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Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Mondanell G, Downer EJ, Hossain MJ, Gran B. Delineating the Role of Toll-Like Receptors in the Neuro-inflammation Model EAE. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:383-411. [PMID: 26803641 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most relevant and commonly used animal model to study autoimmune demyelinating diseases like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In EAE, the activation of CD4+ T-cells is considered to be the main trigger leading to inflammation and central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most important and first class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune system and play critical roles in initiating inflammatory responses and promoting adaptive immune responses due to their ability to recognize a wide range of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and being expressed in a wide range of cell types both in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Upon TLR stimulation by appropriate ligand, innate immune cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and can serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to prime naïve T cells to recognize antigens. Thus, TLRs play an important role in linking the innate to the adaptive immune response. To date, large numbers of studies have been done to investigate the role of adaptive immunity in both EAE and MS but delineating the role of innate immunity in EAE received very little focus and appreciation taking into account that it might contribute to both the initiation and progression of the disease. Moreover, EAE is not only a model to study inflammatory demyelination in the CNS; it is in general a model to study cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune conditions. Roles of different TLRs were studied in relation to EAE and MS. More recently, some studies demonstrated the immune adjuvant properties of certain TLR ligands including TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in EAE. This chapter outlines different methods employed in our labs to investigate the role of TLRs in EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric J Downer
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Md Jakir Hossain
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, C Floor South Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, C Floor South Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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2
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Active immunization with proteolipid protein (190-209) induces ascending paralysing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C3H/HeJ mice. J Immunol Methods 2010; 367:27-32. [PMID: 21199659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that shares clinical and pathophysiological feature with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is commonly used as an animal model for the human disease. Upon active immunization, different myelin proteins and other neuronal antigens are known to induce EAE in susceptible mouse strains. However, there are rodent strains reputed to be resistant to actively-induced EAE and the correct combination of animal strains and their respective autoantigen is absolutely critical as some antigens are encephalitogenic in one animal strain, but not in another. Here we describe actively-induced EAE in C3H/HeJ mice with different myelin peptides. Whereas no clinical signs could be found by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55, significant weight loss as well as rapidly occurring severe ascending paralysis was found in animals immunized with proteolipid protein 190-209 (PLP(190-209)). Histologically, this form of EAE was characterized by predominant involvement of the spinal cord. As PLP is one of the major lipid antigens putatively involved in the pathogenesis of MS, this model may be useful for further studies of the disease.
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3
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Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. EAE is initiated by immunization with myelin antigens in adjuvant or by adoptive transfer of myelin-specific T cells, resulting in inflammatory infiltrates and demyelination in the central nervous system. Induction of EAE in rodents typically results in ascending flaccid paralysis with inflammation primarily targeting the spinal cord. This protocol describes passive induction of EAE by adoptive transfer of T cells isolated from mice primed with myelin antigens into naïve mice. The advantages of using this method versus active induction of EAE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M Stromnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Box 357650, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650, USA
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4
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Abstract
This protocol details a method to actively induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used animal model for studies of multiple sclerosis. EAE is induced by stimulating T-cell-mediated immunity to myelin antigens. Active induction of EAE is accomplished by immunization with myelin antigens emulsified in adjuvant. This protocol focuses on induction of EAE in mice; however, the same principles apply to EAE induction in other species. EAE in rodents is manifested typically as ascending flaccid paralysis with inflammation targeting the spinal cord. However, more diverse clinical signs can occur in certain strain/antigen combinations in rodents and in other species, reflecting increased inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M Stromnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Box 357650, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650, USA
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5
