1
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Zhang C, Su K, Jiang X, Tian Y, Li K. Advances in research on potential therapeutic approaches for Niemann-Pick C1 disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1465872. [PMID: 39263569 PMCID: PMC11387184 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1465872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NP-C1) is a rare and devastating recessive inherited lysosomal lipid and cholesterol storage disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. These two proteins bind to cholesterol and cooperate in endosomal cholesterol transport. Characteristic clinical manifestations of NP-C1 include hepatosplenomegaly, progressive neurodegeneration, and ataxia. While the rarity of NP-C1 presents a significant obstacle to progress, researchers have developed numerous potential therapeutic approaches over the past two decades to address this condition. Various methods have been proposed and continuously improved to slow the progression of NP-C1, although they are currently at an animal or clinical experimental stage. This overview of NP-C1 therapy will delve into different theoretical treatment strategies, such as small molecule therapies, cell-based approaches, and gene therapy, highlighting the complex therapeutic challenges associated with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Keke Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- First College for Clinical Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- First College for Clinical Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yuping Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- First College for Clinical Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- First College for Clinical Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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2
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Kuroshima S, Nakao S, Horikoshi Y, Ito K, Ishii A, Shirakawa A, Kondo Y, Irie T, Ishitsuka Y, Nakagata N, Takeo T. Efficient breeding system of infertile Niemann-Pick disease type C model mice by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Lab Anim 2024:236772231194112. [PMID: 39102515 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231194112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a lethal genetic disease with mutations in NPC1 or NPC2 gene. Npc1-deficient (Npc1-/-) mice have been used as a model for NPC pathogenesis to develop novel therapies for NPC. However, Npc1-/- mice are infertile; thus, securing sufficient numbers for translational research is difficult. Hence, we attempted reproductive engineering techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and sperm cryopreservation. For the first time, we succeeded in producing fertilized oocytes via IVF using male and female Npc1-/- mice. Fertilized oocytes were also obtained via IVF using cryopreserved sperm from Npc1-/- mice. The obtained fertilized oocytes normally developed into live pups via embryo transfer, and they eventually exhibited NPC pathogenesis. These findings are useful for generating an efficient breeding system that overcomes the reproductive challenges of Npc1-/- mice and will contribute to developing novel therapeutic methods using NPC model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serina Kuroshima
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Satohiro Nakao
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yuka Horikoshi
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kotono Ito
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Aina Shirakawa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Biotechnology and Innovation, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
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3
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Maekawa M. Analysis of Metabolic Changes in Endogenous Metabolites and Diagnostic Biomarkers for Various Diseases Using Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1087-1105. [PMID: 38825462 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of endogenous metabolites in various diseases is useful for searching diagnostic biomarkers and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of pathophysiology. The author and collaborators have developed some LC/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods for metabolites and applied them to disease-related samples. First, we identified urinary conjugated cholesterol metabolites and serum N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholine serine as useful biomarkers for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC). For the purpose of intraoperative diagnosis of glioma patients, we developed the LC/MS/MS analysis methods for 2-hydroxyglutaric acid or cystine and found that they could be good differential biomarkers. For renal cell carcinoma, we searched for various biomarkers for early diagnosis, malignancy evaluation and recurrence prediction by global metabolome analysis and targeted LC/MS/MS analysis. In pathological analysis, we developed a simultaneous LC/MS/MS analysis method for 13 steroid hormones and applied it to NPC cells, we found 6 types of reductions in NPC model cells. For non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), model mice were prepared with special diet and plasma bile acids were measured, and as a result, hydrophilic bile acids were significantly increased. In addition, we developed an LC/MS/MS method for 17 sterols and analyzed liver cholesterol metabolites and found a decrease in phytosterols and cholesterol synthetic markers and an increase in non-enzymatic oxidative sterols in the pre-onset stage of NASH. We will continue to challenge themselves to add value to clinical practice based on cutting-edge analytical chemistry methodology.
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Miyoshi K, Hishinuma E, Matsukawa N, Shirasago Y, Watanabe M, Sato T, Sato Y, Kumondai M, Kikuchi M, Koshiba S, Fukasawa M, Maekawa M, Mano N. Global Proteomics for Identifying the Alteration Pathway of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Using Hepatic Cell Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15642. [PMID: 37958627 PMCID: PMC10648601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder with progressive neurodegeneration. Although the causative genes were previously identified, NPC has unclear pathophysiological aspects, and patients with NPC present various symptoms and onset ages. However, various novel biomarkers and metabolic alterations have been investigated; at present, few comprehensive proteomic alterations have been reported in relation to NPC. In this study, we aimed to elucidate proteomic alterations in NPC and perform a global proteomics analysis for NPC model cells. First, we developed two NPC cell models by knocking out NPC1 using CRISPR/Cas9 (KO1 and KO2). Second, we performed a label-free (LF) global proteomics analysis. Using the LF approach, more than 300 proteins, defined as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), changed in the KO1 and/or KO2 cells, while the two models shared 35 DEPs. As a bioinformatics analysis, the construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and an enrichment analysis showed that common characteristic pathways such as ferroptosis and mitophagy were identified in the two model cells. There are few reports of the involvement of NPC in ferroptosis, and this study presents ferroptosis as an altered pathway in NPC. On the other hand, many other pathways and DEPs were previously suggested to be associated with NPC, supporting the link between the proteome analyzed here and NPC. Therapeutic research based on these results is expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Miyoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Eiji Hishinuma
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (E.H.)
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsukawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shirasago
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (E.H.)
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (E.H.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Hughes MP, Nelvagal HR, Coombe-Tennant O, Smith D, Smith C, Massaro G, Poupon-Bejuit L, Platt FM, Rahim AA. A Novel Small NPC1 Promoter Enhances AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy in Mouse Models of Niemann-Pick Type C1 Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1619. [PMID: 37371089 PMCID: PMC10296851 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NP-C) is a prematurely lethal genetic lysosomal storage disorder with neurological and visceral pathology resulting from mutations in the NPC1 gene encoding the lysosomal transmembrane protein NPC1. There is currently no cure for NP-C, and the only disease modifying treatment, miglustat, slows disease progression but does not significantly attenuate neurological symptoms. AAV-mediated gene therapy is an attractive option for NP-C, but due to the large size of the human NPC1 gene, there may be packaging and truncation issues during vector manufacturing. One option is to reduce the size of DNA regulatory elements that are essential for gene expression, such as the promoter sequence. Here, we describe a novel small truncated endogenous NPC1 promoter that leads to high gene expression both in vitro and in vivo and compare its efficacy to other commonly used promoters. Following neonatal intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection into the CNS, this novel promoter provided optimal therapeutic efficacy compared to all other promoters including increased survival, improved behavioural phenotypes, and attenuated neuropathology in mouse models of NP-C. Taken together, we propose that this novel promoter can be extremely efficient in designing an optimised AAV9 vector for gene therapy for NP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paul Hughes
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Hemanth Ramesh Nelvagal
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Oliver Coombe-Tennant
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Dave Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; (D.S.); (C.S.); (F.M.P.)
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; (D.S.); (C.S.); (F.M.P.)
| | - Giulia Massaro
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Laura Poupon-Bejuit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Frances Mary Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; (D.S.); (C.S.); (F.M.P.)
