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Shen J, Zhao X, Bai X, Zhu W, Li Z, Yang Z, Wang Q, Ji J. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals CDK5-Mediated phosphorylation of MTDH inhibits protein synthesis in microglia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 735:150669. [PMID: 39260336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
CDK5 plays a crucial role in maintaining normal central nervous system (CNS) development and synaptic function, while microglia are the primary immune cells present in the CNS and play vital physiological roles in CNS development, immune surveillance, and regulation of synaptic plasticity. Despite this, our understanding of both the substrate proteins and functional mechanisms of CDK5 in microglia remains limited. To address this, we utilized CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of Cdk5 in BV2 cells and conducted quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis to systematically screen potential CDK5 substrates in microglia. Our findings identified 335 phosphorylation sites on 234 proteins as potential CDK5 substrates in microglia based on the reported sequence motif. Through in vitro kinase assay and intracellular inhibition and knockout of CDK5 experiments, we confirmed that ER proteins MTDH (protein LYRIC) and Calnexin are novel substrate proteins of CDK5. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time a critical mechanism for regulating protein synthesis in microglia, that the phosphorylation of S565 site on MTDH, a key protein mediating cell growth, by CDK5 inhibits protein synthesis. Our data provide valuable insights for the discovery of new substrate proteins of CDK5 and the in-depth investigation of the function and mechanism of CDK5 in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zeyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zihao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jianguo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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2
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Heier JL, Boselli DJ, Parker LL. Antibody-free time-resolved terbium luminescence assays designed for cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590988. [PMID: 38712268 PMCID: PMC11071522 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Novel time-resolved terbium luminescence assays were developed for CDK5 and CDK2 by designing synthetic substrates which incorporate phospho-inducible terbium sensitizing motifs with kinase substrate consensus sequences. Substrates designed for CDK5 showed no phosphorylation by CDK2, opening the possibility for CDK5-specific assay development for selective drug discovery.
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3
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Nikhil K, Shah K. CDK5: an oncogene or an anti-oncogene: location location location. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:186. [PMID: 37993880 PMCID: PMC10666462 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered various physiological functions of CDK5 in many nonneuronal tissues. Upregulation of CDK5 and/or its activator p35 in neurons promotes healthy neuronal functions, but their overexpression in nonneuronal tissues is causally linked to cancer of many origins. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which CDK5 recruits diverse tissue-specific substrates to elicit distinct phenotypes in sixteen different human cancers. The emerging theme suggests that CDK5's role as an oncogene or anti-oncogene depends upon its subcellular localization. CDK5 mostly acts as an oncogene, but in gastric cancer, it is a tumor suppressor due to its unique nuclear localization. This indicates that CDK5's access to certain nuclear substrates converts it into an anti-oncogenic kinase. While acting as a bonafide oncogene, CDK5 also activates a few cancer-suppressive pathways in some cancers, presumably due to the mislocalization of nuclear substrates in the cytoplasm. Therefore, directing CDK5 to the nucleus or exporting tumor-suppressive nuclear substrates to the cytoplasm may be promising approaches to combat CDK5-induced oncogenicity, analogous to neurotoxicity triggered by nuclear CDK5. Furthermore, while p35 overexpression is oncogenic, hyperactivation of CDK5 by inducing p25 formation results in apoptosis, which could be exploited to selectively kill cancer cells by dialing up CDK5 activity, instead of inhibiting it. CDK5 thus acts as a molecular rheostat, with different activity levels eliciting distinct functional outcomes. Finally, as CDK5's role is defined by its substrates, targeting them individually or in conjunction with CDK5 should create potentially valuable new clinical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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4
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Wei Y, Awan MUN, Bai L, Bai J. The function of Golgi apparatus in LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1097633. [PMID: 36896008 PMCID: PMC9989030 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1097633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease associated with the intracellular organelles. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multi-structural domain protein, and mutation in LRRK2 is associated with PD. LRRK2 regulates intracellular vesicle transport and function of organelles, including Golgi and lysosome. LRRK2 phosphorylates a group of Rab GTPases, including Rab29, Rab8, and Rab10. Rab29 acts in a common pathway with LRRK2. Rab29 has been shown to recruit LRRK2 to the Golgi complex (GC) to stimulate LRRK2 activity and alter the Golgi apparatus (GA). Interaction between LRRK2 and Vacuolar protein sorting protein 52 (VPS52), a subunit of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, mediates the function of intracellular soma trans-Golgi network (TGN) transport. VPS52 also interacts with Rab29. Knockdown of VPS52 leads to the loss of LRRK2/Rab29 transported to the TGN. Rab29, LRRK2, and VPS52 work together to regulate functions of the GA, which is associated with PD. We highlight recent advances in the roles of LRRK2, Rabs, VPS52, and other molecules, such as Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and protein kinase C (PKC) in the GA, and discuss their possible association with the pathological mechanisms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghang Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Maher Un Nisa Awan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liping Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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5
