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Ascenzi P, De Simone G, Pasquadibisceglie A, Gioia M, Coletta M. Kinetic inequivalence between α and β subunits of ligand dissociation from ferrous nitrosylated human haptoglobin:hemoglobin complexes. A comparison with O 2 and CO dissociation. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 214:111272. [PMID: 33129126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) counterbalances the adverse effects of extra-erythrocytic hemoglobin (Hb) by trapping the αβ dimers of Hb in the bloodstream. In turn, the Hp:Hb complexes display Hb-like reactivity. Here, the kinetics of NO dissociation from ferrous nitrosylated Hp:Hb complexes (i.e., Hp1-1:Hb(II)-NO and Hp2-2:Hb(II)-NO, respectively) are reported at pH 7.0 and 20.0 °C. NO dissociation from Hp:Hb(II)-NO complexes has been followed by replacing NO with CO. Denitrosylation kinetics of Hp1-1:Hb(II)-NO and Hp2-2:Hb(II)-NO are biphasic, the relative amplitude of the fast and slow phase being 0.495 ± 0.015 and 0.485 ± 0.025, respectively. Values of koff(NO)1 and koff(NO)2 (i.e., (6.4 ± 0.8) × 10-5 s-1 and (3.6 ± 0.6) × 10-5 s-1 for Hp1-1:Hb(II)-NO and (5.8 ± 0.8) × 10-5 s-1 and (3.1 ± 0.6) × 10-5 s-1 for Hp2-2:Hb(II)-NO) are unaffected by allosteric effectors and correspond to those reported for the α and β subunits of tetrameric Hb(II)-NO and isolated α(II)-NO and β(II)-NO chains, respectively. This highlights the view that the conformation of the Hb α1β1 and α2β2 dimers matches that of the Hb high affinity conformation. Moreover, the observed functional heterogeneity reflects the variation of energy barriers for the ligand detachment and exit pathway(s) associated to the different structural arrangement of the two subunits in the nitrosylated R-state. Noteworthy, the extent of the inequivalence of α and β chains is closely similar for the O2, NO and CO dissociation in the R-state, suggesting that it is solely determined by the structural difference between the two subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 79, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Magda Gioia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126, Bari, Italy
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di Masi A, De Simone G, Ciaccio C, D'Orso S, Coletta M, Ascenzi P. Haptoglobin: From hemoglobin scavenging to human health. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 73:100851. [PMID: 32660714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) belongs to the family of acute-phase plasma proteins and represents the most important plasma detoxifier of hemoglobin (Hb). The basic Hp molecule is a tetrameric protein built by two α/β dimers. Each Hp α/β dimer is encoded by a single gene and is synthesized as a single polypeptide. Following post-translational protease-dependent cleavage of the Hp polypeptide, the α and β chains are linked by disulfide bridge(s) to generate the mature Hp protein. As human Hp gene is characterized by two common Hp1 and Hp2 alleles, three major genotypes can result (i.e., Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2). Hp regulates Hb clearance from circulation by the macrophage-specific receptor CD163, thus preventing Hb-mediated severe consequences for health. Indeed, the antioxidant and Hb binding properties of Hp as well as its ability to stimulate cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and to modulate the helper T-cell type 1 and type 2 balance significantly associate with a variety of pathogenic disorders (e.g., infectious diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer). Alternative functions of the variants Hp1 and Hp2 have been reported, particularly in the susceptibility and protection against infectious (e.g., pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria) and non-infectious (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity) diseases. Both high and low levels of Hp are indicative of clinical conditions: Hp plasma levels increase during infections, inflammation, and various malignant diseases, and decrease during malnutrition, hemolysis, hepatic disease, allergic reactions, and seizure disorders. Of note, the Hp:Hb complexes display heme-based reactivity; in fact, they bind several ferrous and ferric ligands, including O2, CO, and NO, and display (pseudo-)enzymatic properties (e.g., NO and peroxynitrite detoxification). Here, genetic, biochemical, biomedical, and biotechnological aspects of Hp are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133, Roma, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Orso
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133, Roma, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146, Roma, Italy.