| | - Ahad Abdul Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
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6
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Cachón-González MB, Zhao C, Franklin RJ, Cox TM. Upregulation of non-canonical and canonical inflammasome genes associates with pathological features in Krabbe disease and related disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1361-1379. [PMID: 36519759 PMCID: PMC10077509 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile Krabbe disease is a rapidly progressive and fatal disorder of myelin, caused by inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme β-galactocerebrosidase. Affected children lose their motor skills and other faculties; uncontrolled seizures are a frequent terminal event. Overexpression of the sphingolipid metabolite psychosine is a pathogenic factor, but does not fully account for the pleiotropic manifestations and there is a clear need to investigate additional pathological mechanisms. We examined innate immunity, caspase-11 and associated inflammatory pathways in twitcher mice, an authentic model of Krabbe disease. Combined use of molecular tools, RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining established that the expression of pro-inflammatory non-canonical caspase-11, canonical caspase-1, gasdermin D and cognate genes is induced in nervous tissue. Early onset and progressive upregulation of these genes accompany demyelination and gliosis and although the molecules are scant in healthy tissue, abundance of the respective translation products is greatly increased in diseased animals. Caspase-11 is found in reactive microglia/macrophages as well as astrocytes but caspase-1 and gasdermin D are restricted to reactive microglia/macrophages. The inflammasome signature is not unique to Krabbe disease; to varying degrees, this signature is also prominent in other lysosomal diseases, Sandhoff and Niemann-Pick Type-C1, and the lysolecithin toxin model of focal demyelination. Given the potent inflammatory response here identified in Krabbe disease and the other neurodegenerative disorders studied, a broad induction of inflammasomes is likely to be a dominant factor in the pathogenesis, and thus represents a platform for therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuro sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
| | - Robin J Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuro sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, PO Box 157, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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7
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Cologna SM, Pathmasiri KC, Pergande MR, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A. Alterations in Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides Levels in the Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking Disorder NPC. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:143-165. [PMID: 36988880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mistrafficking is a biochemical hallmark of Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease and is classically characterized with endo/lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol due to genetic mutations in the cholesterol transporter proteins NPC1 and NPC2. Storage of this essential signaling lipid leads to a sequence of downstream events, including oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, neuroinflammation, and progressive neurodegeneration, another hallmark of NPC disease. These observations have been validated in a growing number of studies ranging from NPC cell cultures and animal models to patient specimens. In recent reports, alterations in the levels of another class of critical signaling lipids, namely phosphoinositides, have been described in NPC disease. Focusing on cholesterol and phosphoinositides, the chapter begins by reviewing the interactions of NPC proteins with cholesterol and their role in cholesterol transport. It then continues to describe the modulation of cholesterol efflux in NPC disease. The chapter concludes with a summary of findings related to the functional consequences of perturbations in phosphoinositides in this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Maekawa M, Miyoshi K, Narita A, Sato T, Sato Y, Kumondai M, Kikuchi M, Higaki K, Okuyama T, Eto Y, Sakamaki H, Mano N. Development of a Highly Sensitive and Rapid Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method Using a Basic Mobile Phase Additive to Determine the Characteristics of the Urinary Metabolites for Niemann–Pick Disease Type C. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1259-1268. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Narita
- Division of Child Neurology, Tottori University Hospital
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Masafumi Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Centre for Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Yoshikatsu Eto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute for Neurological Disorders
| | | | - Nariyasu Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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9
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Del Grosso A, Parlanti G, Mezzena R, Cecchini M. Current treatment options and novel nanotechnology-driven enzyme replacement strategies for lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114464. [PMID: 35878795 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a vast group of more than 50 clinically identified metabolic diseases. They are singly rare, but they affect collectively 1 on 5,000 live births. They result in most of the cases from an enzymatic defect within lysosomes, which causes the subsequent augmentation of unwanted substrates. This accumulation process leads to plenty of clinical signs, determined by the specific substrate and accumulation area. The majority of LSDs present a broad organ and tissue engagement. Brain, connective tissues, viscera and bones are usually afflicted. Among them, brain disease is markedly frequent (two-thirds of LSDs). The most clinically employed approach to treat LSDs is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which is practiced by administering systemically the missed or defective enzyme. It represents a healthful strategy for 11 LSDs at the moment, but it solves the pathology only in the case of Gaucher disease. This approach, in fact, is not efficacious in the case of LSDs that have an effect on the central nervous system (CNS) due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, ERT suffers from several other weak points, such as low penetration of the exogenously administered enzyme to poorly vascularized areas, the development of immunogenicity and infusion-associated reactions (IARs), and, last but not least, the very high cost and lifelong needed. To ameliorate these weaknesses lot of efforts have been recently spent around the development of innovative nanotechnology-driven ERT strategies. They may boost the power of ERT and minimize adverse reactions by loading enzymes into biodegradable nanomaterials. Enzyme encapsulation into biocompatible liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, for example, can protect enzymatic activity, eliminating immunologic reactions and premature enzyme degradation. It can also permit a controlled release of the payload, ameliorating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. Additionally, the potential to functionalize the surface of the nanocarrier with targeting agents (antibodies or peptides), could promote the passage through biological barriers. In this review we examined the clinically applied ERTs, highlighting limitations that do not allow to completely cure the specific LSD. Later, we critically consider the nanotechnology-based ERT strategies that have beenin-vitroand/orin-vivotested to improve ERT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Mezzena
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Abe A, Maekawa M, Sato T, Sato Y, Kumondai M, Takahashi H, Kikuchi M, Higaki K, Ogura J, Mano N. Metabolic Alteration Analysis of Steroid Hormones in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Model Cell Using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084459. [PMID: 35457276 PMCID: PMC9025463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a functional deficiency of cholesterol-transporting proteins in lysosomes, and exhibits various clinical symptoms. Since mitochondrial dysfunction in NPC has recently been reported, cholesterol catabolism to steroid hormones may consequently be impaired. In this study, we developed a comprehensive steroid hormone analysis method using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and applied it to analyze changes in steroid hormone concentrations in NPC model cells. We investigated the analytical conditions for simultaneous LC–MS/MS analysis, which could be readily separated from each other and showed good reproducibility. The NPC phenotype was verified as an NPC model with mitochondrial abnormalities using filipin staining and organelle morphology observations. Steroid hormones in the cell suspension and cell culture medium were also analyzed. Steroid hormone analysis indicated that the levels of six steroid hormones were significantly decreased in the NPC model cell and culture medium compared to those in the wild-type cell and culture medium. These results indicate that some steroid hormones change during NPC pathophysiology and this change is accompanied by mitochondrial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Abe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (A.A.); (M.K.); (N.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (A.A.); (M.K.); (N.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-717-7541
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
| | - Hayato Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
| | - Masafumi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (A.A.); (M.K.); (N.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Centre for Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan;
| | - Jiro Ogura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (A.A.); (M.K.); (N.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.S.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (J.O.)
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11
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Maekawa M, Mano N. Searching, Structural Determination, and Diagnostic Performance Evaluation of Biomarker Molecules for Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2022; 11:A0111. [PMID: 36713801 PMCID: PMC9853955 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration. Patients with NPC have a wide age of onset and various clinical symptoms. Therefore, the discovery and diagnosis of NPC are very difficult. Conventional laboratory tests are complicated and time consuming. In this context, biomarker searches have recently been performed. Our research group has previously also investigated NPC biomarkers based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and related techniques. To identify biomarker candidates, nontargeted analysis with high-resolution MS and MS/MS scanning is commonly used. Structural speculation has been performed using LC/MS/MS fragmentation and chemical derivatization, while identification is performed by matching authentic standards and sample specimens. Diagnostic performance evaluation was performed using the validated LC/MS/MS method and analysis of samples from patients and control subjects. NPC biomarkers, which have been identified and evaluated in terms of performance, are various classes of lipid molecules. Oxysterols, cholenoic acids, and conjugates are cholesterol-derived molecules detected in the blood or urine. Plasma lyso-sphingolipids are biomarkers for both NPC and other lysosomal diseases. N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholine-serine is a novel class of lipid biomarkers for NPC. This article reviews biomarkers for NPC and the analysis methods employed to that end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan,Correspondence to: Masamitsu Maekawa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980–8574, Japan, e-mail:
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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12
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Burbulla LF, Mc Donald JM, Valdez C, Gao F, Bigio EH, Krainc D. Modeling Brain Pathology of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Using Patient-Derived Neurons. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1022-1027. [PMID: 33438272 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disease that is also associated with progressive neurodegeneration. NPC shares many pathological features with Alzheimer's disease, including neurofibrillary tangles, axonal spheroids, β-amyloid deposition, and dystrophic neurites. Here, we examined if these pathological features could be detected in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from NPC patients. METHODS Brain tissues from 8 NPC patients and 5 controls were analyzed for histopathological and biochemical markers of pathology. To model disease in culture, iPSCs from NPC patients and controls were differentiated into cortical neurons. RESULTS We found hyperphosphorylated tau, altered processing of amyloid precursor protein, and increased Aβ42 in NPC postmortem brains and in iPSC-derived cortical neurons from NPC patients. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that the main pathogenic phenotypes typically found in NPC brains were also observed in patient-derived neurons, providing a useful model for further mechanistic and therapeutic studies of NPC. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica M Mc Donald
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Clarissa Valdez
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fanding Gao
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Völkner C, Liedtke M, Hermann A, Frech MJ. Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery in Niemann-Pick Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E710. [PMID: 33445799 PMCID: PMC7828283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal storage disorders Niemann-Pick disease Type C1 (NPC1) and Type C2 (NPC2) are rare diseases caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. Both NPC1 and NPC2 are proteins responsible for the exit of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LY). Consequently, mutations in one of the two proteins lead to the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in LE/LY, displaying a disease hallmark. A total of 95% of cases are due to a deficiency of NPC1 and only 5% are caused by NPC2 deficiency. Clinical manifestations include neurological symptoms and systemic symptoms, such as hepatosplenomegaly and pulmonary manifestations, the latter being particularly pronounced in NPC2 patients. NPC1 and NPC2 are rare diseases with the described neurovisceral clinical picture, but studies with human primary patient-derived neurons and hepatocytes are hardly feasible. Obviously, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their derivatives are an excellent alternative for indispensable studies with these affected cell types to study the multisystemic disease NPC1. Here, we present a review focusing on studies that have used iPSCs for disease modeling and drug discovery in NPC1 and draw a comparison to commonly used NPC1 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Völkner
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Maik Liedtke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.L.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.L.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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14
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Understanding and Treating Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Models Matter. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238979. [PMID: 33256121 PMCID: PMC7730076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms causing human diseases and to develop curative therapies. So far, these goals have been achieved for a small fraction of diseases, limiting factors being the availability, validity, and use of experimental models. Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) is a prime example for a disease that lacks a curative therapy despite substantial breakthroughs. This rare, fatal, and autosomal-recessive disorder is caused by defects in NPC1 or NPC2. These ubiquitously expressed proteins help cholesterol exit from the endosomal–lysosomal system. The dysfunction of either causes an aberrant accumulation of lipids with patients presenting a large range of disease onset, neurovisceral symptoms, and life span. Here, we note general aspects of experimental models, we describe the line-up used for NPC-related research and therapy development, and we provide an outlook on future topics.