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Degrandmaison J, Grisé O, Parent JL, Gendron L. Differential barcoding of opioid receptors trafficking. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:99-128. [PMID: 34559903 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, studies have highlighted the δ-opioid receptor (DOPr) as a promising therapeutic target for chronic pain management. While exhibiting milder undesired effects than most currently prescribed opioids, its specific agonists elicit effective analgesic responses in numerous animal models of chronic pain, including inflammatory, neuropathic, diabetic, and cancer-related pain. However, as compared with the extensively studied μ-opioid receptor, the molecular mechanisms governing its trafficking remain elusive. Recent advances have denoted several significant particularities in the regulation of DOPr intracellular routing, setting it apart from the other members of the opioid receptor family. Although they share high homology, each opioid receptor subtype displays specific amino acid patterns potentially involved in the regulation of its trafficking. These precise motifs or "barcodes" are selectively recognized by regulatory proteins and therefore dictate several aspects of the itinerary of a receptor, including its anterograde transport, internalization, recycling, and degradation. With a specific focus on the regulation of DOPr trafficking, this review will discuss previously reported, as well as potential novel trafficking barcodes within the opioid and nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide receptors, and their impact in determining distinct interactomes and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Degrandmaison
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Quebec Network of Junior Pain Investigators, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Grisé
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Quebec Pain Research Network, QC, Canada
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6
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Morshed N, Ralvenius WT, Nott A, Watson LA, Rodriguez FH, Akay LA, Joughin BA, Pao P, Penney J, LaRocque L, Mastroeni D, Tsai L, White FM. Phosphoproteomics identifies microglial Siglec-F inflammatory response during neurodegeneration. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e9819. [PMID: 33289969 PMCID: PMC7722784 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the appearance of amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and inflammation in brain regions involved in memory. Using mass spectrometry, we have quantified the phosphoproteome of the CK-p25, 5XFAD, and Tau P301S mouse models of neurodegeneration. We identified a shared response involving Siglec-F which was upregulated on a subset of reactive microglia. The human paralog Siglec-8 was also upregulated on microglia in AD. Siglec-F and Siglec-8 were upregulated following microglial activation with interferon gamma (IFNγ) in BV-2 cell line and human stem cell-derived microglia models. Siglec-F overexpression activates an endocytic and pyroptotic inflammatory response in BV-2 cells, dependent on its sialic acid substrates and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) phosphorylation sites. Related human Siglecs induced a similar response in BV-2 cells. Collectively, our results point to an important role for mouse Siglec-F and human Siglec-8 in regulating microglial activation during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Morshed
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Alexi Nott
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - L Ashley Watson
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Felicia H Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNMUSA
| | - Leyla A Akay
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Ping‐Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jay Penney
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Lauren LaRocque
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- ASU‐Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research CenterTempeAZUSA
| | - Li‐Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Center for Precision Cancer MedicineMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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7
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Allnutt AB, Waters AK, Kesari S, Yenugonda VM. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Cdk5: Potential Directions for Therapeutic Targeting in Neurodegenerative Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1218-1230. [PMID: 32286796 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed serine (ser)/threonine (Thr) kinase that has been demonstrated to be one of the most functionally diverse kinases within neurons. Cdk5 is regulated via binding with its neuron-specific regulatory subunits, p35 or p39. Cdk5-p35 activity is critical for a variety of developmental and cellular processes in the brain, including neuron migration, memory formation, microtubule regulation, and cell cycle suppression. Aberrant activation of Cdk5 via the truncated p35 byproduct, p25, is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. The present review highlights the importance of Cdk5 activity and function in the brain and demonstrates how deregulation of Cdk5 can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we cover past drug discovery attempts at inhibiting Cdk5-p25 activity and discuss which types of targeting strategies may prove to be the most successful moving forward.