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Seamons A, Sutton J, Bai D, Baird E, Bonn N, Kafsack BFC, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Beeson C, Goverman J. Competition between two MHC binding registers in a single peptide processed from myelin basic protein influences tolerance and susceptibility to autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1391-7. [PMID: 12756272 PMCID: PMC2193784 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20022226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for multiple sclerosis induced by stimulating myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells. The MBP-specific repertoire in B10.PL mice is shaped by tolerance mechanisms that eliminate MBP121-150-specific T cells. In contrast, MBPAc1-11-specific T cells escape tolerance and constitute the encephalitogenic repertoire. To determine if this differential tolerance is caused by differences in the abundance of MBP epitopes generated by processing, MBP peptides were eluted from I-Au complexes and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Peptides were identified from both the NH2-terminal and MBP121-150 regions. Unexpectedly, MBPAc1-18 and Ac1-17, which contain the MBPAc1-11 epitope, were much more abundant than MBP121-150 peptides. The results demonstrate that competition between two I-Au binding registers, a low affinity register defined by MBPAc1-11 and a high affinity register defined by MBP5-16, prevents most of the NH2-terminal naturally processed peptides from binding in the MBPAc1-11 register. The small fraction of MBPAc1-18 bound in the MBPAc1-11 register is not sufficient to induce tolerance but provides a ligand for MBPAc1-11-specific T cells during disease. These results provide a basis for both the lack of tolerance to MBPAc1-11 and the ability of this epitope to become a target during autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Seamons
- Department of Immunology, Box 357650, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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6
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Moscarello MA, Pritzker L, Mastronardi FG, Wood DD. Peptidylarginine deiminase: a candidate factor in demyelinating disease. J Neurochem 2002; 81:335-43. [PMID: 12064481 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In earlier studies we demonstrated that an increase in the relative amounts of citrullinated myelin basic protein (MBP) was found in multiple sclerosis (Moscarello et al. 1994). To determine the temporal relationship between the citrullinated MBP and peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD), the enzyme responsible for deiminating arginyl residues in proteins, we studied enzyme activity, enzyme protein, PAD mRNA in a spontaneously demyelinating transgenic mouse model and we correlated the amount of PAD with citrullinated MBP. Both PAD protein as measured in an immunoslot blot method and PAD RNA were elevated. In fractionation studies we showed that the increase in PAD enzyme was due to an increase in the PAD found in membrane fractions and not the soluble PAD (PADII). From our data we concluded that up-regulation of myelin-associated PAD was responsible for the increase in citrullinated MBP in our transgenic mice prior to onset of clinical or pathological signs of demyelination. We postulate that a similar mechanism may be responsible for the increase in citrullinated MBP in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Moscarello
- Department of Structural Biology & Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Boggs JM, Rangaraj G, Koshy KM. Analysis of the membrane-interacting domains of myelin basic protein by hydrophobic photolabeling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1417:254-66. [PMID: 10082801 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein is a water soluble membrane protein which interacts with acidic lipids through some type of hydrophobic interaction in addition to electrostatic interactions. Here we show that it can be labeled from within the lipid bilayer when bound to acidic lipids with the hydrophobic photolabel 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine (TID) and by two lipid photolabels. The latter included one with the reactive group near the apolar/polar interface and one with the reactive group linked to an acyl chain to position it deeper in the bilayer. The regions of the protein which interact hydrophobically with lipid to the greatest extent were determined by cleaving the TID-labeled myelin basic protein (MBP) with cathepsin D into peptides 1-43, 44-89, and 90-170. All three peptides from lipid-bound protein were labeled much more than peptides from the protein labeled in solution. However, the peptide labeling pattern was similar for both environments. The two peptides in the N-terminal half were labeled similarly and about twice as much as the C-terminal peptide indicating that the N-terminal half interacts hydrophobically with lipid more than the C-terminal half. MBP can be modified post-translationally in vivo, including by deamidation, which may alter its interactions with lipid. However, deamidation had no effect on the TID labeling of MBP or on the labeling pattern of the cathepsin D peptides. The site of deamidation has been reported to be in the C-terminal half, and its lack of effect on hydrophobic interactions of MBP with lipid are consistent with the conclusion that the N-terminal half interacts hydrophobically more than the C-terminal half. Since other studies of the interaction of isolated N-terminal and C-terminal peptides with lipid also indicate that the N-terminal half interacts hydrophobically with lipid more than the C-terminal half, these results from photolabeling of the intact protein suggest that the N-terminal half of the intact protein interacts with lipid in a similar way as the isolated peptide. The similar behavior of the intact protein to that of its isolated peptides suggests that when the purified protein binds to acidic lipids, it is in a conformation which allows both halves of the protein to interact independently with the lipid bilayer. That is, it does not form a hydrophobic domain made up from different parts of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Boggs