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15
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Vitner EB. The role of brain innate immune response in lysosomal storage disorders: fundamental process or evolutionary side effect? FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3619-3631. [PMID: 33131047 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are diseases caused by mutations in genes responsible for sphingolipid degradation and thereby lead to sphingolipid accumulation. Most sphingolipidoses have a neurodegenerative manifestation characterized by innate immune activation in the brain. However, the role of the immune response in disease progression is ill-understood. In contrast to infectious diseases, immune activation is unable to eliminate the offending agent in sphingolipidoses resulting in ineffective, chronic inflammation. This paradox begs two fundamental questions: Why has this immune response evolved in sphingolipidoses? What role does it play in disease progression? Here, starting from the observation that sphingolipids (SLs) are elevated also in infectious diseases, I discuss the possibility that the activation of the brain immune response by SLs has evolved as a part of the immune response against pathogens and plays no major role in sphingolipidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
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16
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Contreras PS, Tapia PJ, González-Hódar L, Peluso I, Soldati C, Napolitano G, Matarese M, Heras ML, Valls C, Martinez A, Balboa E, Castro J, Leal N, Platt FM, Sobota A, Winter D, Klein AD, Medina DL, Ballabio A, Alvarez AR, Zanlungo S. c-Abl Inhibition Activates TFEB and Promotes Cellular Clearance in a Lysosomal Disorder. iScience 2020; 23:101691. [PMID: 33163944 PMCID: PMC7607485 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor EB (TFEB) has emerged as a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, exocytosis, and autophagy, promoting the clearance of substrates stored in cells. c-Abl is a tyrosine kinase that participates in cellular signaling in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this study, we explored the connection between c-Abl and TFEB. Here, we show that under pharmacological and genetic c-Abl inhibition, TFEB translocates into the nucleus promoting the expression of its target genes independently of its well-known regulator, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. Active c-Abl induces TFEB phosphorylation on tyrosine and the inhibition of this kinase promotes lysosomal biogenesis, autophagy, and exocytosis. c-Abl inhibition in Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) models, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes, promotes a cholesterol-lowering effect in a TFEB-dependent manner. Thus, c-Abl is a TFEB regulator that mediates its tyrosine phosphorylation, and the inhibition of c-Abl activates TFEB promoting cholesterol clearance in NPC models. c-Abl is a TFEB regulator that mediates its tyr phosphorylation c-Abl inhibition promotes TFEB activity independently of mTORC1 c-Abl inhibition reduces cholesterol accumulation in NPC1 models
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo S Contreras
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile.,CARE UC Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Pablo J Tapia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Lila González-Hódar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Ivana Peluso
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Matarese
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Macarena Las Heras
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Cristian Valls
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile.,CARE UC Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Martinez
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile.,CARE UC Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elisa Balboa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Juan Castro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Nancy Leal
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile.,CARE UC Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrzej Sobota
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Universidad Del Desarrollo Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alejandra R Alvarez
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile.,CARE UC Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331010, Chile
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17
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Kusunoki-Ii M, Kohama H, Kato K, Nomura Y, Nagashima K, Ninomiya H, Kato M, Kato S. Ultrastructure of spinal anterior horn cells in human Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) patient and mouse model of NPC with retroposon insertion in NPC1 genes. Pathol Int 2020; 70:422-432. [PMID: 32342600 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a neurovisceral lipid-storage disease. Although NPC patients show lipid storage in anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, little information is available regarding the electron microscopic analyses of the morphologies of intra-endosomal lipid like-materials in the anterior horn cells of NPC patients. In this study, we elucidated the intra-endosomal ultrastructures in spinal anterior horn cells in an NPC patient, as well as in mutant BALB/c NPC1-/- mice with a retroposon insertion in the NPC1 gene. These morphologies were classified into four types: vesicle, multiple concentric sphere (MCS), membrane, and rose flower. The percentages of the composition in the NPC patient and NPC1-/- mice were: vesicle (55.5% and 14.9%), MCS (15.7% and 3.4%), membrane (23.6% and 57.1%), and rose flower (5.2% and 24.6%), respectively. Formation of the intra-endosomal structures could proceed as follows: (i) a vesicle or MCS buds off the endosome into the lumen; (ii) when a vesicle breaks down, a membrane is formed; and (iii) after an MCS breaks down, a rose flower structure is formed. Our new finding in this study is that ultrastructural morphology is the same between the NPC patient and NPC1-/- mice, although there are differences in the composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kusunoki-Ii
- Division of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohama
- Division of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kiyota Kato
- School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Yoshiko Nomura Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagashima
- Division of Pathology, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Haruaki Ninomiya
- Department of Biological Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- Division of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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18
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MAEKAWA M, MANO N. Identification and Evaluation of Biomarkers for Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Based on Chemical Analysis Techniques. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nariyasu MANO
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
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19
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Malik BR, Maddison DC, Smith GA, Peters OM. Autophagic and endo-lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease. Mol Brain 2019; 12:100. [PMID: 31783880 PMCID: PMC6884906 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their post-mitotic state, metabolic demands and often large polarised morphology, the function and survival of neurons is dependent on an efficient cellular waste clearance system both for generation of materials for metabolic processes and removal of toxic components. It is not surprising therefore that deficits in protein clearance can tip the balance between neuronal health and death. Here we discuss how autophagy and lysosome-mediated degradation pathways are disrupted in several neurological disorders. Both genetic and cell biological evidence show the diversity and complexity of vesicular clearance dysregulation in cells, and together may ultimately suggest a unified mechanism for neuronal demise in degenerative conditions. Causative and risk-associated mutations in Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and others have given the field a unique mechanistic insight into protein clearance processes in neurons. Through their broad implication in neurodegenerative diseases, molecules involved in these genetic pathways, in particular those involved in autophagy, are emerging as appealing therapeutic targets for intervention in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal R Malik
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Daniel C Maddison
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Owen M Peters
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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20
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Hammond N, Munkacsi AB, Sturley SL. The complexity of a monogenic neurodegenerative disease: More than two decades of therapeutic driven research into Niemann-Pick type C disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1109-1123. [PMID: 31002946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease typified by aberrations in intracellular lipid transport. Cholesterol and other lipids accumulate in the late endosome/lysosome of all diseased cells thereby causing neuronal and visceral atrophy. A cure for NP-C remains elusive despite the extensive molecular advances emanating from the identification of the primary genetic defect in 1997. Penetration of the blood-brain barrier and efficacy in the viscera are prerequisites for effective therapy, however the rarity of NP-C disease is the major impediment to progress. Disease diagnosis is challenging and establishment of appropriate test populations for clinical trials difficult. Fortunately, disease models that span the diversity of microbial and metazoan life have been utilized to advance the quest for a therapy. The complexity of lipid storage in this disorder and in the model systems, has led to multiple theories on the primary disease mechanism and consequently numerous and varied proposed interventions. Here, we conduct an evaluation of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hammond
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen L Sturley
- Department of Biology, Barnard College-Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
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21
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Hughes MP, Smith DA, Morris L, Fletcher C, Colaco A, Huebecker M, Tordo J, Palomar N, Massaro G, Henckaerts E, Waddington SN, Platt FM, Rahim AA. AAV9 intracerebroventricular gene therapy improves lifespan, locomotor function and pathology in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C1 disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3079-3098. [PMID: 29878115 PMCID: PMC6097154 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NP-C) is a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder. It is caused in 95% of cases by a mutation in the NPC1 gene that encodes NPC1, an integral transmembrane protein localized to the limiting membrane of the lysosome. There is no cure for NP-C but there is a disease-modifying drug (miglustat) that slows disease progression but with associated side effects. Here, we demonstrate in a well-characterized mouse model of NP-C that a single administration of AAV-mediated gene therapy to the brain can significantly extend lifespan, improve quality of life, prevent or ameliorate neurodegeneration, reduce biochemical pathology and normalize or improve various indices of motor function. Over-expression of human NPC1 does not cause adverse effects in the brain and correctly localizes to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Furthermore, we directly compare gene therapy to licensed miglustat. Even at a low dose, gene therapy has all the benefits of miglustat but without adverse effects. On the basis of these findings and on-going ascendency of the field, we propose intracerebroventricular gene therapy as a potential therapeutic option for clinical use in NP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Dave A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Lauren Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Claire Fletcher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | | | - Mylene Huebecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Julie Tordo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK
| | - Nuria Palomar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK
| | - Giulia Massaro
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Els Henckaerts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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22
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Yambire KF, Fernandez-Mosquera L, Steinfeld R, Mühle C, Ikonen E, Milosevic I, Raimundo N. Mitochondrial biogenesis is transcriptionally repressed in lysosomal lipid storage diseases. eLife 2019; 8:e39598. [PMID: 30775969 PMCID: PMC6379092 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in mitochondrial function and homeostasis are pervasive in lysosomal storage diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report a transcriptional program that represses mitochondrial biogenesis and function in lysosomal storage diseases Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) and acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASM), in patient cells and mouse tissues. This mechanism is mediated by the transcription factors KLF2 and ETV1, which are both induced in NPC and ASM patient cells. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function defects in these cells are rescued by the silencing of KLF2 or ETV1. Increased ETV1 expression is regulated by KLF2, while the increase of KLF2 protein levels in NPC and ASM stems from impaired signaling downstream sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), which normally represses KLF2. In patient cells, S1PR1 is barely detectable at the plasma membrane and thus unable to repress KLF2. This manuscript provides a mechanistic pathway for the prevalent mitochondrial defects in lysosomal storage diseases. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- King Faisal Yambire
- Institute of Cellular BiochemistryUniversity Medical Center GoettingenGoettingenGermany
- International Max-Planck Research School in NeuroscienceGoettingenGermany
- European Neuroscience Institute GoettingenUniversity Medical Center GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | | | - Robert Steinfeld
