1
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George N, Xiao J. Inhibiting sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase: From efficacy to mechanism. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106585. [PMID: 38955289 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) is a lipid metabolite regulating diverse biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, highlighting its physiological and therapeutic significance. Current S1P-based therapeutic approaches primarily focus on modulating the downstream signalling via targeting S1P receptors, however, this is challenged by incomplete receptor internalisation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is a highly conserved enzyme that "gatekeeps" the final step of S1P degradation. Cognisant of the complex ligand and receptor interaction and dynamic metabolic networks, the selective modulation of SPL activity presents a new opportunity to regulate S1P biosynthesis and reveal its role in various systems. Over the past decade, an evolving effort has been made to identify new molecules that could block SPL activity in vitro or in vivo. This review focuses on summarising the current understanding of the reported SPL inhibitors identified through various screening approaches, discussing their efficacy in diverse model systems and the possible mechanism of action. Whilst effective modulation of S1P levels via inhibiting SPL is feasible, the specificity of those inhibitors remains inconclusive, presenting a clear challenge for future implications. Yet, none of the currently available SPL inhibitors is proven effective in elevating S1P levels within the central nervous system. This review article embraces future research focusing on investigating selective SPL inhibitors with high potency and possibly blood-brain-barrier permeability, which would aid the development of new S1P-based therapeutics for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson George
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Kuo A, Hla T. Regulation of cellular and systemic sphingolipid homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00742-y. [PMID: 38890457 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred and fifty years ago, Johann Thudichum described sphingolipids as unusual "Sphinx-like" lipids from the brain. Today, we know that thousands of sphingolipid molecules mediate many essential functions in embryonic development and normal physiology. In addition, sphingolipid metabolism and signalling pathways are dysregulated in a wide range of pathologies, and therapeutic agents that target sphingolipids are now used to treat several human diseases. However, our understanding of sphingolipid regulation at cellular and organismal levels and their functions in developmental, physiological and pathological settings is rudimentary. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in sphingolipid pathways in different organelles, how secreted sphingolipid mediators modulate physiology and disease, progress in sphingolipid-targeted therapeutic and diagnostic research, and the trans-cellular sphingolipid metabolic networks between microbiota and mammals. Advances in sphingolipid biology have led to a deeper understanding of mammalian physiology and may lead to progress in the management of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Masuda-Kuroki K, Di Nardo A. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling at the Skin Barrier Interface. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060809. [PMID: 35741330 PMCID: PMC9219813 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a product of membrane sphingolipid metabolism. S1P is secreted and acts via G-protein-coupled receptors, S1PR1-5, and is involved in diverse cellular functions, including cell proliferation, immune suppression, and cardiovascular functions. Recent studies have shown that the effects of S1P signaling are extended further by coupling the different S1P receptors and their respective downstream signaling pathways. Our group has recently reported that S1P inhibits cell proliferation and induces differentiation in human keratinocytes. There is a growing understanding of the connection between S1P signaling, skin barrier function, and skin diseases. For example, the activation of S1PR1 and S1PR2 during bacterial invasion regulates the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines in human keratinocytes. Moreover, S1P-S1PR2 signaling is involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines and can be triggered by epidermal mechanical stress and bacterial invasion. This review highlights how S1P affects human keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, immunoreaction, and mast cell immune response, in addition to its effects on the skin barrier interface. Finally, studies targeting S1P-S1PR signaling involved in inflammatory skin diseases are also presented.
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4
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Chung LH, Liu D, Liu XT, Qi Y. Ceramide Transfer Protein (CERT): An Overlooked Molecular Player in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13184. [PMID: 34947980 PMCID: PMC8705978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of essential lipids implicated in constructing cellular membranes and regulating nearly all cellular functions. Sphingolipid metabolic network is centered with the ceramide-sphingomyelin axis. Ceramide is well-recognized as a pro-apoptotic signal; while sphingomyelin, as the most abundant type of sphingolipids, is required for cell growth. Therefore, the balance between these two sphingolipids can be critical for cancer cell survival and functioning. Ceramide transfer protein (CERT) dictates the ratio of ceramide to sphingomyelin within the cell. It is the only lipid transfer protein that specifically delivers ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, where ceramide serves as the substrate for sphingomyelin synthesis. In the past two decades, an increasing body of evidence has suggested a critical role of CERT in cancer, but much more intensive efforts are required to draw a definite conclusion. Herein, we review all research findings of CERT, focusing on its molecular structure, cellular functions and implications in cancer. This comprehensive review of CERT will help to better understand the molecular mechanism of cancer and inspire to identify novel druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hoa Chung
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.L.); (X.T.L.)
| | | | | | - Yanfei Qi
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.L.); (X.T.L.)
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5
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Ebenezer DL, Ramchandran R, Fu P, Mangio LA, Suryadevara V, Ha AW, Berdyshev E, Van Veldhoven PP, Kron SJ, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Natarajan V. Nuclear Sphingosine-1-phosphate Lyase Generated ∆2-hexadecenal is A Regulator of HDAC Activity and Chromatin Remodeling in Lung Epithelial Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:575-592. [PMID: 34085165 PMCID: PMC9128239 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid mediator, is generated from sphingosine by sphingosine kinases (SPHKs) 1 and 2 and is metabolized to ∆2-hexadecenal (∆2-HDE) and ethanolamine phosphate by S1P lyase (S1PL) in mammalian cells. We have recently demonstrated the activation of nuclear SPHK2 and the generation of S1P in the nucleus of lung epithelial cells exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we have investigated the nuclear localization of S1PL and the role of ∆2-HDE generated from S1P in the nucleus as a modulator of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and histone acetylation. Electron micrographs of the nuclear fractions isolated from MLE-12 cells showed nuclei free of ER contamination, and S1PL activity was detected in nuclear fractions isolated from primary lung bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar epithelial MLE-12 cells. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mediated nuclear ∆2-HDE generation, and H3/H4 histone acetylation was attenuated by S1PL inhibitors in MLE-12 cells and human bronchial epithelial cells. In vitro, the addition of exogenous ∆2-HDE (100-10,000 nM) to lung epithelial cell nuclear preparations inhibited HDAC1/2 activity, and increased acetylation of Histone H3 and H4, whereas similar concentrations of S1P did not show a significant change. In addition, incubation of ∆2-HDE with rHDAC1 generated five different amino acid adducts as detected by LC-MS/MS; the predominant adduct being ∆2-HDE with lysine residues of HDAC1. Together, these data show an important role for the nuclear S1PL-derived ∆2-HDE in the modification of HDAC activity, histone acetylation, and chromatin remodeling in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Ebenezer
- Departments of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Ramchandran
- Departments of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Panfeng Fu
- The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lizar A Mangio
- Departments of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vidyani Suryadevara
- Departments of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alison W Ha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Departments of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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6
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A Bioassay Using a Pentadecanal Derivative to Measure S1P Lyase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031438. [PMID: 33535437 PMCID: PMC7867068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a unique lipid ligand binding to S1P receptors to transduce various cell survival or proliferation signals via small G proteins. S1P lyase (S1PL) is the specific enzyme that degrades S1P to phosphoethanolamine and (2E)-hexadecenal and therefore regulates S1P levels. S1PL also degrades dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate (Sa1P), with a higher affinity to produce hexadecanal. Here, we developed a newly designed assay using a C17-Sa1P substrate that degrades into pentadecanal and phosphoethanolamine. For higher sensitivity in pentadecanal analysis, we developed a quantitative protocol as well as a 5,5-dimethyl cyclohexanedione (5,5-dimethyl CHD) derivatization method. The derivatization conditions were optimized for the reaction time, temperature, and concentrations of the 5,5-dimethyl CHD reagent, acetic acid, and ammonium acetate. The S1PL reaction in the cell lysate after spiking 20 µM of C17-Sa1P for 20 min was linear to the total protein concentrations of 50 µg. The S1PL levels (4 pmol/mg/min) were readily detected in this HPLC with fluorescence detection (λex = 366 nm, λem = 455 nm). The S1PL-catalyzed reaction was linear over 30 min and yielded a Km value of 2.68 μM for C17-Sa1P. This new method was validated to measure the S1PL activity of mouse embryonal carcinoma cell lines of the standard cell (F9-0), S1PL knockdown cells (F9-2), and S1PL-overexpressed cells (F9-4). Furthermore, we treated F9-4 cells with different S1PL inhibitors such as FTY720, 4-deoxypyridoxine (DOP), and the deletion of pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P), an essential cofactor for S1PL activity, and observed a significant decrease in pentadecanal relative to the untreated cells. In conclusion, we developed a highly sensitive S1PL assay using a C17-Sa1P substrate for pentadecanal quantification for application in the characterization of S1PL activity in vitro.