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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8
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Sedzik J, Mohammad J, Hjertén S. Myelin basic protein purified on an ion-exchange continuous polymer bed in the presence of ethylene glycol and salt possesses activity against p-nitrophenyl acetate. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:651-8. [PMID: 7566359 DOI: 10.1007/bf01705531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe a fast and mild method based on the use of a unique cation exchanger and buffers containing ethylene glycol and salt for the purification of the myelin basic protein (MBP; MW 18.5 kDa). MBP thus purified hydrolyses catalytically p-nitrophenyl acetate. This esterase activity facilitates not only the purification of MBP but also indicates that probably it is in its native state, i.e. there is a good chance that the purified molecules are structurally and chemically identical. This is a prerequisite to obtain crystals appropriate for x-ray diffraction and other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sedzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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9
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Yon M, White P, Groome N. Preparation of a novel monoclonal antibody specific for myelin basic protein phosphorylated on Thr98. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 58:121-9. [PMID: 7759601 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(94)00191-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is one of a number of post-translational modifications resulting in charge microheterogeneity of myelin basic protein (MBP). This phosphorylation is claimed to destabilise the compact myelin sheath by decreasing the interaction of membrane bilayers, thereby creating or maintaining pockets of cytoplasm. To further investigate and localise MBP phosphorylation to discrete regions of the myelin sheath we raised a monoclonal antibody with specificity for a known phosphorylation site in MBP. A synthetic peptide was made by Fmoc peptide chemistry and phosphorylation of Thr98 was achieved on the resin by the global phosphorylation methodology, utilising dibenzyl-N,N-diethylphosphoramidite phosphitylation and t-butylhydroperoxide oxidation. The peptide coupled to tuberculin was used to immunise mice for monoclonal antibody production. The selected hybridoma (Clone P12) secreted an IgG2a antibody which reacted strongly with the phosphorylated immunogen and with phosphorylated fractions of bovine MBP obtained by ion exchange chromatography. The antibody had minimal reactivity with the unphosphorylated peptide; the same peptide phosphorylated at another site Ser102; a preparation of unphosphorylated MBP obtained by ion exchange chromatography; and with an irrelevant phosphorylated protein (histone). Similar phosphorylation state-specific monoclonal antibodies could be made to recognise other specific phosphorylation sites in MBP or other proteins. It is planned to use these antibodies to quantify and locate the extent of MBP phosphorylation in normal and multiple sclerosis myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yon
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, UK
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10
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Lamensa JW, Moscarello MA. Deimination of human myelin basic protein by a peptidylarginine deiminase from bovine brain. J Neurochem 1993; 61:987-96. [PMID: 7689646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD; EC 3.5.3.15) has been isolated from bovine brain and some of its characteristics have been studied. The enzyme showed an absolute requirement for Ca2+, a temperature optimum at approximately 50 degrees C, and two Km values when benzoylarginine ethyl ester was used as substrate, 0.78 mM and 11.2 mM. The higher Km has not been reported previously. Protein substrates for the enzyme included polyarginine and myelin basic protein but not histones. Because one of the components of MBP contains six citrullinyl residues per mole, enzymic deimination appeared to be a likely mechanism. When the most cationic component (C-1) was subjected to PAD in solution, 17 of the 19 arginyl residues were modified. From sequence analyses we concluded that the nature of the amino acid residues adjacent to the deiminated arginine were not modifiers of the reaction as arginyl residues in a variety of environments were deiminated. This deimination was reflected in a large increase in random structure, as measured by [theta]200. At 5 degrees C, the [theta]200 of the deiminated protein was -70 x 10(3) compared with -30 x 10(3) deg.cm2/dmol for the native protein. When the temperature was increased to 70 degrees C, the [theta]200 was -44 x 10(3) for the deiminated protein and -20 x 10(7) deg.cm2/dmol for the native C-1. When plotted as a function of temperature, [theta]200 decreased linearly from 5 degrees C to 50 degrees C for both proteins and did not change from 50 degrees C to 70 degrees C. PAD provides a mechanism for deimination of arginyl residues of myelin basic protein. The selective deimination of the six arginyl residues that are consistently found deiminated in C-8 may be determined by the orientation of the protein in the membrane and/or the more complex lipid composition of myelin may affect the selectivity of the deimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lamensa