- Klinik für Kinder- und JugendmedizinUniversity Medical Center GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki, Biomedicum HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ira Milosevic
- European Neuroscience Institute GoettingenUniversity Medical Center GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Institute of Cellular BiochemistryUniversity Medical Center GoettingenGoettingenGermany
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23
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Kirkegaard T, Gray J, Priestman DA, Wallom KL, Atkins J, Olsen OD, Klein A, Drndarski S, Petersen NHT, Ingemann L, Smith DA, Morris L, Bornæs C, Jørgensen SH, Williams I, Hinsby A, Arenz C, Begley D, Jäättelä M, Platt FM. Heat shock protein-based therapy as a potential candidate for treating the sphingolipidoses. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:355ra118. [PMID: 27605553 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) often manifest with severe systemic and central nervous system (CNS) symptoms. The existing treatment options are limited and have no or only modest efficacy against neurological manifestations of disease. We demonstrate that recombinant human heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) improves the binding of several sphingolipid-degrading enzymes to their essential cofactor bis(monoacyl)glycerophosphate in vitro. HSP70 treatment reversed lysosomal pathology in primary fibroblasts from 14 patients with eight different LSDs. HSP70 penetrated effectively into murine tissues including the CNS and inhibited glycosphingolipid accumulation in murine models of Fabry disease (Gla(-/-)), Sandhoff disease (Hexb(-/-)), and Niemann-Pick disease type C (Npc1(-/-)) and attenuated a wide spectrum of disease-associated neurological symptoms in Hexb(-/-) and Npc1(-/-) mice. Oral administration of arimoclomol, a small-molecule coinducer of HSPs that is currently in clinical trials for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), recapitulated the effects of recombinant human HSP70, suggesting that heat shock protein-based therapies merit clinical evaluation for treating LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Gray
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Jennifer Atkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Ole Dines Olsen
- Orphazyme ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark. Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling, and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Klein
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - David A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lauren Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Ian Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Christoph Arenz
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Begley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling, and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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24
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Torres S, Balboa E, Zanlungo S, Enrich C, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Lysosomal and Mitochondrial Liaisons in Niemann-Pick Disease. Front Physiol 2017; 8:982. [PMID: 29249985 PMCID: PMC5714892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are characterized by the accumulation of diverse lipid species in lysosomes. Niemann-Pick type A/B (NPA/B) and type C diseases Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) are progressive LSD caused by loss of function of distinct lysosomal-residing proteins, acid sphingomyelinase and NPC1, respectively. While the primary cause of these diseases differs, both share common biochemical features, including the accumulation of sphingolipids and cholesterol, predominantly in endolysosomes. Besides these alterations in lysosomal homeostasis and function due to accumulation of specific lipid species, the lysosomal functional defects can have far-reaching consequences, disrupting intracellular trafficking of sterols, lipids and calcium through membrane contact sites (MCS) of apposed compartments. Although MCS between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria have been well studied and characterized in different contexts, emerging evidence indicates that lysosomes also exhibit close proximity with mitochondria, which translates in their mutual functional regulation. Indeed, as best illustrated in NPC disease, alterations in the lysosomal-mitochondrial liaisons underlie the secondary accumulation of specific lipids, such as cholesterol in mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and defective antioxidant defense, which contribute to disease progression. Thus, a better understanding of the lysosomal and mitochondrial interactions and trafficking may identify novel targets for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Torres
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Balboa
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidad de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica CELLEX, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Southern California Research Center for ALDP and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Southern California Research Center for ALDP and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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25
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Dodge JC. Lipid Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Motor System: Insights from Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:356. [PMID: 29163032 PMCID: PMC5675881 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a heterogeneous group of rare inherited metabolic diseases that are frequently triggered by the accumulation of lipids inside organelles of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system (EALS). There is now a growing realization that disrupted lysosomal homeostasis (i.e., lysosomal cacostasis) also contributes to more common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease (PD). Lipid deposition within the EALS may also participate in the pathogenesis of some additional neurodegenerative diseases of the motor system. Here, I will highlight the lipid abnormalities and clinical manifestations that are common to LSDs and several diseases of the motor system, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), atypical forms of spinal muscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), PD and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Elucidating the underlying basis of intracellular lipid mislocalization as well as its consequences in each of these disorders will likely provide innovative targets for therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Dodge
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, United States
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26
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Ordoñez MP, Steele JW. Modeling Niemann Pick type C1 using human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Brain Res 2017; 1656:63-67. [PMID: 26972536 PMCID: PMC5018240 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Data generated in Niemann Pick type C1 (NPC1) human embryonic and human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons complement on-going studies in animal models and provide the first example, in disease-relevant human cells, of processes that underlie preferential neuronal defects in a NPC1. Our work and that of other investigators in human neurons derived from stem cells highlight the importance of performing rigorous mechanistic studies in relevant cell types to guide drug discovery and therapeutic development, alongside of existing animal models. Through the use of human stem cell-derived models of disease, we can identify and discover or repurpose drugs that revert early events that lead to neuronal failure in NPC1. Together with the study of disease pathogenesis and efficacy of therapies in animal models, these strategies will fulfill the promise of stem cell technology in the development of new treatments for human diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paulina Ordoñez
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | - John W Steele
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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27
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Patterson MC, Walkley SU. Niemann-Pick disease, type C and Roscoe Brady. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:34-37. [PMID: 27923544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Niemann-Pick family of diseases was poorly understood until Roscoe Brady and his colleagues began their investigations in the 1960s. Following Brady's discovery of the defect in acid sphingomyelinase in Niemann-Pick disease, types A and B, Peter Pentchev, a senior scientist in the group, launched a series of investigations of an unusual lipid storage disease in a spontaneous mouse model. These led initially to identification of the cholesterol trafficking defect in the mouse, and then in human Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC). This discovery formed the basis of the standard diagnostic test for NPC for the next three decades. Subsequently, an international collaboration was established, based at the Brady lab at NIH, which culminated in discovery of the NPC1 gene. Roscoe Brady, Peter Pentchev and their colleagues defined and refined the clinical biochemical and pathological phenotypes of NPC in a series of elegant parallel studies. They also identified abnormal oxysterols in NPC; later work has proved such compounds to be sensitive biomarkers of the disease. The dedication of the Brady lab to NPC, and the discoveries that flowed therefrom, provided critical foundations for the current explosion of progress in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Children's Center, RO_MA_16_03ECON, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic Children's Center, RO_MA_16_03ECON, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Steven U Walkley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, United States.
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28
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Schuchman EH, Desnick RJ. Types A and B Niemann-Pick disease. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:27-33. [PMID: 28164782 PMCID: PMC5347465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The eponym Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) refers to a group of patients who present with varying degrees of lipid storage and foam cell infiltration in tissues, as well as overlapping clinical features including hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary insufficiency and/or central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Due to the pioneering work of Roscoe Brady and co-workers, we now know that there are two distinct metabolic abnormalities that account for NPD. The first is due to the deficient activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM; "types A & B" NPD), and the second is due to defective function in cholesterol transport ("type C" NPD). Herein only types A and B NPD will be discussed. Type A NPD patients exhibit hepatosplenomegaly in infancy and profound CNS involvement. They rarely survive beyond 2-3years of age. Type B patients also have hepatosplenomegaly and pathologic alterations of their lungs, but there are usually no CNS signs. The age of onset and rate of disease progression varies greatly among type B patients, and they frequently live into adulthood. Intermediate patients also have been reported with mild to moderate neurological findings. All patients with types A and B NPD have mutations in the gene encoding ASM (SMPD1), and thus the disease is more accurately referred to as ASM deficiency (ASMD). Herein we will review the clinical, pathological, biochemical, and genetic findings in types A and B NPD, and emphasize the seminal contributions of Dr. Brady to this disease. We will also discuss the current status of therapy for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States
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29
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Caporali P, Bruno F, Palladino G, Dragotto J, Petrosini L, Mangia F, Erickson RP, Canterini S, Fiorenza MT. Developmental delay in motor skill acquisition in Niemann-Pick C1 mice reveals abnormal cerebellar morphogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:94. [PMID: 27586038 PMCID: PMC5009663 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by defective intracellular trafficking of exogenous cholesterol. Purkinje cell (PC) degeneration is the main sign of cerebellar dysfunction in both NPC1 patients and animal models. It has been recently shown that a significant decrease in Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression reduces the proliferative potential of granule neuron precursors in the developing cerebellum of Npc1−/− mice. Pursuing the hypothesis that this developmental defect translates into functional impairments, we have assayed Npc1-deficient pups belonging to the milder mutant mouse strain Npc1nmf164 for sensorimotor development from postnatal day (PN) 3 to PN21. Npc1nmf164/ Npc1nmf164 pups displayed a 2.5-day delay in the acquisition of complex motor abilities compared to wild-type (wt) littermates, in agreement with the significant disorganization of cerebellar cortex cytoarchitecture observed between PN11 and PN15. Compared to wt, Npc1nmf164 homozygous mice exhibited a poorer morphological differentiation of Bergmann glia (BG), as indicated by thicker radial shafts and less elaborate reticular pattern of lateral processes. Also BG functional development was defective, as indicated by the significant reduction in GLAST and Glutamine synthetase expression. A reduced VGluT2 and GAD65 expression also indicated an overall derangement of the glutamatergic/GABAergic stimulation that PCs receive by climbing/parallel fibers and basket/stellate cells, respectively. Lastly, Npc1-deficiency also affected oligodendrocyte differentiation as indicated by the strong reduction of myelin basic protein. Two sequential 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin administrations at PN4 and PN7 counteract these defects, partially preventing functional impairment of BG and fully restoring the normal patterns of glutamatergic/GABAergic stimulation to PCs. These findings indicate that in Npc1nmf164 homozygous mice the derangement of synaptic connectivity and dysmyelination during cerebellar morphogenesis largely anticipate motor deficits that are typically observed during adulthood.
