1
|
Joyce MJ, Elliott WH. Competitive inhibitors of rabbit hepatic microsomal steroid 12 alpha-hydroxylase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 879:202-8. [PMID: 3094584 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sterols 7 alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (I) and 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha-diol (II) are competitive inhibitors for rabbit hepatic microsomal preparations of steroid 12 alpha-hydroxylase with apparent Ki values of 56 and 93 microM, respectively. To ascertain the optimum structure for a substrate with maximal enzymic activity, nine sterols or steroidal acids containing the 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-en-3-one or 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha configuration were prepared and studied as inhibitors with enzyme preparations in the presence of NADPH, oxygen and appropriate cofactors. Although each of these compounds exhibited competitive inhibition, the best inhibitor for sterol (I) was 7 alpha,25-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (IV) (Ki 36 microM). Steroidal acids (3-oxo-7 alpha-hydroxychol-4-enoic acid and 3-oxo-7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholene-24-carboxylic acid) were poor inhibitors (Ki 1080 and 654 microM, respectively). For sterol (II) the best inhibitors were sterol (IV) (Ki 35 microM) and 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,25-triol (VIII) (Ki 45 microM). The 12 alpha-hydroxylated products of sterols (I) and (IV) were less tightly bound to the enzyme (Ki 88 and 98 microM, respectively) in the presence of sterol (II). Allochenodeoxycholic acid (Ki 495 microM) was not a good inhibitor for sterol (II). 12 alpha-Hydroxylated products of sterols (IV) and (VIII) were isolated from larger scale incubations, separated by HPLC and identified by mass spectrometry.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kihira K, Shimazu K, Kuwabara M, Yoshii M, Takeuchi H, Nakano I, Ozawa S, Onuki M, Hatta Y, Hoshita T. Bile acid profiles in bile, urine, and feces of a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Steroids 1986; 48:109-19. [PMID: 3660436 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(86)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid profiles of bile, urine, and feces obtained from a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis on the same day have been analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after fractionation into groups by mode of conjugation by an ion-exchange chromatography. The predominant biliary bile acid was cholic acid conjugated with glycine and taurine. Lesser amounts of the amino acid conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, 7-ketodeoxycholic acid, allocholic acid, and deoxycholic acid, and of unconjugated norcholic acid and allonorcholic acid were also present in the bile. The major fecal bile acid was 7-epicholic acid. Relatively large amounts of bile acids were excreted in the urine. Unconjugated 7-epicholic acid, norcholic acid, allonorcholic acid, and cholic acid predominated. The bile acid profiles of the patient were different from those of normal subjects and should be useful for the diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kihira
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Iida T, Chang FC, Matsumoto T, Tamura T. High resolution mass spectra of mono-, di-and trihydroxy stereoisomers of bile acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
5
|
Hiremath SV, Elliott WH. Bile acids. LXIV. Synthesis of 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 25-triol and esters of new 5 alpha-bile acids. Steroids 1981; 38:465-75. [PMID: 7314161 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(81)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the structural requirements of a sterol or bile acid for maximal activity by an hepatic microsomal steroid 12 alpha-hydroxylase prompted the preparation of 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 25-triol and 5 alpha-analogs of 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholane-24-carboxylic acid. Methyl 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholane-24-carboxylate derived from methyl chenodeoxycholate via the Arndt-Eistert reaction was allomerized with Raney nickel in boiling p-cymene to provide a number of product of which methyl 3, 7-dioxo-5 beta- and 5 alpha-cholane-24-carboxylates, methyl 3-oxo-7 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-and 5 alpha-cholane-24-carboxylates, were identified. Reduction with K-Selectride of methyl 3-oxo-7 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-cholane-24-carboxylate, provided a high yield of methyl 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-cholane-24-carboxylate. Treatment of this ester with an excess of methyl magnesium iodide afforded 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 25-triol. The products were characterized by thin-layer and gas liquid chromatography, proton resonance, infrared and mass spectrometry.
