine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 177:336-42. [PMID: 5769652 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(69)90144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cummins LM, Martin JL. Are selenocystine and selenomethionine synthesized in vivo from sodium selenite in mammals? Biochemistry 1967; 6:3162-8. [PMID: 6056981 DOI: 10.1021/bi00862a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Huber RE, Criddle RS. Comparison of the chemical properties of selenocysteine and selenocystine with their sulfur analogs. Arch Biochem Biophys 1967; 122:164-73. [PMID: 6076213 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(67)90136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ahluwalia GS, Williams HH. Alkaline phosphatase activity from Escherichia coli grown on selenite media. Arch Biochem Biophys 1966; 117:192-3. [PMID: 5339536 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(66)90142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Campo RD, Wengert PA, Tourtellotte CD, Kirsch MA. A comparative study of the fixation of 75Se and 35S onto protein-polysaccharides of bovine costal cartilage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 124:101-8. [PMID: 5966704 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hansson E, Jacobsson SO. Uptake of [75Se] selenomethionine in the tissues of the mouse studied by whole-body autoradiography. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 115:285-93. [PMID: 5949667 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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STOLMAN A, STEWART CP. The Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Poisons and Their Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965; 2:1-181. [PMID: 14300486 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9987-0.50006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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McConnell KP, Wabnitz CH. Incorporation of Selenium into the Tissues of the Chick Embryo. Poult Sci 1964. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0431595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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MCCONNELL KP, WABNITZ CH. Elution of selenocystine and selenomethionine from ion-exchange resins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1964; 86:182-5. [PMID: 14166857 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(64)90175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McConnell KP, Mautner HG, Leddicotte G. Radioactivation as a method for preparing 75Se-labelled selenium compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(62)90715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Time-Distribution Examination of the in vivo Incorporation of Selenium into Cytochrome c of the Rat and its Turnover. Nature 1962. [DOI: 10.1038/193746a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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BUNYAN J, DIPLOCK AT, EDWIN EE, GREEN J. Exudative diathesis and lipid peroxidation in the chick. Br J Nutr 1962; 16:519-30. [PMID: 14016860 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19620050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tuve T, Williams HH. Metabolism of Selenium by Escherichia coli: Biosynthesis of Selenomethionine. J Biol Chem 1961. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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McCONNELL KP, ROTH DM, DALLAM RD. Partition of Selenium-75 in the Intracellular Particulate Matter of Rat Liver. Nature 1959; 183:183-4. [PMID: 13622731 DOI: 10.1038/183183a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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