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the active degradation of central nervous system myelin, a multilamellar membrane system that insulates nerve axons. MS arises from complex interactions between genetic, immunological, infective, and biochemical mechanisms. Although the circumstances of MS etiology remain hypothetical, one persistent theme involves immune system recognition of myelin-specific antigens derived from myelin basic protein, the most abundant extrinsic myelin membrane protein, and/or another equally suitable myelin protein or lipid. Knowledge of the biochemical and physical-chemical properties of myelin proteins, and lipids, particularly their composition, organization, structure, and accessibility with respect to the compacted myelin multilayers, thus becomes central to understanding how and why these antigens become selected during the development of MS. This article focuses on the current understanding of the molecular basis of MS as it may relate to the protein and lipid components of myelin, which dictate myelin morphology on the basis of protein-lipid and lipid-lipid interactions, and the relationship, if any, between the protein/lipid components and the destruction of myelin in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Williams
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the predominant extrinsic protein in both central and peripheral nervous system myelins. It is thought to be involved in the stabilizing interactions between myelin membranes, and it may play an important role in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In spite of the fact that this abundant protein has been known for almost three decades, its three-dimensional crystal structure has not yet been determined. In this study we report on our extensive attempts to crystallize the major 18.5 kDa isoform of MBP. We used MBP having different degrees of purity, ranging from crude MBP (that was acid or salt extracted from isolated myelin), to highest purity single isoform. We used convention strategies in our search for a suitable composition of a crystallization medium. We applied both full and incomplete factorial searches for crystallization conditions. We analyzed the available data on proteins which have previously resisted crystallization, and applied this information to our own experiments. Nevertheless, despite our efforts which included 4600 different conditions, we were unable to induce crystallization of MBP. Previous work on MBP indicates that when it is removed from its native environment in the myelin membrane and put in crystallization media, the protein adopts a random coil conformation and persists as a population of structurally non-identical molecules. This thermodynamically preferred state presumably hinders crystallization, because the most fundamental factor of protein crystallization - homogeneity of tertiary structure--is lacking. We conclude that as long as its random coil flexibility is not suppressed, 18.5 kDa MBP and possibly also its isoforms will remain preeminent examples of proteins that cannot be crystallized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sedzik
- Division of Neurology Research, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and a number of related distinctive diseases are characterized by the active degradation of central nervous system (CNS) myelin, an axonal sheath comprised essentially of proteins and lipids. These demyelinating diseases appear to arise from complex interactions of genetic, immunological, infective, and biochemical mechanisms. While circumstances of MS etiology remain hypothetical, one persistent theme involves recognition by the immune system of myelin-specific antigens derived from myelin basic protein (MBP), the most abundant extrinsic myelin membrane protein, and/or another equally susceptible myelin protein or lipid component. Knowledge of the biochemical and physical-chemical properties of myelin proteins and lipids, particularly their composition, organization, structure, and accessibility with respect to the compacted myelin multilayers, thus becomes central to the understanding of how and why these antigens become selected during the development of MS. This review focuses on current understanding of the molecular basis underlying demyelinating disease as it may relate to the impact of the various protein and lipid components on myelin morphology; the precise molecular architecture of this membrane as dictated by protein-lipid and lipid-lipid interactions; and the relationship, if any, between the protein/lipid components and the destruction of myelin in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Deber
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Moscarello MA, Brady GW, Fein DB, Wood DD, Cruz TF. The role of charge microheterogeneity of basic protein in the formation and maintenance of the multilayered structure of myelin: a possible role in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 1986; 15:87-99. [PMID: 2421003 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490150109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of several of the charge isomers from both normal and multiple sclerosis (MS) myelin basic protein (MBP) was achieved on CM-52 columns at pH 10.6. In liquid x-ray diffraction and aggregation experiments, corresponding charge isomers were equally effective in the formation of multilayers, demonstrating the dominant role of overall net positive charge. These studies demonstrated that the change in overall charge of MBP of one net positive charge was sufficient to produce large changes in aggregation and in multilayer formation. The x-ray diffraction experiments showed that component 1 was twice as effective as component 2 although they differed in charge by a single positive charge. Component 3 was less effective than component 2 and component "8" was not effective at all. Vesicle aggregation also showed a dependence on net positive charge. In order of decreasing effectiveness, component 1 greater than component 2 greater than component 3 greater than component "8". Since overall charge on MBP is determined by contributions from the various charge isomers, the relative proportions of these charge isomers favoring the less cationic components could explain the observation that MBP from MS victims was less effective than MBP from normal brain in vesicle aggregation and multilayer formation. The isolation of myelin-containing white matter fractions from both normal and MS tissue in which the loss of some of the most cationic charge isomers was correlated with presence of less compact myelin supports this hypothesis.
