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Whole genome methylation and transcriptome analyses to identify risk for cerebral palsy (CP) in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGAN). Sci Rep 2021; 11:5305. [PMID: 33674671 PMCID: PMC7935929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth remains the leading identifiable risk factor for cerebral palsy (CP), a devastating form of motor impairment due to developmental brain injury occurring around the time of birth. We performed genome wide methylation and whole transcriptome analyses to elucidate the early pathogenesis of CP in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs). We evaluated peripheral blood cell specimens collected during a randomized trial of erythropoietin for neuroprotection in the ELGAN (PENUT Trial, NCT# 01378273). DNA methylation data were generated from 94 PENUT subjects (n = 47 CP vs. n = 47 Control) on day 1 and 14 of life. Gene expression data were generated from a subset of 56 subjects. Only one differentially methylated region was identified for the day 1 to 14 change between CP versus no CP, without evidence for differential gene expression of the associated gene RNA Pseudouridine Synthase Domain Containing 2. iPathwayGuide meta-analyses identified a relevant upregulation of JAK1 expression in the setting of decreased methylation that was observed in control subjects but not CP subjects. Evaluation of whole transcriptome data identified several top pathways of potential clinical relevance including thermogenesis, ferroptossis, ribosomal activity and other neurodegenerative conditions that differentiated CP from controls.
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Cell type-specific mRNA purification by translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP). Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1282-91. [PMID: 24810037 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular diversity and architectural complexity create barriers to understanding the function of the mammalian CNS at a molecular level. To address this problem, we have recently developed a methodology that provides the ability to profile the entire translated mRNA complement of any genetically defined cell population. This methodology, which we termed translating ribosome affinity purification, or TRAP, combines cell type-specific transgene expression with affinity purification of translating ribosomes. TRAP can be used to study the cell type-specific mRNA profiles of any genetically defined cell type, and it has been used in organisms ranging from Drosophila melanogaster to mice and human cultured cells. Unlike other methodologies that rely on microdissection, cell panning or cell sorting, the TRAP methodology bypasses the need for tissue fixation or single-cell suspensions (and the potential artifacts that these treatments introduce) and reports on mRNAs in the entire cell body. This protocol provides a step-by-step guide to implement the TRAP methodology, which takes 2 d to complete once all materials are in hand.
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Garelick MG, Mackay VL, Yanagida A, Academia EC, Schreiber KH, Ladiges WC, Kennedy BK. Chronic rapamycin treatment or lack of S6K1 does not reduce ribosome activity in vivo. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2493-504. [PMID: 23839034 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing activity of the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway has been shown to extend lifespan in both vertebrate and invertebrate models. For instance, both pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 with the drug rapamycin or S6K1 knockout extends lifespan in mice. Since studies with invertebrate models suggest that reducing translational activity can increase lifespan, we reasoned that the benefits of decreased mTORC1 or S6K1 activity might be due, at least in part, to a reduction of general translational activity. Here, we report that mice given a single dose of rapamycin have reduced translational activity, while mice receiving multiple injections of rapamycin over 4 weeks show no difference in translational activity compared with vehicle-injected controls. Furthermore, mice lacking S6K1 have no difference in global translational activity compared with wild-type littermates as measured by the percentage of ribosomes that are active in multiple tissues. Translational activity is reduced in S6K1-knockout mice following single injection of rapamycin, demonstrating that rapamycin's effects on translation can occur independently of S6K1. Taken together, these data suggest that benefits of chronic rapamycin treatment or lack of S6K1 are dissociable from potential benefits of reduced translational activity, instead pointing to a model whereby changes in translation of specific subsets of mRNAs and/or translation-independent effects of reduced mTOR signaling underlie the longevity benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Garelick
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA; Buck Institute for Age Research; Novato, CA USA