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7
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Grimaldi M, Marino C, Buonocore M, Santoro A, Sommella E, Merciai F, Salviati E, De Rosa A, Nuzzo T, Errico F, Campiglia P, Usiello A, D'Ursi AM. Prenatal and Early Postnatal Cerebral d-Aspartate Depletion Influences l-Amino Acid Pathways, Bioenergetic processes, and Developmental Brain Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:727-739. [PMID: 33274941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acids were believed to occur only in bacteria and invertebrates. Today, it is well known that d-amino acids are also present in mammalian tissues in a considerable amount. In particular, high levels of free d-serine (d-Ser) and d-aspartate (d-Asp) are found in the brain. While the functions of d-Ser are well known, many questions remain unanswered regarding the role of d-Asp in the central nervous system. d-Asp is very abundant at the embryonic stage, while it strongly decreases after birth because of the expression of d-aspartate oxidase (Ddo) enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidation of this d-amino acid into oxaloacetate, ammonium, and hydrogen peroxide. Pharmacologically, d-Asp acts as an endogenous agonist of N-methyl d-aspartate and mGlu5 receptors, which are known to control fundamental brain processes, including brain development, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. In this work, we studied a recently generated knockin mouse model (R26ddo/ddo), which was designed to express DDO beginning at the zygotic stage. This strategy enables d-Asp to be almost eliminated in both prenatal and postnatal lives. To understand which biochemical pathways are affected by depletion of d-Asp, in this study, we carried out a metabolomic and lipidomic study of ddo knockin brains at different stages of embryonic and postnatal development, combining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) techniques. Our study shows that d-Asp deficiency in the brain influences amino acid pathways such as threonine, glycine, alanine, valine, and glutamate. Interestingly, d-Asp is also correlated with metabolites involved in brain development and functions such as choline, creatine, phosphocholine (PCho), glycerophosphocholine (GPCho), sphingolipids, and glycerophospholipids, as well as metabolites involved in brain energy metabolism, such as GPCho, glucose, and lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Marino
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Michela Buonocore
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Angelo Santoro
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Merciai
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Emanuela Salviati
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università, 100-80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Via De Renzi 50, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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8
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Dawoody Nejad L, Stumpe M, Rauch M, Hemphill A, Schneiter R, Bütikofer P, Serricchio M. Mitochondrial sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase is essential for phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis and survival of Trypanosoma brucei. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8268. [PMID: 32427974 PMCID: PMC7237492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a signaling molecule involved in the control of cell migration, differentiation, survival and other physiological processes. This sphingolipid metabolite can be degraded by the action of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) to form hexadecenal and ethanolamine phosphate. The importance of SPL-mediated ethanolamine phosphate formation has been characterized in only few cell types. We show that in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, expression of TbSpl is essential for cell survival. Ablation of TbSpl expression increased sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and reduced de novo formation and steady-state levels of the glycerophospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Growth of TbSpl-depleted parasites could be in part rescued by ethanolamine supplementation to the growth medium, indicating that the main function of TbSpl is to provide ethanolamine phosphate for PE synthesis. In contrast to most cell types analyzed, where SPL localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, we found by high-resolution microscopy that TbSpl is a mitochondrial protein. In spite of its mitochondrial localization, TbSpl depletion had no apparent effect on mitochondrial morphology but resulted in aggregation of acidocalcisomes. Our results link mitochondria to sphingolipid metabolism and suggest possible roles for PE in acidocalcisome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Dawoody Nejad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Monika Rauch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bütikofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Mauro Serricchio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Ebenezer DL, Fu P, Ramchandran R, Ha AW, Putherickal V, Sudhadevi T, Harijith A, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Natarajan V. S1P and plasmalogen derived fatty aldehydes in cellular signaling and functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158681. [PMID: 32171908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty aldehydes are present in low concentrations in mammalian cells and serve as intermediates in the interconversion between fatty acids and fatty alcohols. The long-chain fatty aldehydes are generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of 1-alkyl-, and 1-alkenyl-glycerophospholipids by alkylglycerol monooxygenase, plasmalogenase or lysoplasmalogenase while hydrolysis of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by S1P lyase generates trans ∆2-hexadecenal (∆2-HDE). Additionally, 2-chloro-, and 2-bromo- fatty aldehydes are produced from plasmalogens or lysoplasmalogens by hypochlorous, and hypobromous acid generated by activated neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively while 2-iodofatty aldehydes are produced by excess iodine in thyroid glands. The 2-halofatty aldehydes and ∆2-HDE activated JNK signaling, BAX, cytoskeletal reorganization and apoptosis in mammalian cells. Further, 2-chloro- and 2-bromo-fatty aldehydes formed GSH and protein adducts while ∆2-HDE formed adducts with GSH, deoxyguanosine in DNA and proteins such as HDAC1 in vitro. ∆2-HDE also modulated HDAC activity and stimulated H3 and H4 histone acetylation in vitro with lung epithelial cell nuclear preparations. The α-halo fatty aldehydes elicited endothelial dysfunction, cellular toxicity and tissue damage. Taken together, these investigations suggest a new role for long-chain fatty aldehydes as signaling lipids, ability to form adducts with GSH, proteins such as HDACs and regulate cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Ebenezer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ramaswamy Ramchandran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Alison W Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Vijay Putherickal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Tara Sudhadevi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-, Essen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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10
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Marciniak A, Camp SM, Garcia JGN, Polt R. An update on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3585-3591. [PMID: 30409535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent an essential class of lipids found in all eukaryotes, and strongly influence cellular signal transduction. Autoimmune diseases like asthma and multiple sclerosis (MS) are mediated by the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) to express a variety of symptoms and disease patterns. Inspired by its natural substrate, an array of artificial sphingolipid derivatives has been developed to target this specific G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in an attempt to suppress autoimmune disorders. FTY720, also known as fingolimod, is the first oral disease-modifying therapy for MS on the market. In pursuit of improved stability, bioavailability, and efficiency, structural analogues of this initial prodrug have emerged over time. This review covers a brief introduction to the sphingolipid metabolism, the mechanism of action on S1P1, and an updated overview of synthetic sphingosine S1P1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marciniak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
| | - Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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11
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Harrison PJ, Dunn T, Campopiano DJ. Sphingolipid biosynthesis in man and microbes. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:921-954. [PMID: 29863195 PMCID: PMC6148460 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new review covering up to 2018 Sphingolipids are essential molecules that, despite their long history, are still stimulating interest today. The reasons for this are that, as well as playing structural roles within cell membranes, they have also been shown to perform a myriad of cell signalling functions vital to the correct function of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Indeed, sphingolipid disregulation that alters the tightly-controlled balance of these key lipids has been closely linked to a number of diseases such as diabetes, asthma and various neuropathologies. Sphingolipid biogenesis, metabolism and regulation is mediated by a large number of enzymes, proteins and second messengers. There appears to be a core pathway common to all sphingolipid-producing organisms but recent studies have begun to dissect out important, species-specific differences. Many of these have only recently been discovered and in most cases the molecular and biochemical details are only beginning to emerge. Where there is a direct link from classic biochemistry to clinical symptoms, a number a drug companies have undertaken a medicinal chemistry campaign to try to deliver a therapeutic intervention to alleviate a number of diseases. Where appropriate, we highlight targets where natural products have been exploited as useful tools. Taking all these aspects into account this review covers the structural, mechanistic and regulatory features of sphingolipid biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Harrison
- School of Chemistry
, University of Edinburgh
,
David Brewster Road
, Edinburgh
, EH9 3FJ
, UK
.