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Cheifetz S, Moscarello MA. Effect of bovine basic protein charge microheterogeneity on protein-induced aggregation of unilamellar vesicles containing a mixture of acidic and neutral phospholipids. Biochemistry 1985; 24:1909-14. [PMID: 2410021 DOI: 10.1021/bi00329a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two of the charge isomers (components 1 and 2) normally found as microheteromers of myelin basic protein were isolated, and their abilities to aggregate vesicles consisting of mixed phospholipids were studied. Component 1 (the most cationic of the microheteromers) aggregated phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles containing 7.8 mol% phosphatidylserine (PS) more rapidly and at lower protein concentrations than component 2, which differs from component 1 by 1 net positive charge. Modification of components 1 and 2 in vitro by phosphorylation with rabbit muscle protein kinase decreased the ability of both components to aggregate vesicles. The greater the extent of phosphorylation, the less effective were the isomers at inducing aggregation. Decreasing the charge of either component 1 or component 2 by removal of the two C-terminal arginyl residues also decreased the ability of the isomers to induce aggregation. Therefore, charge microheterogeneity, whether arising in vivo or generated in vitro, markedly affected the ability of these microheteromers to aggregate PC vesicles containing 7.8 mol% PS. Because a small difference in the charge of the protein had a marked effect on vesicle aggregation, we propose that charge microheterogeneity may play an important and dynamic role in the structure and function of normal myelin.
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Deibler GE, Boyd LF, Kies MW. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic degradation of myelin basic protein. Neurochem Res 1984; 9:1371-85. [PMID: 6083465 DOI: 10.1007/bf00964664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A procedure for large scale isolation of myelin basic protein (BP) has been modified to insure BP preparations free of neutral proteinase activity. Fractions were monitored by electrophoretic analysis of BP solutions incubated under various conditions of temperature and pH. Maximum degradation of human BP prepared by the old batch procedure occurs at pH 7, approximately 47 degrees C. BP preparations obtained by the new procedure, as well as BP preparations purified by CM-cellulose chromatography, are stable under these conditions. The latter, however, do undergo significant breakdown at pH 9, 100 degrees C. The results suggest that the degradation observed under these conditions is non-enzymatic in nature.
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18
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Cheifetz S, Moscarello MA, Deber CM. NMR investigation of the charge isomers of bovine myelin basic protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 233:151-60. [PMID: 6205629 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) isolated from bovine white matter is obtained as a mixture of molecules which can be separated by cation-exchange chromatography at basic pH into three or more charge isomers. The three principal charge isomers of the microheterogeneous myelin basic protein have been isolated, and compared individually by high-resolution H NMR spectroscopy (360 and 400 MHz). In addition to confirming sources of MBP charge microheterogeneity such as fractional deamidation of Gln and loss of C-terminal Arg, NMR difference and spin-echo spectra further suggested (i) the presence of significant oxidation of (both) MBP Met residues to methionine sulfoxide; (ii) the three charge isomers contain equal ratios and absolute contents of mono- and dimethylated Arg; and (iii) the most-cationic isomer is deficient in its content of a putative extra Ala residue vs the other two isomers. Spectral analysis suggested that each MBP charge isomer is itself not a unique molecule, but more likely a mixture of molecules of equal net charge which are modified at any of the indicated functional side chains throughout the 169-residue protein. The results are discussed with respect to the possible consequences of MBP microheterogeneity to protein conformation and function.