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Ramos FJ, Chen SC, Garelick MG, Dai DF, Liao CY, Schreiber KH, MacKay VL, An EH, Strong R, Ladiges WC, Rabinovitch PS, Kaeberlein M, Kennedy BK. Rapamycin reverses elevated mTORC1 signaling in lamin A/C-deficient mice, rescues cardiac and skeletal muscle function, and extends survival. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:144ra103. [PMID: 22837538 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in LMNA, the gene that encodes A-type lamins, cause multiple diseases including dystrophies of the skeletal muscle and fat, dilated cardiomyopathy, and progeria-like syndromes (collectively termed laminopathies). Reduced A-type lamin function, however, is most commonly associated with skeletal muscle dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy rather than lipodystrophy or progeria. The mechanisms underlying these diseases are only beginning to be unraveled. We report that mice deficient in Lmna, which corresponds to the human gene LMNA, have enhanced mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) signaling specifically in tissues linked to pathology, namely, cardiac and skeletal muscle. Pharmacologic reversal of elevated mTORC1 signaling by rapamycin improves cardiac and skeletal muscle function and enhances survival in mice lacking A-type lamins. At the cellular level, rapamycin decreases the number of myocytes with abnormal desmin accumulation and decreases the amount of desmin in both muscle and cardiac tissue of Lmna(-/-) mice. In addition, inhibition of mTORC1 signaling with rapamycin improves defective autophagic-mediated degradation in Lmna(-/-) mice. Together, these findings point to aberrant mTORC1 signaling as a mechanistic component of laminopathies associated with reduced A-type lamin function and offer a potential therapeutic approach, namely, the use of rapamycin-related mTORC1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fresnida J Ramos
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Effects of Amino Acid Imbalance on Amino Acid Utilization, Protein Synthesis and Polyribosome Function in Cerebral Cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470720059.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
We have investigated the efficiency of heparin, polyvinyl sulfate and yeast RNA (as competitive RNase inhibitors), liver extract (as crude preparation of liver RNase inhibitors) and DEPC (as irreversible non-competitive inhibitor) for the preparation of rat brain polysomes. Sucrose gradient sedimentation profiles, obtained from PMS, were used to determine the optimal concentration of each inhibitor. Diethylpyrocarbonate, whatever the composition of isolation buffer, was found detrimental for brain polysomes. Most of the other inhibitors where found useless or even harmful. A slight positive effect was observed with heparin 0.75 mg/mL both for total yield and sedimentation pattern. It is concluded that the utilisation of most of the widely used RNase inhibitors is of questionnable effectiveness for brain polysome preparation.
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Abstract
Using improved methods to measure brain protein synthesis in vivo (Dunlop et al., 1975) we have established that brain protein synthesis significantly declines in forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem when mature rats (3 months old) are compared to old rats (22.5 months old). The incorporation of (3H) L-lysine into forebrain protein is reduced 11% in 10.5 month old rats compared to 3 month old rats. A further reduction of 9% occurred between 16.5 months and 22.5 months. Our data suggest that reduced levels of protein synthesis initiation may be responsible, at least in part, for this age-related decline.
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Fando JL, Salinas M, Wasterlain CG. Age-dependent changes in brain protein synthesis in the rat. Neurochem Res 1980; 5:373-83. [PMID: 6770276 DOI: 10.1007/bf00964226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain protein synthesis was studied in vivo, in brain slices, and in cell-free systems in rats aged 1, 16, and 24 months. We observed a highly significant reduction in amino acid incorporation with advancing age. This reduction was observed in vivo, in slices, in postmitochondrial supernatant, microsomes, and membrane-bound polysomes. Free heavy polysomes showed no age-dependent decline but formed a smaller proportion of total ribosomes in older animals. These studies suggest that in the rat brain protein synthesis declines before senescence, possibly due to an impairment in the initiation process.
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Fando JL, Wasterlain CG. A simple reproducible cell-free system for measuring brain protein synthesis. Neurochem Res 1980; 5:197-207. [PMID: 7366799 DOI: 10.1007/bf00964332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible cell-free assay system for studying brain protein synthesis is described. This system uses small amounts of brain postmitochondrial supernatant, making it a convenient screening test when only small amounts of tissue are available. It showed over 95% dependence on Mg2+ and on an energy source. Optimal incorporation occurred under the following conditions: Mg2+ 3 mM; ATP, 0.6 mM; GTP, 0.6 mM; high K+, greater than or equal to 25 mM; Low Na+, less than or equal to 15 mM; pH 7.1-7.5. The rate of amino acid incorporation did not vary with leucine concentrations in vitro up to 1 mM, which obviated the need to measure endogenous leucine concentrations.