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8
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Quirion B, Bergeron F, Blais V, Gendron L. The Delta-Opioid Receptor; a Target for the Treatment of Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:52. [PMID: 32431594 PMCID: PMC7214757 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, pain represents one of the most important societal burdens. Current treatments are, however, too often ineffective and/or accompanied by debilitating unwanted effects for patients dealing with chronic pain. Indeed, the prototypical opioid morphine, as many other strong analgesics, shows harmful unwanted effects including respiratory depression and constipation, and also produces tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. The urgency to develop novel treatments against pain while minimizing adverse effects is therefore crucial. Over the years, the delta-opioid receptor (DOP) has emerged as a promising target for the development of new pain therapies. Indeed, targeting DOP to treat chronic pain represents a timely alternative to existing drugs, given the weak unwanted effects spectrum of DOP agonists. Here, we review the current knowledge supporting a role for DOP and its agonists for the treatment of pain. More specifically, we will focus on the cellular and subcellular localization of DOP in the nervous system. We will also discuss in further detail the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in controlling the cellular trafficking of DOP, known to differ significantly from most G protein-coupled receptors. This review article will allow a better understanding of how DOP represents a promising target to develop new treatments for pain management as well as where we stand as of our ability to control its cellular trafficking and cell surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Quirion
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Bergeron
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Blais
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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9
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Sharma S, Sicinski P. A kinase of many talents: non-neuronal functions of CDK5 in development and disease. Open Biol 2020; 10:190287. [PMID: 31910742 PMCID: PMC7014686 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) represents an unusual member of the family of cyclin-dependent kinases, which is activated upon binding to non-cyclin p35 and p39 proteins. The role of CDK5 in the nervous system has been very well established. In addition, there is growing evidence that CDK5 is also active in non-neuronal tissues, where it has been postulated to affect a variety of functions such as the immune response, angiogenesis, myogenesis, melanogenesis and regulation of insulin levels. Moreover, high levels of CDK5 have been observed in different tumour types, and CDK5 was proposed to play various roles in the tumorigenic process. In this review, we discuss these various CDK5 functions in normal physiology and disease, and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting CDK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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10
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Li Y, Xiang Q, Yao YH, Li JJ, Wang Y, Li XH. Inactivated AMPK-α2 promotes the progression of diabetic brain damage by Cdk5 phosphorylation at Thr485 site. Biochimie 2019; 168:277-284. [PMID: 31786229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in brain energy metabolism in diabetes mellitus, including increased insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction, are critically involved in diabetes-related neurodegeneration, and associate with early cognitive impairment as well. The aim of this study is to detect the specific phosphorylated-Thr485- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK-α2), regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) paly the inhibitory functional role of AMPK-α2, Which is maybe the link to the accelerated diabetic brain damage progression. Here, we used GK rats, the type 2 diabetic animal model for in vivo studies and performed In vitro kinase assay, high glucose treatment, -phosphorylated mutation and