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Ascenzi P, De Simone G, Tundo GR, Coletta M. Kinetics of cyanide and carbon monoxide dissociation from ferrous human haptoglobin:hemoglobin(II) complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:351-360. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ligand-dependent inequivalence of the α and β subunits of ferric human hemoglobin bound to haptoglobin. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 202:110814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Oxygen dissociation from ferrous oxygenated human hemoglobin:haptoglobin complexes confirms that in the R-state α and β chains are functionally heterogeneous. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6780. [PMID: 31043649 PMCID: PMC6494993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of extra-erythrocytic hemoglobin (Hb) are counterbalanced by several plasma proteins devoted to facilitate the clearance of free heme and Hb. In particular, haptoglobin (Hp) traps the αβ dimers of Hb, which are delivered to the reticulo-endothelial system by CD163 receptor-mediated endocytosis. Since Hp:Hb complexes show heme-based reactivity, kinetics of O2 dissociation from the ferrous oxygenated human Hp1-1:Hb and Hp2-2:Hb complexes (Hp1-1:Hb(II)-O2 and Hp2-2:Hb(II)-O2, respectively) have been determined. O2 dissociation from Hp1-1:Hb(II)-O2 and Hp2-2:Hb(III)-O2 follows a biphasic process. The relative amplitude of the fast and slow phases ranges between 0.47 and 0.53 of the total amplitude, with values of koff1 (ranging between 25.6 ± 1.4 s-1 and 29.1 ± 1.3 s-1) being about twice faster than those of koff2 (ranging between 13.8 ± 1.6 s-1 and 16.1 ± 1.2 s-1). Values of koff1 and koff2 are essentially the same independently on whether O2 dissociation has been followed after addition of a dithionite solution or after O2 displacement by a CO solution in the presence of dithionite. They correspond to those reported for the dissociation of the first O2 molecule from tetrameric Hb(II)-O2, indicating that in the R-state α and β chains are functionally heterogeneous and the tetramer and the dimer behave identically. Accordingly, the structural conformation of the α and β chains of the Hb dimer bound to Hp corresponds to that of the subunits of the Hb tetramer in the R-state.
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Fluoride and azide binding to ferric human hemoglobin:haptoglobin complexes highlights the ligand-dependent inequivalence of the α and β hemoglobin chains. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:247-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ascenzi P, Coletta M. Peroxynitrite Detoxification by Human Haptoglobin:Hemoglobin Complexes: A Comparative Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11100-11107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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Ascenzi P, De Simone G, Polticelli F, Gioia M, Coletta M. Reductive nitrosylation of ferric human hemoglobin bound to human haptoglobin 1-1 and 2-2. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:437-445. [PMID: 29605886 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) sequesters hemoglobin (Hb) preventing the Hb-based damage occurring upon its physiological release into plasma. Here, reductive nitrosylation of ferric human hemoglobin [Hb(III)] bound to human haptoglobin (Hp) 1-1 and 2-2 [Hp1-1:Hb(III) and Hp2-2:Hb(III), respectively] has been investigated between pH 7.5 and 9.5, at T=20.0 °C. Over the whole pH range explored, only one process is detected reflecting NO binding to Hp1-1:Hb(III) and Hp2-2:Hb(III). Values of the pseudo-first-order rate constant for Hp1-1:Hb(III) and Hp2-2:Hb(III) nitrosylation (k) do not depend linearly on the ligand concentration but tend to level off. The conversion of Hp1-1:Hb(III)-NO to Hp1-1:Hb(II)-NO and of Hp2-2:Hb(III)-NO to Hp2-2:Hb(II)-NO is limited by the OH-- and H2O-based catalysis. In fact, bimolecular NO binding to Hp1-1:Hb(III), Hp2-2:Hb(III), Hp1-1:Hb(II), and Hp2-2:Hb(II) proceeds very rapidly. The analysis of data allowed to determine the values of the dissociation equilibrium constant for Hp1-1:Hb(III) and Hp2-2:Hb(III) nitrosylation [K = (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10-4 M], which is pH-independent, and of the first-order rate constant for Hp1-1:Hb(III) and Hp2-2:Hb(III) conversion to Hp1-1:Hb(II)-NO and Hp2-2:Hb(II)-NO, respectively (k'). From the dependence of k' on [OH-], values of hOH- [(4.9 ± 0.6) × 103 M-1 s-1 and (6.79 ± 0.7) × 103 M-1 s-1, respectively] and of [Formula: see text] [(2.6 ± 0.3) × 10-3 s-1] were determined. Values of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for Hp1-1:Hb(III) and Hp2-2:Hb(III) reductive nitrosylation match well with those of the Hb R-state, which is typical of the αβ dimers of Hb bound to Hp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via Della Vasca Navale 79, 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy.,Roma Tre Section, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Mollan TL, Jia Y, Banerjee S, Wu G, Kreulen RT, Tsai AL, Olson JS, Crumbliss AL, Alayash AI. Redox properties of human hemoglobin in complex with fractionated dimeric and polymeric human haptoglobin. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:265-77. [PMID: 24486321 PMCID: PMC4104362 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) is an abundant and conserved plasma glycoprotein, which binds acellular adult hemoglobin (Hb) dimers with high affinity and facilitates their rapid clearance from circulation after hemolysis. Humans possess three main phenotypes of Hp, designated Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1, and Hp 2-2. These variants exhibit diverse structural configurations and have been reported to be functionally nonequivalent. We have investigated the functional and redox properties of Hb-Hp complexes prepared using commercially fractionated Hp and found that all forms exhibit similar behavior. The rate of Hb dimer binding to Hp occurs with bimolecular rate constants of ~0.9 μM(-1) s(-1), irrespective of the type of Hp assayed. Although Hp binding does accelerate the observed rate of HbO2 autoxidation by dissociating Hb tetramers into dimers, the rate observed for these bound dimers is three- to fourfold slower than that of Hb dimers free in solution. Co-incubation of ferric Hb with any form of Hp inhibits heme loss to below detectable levels. Intrinsic redox potentials (E1/2) of the ferric/ferrous pair of each Hb-Hp complex are similar, varying from +54 to +59 mV (vs NHE), and are essentially the same as reported by us previously for Hb-Hp complexes prepared from unfractionated Hp. All Hb-Hp complexes generate similar high amounts of ferryl Hb after exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Electron paramagnetic resonance data indicate that the yields of protein-based radicals during this process are approximately 4 to 5% and are unaffected by the variant of Hp assayed. These data indicate that the Hp fractions examined are equivalent to one another with respect to Hb binding and associated stability and redox properties and that this result should be taken into account in the design of phenotype-specific Hp therapeutics aimed at countering Hb-mediated vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Mollan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yiping Jia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | | | - Gang Wu
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John S Olson
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | | | - Abdu I Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Bonaventura C, Henkens R, Alayash AI, Banerjee S, Crumbliss AL. Molecular controls of the oxygenation and redox reactions of hemoglobin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2298-313. [PMID: 23198874 PMCID: PMC4047995 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The broad classes of O(2)-binding proteins known as hemoglobins (Hbs) carry out oxygenation and redox functions that allow organisms with significantly different physiological demands to exist in a wide range of environments. This is aided by allosteric controls that modulate the protein's redox reactions as well as its O(2)-binding functions. RECENT ADVANCES The controls of Hb's redox reactions can differ appreciably from the molecular controls for Hb oxygenation and come into play in elegant mechanisms for dealing with nitrosative stress, in the malarial resistance conferred by sickle cell Hb, and in the as-yet unsuccessful designs for safe and effective blood substitutes. CRITICAL ISSUES An important basic principle in consideration of Hb's redox reactions is the distinction between kinetic and thermodynamic reaction control. Clarification of these modes of control is critical to gaining an increased understanding of Hb-mediated oxidative processes and oxidative toxicity in vivo. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review addresses emerging concepts and some unresolved questions regarding the interplay between the oxygenation and oxidation reactions of structurally diverse Hbs, both within red blood cells and under acellular conditions. Developing methods that control Hb-mediated oxidative toxicity will be critical to the future development of Hb-based blood substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Bonaventura
