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Shen L, Yu Y, Karner CM. SLC38A2 provides proline and alanine to regulate postnatal bone mass accrual in mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:992679. [PMID: 36213239 PMCID: PMC9538353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.992679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids have recently emerged as important regulators of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Osteoblasts require a continuous supply of amino acids to sustain biomass production to fuel cell proliferation, osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix production. We recently identified proline as an essential amino acid for bone development by fulfilling unique synthetic demands that are associated with osteoblast differentiation. Osteoblasts rely on the amino acid transporter SLC38A2 to provide proline to fuel endochondral ossification. Despite this, very little is known about the function or substrates of SLC38A2 during bone homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that the neutral amino acid transporter SLC38A2 is expressed in osteoblast lineage cells and provides proline and alanine to osteoblast lineage cells. Genetic ablation of SLC38A2 using Prrx1Cre results in decreased bone mass in both male and female mice due to a reduction in osteoblast numbers and bone forming activity. Decreased osteoblast numbers are attributed to impaired proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of skeletal stem and progenitor cells. Collectively, these data highlight the necessity of SLC38A2-mediated proline and alanine uptake during postnatal bone formation and bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyao Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yilin Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Courtney M. Karner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Courtney M. Karner,
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Shen L, Yu Y, Zhou Y, Pruett-Miller SM, Zhang GF, Karner CM. SLC38A2 provides proline to fulfil unique synthetic demands arising during osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. eLife 2022; 11:76963. [PMID: 35261338 PMCID: PMC9007586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is associated with the acquisition of a unique protein signature which is essential to attain the ultimate cellular function and activity of the differentiated cell. This is predicted to result in unique biosynthetic demands that arise during differentiation. Using a bioinformatic approach, we discovered osteoblast differentiation is associated with increased demand for the amino acid proline. When compared to other differentiated cells, osteoblast-associated proteins including RUNX2, OSX, OCN and COL1A1 are significantly enriched in proline. Using a genetic and metabolomic approach, we demonstrate that the neutral amino acid transporter SLC38A2 acts cell autonomously to provide proline to facilitate the efficient synthesis of proline-rich osteoblast proteins. Genetic ablation of SLC38A2 in osteoblasts limits both osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in mice. Mechanistically, proline is primarily incorporated into nascent protein with little metabolism observed. Collectively, these data highlight a requirement for proline in fulfilling the unique biosynthetic requirements that arise during osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyao Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yilin Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yunji Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Sharma D, Yu Y, Shen L, Zhang GF, Karner CM. SLC1A5 provides glutamine and asparagine necessary for bone development in mice. eLife 2021; 10:71595. [PMID: 34647520 PMCID: PMC8553342 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation is sequentially characterized by high rates of proliferation followed by increased protein and matrix synthesis, processes that require substantial amino acid acquisition and production. How osteoblasts obtain or maintain intracellular amino acid production is poorly understood. Here, we identify SLC1A5 as a critical amino acid transporter during bone development. Using a genetic and metabolomic approach, we show SLC1A5 acts cell autonomously to regulate protein synthesis and osteoblast differentiation. SLC1A5 provides both glutamine and asparagine which are essential for osteoblast differentiation. Mechanistically, glutamine and to a lesser extent asparagine support amino acid biosynthesis. Thus, osteoblasts depend on Slc1a5 to provide glutamine and asparagine, which are subsequently used to produce non-essential amino acids and support osteoblast differentiation and bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Yilin Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Leyao Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
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Abstract
Osteoblasts are specialized mesenchymal cells that synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton. These cells work in harmony with osteoclasts, which resorb bone, in a continuous cycle that occurs throughout life. The unique function of osteoblasts requires substantial amounts of energy production, particularly during states of new bone formation and remodelling. Over the last 15 years, studies have shown that osteoblasts secrete endocrine factors that integrate the metabolic requirements of bone formation with global energy balance through the regulation of insulin production, feeding behaviour and adipose tissue metabolism. In this article, we summarize the current understanding of three osteoblast-derived metabolic hormones (osteocalcin, lipocalin and sclerostin) and the clinical evidence that suggests the relevance of these pathways in humans, while also discussing the necessity of specific energy substrates (glucose, fatty acids and amino acids) to fuel bone formation and promote osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dirckx
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Megan C Moorer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas L Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Karner CM, Long F. Wnt signaling and cellular metabolism in osteoblasts. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1649-1657. [PMID: 27888287 PMCID: PMC5380548 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adult human skeleton is a multifunctional organ undergoing continuous remodeling. Homeostasis of bone mass in a healthy adult requires an exquisite balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts; disturbance of such balance is the root cause for various bone disorders including osteoporosis. To develop effective and safe therapeutics to modulate bone formation, it is essential to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing osteoblast differentiation and activity. Due to their specialized function in collagen synthesis and secretion, osteoblasts are expected to consume large amounts of nutrients. However, studies of bioenergetics and building blocks in osteoblasts have been lagging behind those of growth factors and transcription factors. Genetic studies in both humans and mice over the past 15 years have established Wnt signaling as a critical mechanism for stimulating osteoblast differentiation and activity. Importantly, recent studies have uncovered that Wnt signaling directly reprograms cellular metabolism by stimulating aerobic glycolysis, glutamine catabolism as well as fatty acid oxidation in osteoblast-lineage cells. Such findings therefore reveal an important regulatory axis between bone anabolic signals and cellular bioenergetics. A comprehensive understanding of osteoblast metabolism and its regulation is likely to reveal molecular targets for novel bone therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Karner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63131, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic, Cellular, Developmental and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Fanxin Long
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63131, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63131, USA.