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19
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Deber CM, Cheifetz S, Moscarello MA. Microheterogeneity of bovine myelin basic protein studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biopolymers 1983; 22:377-80. [PMID: 6201203 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360220148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Hall GE, Schraer R. Characterization of a high activity carbonic anhydrase isozyme purified from erythrocytes of Salmo gairdneri. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 75:81-92. [PMID: 6406136 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. A single, high specific activity carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozyme was present in erythrocytes of the teleostean species Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout). 2. Purification of trout CA to homogeneity was accomplished using chloroform ethanol extraction, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and DEAE Bio-Gel anion exchange chromatography. 3. Trout CA was a zinc metalloenzyme of mol. wt 28,300 and pI9.3. 4. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of 6 half-cystine residues per enzyme molecule, and the presence of a sulfhydryl reducing agent was required to maintain full activity in vitro. 5. Sulfhydryl modification with both N-ethylmaleimide and acrylonitrile indicated the presence of 3 reactive sulfhydryl groups per CA molecule. Modification of those groups had no direct effect on enzyme activity, but modified CA was no longer subject to inactivation by oxidizing conditions.
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22
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Day ED, Varitek VA, Paterson PY. Endogenous myelin basic protein-serum factors (MBP-SFs) in Lewis rats. Evidence for their heterogeneity and reactivity with anti-MBP antibodies of different affinities. J Neurol Sci 1981; 49:1-17. [PMID: 6162918 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(81)90183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
MBP-SF, previously described as an endogenous myelin basic protein-serum factor in Lewis rats with a suggested function as a neuroautotolerogen, appears not to be a single factor but a heterogeneous collection of serum factors (MBP-SFs), most probably small fragments of MBP, each cross-reactive with a different region of the multideterminant parent molecule. The heterogeneity of the MBP-SFs in any serum sample is defined and limited by the spectrum of binding affinities of the antibody populations represented in a given reagent anti-MBP antiserum. Some samples of normal Lewis rat serum have been found to contain high affinity MBP-SFs which coexist with low affinity anti-MBP antibodies whereas other sera have shown the reversed pattern, viz. low affinity MBP-SFs and high affinity antibodies. Additional sera have been found to contain MBP-SFs of several different affinities. In time-course studies of rats sensitized to neuroantigen-adjuvant a variety of MBP-SFs and anti-MBP antibodies of different affinities may be observed in sequentially collected sera from a given animal. In no animal has any serum sample been found to contain the full spectrum of MBP-SFs. Although some MBP-SFs have been found to increase temporarily during the 2nd week after neuroantigen/CFA sensitization, all MBP-SFs tend to disappear in the 2nd week and to be replaced by anti-MBP antibodies of differing affinities 3-4 weeks following sensitization.
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Mackenzie AR, Sibley PR, White BP. Differential suppression of experimental allergic diseases in rats infected with trypanosomes. Parasite Immunol 1979; 1:49-59. [PMID: 95215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1979.tb00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PVG/c rats, infected 3 days previously with 10(3) Trypanosoma brucei brucei S.42 organisms failed to develop adjuvant disease in response to an intradermal inoculation of mycobacterial adjuvant. By contrast, similarly infected rats, immunized with heterologous brain and spinal cord in Freund's complete adjuvant with pertussis vaccine as a secondary adjuvant, developed clinical signs of allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) at least as severe as those in uninfected rats. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to PPD were depressed in trypanosome-infected, adjuvant-injected rats, as were the reactions to myelin basic protein in infected rats developing EAE. There appeared to be no cross-reactivity between trypanosomal antigen and myelin basic protein which could account for the lack of suppression of EAE. It is suggested that the different extent to which autoimmunity is involved in these two experimental allergic diseases may account for the differential suppressive activity of trypanosome infections upon them.
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Chou CH, Chou FC, Kowalski TJ, Shapira R, Kibler RF. Identity of myelin basic protein from multiple sclerosis and human control brains: discovery of a genetic variant. J Neurochem 1978; 30:745-50. [PMID: 77309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb10780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Chou FC, Chou CH, Shapira R, Kibler RF. Modifications of myelin basic protein which occur during its isolation. J Neurochem 1977; 28:1051-9. [PMID: 68097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Martenson RE, Kramer AJ, Deibler GE. Microheterogenicity and phosphate content of myelin basic protein from 'freeze-blown' guinea-pig brains. J Neurochem 1976; 27:1529-31. [PMID: 1003227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb02639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Queln S, Martinez G, Brahic M. Isolation and characterization of a basic encephalitogenic protein from the central nervous system of sheep. Biochimie 1975; 57:247-52. [PMID: 49199 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(75)80171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A basic protein has been purified from sheep brain. The purified protein sedimented in the analytical centrifuge at 56,000 r.p.m. as an homogenous product. This protein induced an allergic encephalitis when injected into guinea pigs. Some physiochemical properties of the protein were studied: the sedimentation coefficient was 1.52 and the molecular weight was 20,000 +/- 2,000, as estimated by electrophoresis in acrylamide gels containing SDS and urea; the specific extinction coefficient (see article) was 6.01 +/- 0.20. The aminoacid composition of the molecule was determined and its most prominent aspects are a high content of arginine and lysine, the presence of a single tryptophan, the total absence of cysteine and cystine and a blocked N-terminal residue. All these properties are very close to those of human and bovine encephalitogenic proteins.