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
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Banerjee S, Jia Y, Siburt CJP, Abraham B, Wood F, Bonaventura C, Henkens R, Crumbliss AL, Alayash AI. Haptoglobin alters oxygenation and oxidation of hemoglobin and decreases propagation of peroxide-induced oxidative reactions. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1317-26. [PMID: 22841869 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We compared oxygenation and anaerobic oxidation reactions of a purified complex of human hemoglobin (Hb) and haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) to those of uncomplexed Hb. Under equilibrium conditions, Hb-Hp exhibited active-site heterogeneity and noncooperative, high-affinity O(2) binding (n(1/2)=0.88, P(1/2)=0.33 mm Hg in inorganic phosphate buffer at pH 7 and 25 °C). Rapid-reaction kinetics also exhibited active-site heterogeneity, with a slower process of O(2) dissociation and a faster process of CO binding relative to uncomplexed Hb. Deoxygenated Hb-Hp had significantly reduced absorption at the λ(max) of 430 nm relative to uncomplexed Hb, as occurs for isolated Hb subunits that lack T-state stabilization. Under comparable experimental conditions, the redox potential (E(1/2)) of Hb-Hp was found to be +54 mV, showing that it is much more easily oxidized than uncomplexed Hb (E(1/2)=+125 mV). The Nernst plots for Hb-Hp oxidation showed no cooperativity and slopes less than unity indicated active-site heterogeneity. The redox potential of Hb-Hp was unchanged by pH over the range of 6.4-8.3. Exposure of Hb-Hp to excess hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) produced ferryl heme, which was found to be more kinetically inert in the Hb-Hp complex than in uncomplexed Hb. The negative shift in the redox potential of Hb-Hp and its stabilized ferryl state may be central elements in the protection against Hb-induced oxidative damage afforded by formation of the Hb-Hp complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambuddha Banerjee
- Chemistry Department, French Family Science Center, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA
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Bispo JAC, Landini GF, Santos JLR, Norberto DR, Bonafe CFS. Tendency for oxidation of annelid hemoglobin at alkaline pH and dissociated states probed by redox titration. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 141:498-504. [PMID: 15982915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The redox titration of extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (Annelidea) was investigated in different pH conditions and after dissociation induced by pressure. Oxidation increased with increasing pH, as shown by the reduced amount of ferricyanide necessary for the oxidation of hemoglobin. This behavior was the opposite of that of vertebrate hemoglobins. The potential of half oxidation (E1/2) changed from -65.3 to +146.8 mV when the pH increased from 4.50 to 8.75. The functional properties indicated a reduction in the log P50 from 1.28 to 0.28 in this pH range. The dissociation at alkaline pH or induced by high pressure, confirmed by HPLC gel filtration, suggested that disassembly of the hemoglobin could be involved in the increased potential for oxidation. These results suggest that the high stability and prolonged lifetime common to invertebrate hemoglobins is related to their low tendency to oxidize at acidic pH, in contrast to vertebrate hemoglobins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ailton Conceicao Bispo
- Laboratório de Termodinâmica de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
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Simonneaux G, Bondon A. Mechanism of Electron Transfer in Heme Proteins and Models: The NMR Approach. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2627-46. [PMID: 15941224 DOI: 10.1021/cr030731s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Simonneaux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organométallique et Biologique, UMR CNRS 6509, Institut de Chimie, Université de Rennes 1, France.