protein expression in both HEK-293T and HT-22 cell lines. In vitro, the results show that murine wild-type AMPK-α2 was phosphorylated by Cdk5 at a (S/T)PX(K/H/R) phosphorylation consensus sequence, which was associated with decreased AMPK-α2 activity. Surprisingly, mutation of Thr485 to alanine in AMPK-α2 results in the abolished Cdk5 effects, demonstrating that Thr485-phosphorylation is critical to AMPK-α2 inhibition by Cdk5. In addition, these alterations in AMPK-α2-phosphorylation and -activity induced by Cdk5 is specific at Thr485. Furthermore, in GK rats, the increased phosphorylated- Thr 485 of AMPK-α2 results in the decreased AMPK-α2 activity, which is correlated with the apoptosis of neurons in hippocamps. After high glucose treatment, the decreased survival showed in AMPK-α2T485A HT-22 cells compared to AMPK-α2WT. The down-regulated of p-CREB, SNAP25, synaptophysin as well as synapsin-1were shown in both GK rats and HT-22 cell line. Meanwhile, pre-treated with either the specific Cdk5-inhibitor (roscovitine) or the antidiabetic AMPK-α2-inhibitor (metformin) could restore the alterations in neuronal protein expression. Our results suggest that Cdk5-mediated phosphorylated- Thr485 in AMPK-α2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Qiong Xiang
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Research Center, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, Jishou University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Han Yao
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Pharmacy Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan City, Guang Dong Province, PR China
| | - Xian-Hui Li
- Institute of Medicine, Medical Research Center, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, Jishou University, Hunan Province, PR China.
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11
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Chi TF, Horbach T, Götz C, Kietzmann T, Dimova EY. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5)-Mediated Phosphorylation of Upstream Stimulatory Factor 2 (USF2) Contributes to Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040523. [PMID: 31013770 PMCID: PMC6521020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor USF2 is supposed to have an important role in tumor development. However, the regulatory mechanisms contributing to the function of USF2 are largely unknown. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) seems to be of importance since high levels of CDK5 were found in different cancers associated with high USF2 expression. Here, we identified USF2 as a phosphorylation target of CDK5. USF2 is phosphorylated by CDK5 at two serine residues, serine 155 and serine 222. Further, phosphorylation of USF2 at these residues was shown to stabilize the protein and to regulate cellular growth and migration. Altogether, these results delineate the importance of the CDK5-USF2 interplay in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabughang Franklin Chi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.F.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Tina Horbach
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.F.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.F.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Elitsa Y. Dimova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.F.C.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-0-294-485-785; Fax: +358-8-553-114
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12
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Abstract
Selective abrogation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) activity is a highly promising strategy in cancer treatment. The atypical CDK, CDK5 has long been known for its role in neurodegenerative diseases, and is becoming an attractive drug target for cancer therapy. Myriads of recent studies have uncovered that aberrant expression of CDK5 contributes to the oncogenic initiation and progression of multiple solid and hematological malignancies. CDK5 is also implicated in the regulation of cancer stem cell biology. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge of CDK5 as a druggable target for cancer treatment. We also provide a detailed outlook of designing selective and potent inhibitors of this enzyme.