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30
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Ruiz-Rodado V, Nicoli ER, Probert F, Smith DA, Morris L, Wassif CA, Platt FM, Grootveld M. 1H NMR-Linked Metabolomics Analysis of Liver from a Mouse Model of NP-C1 Disease. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3511-3527. [PMID: 27503774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of Niemann-Pick type C1 (NP-C1) disease include neonatal hepatosplenomegaly and in some patients progressive liver dysfunction and failure. This study involved a 1H NMR-linked metabolomics analysis of liver samples collected from a NP-C1 disease mutant mouse model in order to explore time-dependent imbalances in metabolic pathways associated with NP-C1 liver dysfunction, including fibrosis. NP-C1 mutant (Npc1-/-; NP-C1), control (Npc1+/+; WT), and NP-C1 heterozygous mice (Npc1+/-; HET) were generated from heterozygote matings. Aqueous extracts of these liver samples collected at time points of 3, 6, 9, and 11 weeks were subjected to high-resolution NMR analysis, and multivariate (MV) metabolomics analyses of data sets acquired were performed. A MV random forests (RFs) model effectively discriminated between NP-C1 and a combined WT/HET hepatic NMR profiles with very high predictive accuracy and reliability. Key distinguishing features included significant upregulations in the hepatic concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate, lysine/ornithine, valine, threonine, and hypotaurine/methionine, and diminished levels of nicotinate/niacinamide, inosine, phosphoenolpyruvate, and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate. Quantitative pathway topological analysis confirmed that imbalances in tyrosine biosynthesis, and hepatic phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/glutamine, and nicotinate/niacinamide metabolism were involved in the pathogenesis of NP-C1 disease-associated liver dysfunction/damage. 1H NMR-linked metabolomics analysis provides valuable biomarker information regarding hepatic dysfunction or damage in NP-C1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ruiz-Rodado
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
| | - Elena-Raluca Nicoli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Fay Probert
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom.,Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
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31
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Vitner EB, Farfel-Becker T, Ferreira NS, Leshkowitz D, Sharma P, Lang KS, Futerman AH. Induction of the type I interferon response in neurological forms of Gaucher disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:104. [PMID: 27175482 PMCID: PMC4866012 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a key phenomenon in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which brain inflammation is engaged and delineating the key players in the immune response and their contribution to brain pathology is of great importance for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for these devastating diseases. Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene and is a significant risk factor for Parkinson’s disease; in some forms of Gaucher disease, neuroinflammation is observed. Methods An unbiased gene profile analysis was performed on a severely affected brain area of a neurological form of a Gaucher disease mouse at a pre-symptomatic stage; the mouse used for this study, the Gbaflox/flox; nestin-Cre mouse, was engineered such that GBA1 deficiency is restricted to cells of neuronal lineage, i.e., neurons and macroglia. Results The 10 most up-regulated genes in the ventral posteromedial/posterolateral region of the thalamus were inflammatory genes, with the gene expression signature significantly enriched in interferon signaling genes. Interferon β levels were elevated in neurons, and interferon-stimulated genes were elevated mainly in microglia. Interferon signaling pathways were elevated to a small extent in the brain of another lysosomal storage disease mouse model, Krabbe disease, but not in Niemann-Pick C or Sandhoff mouse brain. Ablation of the type I interferon receptor attenuated neuroinflammation but had no effect on GD mouse viability. Conclusions Our results imply that the type I interferon response is involved in the development of nGD pathology, and possibly in other lysosomal storage diseases in which simple glycosphingolipids accumulate, and support the notion that interferon signaling pathways play a vital role in the sterile inflammation that often occurs during chronic neurodegenerative diseases in which neuroinflammation is present. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0570-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Present address: Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Tamar Farfel-Becker
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Present address: Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Bioinformatics Unit of The Biological Services Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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32
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Ferraz MJ, Marques ARA, Gaspar P, Mirzaian M, van Roomen C, Ottenhoff R, Alfonso P, Irún P, Giraldo P, Wisse P, Sá Miranda C, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JM. Lyso-glycosphingolipid abnormalities in different murine models of lysosomal storage disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:186-93. [PMID: 26750750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In lysosomal glycosphingolipid storage disorders, marked elevations in corresponding glycosphingoid bases (lyso-glycosphingolipids) have been reported, such as galactosylsphingosine in Krabbe disease, glucosylsphingosine in Gaucher disease and globotriaosylsphingosine in Fabry disease. Using LC–MS/MS, we comparatively investigated the occurrence of abnormal lyso-glycosphingolipids in tissues and plasma of mice with deficiencies in lysosomal α-galactosidase A, glucocerebrosidase and galactocerebrosidase. The nature and specificity of lyso-glycosphingolipid abnormalities are reported and compared to that in correspondingly more abundant N-acylated glycosphingolipids. Specific elevations in tissue and plasma globotriaosylsphingosine were detected in α-galactosidase A-deficient mice; glucosylsphingosine in glucocerebrosidase-deficient mice and galactosylsphingosine in galactocerebrosidase-deficient animals. A similar investigation was conducted for two mouse models of Niemann Pick type C (Npc1nih and Npc1nmf164), revealing significant tissue elevation of several neutral glycosphingolipids and concomitant increased plasma glucosylsphingosine. This latter finding was recapitulated by analysis of plasma of NPC patients. The value of plasma glucosylsphingosine in biochemical confirmation of the diagnosis of NPC is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ferraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André R A Marques
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulo Gaspar
- Organelle Biogenesis & Function Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology Unit (UniLiPe), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy van Roomen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pilar Alfonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Translacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Irún
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Translacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Giraldo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Translacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patrick Wisse
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Sá Miranda
- Organelle Biogenesis & Function Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology Unit (UniLiPe), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Marques ARA, Mirzaian M, Akiyama H, Wisse P, Ferraz MJ, Gaspar P, Ghauharali-van der Vlugt K, Meijer R, Giraldo P, Alfonso P, Irún P, Dahl M, Karlsson S, Pavlova EV, Cox TM, Scheij S, Verhoek M, Ottenhoff R, van Roomen CPAA, Pannu NS, van Eijk M, Dekker N, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Blommaart E, Hirabayashi Y, Aerts JM. Glucosylated cholesterol in mammalian cells and tissues: formation and degradation by multiple cellular β-glucosidases. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:451-63. [PMID: 26724485 PMCID: PMC4766994 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane lipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is continuously formed and degraded. Cells express two GlcCer-degrading β-glucosidases, glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and GBA2, located in and outside the lysosome, respectively. Here we demonstrate that through transglucosylation both GBA and GBA2 are able to catalyze in vitro the transfer of glucosyl-moieties from GlcCer to cholesterol, and vice versa. Furthermore, the natural occurrence of 1-O-cholesteryl-β-D-glucopyranoside (GlcChol) in mouse tissues and human plasma is demonstrated using LC-MS/MS and 13C6-labeled GlcChol as internal standard. In cells, the inhibition of GBA increases GlcChol, whereas inhibition of GBA2 decreases glucosylated sterol. Similarly, in GBA2-deficient mice, GlcChol is reduced. Depletion of GlcCer by inhibition of GlcCer synthase decreases GlcChol in cells and likewise in plasma of inhibitor-treated Gaucher disease patients. In tissues of mice with Niemann-Pick type C disease, a condition characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of cholesterol, marked elevations in GlcChol occur as well. When lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol is induced in cultured cells, GlcChol is formed via lysosomal GBA. This illustrates that reversible transglucosylation reactions are highly dependent on local availability of suitable acceptors. In conclusion, mammalian tissues contain GlcChol formed by transglucosylation through β-glucosidases using GlcCer as donor. Our findings reveal a novel metabolic function for GlcCer.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R A Marques
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick Wisse
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ferraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulo Gaspar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rianne Meijer
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pilar Giraldo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Alfonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Irún
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Dahl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elena V Pavlova
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saskia Scheij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marri Verhoek
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Navraj S Pannu
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Dekker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Blommaart
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes M Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Departments of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Metabolic disorders comprise a large group of heterogeneous diseases ranging from very prevalent diseases such as diabetes mellitus to rare genetic disorders like Canavan Disease. Whether either of these diseases is amendable by gene therapy depends to a large degree on the knowledge of their pathomechanism, availability of the therapeutic gene, vector selection, and availability of suitable animal models. In this book chapter, we review three metabolic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS; Canavan Disease, Niemann-Pick disease and Phenylketonuria) to give examples for primary and secondary metabolic disorders of the brain and the attempts that have been made to use adeno-associated virus (AAV) based gene therapy for treatment. Finally, we highlight commonalities and obstacles in the development of gene therapy for metabolic disorders of the CNS exemplified by those three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Gessler
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Neuronal gene repression in Niemann-Pick type C models is mediated by the c-Abl/HDAC2 signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:269-79. [PMID: 26603102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of free cholesterol in lysosomes. There are currently no effective FDA-approved treatments for NPC, although in the last years the inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has emerged as a potential treatment for this disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that deregulate HDAC activity in NPC disease are unknown. Previously our group had shown that the proapoptotic tyrosine kinase c-Abl signaling is activated in NPC neurons. Here, we demonstrate that c-Abl activity increases HDAC2 levels inducing neuronal gene repression of key synaptic genes in NPC models. RESULTS Our data show that: i) HDAC2 levels and activity are increased in NPC neuronal models and in Npc1(-/-) mice; ii) inhibition of c-Abl or c-Abl deficiency prevents the increase of HDAC2 protein levels and activity in NPC neuronal models; iii) c-Abl inhibition decreases the levels of HDAC2 tyrosine phosphorylation; iv) treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin and vitamin E decreases the activation of the c-Abl/HDAC2 pathway in NPC neurons; v) in vivo treatment with two c-Abl inhibitors prevents the increase of HDAC2 protein levels in the brain of Npc1(-/-) mice; and vi) c-Abl inhibition prevents HDAC2 recruitment to the promoter of neuronal genes, triggering an increase in their expression. CONCLUSION Our data show the involvement of the c-Abl/HDAC2 signaling pathway in the regulation of neuronal gene expression in NPC neuronal models. Thus, inhibition of c-Abl could be a pharmacological target for preventing the deleterious effects of increased HDAC2 levels in NPC disease.