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Abstract
The titratable potentiometric response of hemoglobin (Hb) induced by adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is observed. The concentration-dependent effect of ATP on the anaerobic redox reaction of the protein at pH 7.0 reflects that ATP will induce stabilization of the reduced state and destabilization of the R-like (met Fe(III)) state of the metHb, when ATP concentration is lower than 3.0 mM. But when ATP concentration is between 4 and 7 mM, shift of the oxidation potential may also be observed. With reference to the study of adenosine, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, adenosine-5'-diphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, the allosteric effect of ATP on Hb is discussed extensively. This study has given an electrochemical approach to the investigation of effect of ATP, an in vivo allosteric effector, on Hb in the physiological concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Taboy CH, Bonaventura C, Crumbliss AL. Anaerobic oxidations of myoglobin and hemoglobin by spectroelectrochemistry. Methods Enzymol 2002; 353:187-209. [PMID: 12078494 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)53048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline H Taboy
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Taboy CH, Bonaventura C, Crumbliss AL. Spectroelectrochemistry of heme proteins: effects of active-site heterogeneity on Nernst plots. BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 1999; 48:79-86. [PMID: 10228573 DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(98)00236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to detect and model the effect of functional chain heterogeneity on Nernst plots for heme proteins, we examined the redox properties of various myoglobins (Mbs) and their mixtures using an improved spectroelectrochemical method. Specific redox responses and formal half potentials (E1/2) were obtained for Aplysia, horse, and sperm whale Mbs, as well as 1:1 mixtures of Mbs consisting of Aplysia/sperm whale, sperm whale/horse, and horse/Aplysia. Linear Nernst plots with slopes near unity were observed for horse, sperm whale, and Aplysia Mbs, with E1/2 values of 14, 19, and 96 mV (vs. NHE) respectively, consistent with previous reports using indirect methods. The Nernst plot responses for mixtures of some of these Mbs allowed us to evaluate and model the non-Nernstian behavior that results from intrinsically different values of E1/2 and from incomplete spectral overlap. The data demonstrate that increasing the E1/2 differences between the components of a Mb mixture increases the changes in shape of the resulting Nernst plots, the dominant effect being a decrease in the observed Nernst coefficient (nNernst). Comparison of Nernst plots for redox data with Hill plots for O2 binding data shows that the redox process is more affected by the structural differences in the distal heme pockets of the Mbs studied than is O2 binding. Similar effects of chain heterogeneity may give rise to disproportionate reductions in the slopes of Nernst and Hill plots for hemoglobins (Hbs). This possibility is discussed in relation to Hbs investigated for redox and O2 binding activity in our laboratories where we find nNernst to be commonly less than nHill over a range of experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Taboy
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA
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Faulkner KM, Bonaventura C, Crumbliss AL. A spectroelectrochemical method for differentiation of steric and electronic effects in hemoglobins and myoglobins. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:13604-12. [PMID: 7775411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.23.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectroelectrochemical techniques are described which enable us to compare anion effects on redox curves of structurally distinct hemoglobins with oxygenation curves obtained under equivalent conditions. Nernst plots for tetrameric vertebrate Hbs show evidence of cooperativity, with the T state conformation more resistant to oxidation than the R state. Anions shift the conformation toward the T state and decrease the ease of oxidation, with variations in anion sensitivity similar to those observed in oxygen equilibria. Oxygen binding, unlike electron exchange, is known to be subject to steric constraints that vary considerably in natural and engineered hemoglobins that have differences in the distal residues of the heme pocket. Since oxidation curves are not subject to steric hindrance, anion-induced differences between the oxidation and oxygenation curves can be indicative of anion-induced alterations in the stereochemistry of the heme pocket that alters the ease of ligand entry or exit. Addition of inositol hexaphosphate to solutions of Hb A in 0.2 M nitrate generates such differences: the ease of electron abstraction from deoxy (T state) Hb A is unaffected, while, as previously reported, the oxygenation of deoxy (T state) Hb A is greatly hindered. The difference between inositol hexaphosphate effects on initial stages of oxidation and oxygenation indicates that the explanation for "multiple T states" in oxygen binding lies in the ability of the polyanion to greatly increase steric hindrance to ligand entry, without appreciable changes in the electronic features of the heme environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, USA