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13
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Kimura T, Hosokawa T, Taoka M, Tsutsumi K, Ando K, Ishiguro K, Hosokawa M, Hasegawa M, Hisanaga SI. Quantitative and combinatory determination of in situ phosphorylation of tau and its FTDP-17 mutants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33479. [PMID: 27641626 PMCID: PMC5027580 DOI: 10.1038/srep33479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is hyperphosphorylated in the brains of patients with tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). However, neither the mechanism of hyperphosphorylation nor its contribution to pathogenesis is known. We applied Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, a phosphoaffinity electrophoresis, to the analysis of tau phosphorylation in vitro by Cdk5, in cultured cells and in mouse brain. Here, we found that Cdk5-p25 phosphorylated tau in vitro at Ser404, Ser235, Thr205 and Ser202 in this order. In contrast in cultured cells, Ser404 was preferentially phosphorylated by Cdk5-p35, whereas Thr205 was not phosphorylated. Ser202 and Ser235 were phosphorylated by endogenous kinases. Tau exhibited ~12 phosphorylation isotypes in COS-7 cells with different combinations of phosphorylation at Thr181, Ser202, Thr231, Ser235 and Ser404. These phosphorylation sites were similar to tau phosphorylated in mouse brains. FTDP-17 tau with a mutation in the C-terminal region had different banding patterns, indicating a different phosphorylation pattern. In particular, it was clear that the R406W mutation causes loss of Ser404 phosphorylation. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the Phos-tag technique in the quantitative analysis of site-specific in vivo phosphorylation of tau and provide detailed information on in situ combinatory phosphorylation of tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masato Taoka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | | | - Masato Hosokawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Hisanaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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14
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Spencer-Fry JE, Brophy G, O'Beirne G, Cook ND. Kinetic Characterization of p34cdc2/Cyclin B Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation of Peptides Derived from Histone H1 Using Phosphocellulose Filter Binding and Scintillation Proximity Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108705719700200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Activation of p34cdc2requires a complex series of protein/protein interactions and specific phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation events to occur. The cellular role of p34cdc2kinase lies in the regulation of eukaryotic cell entry into mitosis, in particular into the G2/M transition. This study examines the kinetic characterization of p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase utilizing both the phosphocellulose filter binding assay (FBA) and a modified version of the scintillation proximity assay (SPA). Several factors were identified that elicited an effect on the kinetic constants determined for the phosphorylation reaction, with emphasis being placed on the Km apparent (Kmapp) values. Factors identified included the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used in the reaction, the addition of a biotin label to the peptide substrate as required for capture of the phospholabeled peptide by SPA, and the source from which the p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase was isolated. The Kmapp is the kinetic constant most frequently reported in the examination of protein phosphorylation reactions, generally being derived from simple Lineweaver-Burk analysis. In a two-substrate reaction, however, the Kmapp may not be the most informative constant, as it will be influenced by the concentration of the second substrate. In this study, true Km values were determined for ATP and a bi-otinylated peptide substrate used in the p34cdc2kinase-mediated phosphorylation reaction. Alberty and Dalziel constants were derived from secondary Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the phosphocellulose filter binding and SPA data. The kinetic constants determined by filter binding and scintillation proximity displayed good correlation, thus confirming the utility of scintillation proximity for the purpose of enzyme kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Spencer-Fry
- Cell Biology Science and Technology Research and Development Group, Amersham International plc., Cardiff Laboratories, Forest Farm, Whitchurch, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF4 7YT
| | - Gerard Brophy
- Cell Biology Science and Technology Research and Development Group, Amersham International plc., Cardiff Laboratories, Forest Farm, Whitchurch, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF4 7YT
| | - Gerry O'Beirne
- Cell Biology Science and Technology Research and Development Group, Amersham International plc., Cardiff Laboratories, Forest Farm, Whitchurch, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF4 7YT
| | - Neil D. Cook
- Cell Biology Science and Technology Research and Development Group, Amersham International plc., Cardiff Laboratories, Forest Farm, Whitchurch, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF4 7YT
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15
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Abstract
A rapid assay system based on incorporation of [γ-32P]ATP into biotinylated peptide substrates and their subsequent capture onto a high capacity streptavidin-coated membrane, SAM2™, has been developed for the detection of protein kinases. The system uses prenumbered and partially cut membrane squares for analyzing a limited number of samples or can be formatted to analyze up to 1,536 samples per microtiter plate footprint of 7.0 cm X 10.6 cm. The high biotin-binding capacity and low background of the membrane allows the use of nearly saturating amounts of most substrates, giving this system very high signal-to-noise ratios at low enzyme concentrations. Using cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA) as a model system, as little as 0.3 amol of purified enzyme in 0.2 μl can be detected with a linear response range of over 3 orders of magnitude. cAMP-dependent kinase activity can be measured directly in tissue extracts by using a specific substrate and harsh washing procedures to reduce nonspecific backgrounds from proteins phosphorylated by other kinases. For increased assay flexibility, results can be analyzed either by PhosphorImager™ quantitation or by scintillation counting.