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Mitchell P. Translocations through natural membranes. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 29:33-87. [PMID: 4235731 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122747.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
The effect of synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone [bPTH-(1-34)] on amino acid uptake by confluent primary cultures of osteoblast-like cells isolated from neonatal mouse calvaria was studied. The uptake of proline and leucine by membrane transport Systems A, ASC, and L was discriminated on the basis of their sodium dependency and sensitivity to the system-specific amino acid analogs 2-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid (MeAIB) for System A and 2-amino-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) for System L. Treatment with 24 nM bPTH-(1-34) in serum-free EBSS for 4 hr increased the initial uptake rate of proline by 50-80% but had no effect on the uptake of leucine. Temporally, the increase in proline uptake was preceded by a 2-hr lag period and plateaued after 5-6 hr. A 5-min exposure to the hormone was sufficient to cause a significant increase in proline uptake measured 4 hr later. The magnitude of the increase was dose-related from 0.24 to 240 nM bPTH-(1-34), with the half-maximal effect occurring at 2.4 nM. Only the sodium-dependent, MeAIB-inhibitable component of proline uptake was elevated. Eadie-Hofstee analysis indicated that bPTH-(1-34) increased Vmax without changing the Km. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide prevented the hormone-stimulated increase, suggesting that RNA and protein synthesis were required. Treatment with either inhibitor alone caused a 30-35% decrease in proline transport that was not observed in the presence of bPTH-(1-34), indicating an effect not dependent on macromolecular synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Yee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430
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8
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Cohen SR. Rate equations and kinetics of uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid by mouse cerebrum slices incubated in media containing L(+)-lactate or a mixture of succinate, L-malate, and pyruvate as the energy source. J Neurochem 1985; 44:455-64. [PMID: 3965619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by mouse cerebrum slices incubated with L-lactate or a mixture of succinate, L-malate, and pyruvate (SMP) as the energy source follows the phenomenological rate equation for influx from pyruvate and glucose media: v = Vmax/(1 + Kt/S) + kuS, where v is rate and S is concentration of amino acid. There are two kinetically distinct, parallel components for concentrative uptake, one saturable, and one unsaturable. Rates are less with lactate than with pyruvate and still less with SMP (only GABA was studied), disproving the hypotheses that lower rates with pyruvate compared to glucose are due to an abnormal redox state in the tissue or to a Krebs cycle unbalanced by input at only one point. The carriers for AIB and GABA are qualitatively different. In lactate medium the capacity of each AIB carrier is unchanged but its affinity is reduced to one-third. In lactate and SMP media, the capacity of the saturable GABA carrier is diminished although its affinity is increased. Rates from these media with added glucose or a glucose analog confirm that amino acid and glucose fluxes are not coupled.