| | - Teresa M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
, Uniformed Services University
,
Bethesda
, Maryland
20814
, USA
| | - Dominic J. Campopiano
- School of Chemistry
, University of Edinburgh
,
David Brewster Road
, Edinburgh
, EH9 3FJ
, UK
.
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12
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Nam Y, Min YS, Sohn UD. Recent advances in pharmacological research on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:955-966. [PMID: 30132170 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a common gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, is associated with various factors, including lifestyle, infection, stress, intestinal flora, and related diseases. The pharmacotherapeutic stimulation of receptors and downstream signaling pathways is effective in reducing IBS symptoms; however, it is still associated with adverse effects. Various receptors related to GI motility and visceral hypersensitivity should be considered to enhance the benefit/risk ratio of IBS treatments. This review discusses recent pharmacological advances in IBS management. Several receptors related to GI motility and abdominal pain are investigated in various angles. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter that activates the colonic mucosal 5-HT4 receptor without causing severe cardiovascular adverse effects. The clinical potential of ramosetron for diarrhea-predominant IBS has been suggested because of a lower risk of ischemic colitis than conventional 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR2 and TLR4, show a significant effect on the post-infection symptoms and lipopolysaccharide-mediated regulation of GI motility. Histamine is a well-known nitrogenous compound that regulates inflammatory responses and visceral hypersensitivity. Histamine 1 receptor-mediated sensitization of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 is associated with IBS. Pharmacological approaches based on these signaling pathways could be useful in the development of novel IBS treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjin Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-RO, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sil Min
- Department of Medical Plant Science, Jung Won University, 85 Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, 28024, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-RO, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Abstract
This review provides an overview on components of the sphingolipid superfamily, on their localization and metabolism. Information about the sphingolipid biological activity in cell physiopathology is given. Recent studies highlight the role of sphingolipids in inflammatory process. We summarize the emerging data that support the different roles of the sphingolipid members in specific phases of inflammation: (1) migration of immune cells, (2) recognition of exogenous agents, and (3) activation/differentiation of immune cells.
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14
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Effects of FTY720 on Lung Injury Induced by Hindlimb Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5301312. [PMID: 29249870 PMCID: PMC5700482 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5301312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a biologically active lysophospholipid mediator involved in modulating inflammatory process. We investigated the effects of FTY720, a structural analogue of S1P after phosphorylation, on lung injury induced by hindlimb ischemia reperfusion (IR) in rats. Methods Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups SM, IR, F3, F5, and F10. Group SM received sham operation, and bilateral hindlimb IR was established in group IR. The rats in groups F3, F5, and F10 were pretreated with 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg/d FTY720 for 7 days before IR. S1P lyase (S1PL), sphingosine kinase (SphK) 1, and SphK2 mRNA expressions, wet/dry weight (W/D), and polymorphonuclear/alveolus (P/A) in lung tissues were detected, and the lung injury score was evaluated. Results W/D, P/A, and mRNA expressions of S1PL, SphK1, and SphK2 were higher in group IR than in group SM, while these were decreased in both groups F5 and F10 as compared to IR (p < 0.05). The lung tissue presented severe lesions in group IR, which were attenuated in groups F5 and F10 with lower lung injury scores than in group IR (p < 0.05). Conclusions FTY720 pretreatment could attenuate lung injury induced by hindlimb IR by modulating S1P metabolism and decreasing pulmonary neutrophil infiltration.
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15
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Arish M, Alaidarous M, Ali R, Akhter Y, Rub A. Implication of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in diseases: molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:437-446. [PMID: 28758826 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1358282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling is emerging as a critical regulator of cellular processes that is initiated by the intracellular production of bioactive lipid molecule, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Binding of sphingosine-1-phosphate to its extracellular receptors activates diverse downstream signaling that play a critical role in governing physiological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that this signaling pathway often gets impaired during pathophysiological and diseased conditions and hence manipulation of this signaling pathway may be beneficial in providing treatment. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of S1P signaling pathway and the versatile role of the participating candidates in context with several disease conditions. Finally, we discussed its possible role as a novel drug target in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahat Ali
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- c Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences , Central University of Himachal Pradesh , Shahpur, Kangra , India
| | - Abdur Rub
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India.,b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
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16
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McLean CJ, Marles-Wright J, Custodio R, Lowther J, Kennedy AJ, Pollock J, Clarke DJ, Brown AR, Campopiano DJ. Characterization of homologous sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase isoforms in the bacterial pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:137-150. [PMID: 27784725 PMCID: PMC5234717 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are ubiquitous elements in eukaryotic membranes and are also found in some bacterial and viral species. As well as playing an integral structural role, SLs also act as potent signaling molecules involved in numerous cellular pathways and have been linked to many human diseases. A central SL signaling molecule is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), whose breakdown is catalyzed by S1P lyase (S1PL), a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of S1P to (2E)-hexadecenal (2E-HEX) and phosphoethanolamine. Here, we show that the pathogenic bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243, encodes two homologous proteins (S1PL2021 and S1PL2025) that display moderate sequence identity to known eukaryotic and prokaryotic S1PLs. Using an established MS-based methodology, we show that recombinant S1PL2021 is catalytically active. We also used recombinant human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase to develop a spectrophotometric enzyme-coupled assay to detect 2E-HEX formation and measure the kinetic constants of the two B. pseudomallei S1PL isoforms. Furthermore, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the PLP-bound form of S1PL2021 at 2.1 Å resolution revealing that the enzyme displays a conserved structural fold and active site architecture comparable with known S1PLs. The combined data suggest that B. pseudomallei has the potential to degrade host SLs in a S1PL-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J McLean
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Marles-Wright
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Custodio
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Lowther
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Kennedy
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Pollock
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Clarke
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J Campopiano
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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17
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Wouters MM, Balemans D, Van Wanrooy S, Dooley J, Cibert-Goton V, Alpizar YA, Valdez-Morales EE, Nasser Y, Van Veldhoven PP, Vanbrabant W, Van der Merwe S, Mols R, Ghesquière B, Cirillo C, Kortekaas I, Carmeliet P, Peetermans WE, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Augustijns P, Hellings PW, Belmans A, Vanner S, Bulmer DC, Talavera K, Vanden Berghe P, Liston A, Boeckxstaens GE. Histamine Receptor H1-Mediated Sensitization of TRPV1 Mediates Visceral Hypersensitivity and Symptoms in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:875-87.e9. [PMID: 26752109 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Histamine sensitizes the nociceptor transient reporter potential channel V1 (TRPV1) and has been shown to contribute to visceral hypersensitivity in animals. We investigated the role of TRPV1 in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and evaluated if an antagonist of histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) could reduce symptoms of patients in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. METHODS By using live calcium imaging, we compared activation of submucosal neurons by the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin in rectal biopsy specimens collected from 9 patients with IBS (ROME 3 criteria) and 15 healthy subjects. The sensitization of TRPV1 by histamine, its metabolite imidazole acetaldehyde, and supernatants from biopsy specimens was assessed by calcium imaging of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. We then performed a double-blind trial of patients with IBS (mean age, 31 y; range, 18-65 y; 34 female). After a 2-week run-in period, subjects were assigned randomly to groups given either the HRH1 antagonist ebastine (20 mg/day; n = 28) or placebo (n = 27) for 12 weeks. Rectal biopsy specimens were collected, barostat studies were performed, and symptoms were assessed (using the validated gastrointestinal symptom rating scale) before and after the 12-week period. Patients were followed up for an additional 2 weeks. Abdominal pain, symptom relief, and health-related quality of life were assessed on a weekly basis. The primary end point of the study was the effect of ebastine on the symptom score evoked by rectal distension. RESULTS TRPV1 responses of submucosal neurons from patients with IBS were potentiated compared with those of healthy volunteers. Moreover, TRPV1 responses of submucosal neurons from healthy volunteers could be potentiated by their pre-incubation with histamine; this effect was blocked by the HRH1 antagonist pyrilamine. Supernatants from rectal biopsy specimens from patients with IBS, but not from the healthy volunteers, sensitized TRPV1 in mouse nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons via HRH1; this effect could be reproduced by histamine and imidazole acetaldehyde. Compared with subjects given placebo, those given ebastine had reduced visceral hypersensitivity, increased symptom relief (ebastine 46% vs placebo 13%; P = .024), and reduced abdominal pain scores (ebastine 39 ± 23 vs placebo 62 ± 22; P = .0004). CONCLUSIONS In studies of rectal biopsy specimens from patients, we found that HRH1-mediated sensitization of TRPV1 is involved in IBS. Ebastine, an antagonist of HRH1, reduced visceral hypersensitivity, symptoms, and abdominal pain in patients with IBS. Inhibitors of this pathway might be developed as a new treatment approach for IBS. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT01144832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira M Wouters