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19
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Shibayama N, Imai K, Morimoto H, Saigo S. Oxygen equilibrium properties of asymmetric nickel(II)-iron(II) hybrid hemoglobin. Biochemistry 1993; 32:8792-8. [PMID: 8364027 DOI: 10.1021/bi00085a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric Ni(II)-Fe(II) hybrid hemoglobin, XL[alpha(Fe)beta(Fe)][alpha(Ni)beta(Ni)], in which the alpha 1 beta 1 dimer containing ferrous protoporphyrin IX and the complementary alpha 2 beta 2 dimer containing Ni(II) protoporphyrin IX were cross-linked between Lys-82 beta 1 and Lys-82 beta 2 by reaction with bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate, was synthesized and characterized. We have previously shown that (i) Ni(II) protoporphyrin IX, which binds neither oxygen nor carbon monoxide, mimics a fixed deoxyheme with respect to its effect on the oxygen equilibrium properties of the counterpart iron subunits in both symmetric Ni(II)-Fe(II) hybrid Hbs [Shibayama, N., Morimoto, H., & Miyazaki, G. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 192, 323-329] and (ii) the cross-linking used in this study little affects the oxygen equilibrium properties of hemoglobin [Shibayama, N., Imai, K., Hirata, H., Hiraiwa, H., Morimoto, H., & Saigo, S. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 8158-8165]. These remarkable features of our model allowed us to measure the oxygen equilibrium curves for the first two steps of oxygen binding to the alpha 1 beta 1 dimer within the hemoglobin tetramer. At all pH values examined, the affinities of this asymmetric hybrid for the first oxygen molecule are as low as those of native hemoglobin. The hybrid did not show cooperative oxygen binding at pH 6.4, while significant cooperativity was observed with rising pH; i.e., the Hill coefficient was increased from 1.41 to 1.53 upon a pH change from 7.4 to 8.4. The electronic absorption spectrum of Ni(II) protoporphyrin IX in the alpha 2 subunit was changed upon carbon monoxide (or oxygen) binding to the alpha 1 beta 1 dimer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shibayama
- Department of Physics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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20
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Perrella M, Shrager RI, Ripamonti M, Manfredi G, Berger RL, Rossi-Bernardi L. Mechanism of the oxidation reaction of deoxyhemoglobin as studied by isolation of the intermediates suggests tertiary structure dependent cooperativity. Biochemistry 1993; 32:5233-8. [PMID: 8494900 DOI: 10.1021/bi00070a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intermediates in the oxidation of deoxyhemoglobin by ferricyanide in 0.1 M KCl, at 20 degrees C and three pH values, were studied by cryogenic techniques. Data analysis was carried out according to a simple four rate constant model, ignoring the functional heterogeneity of the subunits, to simulate the time courses of the oxidation reaction, as studied by the stopped-flow technique [Antonini et al., (1965) Biochemistry 4, 345], which show anticooperativity at neutral pH and cooperativity at alkaline pH. Data analysis according to a 12 rate constant model indicated that the rate of oxidation of the beta subunit in the first oxidation reaction was 4 times faster than the rate of oxidation of the alpha subunit at pH 6.2 and 12 times faster at pH 8.5. The reactions involving the alpha subunit were noncooperative except for the last oxidation step at acid and neutral pH, but were cooperative at alkaline pH. The reactions involving the beta subunit were partly noncooperative and partly anticooperative. These complex mechanistic patterns suggest that a simple two-state model requiring the concerted transition of the tertiary structures of the subunits from the T to the R conformation is not adequate to interpret the oxidation reaction and that tertiary structures contribute, positively and negatively, to cooperativity. A structural hypothesis is suggested to explain the difference in the reactivities of the alpha and beta subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perrella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, University of Milano, Italy
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22