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Schlepphorst E, Kelley LK, Smith CH. Placental amino acid uptake. V. Relationship to placental maturation in the rat. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 137:499-504. [PMID: 7386534 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(80)91136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The functional maturation of the placenta during the latter portion of pregnancy is almost certainly essential to fetal growth but its mechanism is largely unknown. To determine the role of changes in intrinsic cellular transport in this process we measured the activity of transport systems for AIB between day 14 and term, a period of known marked increase in in vivo AIB transfer in the rat. In vitro incubation demonstrated that the labyrinthine tissue possessed two transport systems for cellular AIB uptake. Their maximum velocities remained essentially constant from day 16 to term and the intracellular concentration achieved during incubation actually decreased with gestational and the intracellular concentration achieved during incubation actually decreased with gestational age. In vitro tissue preincubation increased cellular uptake of AIB and this response also decreased with maturation. Thus changes in intrinsic transport mechanisms do not at all parallel the very large maturational increase in in utero amino acid transfer. Changes in intrauterine factors such as blood flow, the hormonal millieu, or fetal utilization and the resultant placental-fetal concentration gradients are much more likely to account for the increase in transfer than are alterations in cellular transport mechanisms.
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10
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Cohen SR. The complete rate equation, including the explicit dependence on Na+ ions, for the influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid into mouse brain slices. J Membr Biol 1980; 52:95-105. [PMID: 7365784 DOI: 10.1007/bf01869114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The rate equation, including dependence on Na+-ion concentration for the influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid into mouse brain slices incubated in isotonic glucose medium at 37 degrees C, is v = 0.402 S/(1.02(1 + 788/[Na+]2)+S)+0.0477S, where v = influx in mu mol/min, g final wet wt of slices; [Na+] = concentbutyric acid in medium, in mM. This equation shows two kinetically independent, parallel pathways of concentrative uptake: one, saturable and dependent on Na+; the other, unsaturable and independent of Na+. Influx is independent of ionic strength, Cl- ion per se, and a moderate increase in tonicity. The binding of substrate to the saturable carrier depends on the Na+ concentration; the maximum capacity of this carrier does not. For transport, 2 Na+ ions must interact with each saturable transport site. This does not imply coupling between the flux of Na+ and the flux of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid.
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11
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12
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Scott DM, Pateman JA. The transport of L-alanine by the hamster kidney cell line BHK-21-C13. J Cell Physiol 1978; 95:57-63. [PMID: 25284 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040950108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of L-alanine into BHK21-C13 cells in culture has been studied. This amino acid appears to be transported essentially via a relatively low affinity, high capacity, sodium ion dependent transport system. Inhibition studies using other amino acids or their analogues provided information about the specificity of this system. This alanine transport system was shown to exhibit a broad substrate specificity and appeared to be capable of transporting most naturally occurring neutral alpha-amino acids. Kinetic studies of the inhibition of L-alanine uptake also indicated the presence of a second neutral amino acid transport system capable of transporting this amino acid. However, it is unlikely that this second uptake system contributes greatly to L-alanine uptake. Inhibition of the uptake of L-leucine indicated that this transport system has a similar specificity to the "L"-system initially described for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.
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13
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Parfitt AM. The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone disease. Part III of IV parts; PTH and osteoblasts, the relationship between bone turnover and bone loss, and the state of the bones in primary hyperparathyroidism. Metabolism 1976; 25:1033-69. [PMID: 785157 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(76)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Revsin B, Morrow G. Glycine transport in normal and non-ketotic hyperglycinemic human diploid fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1976; 100:95-103. [PMID: 1278257 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Guidotti GG, Gazzola GC, Borghetti AF, Franchi-Gazzola R. Adaptive regulation of amino acid transport across the cell membrane in avian and mammalian tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 406:264-79. [PMID: 1238115 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(75)90009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of amino acid transport across the cell membrane by adaptive mechanisms has been studied in a variety of mesenchymal and epithelial cells and tissues of avian and mammalian origin. Changes in transport activity as a function of time under various in vitro conditions (amino acid dependence, active and inhibited protein synthesis) have been evaluated by measurements of initial entry rates with representative amino acids. Results and conclusions based on the adopted experimental approach include the following. (1) An adaptive control mechanism for the transport of neutral amino acids corresponding to the typical substrates of the A mediation is operative in (a) mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts and myoblasts) from embryonic tissues of avian (chick embryo) origin and (b) mesenchymal cells from immature rat uterus (fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) and other mammalian tissues (cardiac cells from newborn mouse and rat heart). (2) Adaptive regulation is restricted to a discrete subgroup of amino acids (L-proline, glycine and the analogue alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) in rat peritoneal macrophages and thymic lymphocytes. (3) Adaptive regulation is absent in erythroid cells (human erythrocytes, rabbit erythrocytes and reticulocytes, avian erythrocytes) which lack the A mediation and are incapable of active gene transcription. (4) Adaptive regulation is absent in the epithelial kidney cortex tissue and possibly absent in the epithelial component of liver tissue from adult rats; it is fully operative in the chick embryo crystalline lens, i.e. an epithelial preparation of embryonic origin. (5) These observations indicate that adaptive control mechanisms of amino acid transport across the cell membrane are quite common among tissues and species and emphasize their broad biological significance in eukaryotes.