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Zampieri S, Bianchi E, Cantile C, Saleri R, Bembi B, Dardis A. Characterization of a spontaneous novel mutation in the NPC2 gene in a cat affected by Niemann Pick type C disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112503. [PMID: 25396745 PMCID: PMC4232374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C disease (NPC) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and other lipids within the lysosomes due to mutation in NPC1 or NPC2 genes. A feline model of NPC carrying a mutation in NPC1 gene has been previously described. We have identified two kittens affected by NPC disease due to a mutation in NPC2 gene. They manifested with tremors at the age of 3 months, which progressed to dystonia and severe ataxia. At 6 months of age cat 2 was unable to stand without assistance and had bilaterally reduced menace response. It died at the age of 10 months. Post-mortem histological analysis of the brain showed the presence of neurons with cytoplasmic swelling and vacuoles, gliosis of the substantia nigra and degeneration of the white matter. Spheroids with accumulation of ubiquitinated aggregates were prominent in the cerebellar cortex. Purkinje cells were markedly reduced in number and they showed prominent intracytoplasmic storage. Scattered perivascular aggregates of lymphocytes and microglial cells proliferation were present in the thalamus and midbrain. Proliferation of Bergmann glia was also observed. In the liver, hepatocytes were swollen because of accumulation of small vacuoles and foamy Kupffer cells were also detected. Foamy macrophages were observed within the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli as well. At 9 months cat 1 was unable to walk, developed seizures and it was euthanized at 21 months. Filipin staining of cultured fibroblasts showed massive storage of unesterified cholesterol. Molecular analysis of NPC1 and NPC2 genes showed the presence of a homozygous intronic mutation (c.82+5G>A) in the NPC2 gene. The subsequent analysis of the mRNA showed that the mutation causes the retention of 105 bp in the mature mRNA, which leads to the in frame insertion of 35 amino acids between residues 28 and 29 of NPC2 protein (p.G28_S29ins35).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zampieri
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Ezio Bianchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Cantile
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Bruno Bembi
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Dardis
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Jahnova H, Dvorakova L, Vlaskova H, Hulkova H, Poupetova H, Hrebicek M, Jesina P. Observational, retrospective study of a large cohort of patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C in the Czech Republic: a surprisingly stable diagnostic rate spanning almost 40 years. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:140. [PMID: 25236789 PMCID: PMC4193985 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, fatal neurovisceral disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, and featuring striking clinical variability dependent on the age at onset of neurological symptoms. We report data from a large cohort of 56 Czech patients with NPC diagnosed over a period of 37 years. Methods An observational, retrospective analysis of historic and current clinical and laboratory information was performed among all NPC patients originating from the area of the contemporary Czech Republic and diagnosed between 1975 and 2012. All patients with ≥1 positive diagnostic test and relevant clinical information were included. Data on diagnostic methods (histopathological and/or ultrastructural; biochemical; genetic), clinical status and general information on treatment were collated. Data were examined in accordance with international guidelines for the management of NPC. Results Between 1975 and 1985 diagnoses were based exclusively on specific histopathological findings, often at autopsy. Bone marrow smear (BMS) analyses have proved to be a very specific indicator for NPC and have become an important part of our diagnostic algorithm. Filipin staining and cholesterol esterification assays became the definitive diagnostic tests after 1985 and were applied in 24 of our patients. Since 2005, more and more patients have been assessed using NPC1/NPC2 gene sequencing. Twelve patients were diagnosed with neonatal/early-infantile onset NPC, 13 with the late-infantile onset form, 20 with the juvenile onset form, and nine with the adolescent/adult onset form. Two diagnosed patients remained neurologically asymptomatic at study completion. Nineteen patients were siblings. Causal NPC1 mutations were determined in 38 patients; two identical NPC2 mutations were identified in one patient. In total, 30 different mutations were identified, 14 of which have been confirmed as novel. The frequency of individual mutated NPC1 alleles in our cohort differs compared with previous published data: the most frequent mutant NPC1 allele was p.R1186H (n = 13), followed by p.P1007A (n = 8), p.S954L (n = 8) and p.I1061T (n = 4). Conclusions These data demonstrate the evolution of the diagnostic process in NPC over the last four decades. We estimate the contemporary birth prevalence of NPC in the Czech Republic at 0.93 per 100,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jahnova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Vitner EB, Salomon R, Farfel-Becker T, Meshcheriakova A, Ali M, Klein AD, Platt FM, Cox TM, Futerman AH. RIPK3 as a potential therapeutic target for Gaucher's disease. Nat Med 2014; 20:204-8. [PMID: 24441827 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher's disease (GD), an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA), is the most common lysosomal storage disease. Heterozygous mutations in GBA are a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease. GD is divided into three clinical subtypes based on the absence (type 1) or presence (types 2 and 3) of neurological signs. Type 1 GD was the first lysosomal storage disease (LSD) for which enzyme therapy became available, and although infusions of recombinant glucocerebrosidase (GCase) ameliorate the systemic effects of GD, the lack of efficacy for the neurological manifestations, along with the considerable expense and inconvenience of enzyme therapy for patients, renders the search for alternative or complementary therapies paramount. Glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine accumulation in the brain leads to massive neuronal loss in patients with neuronopathic GD (nGD) and in nGD mouse models. However, the mode of neuronal death is not known. Here, we show that modulating the receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (Ripk3) pathway markedly improves neurological and systemic disease in a mouse model of GD. Notably, Ripk3 deficiency substantially improved the clinical course of GD mice, with increased survival and motor coordination and salutary effects on cerebral as well as hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- 1] Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. [2]
| | - Ran Salomon
- 1] Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. [2]
| | - Tamar Farfel-Becker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Meshcheriakova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Tamari F, Chen FW, Li C, Chaudhari J, Ioannou YA. PKC activation in Niemann pick C1 cells restores subcellular cholesterol transport. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74169. [PMID: 23977398 PMCID: PMC3744505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) has previously been shown to ameliorate the cholesterol transport defect in Niemann Pick Type C1 (NPC1) cells, presumably by increasing the soluble levels of one of its substrates, vimentin. This activity would then restore the vimentin cycle in these cells and allow vimentin-dependent retrograde transport to proceed. Here, we further investigate the effects of PKC activation in NPC1 cells by evaluating different isoforms for their ability to solubilize vimentin and correct the NPC1 cholesterol storage phenotype. We also examine the effects of PKC activators, including free fatty acids and the PKC-specific activator diazoxide, on the NPC1 disease phenotype. Our results indicate that PKC isoforms α, βII, and ε have the greatest effects on vimentin solubilization. Furthermore, expression or activation of PKCε in NPC1 cells dramatically reduces the amount of stored cholesterol and restores cholesterol transport out of endocytic vesicles. These results provide further support for the contribution of PKCs in NPC1 disease pathogenesis and suggest that PKCs may be targeted in future efforts to develop therapeutics for NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Tamari
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Fannie W. Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jagrutiben Chaudhari