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Mansouri A. Non-equivalent behavior of alpha and beta subunits in methemoglobin reduction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 579:191-9. [PMID: 465529 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Yamada T, Marini CP, Cassatt JC. Oxidation-reduction reactions of hemoglobin A, hemoglobin M Iwate, and hemoglobin M Hyde Park. Biochemistry 1978; 17:231-6. [PMID: 619989 DOI: 10.1021/bi00595a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and equilibrium of the redox reactions of hemoglobin A, hemoglobin M Iwate, and hemoglobin M Hyde Park using the iron (II) and iron (III) complexes of trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (CDTA4-) as the reducing and oxidizing agents have been studied. With respect to the equilibrium it was found that hemoglobin M Iwate (where the beta chains were reduced) was more readily reduced than hemoglobin M Hyde Park (where the alpha chains are reduced). This difference was shown to be a result of a difference in the rate constant for reduction but not oxidation. The observed rate contants for the reduction of all three hemoglobins were shown to decrease with increasing pH. This was attributed to a decrease in the [T]/[R] ratio. The observed rate contants for the oxidation reaction were shown to increase with increasing pH. Accompanying this increase was a change in the kinetic profile for hemoglobin A from pseudo first order to one in which the rate increased as the extent of reaction increased. Inositol hexaphosphate had no effect on the rate of oxidation of deoxyhemoglobin A. This was a result of binding of FeCDTA2- or HCDTA3- to the protein. However, in the presence of inositol hexaphosphate, the reduction of methemoglobin A exhibited biphasic kinetics. This result was interpreted in terms of the production of a small amount of a conformation which was more readily reduced.
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Banerjee R, Lhoste JM. Non-equivalence of human hemoglobin chains in the oxidation-reduction and heme-transfer reactions. A 13C nuclear-Magnetic-resonance study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 67:349-56. [PMID: 964247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
12C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been applied to the investigation of chain non-equivalence for two reactions of human hemoglobin: oxidation-reduction and hemetransfer. The method is based on previous observations that in the carbonyl region, Hb13CO gives two well-resolved resonances which arise from 13C of carbonyls bound respectively to the alpha and beta chains; moreover, integration of spectra allows on e to estimate their relative abundance. A mixture of ferrous and ferric hemoglobins in dye-mediated oxidation-reduction equilibrium can be formally considered to be equivalent to two redox couples in equilibrium, namely alphaIII/alphaII and betaIII/betaII; from a knowledge of these ratios, one can conclude whether the chains are equivalent or not in their oxidation-reduction properties. In this work, these ratios were evaluated by reacting the redox systems with 13CO and integrating the 13C NMR spectra. The results show differences in the intrinsic oxidation-reduction potentials of the chains in hemoglobin tetramer, E1/2(beta)being higher than E1/2(alpha)in neutral solution but not at pH9 and above. The binding of inositol hexakisphosphate does not modify the difference between beta and alpha though substantially increasing the overall potential The results are discussed in the light of current hypotheses to account for the change of Hill coefficient with pH for the reaction studied. The non-equivalence of chains is shown also for heme transfer from methemoglobin. For the phosphate-free protein, the beta chains lose heme more rapidly than that alpha chains; the addition of inositol hexakisphosphate results in the decrease of overall heme transfer as well as of chain heterogeneity.
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Lavialle F, Rogard M, Alfsen A. Haptoglobin--haemoglobin interaction. Heterogeneity of the haptoglobin 1-1 molecule in its binding affinity for horse R/E-hemoglobin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 64:287-93. [PMID: 945159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of two different complexes when haptoglobin (Hp) and haemoglobin (Hb) are mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio is demonstrated by isoelectrofocusing. In these two complexes, the affinity of Hp for Hb is shown to be different, since Hb can be displaced only from one of the complexes, by a further addition of Hp. This is confirmed by a quantitative study of the reaction stoichiometry, when [Hp]/[Hb] = 1 and [Hp]/[Hb] greater than 1, which allows an evaluation of the amount of each complex formed. All these data cannot be explained other than by the existence of two forms of Hp molecule and a reaction scheme which fits these experiments is proposed.