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Slayman CW. The Genetic Control of Membrane Transport. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT VOLUME 4 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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17
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McClellan WM, Schafer JA. Transport of the amino acid analog, 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 311:462-75. [PMID: 4738149 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Miller DS, Houghten D, Burrill P, Herzberg GR, Lerner J. Specificity characteristics in the intestinal absorption of model amino acids in domestic fowl. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1973; 44:17-34. [PMID: 4404862 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(73)90365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Weiss IW, Morgan K, Phang JM. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-stimulated Transport of Amino Acids in Kidney Cortex. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Guidotti GG. [Amino acid transport across the cell membrane. Insulin regulation]. ACTA DIABETOLOGICA LATINA 1971; 8:1201-7. [PMID: 5147441 DOI: 10.1007/bf01550922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Coben LA, Cotlier E, Beaty C, Becker B. Transport of amino acids by rabbit choroid plexus in vitro. Brain Res 1971; 30:67-82. [PMID: 5092631 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Crawhall JC, Davis MG. Further studies of the transport of amino acids in rat liver slices. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 225:326-34. [PMID: 5552816 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(71)90226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Phang JM, Finerman GA, Singh B, Rosenberg LE, Berman M. Compartmental analysis of collagen synthesis in fetal rat calvaria. I. Perturbations of proline transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 230:146-59. [PMID: 5543327 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(71)90062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Phang JM, Downing SJ, Weiss IW. Cyclic AMP stimulation of amino acid uptake in bone and kidney. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 211:605-8. [PMID: 4318997 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(70)90272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Nelson KM, Lerner J. A distinct, Na+-dependent glycine transport system in avian small intestine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 203:434-44. [PMID: 5523742 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(70)90183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Scriver CR, Hechtman P. Human genetics of membrane transport with emphasis on amino acids. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1970; 1:211-74. [PMID: 4950283 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0958-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Wiebel F, Baserga R. Early alterations in amino acid pools and protein synthesis of diploid fibroblasts stimulated to synthesize DNA by addition of serum. J Cell Physiol 1969; 74:191-202. [PMID: 5358255 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040740211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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29
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Hahn TJ, Downing SJ, Phang JM. Insulin effect on amino acid transport in bone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 184:675-7. [PMID: 5821033 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(69)90292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Hahn TJ, Downing SJ, Phang JM. Amino acid transport in adult diaphyseal bone: contrast with amino acid transport mechanisms in fetal membranous bone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 183:194-203. [PMID: 5797380 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(69)90143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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31
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32
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Identification and Analysis of Multiple Glycine Transport Systems in Isolated Mammalian Renal Tubules. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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33
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Elmer WA. Experimental analysis of the creeper condition in chickens. Effect of embryo extract on elongation, protein content, and incorporation of amino acids by cartilaginous tibiotarsi. Dev Biol 1968; 18:76-92. [PMID: 5669504 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(68)90024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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35
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Baxter CF. Intrinsic amino acid levels and the blood-brain barrier. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1968; 29:429-50. [PMID: 5735119 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chvapil M, Hurych J. Control of collagen biosynthesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1968; 4:67-196. [PMID: 4878717 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-6754-1.50010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Eavenson E, Christensen HN. Transport Systems for Neutral Amino Acids in the Pigeon Erythrocyte. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Finerman GA, Downing S, Rosenberg LE. Amino acid transport in bone. II. Regulation of collagen synthesis by perturbation of proline transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 135:1008-15. [PMID: 6065669 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(67)90071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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A Distinct Na+-requiring Transport System for Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, and Similar Amino Acids. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Rosenbusch JP, Flanagan B, Nichols G. Active transport of amino acids into bone cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 135:732-40. [PMID: 6048253 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(67)90104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wheeler KP, Christensen HN. Interdependent Fluxes of Amino Acids and Sodium Ion in the Pigeon Red Blood Cell. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)95817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Peck WA, Birge SJ, Brandt J. Collagen synthesis by isolated bone cells: stimulation by ascorbic acid in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 142:512-25. [PMID: 6054274 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(67)90632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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