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dafne Balemans
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Van Wanrooy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Dooley
- Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Cibert-Goton
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel Research Platform, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduardo E Valdez-Morales
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein-Interaction, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Winde Vanbrabant
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Schalk Van der Merwe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatology, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Mols
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link (Vesalius Research Center), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carla Cirillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Kortekaas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link (Vesalius Research Center), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy E Peetermans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Rutgeerts
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter W Hellings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Belmans
- Department of Biostatistics and Centre of Statistical Bioinformatics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - David C Bulmer
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karel Talavera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel Research Platform, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Haberkant P, Stein F, Höglinger D, Gerl MJ, Brügger B, Van Veldhoven PP, Krijgsveld J, Gavin AC, Schultz C. Bifunctional Sphingosine for Cell-Based Analysis of Protein-Sphingolipid Interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:222-30. [PMID: 26555438 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential structural components of cellular membranes and are crucial regulators of cellular processes. While current high-throughput approaches allow for the systematic mapping of interactions of soluble proteins with their lipid-binding partners, photo-cross-linking is the only technique that enables for the proteome-wide mapping of integral membrane proteins with their direct lipid environment. Here, we report the synthesis of a photoactivatable and clickable analog of sphingosine (pacSph). When administered to sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase deficient cells, pacSph allows its metabolic fate and the subcellular flux of de novo synthesized sphingolipids to be followed in a time-resolved manner. The chemoproteomic profiling yielded over 180 novel sphingolipid-binding proteins, of which we validated a number, demonstrating the unique value of this technique as a discovery tool. This work provides an important resource for the understanding of the global cellular interplay between sphingolipids and their interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Haberkant
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology
and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstr.
1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology
and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstr.
1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doris Höglinger
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology
and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstr.
1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias J. Gerl
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul P. Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory
for Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular
and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology
Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology
and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstr.
1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Brown HR, Castellino S, Groseclose MR, Elangbam CS, Mellon-Kusibab K, Yoon LW, Gates LD, Krull DL, Cariello NF, Arrington-Brown L, Tillman T, Fowler S, Shah V, Bailey D, Miller RT. Drug-induced Liver Fibrosis. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:112-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623315617033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is associated with hepatotoxicity in 1–5% of patients. In rodent studies, NVP has been shown to cause hepatic enzyme induction, centrilobular hypertrophy, and skin rash in various rat strains but not liver toxicity. In an effort to understand whether NVP is metabolized differently in a transiently inflamed liver and whether a heightened immune response alters NVP-induced hepatic responses, female brown Norway rats were dosed with either vehicle or NVP alone (75 mg/kg/day for 15 days) or galactosamine alone (single intraperitoneal [ip] injection on day 7 to mimic viral hepatitis) or a combination of NVP (75/100/150 mg/kg/day for 15 days) and galactosamine (single 750 mg/kg ip on day 7). Livers were collected at necropsy for histopathology, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry and gene expression. Eight days after galactosamine, hepatic fibrosis was noted in rats dosed with the combination of NVP and galactosamine. No fibrosis occurred with NVP alone or galactosamine alone. Gene expression data suggested a viral-like response initiated by galactosamine via RNA sensors leading to apoptosis, toll-like receptor, and dendritic cell responses. These were exacerbated by NVP-induced growth factor, retinol, apoptosis, and periostin effects. This finding supports clinical reports warning against exacerbation of fibrosis by NVP in patients with hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Roger Brown
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen Castellino
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Reid Groseclose
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chandikumar S. Elangbam
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn Mellon-Kusibab
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence W. Yoon
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa D. Gates
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L. Krull
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neal F. Cariello
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Arrington-Brown
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tony Tillman
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Serita Fowler
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vishal Shah
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Bailey
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard T. Miller
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Suh JH, Eltanawy A, Rangan A, Saba JD. A facile stable-isotope dilution method for determination of sphingosine phosphate lyase activity. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 194:101-9. [PMID: 26408264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new technique for quantifying sphingosine phosphate lyase activity in biological samples is described. In this procedure, 2-hydrazinoquinoline is used to convert (2E)-hexadecenal into the corresponding hydrazone derivative to improve ionization efficiency and selectivity of detection. Combined utilization of liquid chromatographic separation and multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry allows for simultaneous quantification of the substrate S1P and product (2E)-hexadecenal. Incorporation of (2E)- d5-hexadecenal as an internal standard improves detection accuracy and precision. A simple one-step derivatization procedure eliminates the need for further extractions. Limits of quantification for (2E)-hexadecenal and sphingosine-1-phosphate are 100 and 50fmol, respectively. The assay displays a wide dynamic detection range useful for detection of low basal sphingosine phosphate lyase activity in wild type cells, SPL-overexpressing cell lines, and wild type mouse tissues. Compared to current methods, the capacity for simultaneous detection of sphingosine-1-phosphate and (2E)-hexadecenal greatly improves the accuracy of results and shows excellent sensitivity and specificity for sphingosine phosphate lyase activity detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Suh
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, United States
| | - Abeer Eltanawy
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, United States
| | - Apoorva Rangan
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, United States
| | - Julie D Saba
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
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21
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Kashem MA, Wa C, Wolak JP, Grafos NS, Ryan KR, Sanville-Ross ML, Fogarty KE, Rybina IV, Shoultz A, Molinaro T, Desai SN, Rajan A, Huber JD, Nelson RM. A High-Throughput Scintillation Proximity Assay for Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2014; 12:293-302. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2014.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Kashem
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Chunling Wa
- Department of Biotherapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - John P. Wolak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Nicholas S. Grafos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Kelli R. Ryan
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Mary L. Sanville-Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Kylie E. Fogarty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Irina V. Rybina
- Department of Biotherapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Alycia Shoultz
- Department of Biotherapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Teresa Molinaro
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Sudha N. Desai
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Anusha Rajan
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - John D. Huber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Richard M. Nelson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
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22
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Weiler S, Braendlin N, Beerli C, Bergsdorf C, Schubart A, Srinivas H, Oberhauser B, Billich A. Orally active 7-substituted (4-benzylphthalazin-1-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]nicotinonitriles as active-site inhibitors of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5074-84. [PMID: 24809814 DOI: 10.1021/jm500338n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) lyase has recently been implicated as a therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), based on studies in a genetic mouse model. Potent active site directed inhibitors of the enzyme are not known so far. Here we describe the discovery of (4-benzylphthalazin-1-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]nicotinonitrile 5 in a high-throughput screen using a biochemical assay, and its further optimization. This class of compounds was found to inhibit catalytic activity of S1PL by binding to the active site of the enzyme, as seen in the cocrystal structure of derivative 31 with the homodimeric human S1P lyase. 31 induces profound reduction of peripheral T cell numbers after oral dosage and confers pronounced protection in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, this novel class of direct S1P lyase inhibitors provides excellent tools to further explore the therapeutic potential of T cell-targeted therapies in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Weiler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland