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yiannis A. Ioannou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fan M, Sidhu R, Fujiwara H, Tortelli B, Zhang J, Davidson C, Walkley SU, Bagel JH, Vite C, Yanjanin NM, Porter FD, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. Identification of Niemann-Pick C1 disease biomarkers through sphingolipid profiling. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2800-14. [PMID: 23881911 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC)1 is a rare neurodegenerative disease for which treatment options are limited. A major barrier to development of effective treatments has been the lack of validated biomarkers to monitor disease progression or serve as outcome measures in clinical trials. Using targeted metabolomics to exploit the complex lipid storage phenotype that is the hallmark of NPC1 disease, we broadly surveyed Npc1(-/-) mouse tissues and identified elevated species across multiple sphingolipid classes that increased with disease progression. There was a striking accumulation of sphingoid bases, monohexosylceramides (MCs), and GM2 gangliosides in liver, and sphingoid bases and GM2 and GM3 gangliosides in brain. These lipids were modestly decreased following miglustat treatment, but markedly decreased in response to treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), two drugs that have shown efficacy in NPC1 animal models. Extending these studies to human subjects led to identification of sphingolipid classes that were significantly altered in the plasma of NPC1 patients. Plasma MCs and ceramides were elevated, whereas sphingoid bases were reduced in NPC1 subjects. Intervention with miglustat in NPC1 patients was accompanied by striking alterations in plasma (reductions in GM1 and GM3 gangliosides) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (increased MCs) sphingolipids. Similar alterations were observed in the CSF from the NPC1 feline model following HP-β-CD treatment. Our findings suggest that these lipid biomarkers may prove useful as outcome measures for monitoring efficacy of therapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fan
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Jelinek D, Castillo JJ, Garver WS. The C57BL/6J Niemann-Pick C1 mouse model with decreased gene dosage has impaired glucose tolerance independent of body weight. Gene 2013; 527:65-70. [PMID: 23769925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) gene has been found to be associated with extreme (early-onset and morbid-adult) obesity and type 2 diabetes independent of body weight. We previously performed growth studies using BALB/cJ Npc1 normal (Npc1+/+) and Npc1 heterozygous (Npc1+/-) mice and determined that decreased Npc1 gene dosage interacts with a high-fat diet to promote weight gain and adiposity. The present study was performed using both BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J Npc1+/+ and Npc1+/- mice to determine if decreased Npc1 gene dosage predisposes to metabolic features associated with type 2 diabetes. The results indicated that C57BL/6J Npc1+/- mice, but not BALB/cJ Npc1+/- mice, have impaired glucose tolerance when fed a low-fat diet and independent of body weight. The results also suggest that an accumulation of liver free fatty acids and hepatic lipotoxicity marked by an elevation in the amount of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) may be responsible for hepatic insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Finally, the peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) pathways known to have a central role in regulating free fatty acid metabolism were downregulated in the livers, but not in the adipose or muscle, of C57BL/6J Npc1+/- mice compared to C57BL/6J Npc1+/+ mice. Therefore, decreased Npc1 gene dosage among two different mouse strains interacts with undefined modifying genes to manifest disparate yet often related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jelinek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Fu R, Wassif CA, Yanjanin NM, Watkins-Chow DE, Baxter LL, Incao A, Liscum L, Sidhu R, Firnkes S, Graham M, Ory DS, Porter FD, Pavan WJ. Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in phenotypic suppression of mouse models of Niemann-Pick disease, type C1. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3508-23. [PMID: 23666527 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1), which arises from a mutation in the NPC1 gene, is characterized by abnormal cellular storage and transport of cholesterol and other lipids that leads to hepatic disease and progressive neurological impairment. Oxidative stress has been hypothesized to contribute to the NPC1 disease pathological cascade. To determine whether treatments reducing oxidative stress could alleviate NPC1 disease phenotypes, the in vivo effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on two mouse models for NPC1 disease were studied. NAC was able to partially suppress phenotypes in both antisense-induced (NPC1ASO) and germline (Npc1-/-) knockout genetic mouse models, confirming the presence of an oxidative stress-related mechanism in progression of NPC1 phenotypes and suggesting NAC as a potential molecule for treatment. Gene expression analyses of NAC-treated NPC1ASO mice suggested NAC affects pathways distinct from those initially altered by Npc1 knockdown, data consistent with NAC achieving partial disease phenotype suppression. In a therapeutic trial of short-term NAC administration to NPC1 patients, no significant effects on oxidative stress in these patients were identified other than moderate improvement of the fraction of reduced CoQ10, suggesting limited efficacy of NAC monotherapy. However, the mouse model data suggest that the distinct antioxidant effects of NAC could provide potential treatment of NPC1 disease, possibly in concert with other therapeutic molecules at earlier stages of disease progression. These data also validated the NPC1ASO mouse as an efficient model for candidate NPC1 drug screening, and demonstrated similarities in hepatic phenotypes and genome-wide transcript expression patterns between the NPC1ASO and Npc1-/- models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Fu
- Department of Health and Human Services, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bergamin N, Dardis A, Beltrami A, Cesselli D, Rigo S, Zampieri S, Domenis R, Bembi B, Beltrami CA. A human neuronal model of Niemann Pick C disease developed from stem cells isolated from patient's skin. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:34. [PMID: 23433359 PMCID: PMC3648447 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Niemann Pick C (NPC) disease is a neurovisceral lysosomal storage disorder due to mutations in NPC1 or NPC2 genes, characterized by the accumulation of endocytosed unesterified cholesterol, gangliosides and other lipids within the lysosomes/late endosomes. Even if the neurodegeneration is the main feature of the disease, the analysis of the molecular pathways linking the lipid accumulation and cellular damage in the brain has been challenging due to the limited availability of human neuronal models. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a human neuronal model of NPC disease by inducing neuronal differentiation of multipotent adult stem cells (MASC) isolated from NPC patients. Methods Stem cells were isolated from 3 NPC patients and 3 controls both from skin biopsies and previously established skin fibroblast cultures. Cells were induced to differentiate along a neuronal fate adapting methods previously described by Beltrami et al, 2007. The surface immunophenotype of stem cells was analyzed by FACS. Stem cell and neuronal markers expression were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Intracellular accumulation of cholesterol and gangliosides were assessed by filipin staining and immunofluorescence, respectively. A morphometric analysis was performed using a Neurite outgrowth image program. Results After 3 passages in selective medium, MASC isolated either from skin biopsies or previously established skin fibroblast cultures displayed an antigenic pattern characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells and expressed the stem cell markers Oct-4, Nanog, Sox-2 and nestin. A massive lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol was observed only in cells isolated from NPC patients. After the induction of neural differentiation, remarkable morphologic changes were observed and cells became positive to markers of the neuronal lineage NeuN and MAP2. Differentiated cells from NPC patients displayed characteristic features of NPC disease, they showed intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and GM2 ganglioside and presented morphological differences with respect to cells derived from healthy donors. In conclusion, we generated a human neuronal model of NPC disease through the induction of differentiation of stem cells obtained from patient’s easily accessible sources. The strategy described here may be applied to easily generate human neuronal models of other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Bergamin
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Erickson RP. Current controversies in Niemann-Pick C1 disease: steroids or gangliosides; neurons or neurons and glia. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:215-24. [PMID: 23292954 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been a recent explosion in research on Niemann-Pick type C disease. Much of the work has used mouse models or cells in culture to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in the phenotype of the disease. This work has generated several contrasting views on the mechanism, which are labeled 'controversies' here. In this review, two of these controversies are explored. The first concerns which stored materials are causative in the disease: cholesterol, gangliosides and sphingolipids, or something else? The second concerns which cells in the body require Npc1 in order to function properly: somatic cells, neurons only, or neurons and glia? For the first controversy, a clear answer has emerged. More research will be needed in order to definitively solve the second controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073, USA.
