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Heldin P, Basu K, Olofsson B, Porsch H, Kozlova I, Kahata K. Deregulation of hyaluronan synthesis, degradation and binding promotes breast cancer. J Biochem 2013; 154:395-408. [PMID: 24092768 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data indicate that hyaluronan accumulates in breast cancer compared with normal breast epithelium, which correlates to poor prognosis. In this review, we discuss the expression of genes encoding enzymes that synthesize or degrade hyaluronan, i.e. hyaluronan synthases and hyaluronidases or bind hyaluronan, i.e. CD44 and receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM, also designated as HMMR or CD168), in relation to breast cancer progression. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan receptors have multi-faceted roles in signalling events in breast cancer. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these signalling pathways is highly warranted and may lead to improvement of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 595, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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ROPES MARIANW, ROBERTSON WILLIAMVB, ROSSMEISL ELSIEC, PEABODY RBARBARA, BAUER WALTER. SYNOVIAL FLUID MUCIN1,2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1947.tb14705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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JENSEN CE. Hyaluronic Acid IV.*) Isolation of Hyaluronic Acid from Pseudomucinous Ovarian Cysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 10:83-8. [PMID: 14349701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1954.tb01324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stern R. Association between cancer and "acid mucopolysaccharides": an old concept comes of age, finally. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:238-43. [PMID: 18485732 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
"Acid mucopolysaccharides" is an old name for the glycosaminoglycans. These carbohydrate polymers of the extracellular matrix provide tissue organization, cell-cell communication and a platform for signaling. They also support tumor cell proliferation, progression and invasion. Among the most prevalent is hyaluronan. Its support of cancer is an old concept, but only now is it recognized as an integral component of the cancerous state. Hyaluronan occurs not only in malignant cells, but also in peritumor stroma. Finally, it is now realized that the association between tumor and stroma must be investigated to fully understand the process of cancer growth and metastasis. Most recently, hyaluronan has been identified as essential to malignant stem cells, and a component of the cancer stem cell niche. While hyaluronan does not give up its secrets easily, recent progress justifies a review of its role in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stern
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Quds University, P.O. Box 20002, Abu-Dies, Jerusalem.
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Sohara Y, Ishiguro N, Machida K, Kurata H, Thant AA, Senga T, Matsuda S, Kimata K, Iwata H, Hamaguchi M. Hyaluronan activates cell motility of v-Src-transformed cells via Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt in a tumor-specific manner. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:1859-68. [PMID: 11408591 PMCID: PMC37347 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.12.6.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the production of hyaluronan (HA) and its effect on cell motility in cells expressing the v-src mutants. Transformation of 3Y1 by v-src virtually activated HA secretion, whereas G2A v-src, a nonmyristoylated form of v-src defective in cell transformation, had no effect. In cells expressing the temperature-sensitive mutant of v-Src, HA secretion was temperature dependent. In addition, HA as small as 1 nM, on the other side, activated cell motility in a tumor-specific manner. HA treatment strongly activated the motility of v-Src-transformed 3Y1, whereas it showed no effect on 3Y1- and 3Y1-expressing G2A v-src. HA-dependent cell locomotion was strongly blocked by either expression of dominant-negative Ras or treatment with a Ras farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Similarly, both the MEK1 inhibitor and the kinase inhibitor clearly inhibited HA-dependent cell locomotion. In contrast, cells transformed with an active MEK1 did not respond to the HA. Finally, an anti-CD44-neutralizing antibody could block the activation of cell motility by HA as well as the HA-dependent phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt. Taken together, these results suggest that simultaneous activation of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway by the HA-CD44 interaction is required for the activation of HA-dependent cell locomotion in v-Src-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sohara
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Abstract
Hyaluronan is a connective tissue polysaccharide which has also been found in blood serum in concentrations < 100 micrograms/L (average 30-40 micrograms/L in middle-aged persons). The serum level is regulated by the influx of the polysaccharide from the tissues via lymph and its receptor-mediated clearance by liver endothelial cells. Markedly high serum levels are noted in certain liver diseases, especially in patients with cirrhosis, when the clearance is impaired. In these cases serum hyaluronan can be used to follow the development of the disease. Serum hyaluronan is also a sensitive marker for impending rejection of liver transplants. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis constitute another major group with increased serum hyaluronan, but in this case the level varies markedly during the day corresponding to physical activity. There are good indications that in these subjects the excess hyaluronan comes from the joints. Under stringent sampling conditions of serum it should be possible to extract interesting information on the inflammatory joint process. Increased hyaluronan levels are also seen in other inflammatory diseases and it is of special interest that high hyaluronan levels in patients with septic conditions is a sign of poor prognosis. Certain tumours, notably Wilms' tumour and mesothelioma, produce factors which activate synthesis of hyaluronan and increase its serum level. Rare hereditary diseases with disturbances of hyaluronan metabolism and elevated blood levels have also been discovered, e.g. Werner's syndrome and cutaneous hyaluronanosis. Information accumulated during the last decade regarding the metabolism of hyaluronan has made this polysaccharide an interesting clinical marker for a number of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Laurent