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23
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Mezzar S, de Schryver E, Van Veldhoven PP. RP-HPLC-fluorescence analysis of aliphatic aldehydes: application to aldehyde-generating enzymes HACL1 and SGPL1. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:573-82. [PMID: 24323699 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d044230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain aldehydes are commonly produced in various processes, such as peroxisomal α-oxidation of long-chain 3-methyl-branched and 2-hydroxy fatty acids and microsomal breakdown of phosphorylated sphingoid bases. The enzymes involved in the aldehyde-generating steps of these processes are 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1), respectively. In the present work, nonradioactive assays for these enzymes were developed employing the Hantzsch reaction. Tridecanal (C13-al) and heptadecanal (C17-al) were selected as model compounds and cyclohexane-1,3-dione as 1,3-diketone, and the fluorescent derivatives were analyzed by reversed phase (RP)-HPLC. Assay mixture composition, as well as pH and heating, were optimized for C13-al and C17-al. Under optimized conditions, these aldehydes could be quantified in picomolar range and different long-chain aldehyde derivatives were well resolved with a linear gradient elution by RP-HPLC. Aldehydes generated by recombinant enzymes could easily be detected via this method. Moreover, the assay allowed to document activity or deficiency in tissue homogenates and fibroblast lysates without an extraction step. In conclusion, a simple, quick, and cheap assay for the study of HACL1 and SGPL1 activities was developed, without relying on expensive mass spectrometric detectors or radioactive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mezzar
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Paul L, Ueland PM, Selhub J. Mechanistic perspective on the relationship between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and inflammation. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:239-44. [PMID: 23550784 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of inflammatory disease conditions have been found to be associated with low levels of plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6 , without any indication of a lower dietary intake of vitamin B6 , excessive catabolism of the vitamin, or congenital defects in its metabolism. The present review was conducted to examine the existing literature in this regard. Current evidence suggests that the inverse association between plasma PLP and inflammation may be the result of mobilization of this coenzyme to the site of inflammation, for use by the PLP-dependent enzymes of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, metabolism of the immunomodulatory sphingolipids, ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate, and for serine hydroxymethylase for immune cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligi Paul
- JM USDA HNRC, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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25
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Post-translational regulation of sphingosine kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Kim R, Lou K, Kraft ML. A new, long-wavelength borondipyrromethene sphingosine for studying sphingolipid dynamics in live cells. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:265-75. [PMID: 23129779 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d029207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids function as cell membrane components and as signaling molecules that regulate critical cellular processes. To study unacylated and acylated sphingolipids in cells with fluorescence microscopy, the fluorophore in the analog must be located within the sphingoid backbone and not the N-acyl fatty acid side chain. Although such fluorescent sphingosine analogs have been reported, they either require UV excitation or their emission overlaps with that of the most common protein label, green fluorescent protein (GFP). We report the synthesis and use of a new fluorescent sphingolipid analog, borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) 540 sphingosine, which has an excitation maximum at 540 nm and emission that permits its visualization in parallel with GFP. Mammalian cells readily metabolized BODIPY 540 sphingosine to more complex fluorescent sphingolipids, and subsequently degraded these fluorescent sphingolipids via the native sphingolipid catabolism pathway. Visualization of BODIPY 540 fluorescence in parallel with GFP-labeled organelle-specific proteins showed the BODIPY 540 sphingosine metabolites were transported through the secretory pathway and were transiently located within lysosomes, mitochondria, and the nucleus. The reported method for using BODIPY 540 sphingosine to visualize sphingolipids in parallel with GFP-labeled proteins within living cells may permit new insight into sphingolipid transport, metabolism, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raehyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Borowsky AD, Bandhuvula P, Kumar A, Yoshinaga Y, Nefedov M, Fong LG, Zhang M, Baridon B, Dillard L, de Jong P, Young SG, West DB, Saba JD. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase expression in embryonic and adult murine tissues. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1920-31. [PMID: 22781001 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m028084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in immunity, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer. S1P lyase (SPL) is the essential enzyme responsible for S1P degradation. SPL augments apoptosis and is down-regulated in cancer. SPL generates a S1P chemical gradient that promotes lymphocyte trafficking and as such is being targeted to treat autoimmune diseases. Despite growing interest in SPL as a disease marker, antioncogene, and pharmacological target, no comprehensive characterization of SPL expression in mammalian tissues has been reported. We investigated SPL expression in developing and adult mouse tissues by generating and characterizing a β-galactosidase-SPL reporter mouse combined with immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and enzyme assays. SPL was expressed in thymic and splenic stromal cells, splenocytes, Peyer's Patches, colonic lymphoid aggregates, circulating T and B lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes, with lowest expression in thymocytes. SPL was highly expressed within the CNS, including arachnoid lining cells, spinal cord, choroid plexus, trigeminal nerve ganglion, and specific neurons of the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, midbrain, hindbrain, and cerebellum. Expression was detected in brown adipose tissue, female gonads, adrenal cortex, bladder epithelium, Harderian and preputial glands, and hair follicles. This unique expression pattern suggests SPL has many undiscovered physiological functions apart from its role in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Bourquin F, Capitani G, Grütter MG. PLP-dependent enzymes as entry and exit gates of sphingolipid metabolism. Protein Sci 2012; 20:1492-508. [PMID: 21710479 DOI: 10.1002/pro.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are membrane constituents as well as signaling molecules involved in many essential cellular processes. Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL), both PLP (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate)-dependent enzymes, function as entry and exit gates of the sphingolipid metabolism. SPT catalyzes the condensation of serine and a fatty acid into 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine, whereas SPL degrades sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) into phosphoethanolamine and a long-chain aldehyde. The recently solved X-ray structures of prokaryotic homologs of SPT and SPL combined with functional studies provide insight into the structure-function relationship of the two enzymes. Despite carrying out different reactions, the two enzymes reveal striking similarities in the overall fold, topology, and residues crucial for activity. Unlike their eukaryotic counterparts, bacterial SPT and SPL lack a transmembrane helix, making them targets of choice for biochemical characterization because the use of detergents can be avoided. Both human enzymes are linked to severe diseases or disorders and might therefore serve as targets for the development of therapeutics aiming at the modulation of their activity. This review gives an overview of the sphingolipid metabolism and of the available biochemical studies of prokaryotic SPT and SPL, and discusses the major similarities and differences to the corresponding eukaryotic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bourquin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Novel methods for the quantification of (2E)-hexadecenal by liquid chromatography with detection by either ESI QTOF tandem mass spectrometry or fluorescence measurement. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 722:70-9. [PMID: 22444536 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is the only known enzyme that irreversibly cleaves sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) into phosphoethanolamine and (2E)-hexadecenal during the final step of sphingolipid catabolism. Because S1P is involved in a wide range of physiological and diseased processes, determining the activity of the degrading enzyme is of great interest. Therefore, we developed two procedures based on liquid chromatography (LC) for analysing (2E)-hexadecenal, which is one of the two S1P degradation products. After separation, two different quantification methods were performed, tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and fluorescence detection. However, (2E)-hexadecenal as a long-chain aldehyde is not ionisable by electrospray ionisation (ESI) for MS quantification and has an insufficient number of corresponding double bonds for fluorescence detection. Therefore, we investigated 2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione-1-hydrazone (DAIH) as a derivatisation reagent. DAIH transforms the aldehyde into an ionisable and fluorescent analogue for quantitative analysis. Our conditions were optimised to obtain the outstanding limit of detection (LOD) of 1 fmol per sample (30 μL) for LC-MS/MS and 0.75 pmol per sample (200 μL) for LC determination with fluorescence detection. We developed an extraction procedure to separate and concentrate (2E)-hexadecenal from biological samples for these measurements. To confirm our new methods, we analysed the (2E)-hexadecenal level of different cell lines and human plasma for the first time ever. Furthermore, we treated HT-29 cells with different concentrations of 4-deoxypyridoxine (DOP), which competitively inhibits pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P), an essential cofactor for SPL activity, and observed a significant decrease in (2E)-hexadecenal relative to the untreated cells.