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Pressey SNR, Smith DA, Wong AMS, Platt FM, Cooper JD. Early glial activation, synaptic changes and axonal pathology in the thalamocortical system of Niemann-Pick type C1 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:1086-100. [PMID: 22198570 PMCID: PMC3657200 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease characterised by accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. NPC patients suffer a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype presenting with motor dysfunction, mental retardation and cognitive decline. To examine the onset and progression of neuropathological insults in NPC we have systematically examined the CNS of a mouse model of NPC1 (Npc1−/− mice) at different stages of the disease course. This revealed a specific spatial and temporal pattern of neuropathology in Npc1−/− mice, highlighting that sensory thalamic pathways are particularly vulnerable to loss of NPC1 resulting in neurodegeneration in Npc1−/− mice. Examination of markers of astrocytosis and microglial activation revealed a particularly pronounced reactive gliosis in the thalamus early in the disease, which subsequently also occurred in interconnected cortical laminae at later ages. Our examination of the precise staging of events demonstrate that the relationship between glia and neurons varies between brain regions in Npc1−/− mice, suggesting that the cues causing glial reactivity may differ between brain regions. In addition, aggregations of pre-synaptic markers are apparent in white matter tracts and the thalamus and are likely to be formed within axonal spheroids. Our data provide a new perspective, revealing a number of events that occur prior to and alongside neuron loss and highlighting that these occur in a pathway dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N R Pressey
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre for Cellular Basis of Behaviour, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
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46
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Maue RA, Burgess RW, Wang B, Wooley CM, Seburn KL, Vanier MT, Rogers MA, Chang CC, Chang TY, Harris BT, Graber DJ, Penatti CAA, Porter DM, Szwergold BS, Henderson LP, Totenhagen JW, Trouard TP, Borbon IA, Erickson RP. A novel mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C disease carrying a D1005G-Npc1 mutation comparable to commonly observed human mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:730-50. [PMID: 22048958 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a point mutation in Npc1 that creates a novel mouse model (Npc1(nmf164)) of Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC) disease: a single nucleotide change (A to G at cDNA bp 3163) that results in an aspartate to glycine change at position 1005 (D1005G). This change is in the cysteine-rich luminal loop of the NPC1 protein and is highly similar to commonly occurring human mutations. Genetic and molecular biological analyses, including sequencing the Npc1(spm) allele and identifying a truncating mutation, confirm that the mutation in Npc1(nmf164) mice is distinct from those in other existing mouse models of NPC disease (Npc1(nih), Npc1(spm)). Analyses of lifespan, body and spleen weight, gait and other motor activities, as well as acoustic startle responses all reveal a more slowly developing phenotype in Npc1(nmf164) mutant mice than in mice with the null mutations (Npc1(nih), Npc1(spm)). Although Npc1 mRNA levels appear relatively normal, Npc1(nmf164) brain and liver display dramatic reductions in Npc1 protein, as well as abnormal cholesterol metabolism and altered glycolipid expression. Furthermore, histological analyses of liver, spleen, hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum reveal abnormal cholesterol accumulation, glial activation and Purkinje cell loss at a slower rate than in the Npc1(nih) mouse model. Magnetic resonance imaging studies also reveal significantly less demyelination/dysmyelination than in the null alleles. Thus, although prior mouse models may correspond to the severe infantile onset forms of NPC disease, Npc1(nmf164) mice offer many advantages as a model for the late-onset, more slowly progressing forms of NPC disease that comprise the large majority of human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Maue
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Parra J, Klein AD, Castro J, Morales MG, Mosqueira M, Valencia I, Cortés V, Rigotti A, Zanlungo S. Npc1 deficiency in the C57BL/6J genetic background enhances Niemann-Pick disease type C spleen pathology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:400-6. [PMID: 21910975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive neurovisceral lipid storage disorder. The affected genes are NPC1 and NPC2. Mutations in either gene lead to intracellular cholesterol accumulation. There are three forms of the disease, which are categorized based on the onset and severity of the disease: the infantile form, in which the liver and spleen are severely affected, the juvenile form, in which the liver and brain are affected, and the adult form, which affects the brain. In mice, a spontaneous mutation in the Npc1 gene originated in the BALB/c inbred strain mimics the juvenile form of the disease. To study the influence of genetic background on the expression of NPC disease in mice, we transferred the Npc1 mutation from the BALB/c to C57BL/6J inbred background. We found that C57BL/6J-Npc1(-/-) mice present with a much more aggressive form of the disease, including a shorter lifespan than BALB/c-Npc1(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the amount of cholesterol in the brains of Npc1(-/-) mice of either mouse strain. However, Npc1(-/-) mice with the C57BL/6J genetic background showed striking spleen damage with a marked buildup of cholesterol and phospholipids at an early age, which correlated with large foamy cell clusters. In addition, C57BL/6J Npc1(-/-) mice presented red cell abnormalities and abundant ghost erythrocytes that correlated with a lower hemoglobin concentration. We also found abnormalities in white cells, such as cytoplasmic granulation and neutrophil hypersegmentation that included lymphopenia and atypias. In conclusion, Npc1 deficiency in the C57BL6/J background is associated with spleen, erythrocyte, and immune system abnormalities that lead to a reduced lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
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Vanier MT. Niemann-Pick disease type C. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2010; 5:16. [PMID: 20525256 PMCID: PMC2902432 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C disease (NP-C) is a neurovisceral atypical lysosomal lipid storage disorder with an estimated minimal incidence of 1/120 000 live births. The broad clinical spectrum ranges from a neonatal rapidly fatal disorder to an adult-onset chronic neurodegenerative disease. The neurological involvement defines the disease severity in most patients but is typically preceded by systemic signs (cholestatic jaundice in the neonatal period or isolated spleno- or hepatosplenomegaly in infancy or childhood). The first neurological symptoms vary with age of onset: delay in developmental motor milestones (early infantile period), gait problems, falls, clumsiness, cataplexy, school problems (late infantile and juvenile period), and ataxia not unfrequently following initial psychiatric disturbances (adult form). The most characteristic sign is vertical supranuclear gaze palsy. The neurological disorder consists mainly of cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, dysphagia, and progressive dementia. Cataplexy, seizures and dystonia are other common features. NP-C is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by mutations of either the NPC1 (95% of families) or the NPC2 genes. The exact functions of the NPC1 and NPC2 proteins are still unclear. NP-C is currently described as a cellular cholesterol trafficking defect but in the brain, the prominently stored lipids are gangliosides. Clinical examination should include comprehensive neurological and ophthalmological evaluations. The primary laboratory diagnosis requires living skin fibroblasts to demonstrate accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in perinuclear vesicles (lysosomes) after staining with filipin. Pronounced abnormalities are observed in about 80% of the cases, mild to moderate alterations in the remainder ("variant" biochemical phenotype). Genotyping of patients is useful to confirm the diagnosis in the latter patients and essential for future prenatal diagnosis. The differential diagnosis may include other lipidoses; idiopathic neonatal hepatitis and other causes of cholestatic icterus should be considered in neonates, and conditions with cerebellar ataxia, dystonia, cataplexy and supranuclear gaze palsy in older children and adults. Symptomatic management of patients is crucial. A first product, miglustat, has been granted marketing authorization in Europe and several other countries for specific treatment of the neurological manifestations. The prognosis largely correlates with the age at onset of the neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Vanier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 820, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est Claude Bernard, 7 Rue G, Paradin, F-69008, Lyon, France.
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te Vruchte D, Jeans A, Platt FM, Sillence DJ. Glycosphingolipid storage leads to the enhanced degradation of the B cell receptor in Sandhoff disease mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33:261-70. [PMID: 20458542 PMCID: PMC3779831 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipid storage diseases are a group of inherited metabolic diseases in which glycosphingolipids accumulate due to their impaired lysosomal breakdown. Splenic B cells isolated from NPC1, Sandhoff, GM1-gangliosidosis and Fabry disease mouse models showed large (20- to 30-fold) increases in disease specific glycosphingolipids and up to a 4-fold increase in cholesterol. The magnitude of glycosphingolipid storage was in the order NPC1 > Sandhoff approximately GM1 gangliosidosis > Fabry. Except for Fabry disease, glycosphingolipid storage led to an increase in the lysosomal compartment and altered glycosphingolipid trafficking. In order to investigate the consequences of storage on B cell function, the levels of surface expression of B cell IgM receptor and its associated components were quantitated in Sandhoff B cells, since they are all raft-associated on activation. Both the B cell receptor, CD21 and CD19 had decreased cell surface expression. In contrast, CD40 and MHC II, surface receptors that do not associate with lipid rafts, were unchanged. Using a pulse chase biotinylation procedure, surface B cell receptors on a Sandhoff lymphoblast cell line were found to have a significantly decreased half-life. Increased co-localization of fluorescently conjugated cholera toxin and lysosomes was also observed in Sandhoff B cells. Glycosphingolipid storage leads to the enhanced formation of lysosomal lipid rafts, altered endocytic trafficking and increased degradation of the B cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle te Vruchte
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
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Madra M, Sturley SL. Niemann-Pick type C pathogenesis and treatment: from statins to sugars. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:387-395. [PMID: 21394236 PMCID: PMC3050622 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of the causative genes for Niemann-Pick type C disease, a panethnic lysosomal lipid storage disorder, has provided models of how sterols and other lipids such as glycosphingolipids traverse the membranes of eukaryotic cells. Unfortunately, these molecular advances have yet to reciprocate with a cure for this devastating neurodegenerative disorder where neuronal replenishment will most likely yield the greatest benefit. In the meantime, stabilizing treatment strategies based on the removal of presumably toxic metabolites are in place. For example, the small molecule inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase by miglustat limits ganglioside accumulation and is now the only approved treatment of Niemann-Pick type C. In addition, 2-hydroxypropyl-B-cyclodextrin, a lipid chelator, relieves the lysosomal to endoplasmic reticulum blockage and markedly increases the life expectancy of the murine model. Ultimately, these strategies, targeting the primary biochemical lesion in these cells, and others will likely be combined to provide a synergistic cocktail approach to treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneek Madra
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen L Sturley
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, NY 10032, USA
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