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Baldwin JM. Structure and function of haemoglobin. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1976; 29:225-320. [PMID: 738 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(76)90024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Colson-Guastalla H, Aymard C, Chambon JP, Michel F. Studies on free or haptoglobin-bound hemoglobin and derivatives (semihemoglobins and porphyrinated semihemoglobins). Some aspects of their peroxidatic activity. Biochimie 1975; 57:1035-44. [PMID: 1222141 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(75)80359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The peroxidatic activity of hemoglobin (Hb) is known to be enhanced when this hemoprotein is bound to haptoglobin (Hp). The peroxidatic reaction (H2O2, guaiacol as donor) has been kinetically studied (Steady-state) in the presence of free or rabbit-haptoglobin bound human hemoglobin and some of its derivatives, all in ferricyano-form. With free Hb+ CN, we observed linearity of Lineweaver and Burk plots in a wide range of concentrations, the donor's behaviour was therefore assumed to obey the Michaelis-Menten mechanism. When Hp-Hb+ CN is the enzyme, the donor's behaviour is more complicated, analysis shows the existence of two kinds of donor's binding sites. The possibility whether this behaviour might correspond to the intrinsic properties of Hb chains, as revealed after combination with Hp, was examined. The peroxidatic activity of free and Hp-bound alpha and beta chains of Hb were studied. The alpha chains of Hb combine with Hp whereas the beta chains fail to do so. In order to make useful comparisons, the peroxidatic activity of Hp-bound alpha and beta chains were studied by the use of Hp-semihemoglobin complexes where the semihemoglobins carried heme on only one type of chain (alpha or beta). Results did not show an evident correlation between the activities of the two free or bound types of chains and those of the two classes of binding sites revealed in Hp-Hb+ CN. Moreover, it appeared that the heme-free complementary chain might influence the activity of the heme-carrying alpha or beta chain in semihemoglobins and Hp-semihemoglobin complexes. The binding or protoporphyrin on free and Hp-bound semihemoglobins leads to species which exhibit structures close to that of Hb and Hp-Hb complex respectivley. Results of studies on these derivatives brought up new interesting data : when the porphyrin ring alone is bound to the heme deficient chains (alpha or beta), in Hp-semihemoglobin complexes, the same peculiar behaviour, already observed with Hp-Hb complex, is found again. The structural implications of these results are discussed.
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Abraham EC, Taylor JF. Oxidation-reduction potentials of human fetal hemoglobin and gamma chains. Effects of blocking sulfhydryl groups. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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The effect of functional differences in the alpha and beta chains on the cooperativity of the osidation reduction reaction of hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Kawamura K, Kagiyama S, Ogawa A, Yanase T. Kinetics of peroxidase activity, absorption spectra and oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin-haptoglobin I-I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 285:22-7. [PMID: 4653336 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(72)90176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Waks M, Kahn PC, Beychok S. Studies on the structures of haptoglobin 1-1 and hemoglobin in the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45:1232-9. [PMID: 5135507 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Brunori M, Saggese U, Rotilio GC, Antonini E, Wyman J. Redox equilibrium of sperm-whale myoglobin, Aplysia myoglobin, and Chironomus thummi hemoglobin. Biochemistry 1971; 10:1604-9. [PMID: 5580671 DOI: 10.1021/bi00785a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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33
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Pavlícek Z, Jaenicke R. On the mechanism of hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex formation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 18:305-12. [PMID: 5100827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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MacQuarrie RA, Gibson QH. Functional Heterogeneity of the α and β Chains in the Oxidation-Reduction Reaction of Human Hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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35
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Alfsen A, Chiancone E, Antonini E, Waks M, Wyman J. Studies on the reaction of haptoglobin with hemoglobin and hemoglobin chains. 3. Observations on the kinetics of the reaction of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes with carbon monoxide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 207:395-403. [PMID: 5452667 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2795(70)80003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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36
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Waks M, Alfsen A, Schwaiger S, Mayer A. Structural studies of haptoglobins.3. Interactions with hemoglobin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 132:268-78. [PMID: 5816150 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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37
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Reichlin M, Udem L, Ranney HM. The effect of specific antibody on the oxygen equilibrium of human hemoglobin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 175:49-54. [PMID: 4179658 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(69)90144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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