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30
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Reina E, Camacho L, Casas J, Van Veldhoven PP, Fabrias G. Determination of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase activity by gas chromatography coupled to electron impact mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:225-31. [PMID: 22265672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) is the last enzyme in the catabolism of sphingolipids. It catalyzes the retroaldolic cleavage of long chain base phosphates into phosphoethanolamine and a fatty aldehyde. In this article we report on an easy and sensitive procedure to determine SPL activity. The assays uses C17-sphinganine-1-phosphate as substrate and the aldehyde product, pentadecanal, is quantified as its pentafluorobenzyloxime derivative by GC/MS. Derivatization of pentadecanal is performed as a one-step reaction, and the oxime product is directly injected for GC/MS analysis without any further purification. Acquisition in selected ion monitoring mode allows very high sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 281fmol. The assay is linear with both protein concentration and incubation time up to 20μg and 40min, respectively. The K(m) value obtained (6μM) is similar to that for the natural substrate sphingosine-1-phosphate. Using this method, FTY720 and deoxypyridoxine phosphate inhibited SPL with similar potencies to those reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Reina
- Dept. of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Mass spectrometry of fatty aldehydes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:680-93. [PMID: 21930240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty aldehydes are important components of the cellular lipidome. Significant interest has been developed towards the analysis of the short chain α,β-unsaturated and hydroxylated aldehydes formed as a result of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Multiple gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and subsequently liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) approaches have been developed to identify and quantify short-chain as well as long-chain fatty aldehydes. Due to the ability to non-enzymaticaly form Schiff bases with amino groups of proteins, lipids, and with DNA guanidine, free aldehydes are viewed as a marker or metric of fatty acid oxidation and not the part of intracellular signaling pathways which has significantly limited the overall attention this group of molecules have received. This review provides an overview of current GC/MS and LC/MS approaches of fatty aldehyde analysis as well as discusses technical challenges standing in the way of free fatty aldehyde quantitation.
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32
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Bourquin F, Riezman H, Capitani G, Grütter MG. Structure and function of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism. Structure 2010; 18:1054-65. [PMID: 20696404 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL), a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism, catalyzes the irreversible degradation of sphingoid base phosphates. Its main substrate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) acts both extracellularly, by binding G protein-coupled receptors of the lysophospholipid receptor family, and inside the cell, as a second messenger. There, S1P takes part in regulating various cellular processes and its levels are tightly regulated. SPL is a pivotal enzyme regulating S1P intracellular concentrations and a promising drug target for the design of immunosuppressants. We structurally and functionally characterized yeast SPL (Dpl1p) and its first prokaryotic homolog, from Symbiobacterium thermophilum. The Dpl1p structure served as a basis for a very reliable model of Homo sapiens SPL. The above results, together with in vitro and in vivo studies of SPL mutants, reveal which residues are involved in activity and substrate binding and pave the way to studies aimed at controlling the activity of this pivotal enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bourquin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Alexander S, Alexander H. Lead genetic studies in Dictyostelium discoideum and translational studies in human cells demonstrate that sphingolipids are key regulators of sensitivity to cisplatin and other anticancer drugs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 22:97-104. [PMID: 20951822 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Dictyostelium discoideum mutant with a disruption in the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S-1-P) lyase gene was obtained in an unbiased genetic analysis, using random insertional mutagenesis, for mutants with increased resistance to the widely used cancer chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. This finding opened the way to extensive studies in both D. discoideum and human cells on the role and mechanism of action of the bioactive sphingolipids S-1-P and ceramide in regulating the response to chemotherapeutic drugs. These studies showed that the levels of activities of the sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes S-1-P lyase, sphingosine kinase and ceramide synthase, affect whether a cell dies or lives in the presence of specific drugs. The demonstration that multiple enzymes of this biochemical pathway were involved in regulating drug sensitivity provided new opportunities to test whether pharmacological intervention might increase sensitivity. Thus it is of considerable clinical significance that pharmacological inhibition of sphingosine kinase synergistically sensitizes cells to cisplatin, both in D. discoideum and human cells. Linkage to the p38 MAP kinase and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways has been demonstrated. This work demonstrates the utility of D. discoideum as a lead genetic system to interrogate molecular mechanisms controlling the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents and for determining novel ways of increasing efficacy. The D. discoideum system could be easily adapted to a high throughput screen for novel chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Alexander
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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34
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Characterization of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase activity by electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry quantitation of (2E)-hexadecenal. Anal Biochem 2010; 408:12-8. [PMID: 20804717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingolipid signaling molecule crucial for cell survival and proliferation. S1P-mediated signaling is largely controlled through its biosynthesis and degradation, and S1P lyase (S1PL) is the only known enzyme that irreversibly degrades sphingoid base-1-phosphates to phosphoethanolamine and the corresponding fatty aldehydes. S1PL-mediated degradation of S1P results in the formation of (2E)-hexadecenal, whereas hexadecanal is the product of dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate (DHS1P) degradation. Fatty aldehydes can undergo biotransformation to fatty acids and/or alcohols, making them elusive and rendering the task of fatty aldehyde quantitation challenging. We have developed a simple, highly sensitive, and high-throughput protocol for (2E)-hexadecenal quantitation as a semicarbazone derivative by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The approach was applied to determining S1PL activity in vitro with the ability to use as low as 0.25μg of microsomal protein per assay. The method is also applicable to the use of total tissue homogenate as the source of S1PL. A correction for (2E)-hexadecenal disappearance due to its biotransformation during enzymatic reaction is required, especially at higher protein concentrations. The method was applied to confirm FTY720 as the inhibitor of S1PL with an IC₅₀ value of 52.4μM.