Collapse
|
6
|
Parmentier GG, Smets LM, Jannsen GA, Eyssen HJ. Effects of cholesterol feeding on the bile acids of male and female germ-free rats. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 116:365-72. [PMID: 7250132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cholesterol feeding on the intestinal bile acids was studied in male and female germ-free rats. The bile acid pattern of the male animals was not altered considerably by cholesterol supplementation. Bile acids belonging to the chenodeoxycholic acid pathway slightly increased whereas cholic acid decreased. beta-Muricholic acid remained the predominant bile acid in male rats. On the other hand, cholesterol feeding to female germ-free rats substantially changed the intestinal bile acid composition. The concentration of cholic acid fell to one third and that of beta-muricholic acid decreased by about half. On the contrary, the relative amounts of chenodeoxycholic acid, allochenodeoxycholic acid and alpha-muricholic acid increased several times. The most striking sex-linked effect of cholesterol feeding was the occurrence in female rats of a bile acid tentatively identified as 3 alpha, 7 beta-dihydroxy-6-oxo-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid. This bile acid accounted for 16.0% and 26.6% of the total bile acids in the small intestine and in the cecum plus large intestine, respectively. Cholesterol feeding also influenced the sulfation of bile acids in female germ-free rats. In the small intestine the sulfated fraction increased from 1.1% to 2.8% and in cecum plus large intestine from 23.0% to 30.8%. Allochenodeoxycholic acid was the predominant bile acid in the sulfate fraction. The total amount of bile acids in cecum plus large intestine increased from 72.0 to 225.0 mg/kg body weight in male rats and from 64.8 to 231.3 mg/kg body weight in female animals.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hanson R, Szczepanik-Van Leeuwen P, Williams G. Stereochemistry of the side chain oxidation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol in man. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
8
|
|
9
|
Eyssen H, Smets L, Parmentier G, Janssen G. Sex-linked differences in bile acid metabolism of germfree rats. Life Sci 1977; 21:707-12. [PMID: 904444 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
To aid in the identification of trihydroxy acidic metabolite(s) derived from beta-sitosterol, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholan-23-oic acid was prepared and its methyl ester was treated with Raney nickel in boiling p-cymene to provide methyl 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5alpha-cholanate, 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholante and 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-norchol-4-enoate. The latter compound was synthesized from the 3-oxo-5beta-derivative with SeO2 to provide a product with identical properties. Catalytic reduction of either saturated 3-oxo-derivative provided the appropriate 3,7,12-triols isomeric at C-3. Results from gas liquid and partition chromatography, mass spectrometry, and otherr physical properties of the acids, their methyl esters and other derivatives are compatible with the assigned structures.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ali SS, Elliott WH. Bile acids. XLVII. 12alpha-Hydroxylation of precursors of allo bile acids by rabbit liver microsomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 409:249-57. [PMID: 65 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit liver microsomal preparations fortified with 0.1 mM NADPH effectively promote hydroxylation of [3beta-3H]- or [24-14C]allochenodeoxycholic acid or [5alpha,6alpha-3H2]5alpha-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol to their respective 12alpha-hydroxyl derivatives in yields of about 25 or 65% in 60 min. Minor amounts of other products are formed from the diol. The requirements for activity of rabbit liver microsomal 12alpha-hydroxylase resemble those of rat liver microsomes. Of a number of enzyme inhibitors studied only p-chloromercuribenzoate demonstrated a marked ability to inhibit the reaction with either tritiated substrate. There was no difference in the quantity of product produced from the tritiated acid or the 14C-labeled acid. No clear sex difference was found in activity of the enzyme, nor was an appreciable difference noted in activity of the enzyme between mature and immature animals.
Collapse
|
12
|
Siegfried CM, Doisy EA, Elliott WH. Bile acids. XLIV, quantitation of bile acids from the bile fistula rat given (4-14C) cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 380:66-75. [PMID: 1122312 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bile acids derived from [4-14-C]cholesterol administered intracardially to rats with cannulated bile ducts were identified and quantitated. Over a period of 28 days about 90% of the administered 14-C was found in bile of which 73% was retained in the biliary acid fraction. [7beta-3-H]cholic acid, alpha-muri[3beta-3-H]cholic acid, beta-muri[3beta-3-H]cholic acid and litho[3beta-3-H]cholic acid were prepared with specific activities of about 30 muCi/mg by reduction of appropriate ketonic precursors with NaB3H4 and were added to the biliary acid fraction. After separation and purification of the bile acids, cholic, chenodeoxycholic, alpha- and beta-muricholic acids accounted for 70, 16, 7.5 and 6.1%, respectively, of the 14-C in the biliary acid fraction. The specific activities of these isolated 14-C-labeled acids were almost identical. Lithocholic acid accounted for a maximum of 0.2% and ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-oxolithocholic acid could account for no more than 2% of the biliary 14-C. Gas-liquid chromatography on 3% OV-17 of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the methyl esters of the common bile acids of rat bile results in their complete separation and provides a convenient means of estimating the relative proportions of these acids in rat bile. By this method, the relative amounts of the four major acids, cholic, chenodeoxycholic, alpha- and beta-muricholic acids were 63, 20, 8 and 6%, respectively.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ziller SA, Houser PA, Elliott WH. Bile acids. XL. Methyl 3beta, 7beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholanate. An example of dehydrogenation with Raney nickel. Steroids 1974; 23:221-8. [PMID: 4818027 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(74)90153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
14
|
Noll BW, Doisy E, Elliott WH. Bile acids. XXXIX. Metabolism of 5α-cholestane-3β,26-diol and 5α-cholestane-3β,7α,26-triol in the rat with a bile fistula. J Lipid Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
15
|
Noll BW, Ziller SA, Doisy E, Elliott WH. Bile acids. XXXVII. Identification of the 3β isomers of allocholic and allochenodeoxycholic acids as metabolites of 5α-cholestanol in the rat. J Lipid Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
Björkhem I, Gustafsson J. On the conversion of cholestanol into allocholic acid in rat liver. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 18:207-13. [PMID: 5541504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
20
|
|
21
|
von Unruh G, Spiteller G. Tabellen zur massenspektrometrischen strukturaufklärung von steroiden—IV. Tetrahedron 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
22
|
Elliott WH, Walsh LB, Mui MM, Thorne MA, Siegfried CM. Bile acids. 28. Gas chromatography of new bile acids and their derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1969; 44:452-64. [PMID: 5356710 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)92569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|