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Petitjean F, Buda C, Janin M, David M, Jouvet M. [The effect of chloramphenicol on sleep in cat -- comparison with thiamphenicol, erythromycine, and oxytetracycline (author's transl)]. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1979; 66:147-53. [PMID: 231275 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various antibiotics, which inhibit protein synthesis, has been studied on the sleep-waking cycle of cats. Chloramphenicol (CAP) selectively inhibits paradoxical sleep (SP). Thiamphenicol (TAP) and oxytetracycline however are ineffective; erythromycine induces only a small decrease of SP. When CAP is injected after TAP, the SP inhibition is longer than after CAP alone. Combining erythromycine and CAP produces the same effect as one or other of the antibiotic alone, depending only on the interval between administration of the two drugs. Slow wave sleep is decreased only with high doses of CAP and is unaffected by TAP, oxytetracycline or erythromycine. These results suggest that CAP may inhibit a peptide or protein synthesis involved in the mechanisms of SP.
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Liu DK, Matrisian PE. Isolation of ribonuclease-free intact polyribosomes from rat kidney. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 563:445-53. [PMID: 465498 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(79)90063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High levels of RNAase present in rat kidney have prevented isolation of intact polyribosomes from this tissue. This problem has been circumvented by a thorough in situ arterial perfusion of rat kidney, coupled with homogenization of the perfused rat kidney in heparin and detergents-fortified high-speed supernatant prepared from rat liver. This procedure reduced RNAase activity in the homogenate by as much as 70%. Sedimentation of the polyribosomes from this homogenate through a layer of 2.0 M sucrose resulted in a 78--80% yield of polyribosomes from the rat kidney. The resulting polyribosomal pellet contained less than 8% of the RNAase activity present in polyribosomes from non-perfused rat kidney. The remaining RNAase activity was separated from the larger polyribomes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The majority of the polyribosomes were larger than tetramers. This procedure also incrased both the yield and size of polyribosomes from rat and mouse liver.
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van der Saag PT, de Greeff TF. Ribosomal subunits from neonatal mouse brain highly active in polyphenylalanine synthesis. J Neurochem 1979; 32:1423-30. [PMID: 438814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb11080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Strocchi P, Novello F, Montanaro N, Stirpe F. Effect of intraventricularly injected ricin on protein synthesis in rat brain. Neurochem Res 1979; 4:259-68. [PMID: 460522 DOI: 10.1007/bf00964149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ricin, a protein from the seeds of Ricinus communis which inhibits protein synthesis by eukaryotic ribosomes, is highly toxic when injected intraventricularly to rats, the LD50 being 0.241 micrograms/rat at 72 hr and 0.084 micrograms/rat at 7 days. Poisoned animals showed signs of central depression; they did not die before 20 hr of intoxication. Incorporation of amino acids in vivo into brain total protein and into brain ribosomes was impaired, as was protein synthesis in vitro by microsomes isolated from the brain of poisoned rats.
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Abstract
The effect of cerebral hypoxia on protein synthesis was investigated by exposing rats to 5% O2, and examining polypeptide synthesis and size distribution profiles of ribosomes. The findings were compared with the results from cerebral anoxia (decapitation) and hypoglycemia. In cerebral hypoxia there was suppression of polypeptide synthesis, though to a lesser extent than in cerebral anoxia, while no effect was detected in hypoglycemia. Among 4 different ribosomal fractions used for polypeptide synthesis, the microsome was the most sensitive for hypoxia and anoxia, and the polyribosome after short centrifugation was the least sensitive. The size distribution profiles of 3 different ribosomes revealed an increase in the size of the monomere-dimer complex and a decrease of the polysome peak both in cerebral hypoxia and anoxia. Comparison of the energy state and the extent of lactic acidosis in cerebral hypoxia, anoxia and hypoglycemia available in the literature and the functional and structural state of polyribosomes in the present investigation suggests that intracellular acidosis may be the main cause of the suppression of polypeptide synthesis and disaggregation of polyribosomes in hypoxia, and the depletion of energy reserve may be the main cause in anoxia-ischemia.
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Lynch AG, Klein NW. Polysome activity in relation to growth and protein starvation in brains and hearts of cultured early chick embryos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 519:194-203. [PMID: 566560 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, brains but not hearts of intact early chick embryos were found to be sensitive to protein starvation. In this study, the in vitro protein synthetic activity of polysomes isolated from brains was found to be greater than those isolated from hearts. Starvation reduced the protein synthetic activity of polysomes in vitro but the extent of the reduction was approximately the same for both brains and hearts. A reduction in the amount of ribosomes as polysomes may have contributed to the lower synthetic activity of polysomes from tissues of starved embryos but not to the differences in synthetic activities between brains and hearts. In addition, neither the stability of isolated polysomes nor ribosome-associated ribonuclease activity appeared responsible for the differences observed in polysome synthetic activities. In direct relationship to the differential sensitivity of brains and hearts to starvation observed in the intact embryo, ribosomes isolated from brains of both growing and starved embryos were more readily degraded during in vitro incubation than those from hearts.