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35
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Claas RF, ter Braak M, Hegen B, Hardel V, Angioni C, Schmidt H, Jakobs KH, Van Veldhoven PP, Heringdorf DMZ. Enhanced Ca2+ storage in sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase-deficient fibroblasts. Cell Signal 2010; 22:476-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Colié S, Van Veldhoven PP, Kedjouar B, Bedia C, Albinet V, Sorli SC, Garcia V, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Bauvy C, Codogno P, Levade T, Andrieu-Abadie N. Disruption of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase confers resistance to chemotherapy and promotes oncogenesis through Bcl-2/Bcl-xL upregulation. Cancer Res 2010; 69:9346-53. [PMID: 19934311 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite involved in cancer development through stimulation of cell survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Irreversible degradation of S1P is catalyzed by S1P lyase (SPL). The human SGPL1 gene that encodes SPL maps to a region often mutated in cancers. To investigate the effect of SPL deficiency on cell survival and transformation, the susceptibility to anticancer drugs of fibroblasts generated from SPL-deficient mouse embryos (Sgpl1(-/-)) was compared with that of cells from heterozygous (Sgpl1(+/-)) or wild-type (Sgpl1(+/+)) embryos. First, loss of SPL caused resistance to the toxic effects of etoposide and doxorubicin. Interestingly, heterozygosity for the Sgpl1 gene resulted in partial resistance to apoptosis. Secondly, doxorubicin-induced apoptotic signaling was strongly inhibited in Sgpl1(-/-) cells (phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activation, and cytochrome c release). This was accompanied by a strong increase in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein content. Whereas correction of SPL deficiency in Sgpl1(-/-) cells led to downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown in SPL-deficient cells resulted in increased sensitivity to doxorubicin, suggesting that Bcl-2 upregulation mediates SPL protective effects. Moreover, SPL deficiency led to increased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth, and formation of tumors in nude mice. Finally, transcriptomic studies showed that SPL expression is downregulated in human melanoma cell lines. Thus, by affecting S1P metabolism and the expression of Bcl-2 members, the loss of SPL enhances cell resistance to anticancer regimens and results in an increased ability of cells to acquire a transformed phenotype and become malignant.
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37
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Serra M, Saba JD. Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase, a key regulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:349-62. [PMID: 19914275 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Serra
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609-1673, USA
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38
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that regulates cell proliferation, survival and migration and plays an essential role in angiogenesis and lymphocyte trafficking. S1P levels in the circulation and tissues are tightly regulated for proper cell functioning, and dysregulation of this system may contribute to the pathophysiology of certain human diseases. Sphingosine phosphate lyase (SPL) irreversibly degrades S1P and thereby acts as a gatekeeper that regulates S1P signaling by modulating intracellular S1P levels and the chemical S1P gradient that exists between lymphoid organs and circulating blood and lymph. However, SPL also generates biochemical products that may be relevant in human disease. SPL has been directly implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including cell stress responses, cancer, immunity, hematopoietic function, muscle homeostasis, inflammation and development. OBJECTIVE/METHODS This review summarizes the current know-ledge of SPL structure, function and regulation, its involvement in various disease states and currently available small molecules known to modulate SPL activity. RESULTS/CONCLUSION This review provides evidence that SPL is a potential target for pharmacological manipulation for the treatment of malignant, autoimmune, inflammatory and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Julie D. Saba
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute Oakland, CA 94609
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39
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He X, Huang CL, Schuchman EH. Quantitative analysis of sphingosine-1-phosphate by HPLC after napthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:983-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Bedia C, Camacho L, Casas J, Abad JL, Delgado A, Van Veldhoven PP, Fabriàs G. Synthesis of a Fluorogenic Analogue of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Its Use to Determine Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase Activity. Chembiochem 2009; 10:820-2. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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41
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Vogel P, Donoviel MS, Read R, Hansen GM, Hazlewood J, Anderson SJ, Sun W, Swaffield J, Oravecz T. Incomplete inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase modulates immune system function yet prevents early lethality and non-lymphoid lesions. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4112. [PMID: 19119317 PMCID: PMC2606024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S1PL is an aldehyde-lyase that irreversibly cleaves sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in the terminal step of sphingolipid catabolism. Because S1P modulates a wide range of physiological processes, its concentration must be tightly regulated within both intracellular and extracellular environments. Methodology In order to better understand the function of S1PL in this regulatory pathway, we assessed the in vivo effects of different levels of S1PL activity using knockout (KO) and humanized mouse models. Principal Findings Our analysis showed that all S1PL-deficient genetic models in this study displayed lymphopenia, with sequestration of mature T cells in the thymus and lymph nodes. In addition to the lymphoid phenotypes, S1PL KO mice (S1PL−/−) also developed myeloid cell hyperplasia and significant lesions in the lung, heart, urinary tract, and bone, and had a markedly reduced life span. The humanized knock-in mice harboring one allele (S1PLH/−) or two alleles (S1PLH/H) of human S1PL expressed less than 10 and 20% of normal S1PL activity, respectively. This partial restoration of S1PL activity was sufficient to fully protect both humanized mouse lines from the lethal non-lymphoid lesions that developed in S1PL−/− mice, but failed to restore normal T-cell development and trafficking. Detailed analysis of T-cell compartments indicated that complete absence of S1PL affected both maturation/development and egress of mature T cells from the thymus, whereas low level S1PL activity affected T-cell egress more than differentiation. Significance These findings demonstrate that lymphocyte trafficking is particularly sensitive to variations in S1PL activity and suggest that there is a window in which partial inhibition of S1PL could produce therapeutic levels of immunosuppression without causing clinically significant S1P-related lesions in non-lymphoid target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA.
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42
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Brooklyn JRV, Cuvillier O, Olivera A, Spiegel S. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate: A Lipid Second Messenger Regulating Cell Growth and Survival. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109809035522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Limaye V. The role of sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate in the regulation of endothelial cell biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:101-12. [PMID: 18568950 DOI: 10.1080/10623320802125342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, in particular sphingosine kinase (SphK) and its product sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), are now recognized to play an important role in regulating many critical processes in endothelial cells. Activation of SphK1 is essential in mediating the endothelial proinflammatory effects of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In addition, S1P regulates the survival and proliferation of endothelial cells, as well as their ability to undergo cell migration, all essential components of angiogenesis. Thus the inflammatory and angiogenic potential of the endothelium is in part regulated by intracellular components including the activity of SphK1 and levels of S1P. Herein a review of the sphingomyelin pathway with a particular focus on its relevance to endothelial cell biology is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Limaye
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
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Mukhopadhyay D, Howell KS, Riezman H, Capitani G. Identifying key residues of sphinganine-1-phosphate lyase for function in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20159-69. [PMID: 18487605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709753200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphinganine-1-phosphate lyase (Dpl1p) is a highly conserved enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism that catalyzes the irreversible degradation of sphingoid base phosphates, which are potent signaling molecules. Sphingoid base phosphates play a vital role in cell survival, proliferation, migration, heat stress, and cell wall integrity pathways. Little is known about the structure and regulation of Dpl1p. In this study, we have undertaken a combined computational modeling and mutagenesis approach for structure-function analysis of Dpl1p to discover possible modes of regulation. Our results identify important residues for catalysis in Dpl1p and confirm it as an integral endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein. Results further indicate that Dpl1p is most likely not regulated spatially. Importantly, we demonstrate that Dpl1p exists as an oligomer and that polar residues in its transmembrane domain are required for its full function in vivo but not for its localization or for its catalytic activity in vitro.