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16
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Yang KZ, Jiang M, Wang M, Xue S, Zhu LL, Wang HZ, Zou JJ, Lee EK, Sack F, Le J. Phosphorylation of Serine 186 of bHLH Transcription Factor SPEECHLESS Promotes Stomatal Development in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:783-95. [PMID: 25680231 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of stomatal lineage and subsequent asymmetric divisions in Arabidopsis require the activity of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH). It has been shown that SPCH controls entry into the stomatal lineage as a substrate either of the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) cascade or GSK3-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2). Here we show that three serine residues of SPCH appear to be the primary phosphorylation targets of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases A;1 (CDKA;1) in vitro, and among them Serine 186 plays a crucial role in stomatal formation. Expression of an SPCH construct harboring a mutation that results in phosphorylation deficiencies on Serine 186 residue failed to rescue stomatal defects in spch null mutants. Expression of a phosphorylation-mimic mutant SPCH(S186D) complemented stomatal production defects in the transgenic lines harboring the targeted expression of dominant-negative CDKA;1.N146. Therefore, in addition to MAPK- and BIN2-mediated phosphorylation on SPCH, phosphorylation at Serine 186 is positively required for SPCH function in regulating stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hong-Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fred Sack
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China.
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17
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Beaudry H, Mercier-Blais AA, Delaygue C, Lavoie C, Parent JL, Neugebauer W, Gendron L. Regulation of μ and δ opioid receptor functions: involvement of cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2573-87. [PMID: 25598508 PMCID: PMC4409908 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Phosphorylation of δ opioid receptors (DOP receptors) by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) was shown to regulate the trafficking of this receptor. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of CDK5 in regulating DOP receptors in rats treated with morphine or with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). As μ (MOP) and DOP receptors are known to be co-regulated, we also sought to determine if CDK5-mediated regulation of DOP receptors also affects MOP receptor functions. Experimental Approach The role of CDK5 in regulating opioid receptors in CFA- and morphine-treated rats was studied using roscovitine as a CDK inhibitor and a cell-penetrant peptide mimicking the second intracellular loop of DOP receptors (C11-DOPri2). Opioid receptor functions were assessed in vivo in a series of behavioural experiments and correlated by measuring ERK1/2 activity in dorsal root ganglia homogenates. Key Results Chronic roscovitine treatment reduced the antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic effects of deltorphin II (Dlt II) in morphine- and CFA-treated rats respectively. Repeated administrations of C11-DOPri2 also robustly decreased Dlt II-induced analgesia. Interestingly, DAMGO-induced analgesia was significantly increased by roscovitine and C11-DOPri2. Concomitantly, in roscovitine-treated rats the Dlt II-induced ERK1/2 activation was decreased, whereas the DAMGO-induced ERK1/2 activation was increased. An acute roscovitine treatment had no effect on Dlt II- or DAMGO-induced analgesia. Conclusions and Implications Together, our results demonstrate that CDK5 is a key player in the regulation of DOP receptors in morphine- and CFA-treated rats and that the regulation of DOP receptors by CDK5 is sufficient to modulate MOP receptor functions through an indirect process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beaudry
- Département de Physiologie et Biophysique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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18
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Harbauer AB, Opalińska M, Gerbeth C, Herman JS, Rao S, Schönfisch B, Guiard B, Schmidt O, Pfanner N, Meisinger C. Mitochondria. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of mitochondrial preprotein translocase. Science 2014; 346:1109-13. [PMID: 25378463 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play central roles in cellular energy conversion, metabolism, and apoptosis. Mitochondria import more than 1000 different proteins from the cytosol. It is unknown if the mitochondrial protein import machinery is connected to the cell division cycle. We found that the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1 stimulated assembly of the main mitochondrial entry gate, the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM), in mitosis. The molecular mechanism involved phosphorylation of the cytosolic precursor of Tom6 by cyclin Clb3-activated Cdk1, leading to enhanced import of Tom6 into mitochondria. Tom6 phosphorylation promoted assembly of the protein import channel Tom40 and import of fusion proteins, thus stimulating the respiratory activity of mitochondria in mitosis. Tom6 phosphorylation provides a direct means for regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in a cell cycle-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika B Harbauer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Trinationales Graduiertenkolleg 1478, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Opalińska