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Ramaekers F, Rigter H, Leonard BE. Increased membrane-bound polyribosome fraction in the brains of rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. EXPERIENTIA 1977; 33:1326-7. [PMID: 908402 DOI: 10.1007/bf01920160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Strocchi P, Montanaro N, Dall'olio R. Effect of alpha-amanitin on brain RNA and protein synthesis and on retention of avoidance conditioning. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1977; 6:433-7. [PMID: 882580 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(77)90181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a sublethal dose of alpha-amanitin given intraventricularly to rats on retention of passive and active avoidance conditioning has been studied, together with the effect on brain RNA and protein synthesis in vivo. The toxin brings about a significant impairment of retention of both passive and active conditioning in rats poisoned 6 hr or 24 before training. Brain RNA synthesis is decreased at 6 hr after poisoning, whilst protein synthesis decreases at a later stage (not before 12 hr after poisoning). Thus in rats poisoned with alpha-amanitin memory consolidation is impaired when RNA synthesis is decreased, and before protein synthesis is affected.
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Ramsey JC, Steele WJ. Quantitative isolation and properties of nearly homogeneous populations of undegraded free and bound polysomes from rat brain. J Neurochem 1977; 28:517-27. [PMID: 853302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Layman DK, Ricca GA, Richardson A. The effect of age on protein synthesis and ribosome aggregation to messenger RNA in rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:246-54. [PMID: 1259437 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Roberts S, Morelos BS. Role of ribonuclease action in phenylalanine-induced disaggregation of rat cerebral polyribosomes. J Neurochem 1976; 26:387-400. [PMID: 1255200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb04492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Datta RK, Ghosh JJ, Antopol W. Mescaline-induced changes of brain cortex ribosomes. Effect of mescaline on the binding of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid to ribosomes of brain tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:1687-92. [PMID: 4601566 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zomzely-Neurath C, York C, Moore BW. In vitro synthesis of two brain-specific proteins (S100 and 14-3-2) by polyribosomes from rat brain. I. Site of synthesis and programming by polysome-derived messenger RNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 155:58-69. [PMID: 4712448 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(73)80009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Roberts S. Alterations in cerebral protein-synthesizing systems during maturation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1973; 40:277-92. [PMID: 4802996 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Oja SS. Incorporation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan into protein of homogenates from developing rat brain: kinetics of incorporation and reciprocal inhibition. J Neurochem 1972; 19:2057-69. [PMID: 5072383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb05116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Satake M. Some aspects of protein metabolism of the neuron. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1972; 15:189-213. [PMID: 4570281 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Loh HH, Stolman S, Lee CY. Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on the incorporation of 14 C-leucine into rat brain protein. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 1: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1971; 10:1171-80. [PMID: 5139551 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(71)90277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Gispen WH, de Wied D, Schotman P, Jansz HS. Brain stem polysomes and avoidance performance of hypophysectomized rats subjected to peptide treatment. Brain Res 1971; 31:341-51. [PMID: 4328057 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Johnson DE, Sellinger OZ. Protein synthesis in neurons and glial cells of the developing rat brain: an in vivo study. J Neurochem 1971; 18:1445-60. [PMID: 4937302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sellinger OZ, Ohlsson WG, Frankel AJ, Azcurra JM, Petiet PD. A study of the nascent polypeptides synthesized on the free polyribosomes of rat brain in vivo. J Neurochem 1971; 18:1243-60. [PMID: 5000832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lerner MP, Johnson TC. Regulation of protein synthesis in developing mouse brain tissue: in vitro binding of template RNA to brain ribosomes. J Neurochem 1971; 18:193-201. [PMID: 5550084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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MacInnes JW, McConkey EH, Schlesinger K. Changes in brain polyribosomes following an electro-convulsive seizure. J Neurochem 1970; 17:457-60. [PMID: 5494071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1970.tb02236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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39
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40
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Samli MH, Roberts S. Properties of RNA fractions from nuclei of brain cells which stimulate incorporation of amino acids by brain ribosomes. J Neurochem 1969; 16:1565-80. [PMID: 5379235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1969.tb10355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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