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45
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Kim DH, Lee YS, Lee YM, Oh S, Yun YP, Yoo HS. Elevation of sphingoid base 1-phosphate as a potential contributor to hepatotoxicity in fumonisin B1-exposed mice. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:962-9. [PMID: 17879749 DOI: 10.1007/bf02993964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are causative agents of diseases in mice and rats, including liver and renal toxicities, as well as cancer, and are specific inhibitors of ceramide synthase in the metabolism of sphingolipid. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an elevated level of sphingoid base 1-phosphate was related to the expressions of metabolism enzymes in the liver of fumonisin B1 (FB1)-treated mice and acted as a contributing factor to hepatotoxicity. In our previous study, FB1 was confirmed to be toxic to both liver and kidneys, coupled with simultaneous elevation of sphinganine 1-phosphate. ICR mice were treated intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg/day FB1 for 5 days, with the concentrations of sphingolipid metabolites in the serum and liver measured using HPLC following Bligh-Dyer extraction. The levels of sphingoid bases and their 1-phosphates in the serum and liver were markedly elevated in response to treatment with FB1. In the liver, FB1 increased the expression of sphingosine kinase and inhibited the expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase. The cleaved form of caspase-3 was detected in the liver of FB1-treated mice, indicating the occurrence of apoptosis in the liver following exposure to FB1. The expressions of proapoptotic signaling molecules, such as phosphorylated forms of c-Jun N-terminus kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), were increased in the liver of FB1-treated mice. In conclusion, these results suggest the elevation of sphingoid base 1-phosphate, as a result of the activation of sphingosine kinase and the inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase, may be a major target for FB1-induced hepatotoxicity via the activation of an apoptotic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and CBITRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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46
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Blondeau N, Lai Y, Tyndall S, Popolo M, Topalkara K, Pru JK, Zhang L, Kim H, Liao JK, Ding K, Waeber C. Distribution of sphingosine kinase activity and mRNA in rodent brain. J Neurochem 2007; 103:509-17. [PMID: 17623044 PMCID: PMC2639651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator that exerts multiple cellular functions through activation of a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. Although there is evidence that S1P plays a role in the developing and adult CNS, little is known about the ability of brain parenchyma to synthesize this lipid. We have therefore analyzed the brain distribution of the enzymatic activity of the S1P synthesizing enzyme, sphingosine kinase (SPHK) [EC:2.7.1.91], as well as mRNA distribution for one of the two isoforms of this enzyme, sphingosine kinase 2. SPHK activity, measured by the conversion of [(3)H]sphingosine to [(3)H]S1P, is highest in cerebellum, followed by cortex and brainstem. Lowest activities were found in striatum and hippocampus. Sensitivity to 0.1% Triton-X suggests that this activity is accounted for by SPHK2. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization studies show that mRNA for this isoform has a distribution similar to that of SPHK activity. In vivo and in vitro ischemia increase SPHK activity and SPHK2 mRNA levels. These results indicate that SPHK2 is the predominant S1P-synthesizing isoform in normal brain parenchyma. Its heterogeneous distribution, in particular laminar distribution in cortex, suggests a neuronal localization and a possible role in cortical and cerebellar functions, in normal as well as ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blondeau
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yushuan Lai
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Tyndall
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margherita Popolo
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kamil Topalkara
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James K. Pru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - HyungHwan Kim
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James K. Liao
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kan Ding
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Waeber
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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47
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Bandhuvula P, Fyrst H, Saba JD. A rapid fluorescence assay for sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase enzyme activity. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2769-78. [PMID: 17872591 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d700010-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase (SPL) catalyzes the conversion of S1P to ethanolamine phosphate and hexadecenal. This enzyme plays diverse roles in physiology and disease and, thus, may be useful as a disease marker and/or drug target. Unfortunately, the radioisotope-based assay currently used to quantify SPL activity is suboptimal. We have devised an assay using a commercially available omega(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-d-erythro (NBD)-labeled fluorescent substrate. Alternatively, we provide a method for synthesis of the substrate from NBD-sphingosine. Enzyme activity is determined by following the formation of NBD-aldehyde product, which is isolated from unreacted substrate by lipid extraction and quantified after separation by HPLC using a C18 column. A fluorescent NBD-C18-sphingosine internal standard is used to control for extraction efficiency. The reaction is linear over 20 min and total protein concentrations of 20-200 mg/l. The sensitivity of the fluorescence assay is comparable to or better than that of the radioactive assay, and SPL levels as low as 8 pmol/mg/min were readily detected. Semicarbazide, a nonspecific SPL inhibitor, reduced SPL activity in vitro by approximately 70% using both standard and fluorescence methods. Product inhibition was not observed using ethanolamine phosphate and a commercially available source of hexadecenal. This method is suitable for quantifying SPL activity in a variety of cell and tissue sources.
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48
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Huwiler A, Zangemeister-Wittke U. Targeting the conversion of ceramide to sphingosine 1-phosphate as a novel strategy for cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 63:150-9. [PMID: 17560117 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids not only function as structural components of cell membranes but also act as signaling molecules to regulate fundamental cellular responses, such as cell death and differentiation, proliferation and certain types of inflammation. Particularly the cellular balance between ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate seems to be crucial for a cell's decision to either undergo apoptosis or proliferate, two events which are implicated in tumor development and growth. Whereas ceramide possesses proapoptotic capacity in many cell types, sphingosine 1-phosphate acts as a counterplayer able to induce cell proliferation and protect cells from undergoing apoptosis. Therefore, tipping the balance in favour of ceramide production, i.e. by inhibiting ceramidase or sphingosine kinase activities has potential to support its proapoptotic action and hence represents a promising rational approach to effective cancer therapy. This review highlights most recent data on the regulation of cellular sphingolipid formation and their potential implication in tumor development, and provides perspectives for their use as targets in molecular intervention therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 49, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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49
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Bandhuvula P, Saba JD. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in immunity and cancer: silencing the siren. Trends Mol Med 2007; 13:210-7. [PMID: 17416206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that promotes cell survival, proliferation and migration, platelet aggregation, mediates ischemic preconditioning, and is essential for angiogenesis and lymphocyte trafficking. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is the enzyme responsible for the irreversible degradation of S1P and is, thus, in a strategic position to regulate these same processes by removing available S1P signaling pools, that is, silencing the siren. In fact, recent studies have implicated SPL in the regulation of immunity, cancer surveillance and other physiological processes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of SPL function and regulation, and discuss how SPL might facilitate cancer chemoprevention and serve as a target for modulation of immune responses in transplantation settings and in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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50
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Zhang K, Pompey JM, Hsu FF, Key P, Bandhuvula P, Saba JD, Turk J, Beverley SM. Redirection of sphingolipid metabolism toward de novo synthesis of ethanolamine in Leishmania. EMBO J 2007; 26:1094-104. [PMID: 17290222 PMCID: PMC1852826 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, sphingolipids (SLs) are critical membrane components and signaling molecules. However, mutants of the trypanosomatid protozoan Leishmania lacking serine palmitoyltransferase (spt2-) and SLs grow well, although they are defective in stationary phase differentiation and virulence. Similar phenotypes were observed in sphingolipid (SL) mutant lacking the degradatory enzyme sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (spl-). This epistatic interaction suggested that a metabolite downstream of SLs was responsible. Here we show that unlike other organisms, the Leishmania SL pathway has evolved to be the major route for ethanolamine (EtN) synthesis, as EtN supplementation completely reversed the viability and differentiation defects of both mutants. Thus Leishmania has undergone two major metabolic shifts: first in de-emphasizing the metabolic roles of SLs themselves in growth, signaling, and maintenance of membrane microdomains, which may arise from the unique combination of abundant parasite lipids; Second, freed of typical SL functional constraints and a lack of alternative routes to produce EtN, Leishmania redirected SL metabolism toward bulk EtN synthesis. Our results thus reveal a striking example of remodeling of the SL metabolic pathway in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justine M Pompey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Phillip Key
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Padmavathi Bandhuvula
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Julie D Saba
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - John Turk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8230, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel.: +1 314 747 2630; Fax: +1 314 747 2634; E-mail:
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