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Patterson DS, Terlecki S, Foulkes JA, Sweasey D, Glancy EM. Spinal cord lipids and myelin composition in border disease (hypomyelinogenesis congenita) of lambs. J Neurochem 1975; 24:513-22. [PMID: 1113125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb07669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Foulkes JA, Patterson DS. Myelin cerebrosides and proteins in the spinal cord of the pig during pre- and post-natal development. Brain Res 1974; 82:139-49. [PMID: 4434211 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Patterson DS, Foulkes JA, Sweasey D, Glancy EM, Terlecki S. A neurochemical study of field cases of the delayed spinal form of swayback (enzootic ataxia) in lambs. J Neurochem 1974; 23:1245-53. [PMID: 4452905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb12224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Allison JH, Agrawal HC, Moore BW. Effect of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine on the migration of proteins in SDS polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 1974; 58:592-601. [PMID: 4827399 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(74)90228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tower DB, Young OM. Interspecies correlations of cerebral cortical oxygen consumption, acetylcholinesterase activity and chloride content: studies on the brains of the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and the sperm whale (Physeter catadon). J Neurochem 1973; 20:253-67. [PMID: 4633360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Pleasure DE, Feldmann B, Prockop DJ. Diphtheria toxin inhibits the synthesis of myelin proteolipid and basic proteins by peripheral nerve in vitro. J Neurochem 1973; 20:81-90. [PMID: 4687209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Waehneldt TV, Neuhoff V. Membrane proteins of the nervous system. Demonstration of different protein profiles in whole brain and its subcellular particles. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1972; 59:232-9. [PMID: 5050759 DOI: 10.1007/bf00610197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Katzman RL. The inadequacy of sodium dodecyl sulfate as a dissociative agent for brain proteins and glycoproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 266:269-72. [PMID: 5041091 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(72)90141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Deibler GE, Martenson RE, Kies MW. Large scale preparation of myelin basic protein from central nervous tissue of several mammalian species. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 2:139-65. [PMID: 4623901 DOI: 10.1080/00327487208061467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Eylar EH. The chemical and immunologic properties of the basic A1 protein of myelin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1972; 32:215-40. [PMID: 4137244 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6979-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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42
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Kies MW, Martenson RE, Deibler GE. Myelin basic proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1972; 32:201-14. [PMID: 4137071 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6979-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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43
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Martenson RE, Deibler GE, Kies MW. Electrophoretic characterization of basic proteins in acid extracts of central nervous system tissue. J Neurochem 1971; 18:2417-26. [PMID: 4109320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Bergstrand H. Isolation and partial characterization of some proteolytically and chemically derived fragments of bovine encephalitogenic protein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 21:116-24. [PMID: 5568670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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47
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Adams CW, Bayliss OB, Hallpike JF, Turner DR. Histochemistry of myelin. XII. Anionic straining of myelin basic proteins for histology, electrophoresis and electron microscopy. J Neurochem 1971; 18:389-94. [PMID: 4104376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb11966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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48
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Carnegie PR. Properties, structure and possible neuroreceptor role of the encephalitogenic protein of human brain. Nature 1971; 229:25-8. [PMID: 4098982 DOI: 10.1038/229025a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Martenson RE, Deibler GE, Kies MW. Rat myelin basic proteins: relationship between size differences and microheterogeneity. J Neurochem 1970; 17:1329-30 passim. [PMID: 5457635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1970.tb03383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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Martenson RE, Deibler GE, Kies MW. Myelin basic proteins of the rat central nervous system. Purification, encephalitogenic properties, and amino acid compositions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 200:353-62. [PMID: 5416126 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(70)90177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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