- Department of Medical, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Klewes L, Prehm P. Intracellular signal transduction for serum activation of the hyaluronan synthase in eukaryotic cell lines. J Cell Physiol 1994; 160:539-44. [PMID: 8077292 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041600317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthase was activated in B6 cells or 3T3 fibroblasts by foetal calf serum with maximal activity after 6 h. Activation was inhibited by cycloheximide or by the protein kinase inhibitors H-7 or H-8, indicating that transcription as well as phosphorylation was required for activation. The activation by serum was markedly prolonged, when serum was added together with cholera toxin or theophylline. Without serum stimulation the hyaluronan synthase could also be activated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, by dibutyryl-c-AMP, or by forskolin. Increasing the intracellular Ca-ion concentration with a Ca-ionophore also led to an activation. The activation of the drugs was not synergistic. In isolated plasma membranes the synthase activity could be decreased by phosphatase treatment and enhanced by ATP in B6 cells and by ATP in the presence of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate in 3T3 fibroblasts. Stimulation correlated with increased transcription and phosphorylation of the 52 kD hyaluronan synthase at serine residues. The results led to the conclusion that hyaluronan synthase is induced by transcription and activated by phosphorylation by protein kinase C, c-AMP-dependent protein kinases, or Ca-ion-dependent protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klewes
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Münster, Germany
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Kabat EA, Liao J, Sherman WH, Osserman EF. Immunochemical characterization of the specificities of two human monoclonal IgM's reacting with chondroitin sulfates. Carbohydr Res 1984; 130:289-97. [PMID: 6206947 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the specificities of two human monoclonal, IgM containing sera, s/IgMMAC and s/IgMFIS, from patients with polyneuropathy. s/IgMMAC precipitates only with chondroitin sulfate C and not with A and B whereas s/IgMFIS is precipitated by chondroitins A, B (dermatan sulfate), and C. Inhibition assays using 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(4-deoxy-beta-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluroni c acid)-D-galactose and its 6- and 4-sulfate derivatives showed that the disaccharide 6-sulfate was the best inhibitor of precipitation of s/IgMMAC by chondroitin sulfate C, and the disaccharide 4-sulfate the best inhibitor of precipitation of s/IgMFIS by either chondroitin sulfates C or B. The nonsulfated disaccharide was a good inhibitor in each instance. D-Glucose 6-sulfate, Na2SO4, several sugar phosphates, and phosphate buffer also inhibited but to different extents with the s/IgMMAC and s/IgMFIS. All studies were carried out in 0.15M NaCl. The data indicate that both monoclonal proteins are antibodies comparable to the phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma proteins, and that the reactions show specificities above and beyond charge effects. The relation of various cross-reacting macromolecules to the monoclonal antibody was studied by diffusion in gels.
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Bader JP. Temperature-dependent transformation of cells infected with a mutant of Bryan Rous sarcoma virus. J Virol 1972; 10:267-76. [PMID: 4342244 PMCID: PMC356459 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.2.267-276.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chick embryo cells infected with a mutant (Ta) of the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV-BH) are morphologically transformed at 36 C but appear similar to uninfected cells at 41 C. When cells infected with RSV-BH-Ta are switched from 41 to 36 C, morphological changes characteristic of transformation are observable within 10 min. The transformation is reversible; cells shifted from 36 to 41 C have been observed to lose their transformed morphology within 1 hr. The transformation after a shift in temperature is unaffected by inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein synthesis, demonstrating that the proteins involved in the morphological change are already present. Transformed cells infected with RSV-BH or RSV-BH-Ta take up hexose and synthesize hyaluronic acid at higher rates than uninfected cells or RSV-BH-Ta-infected cells grown at 41 C. However, inhibition of either protein or RNA synthesis, but not DNA synthesis, prevented the induction of increased hexose uptake and hyaluronic acid synthesis after a shift of RSV-BH-Ta-infected cells from 41 to 36 C. Therefore, these biochemical changes are secondary to a more basic change responsible for morphological transformation.
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GAULDEN EC, KEATING WC. THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE ON THE BLOOD AND URINE SUGAR CONCENTRATIONS OF NORMAL SUBJECTS. Metabolism 1964; 13:466-72. [PMID: 14169225 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(64)90120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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DANIEL MR, DINGLE JT, LUCY JA. Cobalt-tolerance and mucopolysaccharide production in rat dermal fibroblasts in culture. Exp Cell Res 1961; 24:88-105. [PMID: 13719604 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(61)90250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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ROVELSTAD GH, GELLER JH, COHEN AH. The hyaluronidase activity of saliva. I. The determination of characteristics of hyaluronidase activity in young male adults. J Dent Res 1958; 37:107-13. [PMID: 13513884 DOI: 10.1177/00220345580370010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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WARREN GH, HORENSTEIN E, GRAY J. The preparation and properties of a mucopolysaccharide isolated from an ascites mouse tumor. Arch Biochem Biophys 1953; 44:107-10. [PMID: 13058358 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(53)90013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gibian H. Chemie, biologische Bedeutung und klinische Anwendung der Hyaluronidase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1951. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19510630502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cohen SS. THE ISOLATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF PLANT VIRUSES AND OTHER PROTEIN MACRO MOLECULES BY MEANS OF HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS. J Biol Chem 1942. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)72516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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HYALURONIC ACID IN THE PLEURAL FLUID ASSOCIATED WITH A MALIGNANT TUMOR INVOLVING THE PLEURA AND PERITONEUM. J Biol Chem 1940. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)73363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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