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Gerbeth
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Trinationales Graduiertenkolleg 1478, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josip S Herman
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sanjana Rao
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Schönfisch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Guiard
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Pfanner
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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19
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Kimura T, Ishiguro K, Hisanaga SI. Physiological and pathological phosphorylation of tau by Cdk5. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:65. [PMID: 25076872 PMCID: PMC4097945 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau is one of the major pathological events in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other related neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). Mutations in the tau gene MAPT are a cause of FTDP-17, and the mutated tau proteins are hyperphosphorylated in patient brains. Thus, it is important to determine the molecular mechanism of hyperphosphorylation of tau to understand the pathology of these diseases collectively called tauopathy. Tau is phosphorylated at many sites via several protein kinases, and a characteristic is phosphorylation at Ser/Thr residues in Ser/Thr-Pro sequences, which are targeted by proline-directed protein kinases such as ERK, GSK3β, and Cdk5. Among these kinases, Cdk5 is particularly interesting because it could be abnormally activated in AD. Cdk5 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), but in contrast to the major Cdks, which promote cell cycle progression in proliferating cells, Cdk5 is activated in post-mitotic neurons via the neuron-specific activator p35. Cdk5-p35 plays a critical role in brain development and physiological synaptic activity. In contrast, in disease brains, Cdk5 is thought to be hyperactivated by p25, which is the N-terminal truncated form of p35 and is generated by cleavage with calpain. Several reports have indicated that tau is hyperphosphorylated by Cdk5-p25. However, normal and abnormal phosphorylation of tau by Cdk5 is still not completely understood. In this article, we summarize the physiological and pathological phosphorylation of tau via Cdk5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Japan
| | - Koichi Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Japan
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20
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Zhang X, Hernandez I, Rei D, Mair W, Laha JK, Cornwell ME, Cuny GD, Tsai LH, Steen JAJ, Kosik KS. Diaminothiazoles modify Tau phosphorylation and improve the tauopathy in mouse models. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22042-56. [PMID: 23737518 PMCID: PMC3724657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.436402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Tau accumulation is a feature of several neurodegenerative conditions, treatment options for these conditions are nonexistent. Targeting Tau kinases represents a potential therapeutic approach. Small molecules in the diaminothiazole class are potent Tau kinase inhibitors that target CDK5 and GSK3β. Lead compounds from the series have IC50 values toward CDK5/p25 and GSK3β in the low nanomolar range and no observed toxicity in the therapeutic dose range. Neuronal protective effects and decreased PHF-1 immunoreactivity were observed in two animal models, 3×Tg-AD and CK-p25. Treatment nearly eliminated Sarkosyl-insoluble Tau with the most prominent effect on the phosphorylation at Ser-404. Treatment also induced the recovery of memory in a fear conditioning assay. Given the contribution of both CDK5/p25 and GSK3β to Tau phosphorylation, effective treatment of tauopathies may require dual kinase targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- From the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Israel Hernandez
- From the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Damien Rei
- the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Waltraud Mair
- the F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Joydev K. Laha
- the Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Madison E. Cornwell
- From the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Gregory D. Cuny
- the Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Judith A. J. Steen
- the F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kenneth S. Kosik
- From the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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21
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Chen N, Yang H, Niu J, Liu S. Determination of kinetic parameters and structure-activity relationships of ginsenosides as inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p25 using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:985-992. [PMID: 23592201 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) is a serine/threonine kinase that is reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Ginsenosides have beneficial effects on Alzheimer's disease in both in vivo and in vitro experiments, but the precise mechanisms are not yet entirely clear. METHODS In the present study, an ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS) assay was developed to study the activities of cdk5 for the first time. RESULTS The calibration curves showed a good linear behavior over the range 0.04 μM to 10 μM (y = 0.934x + 0.045, R(2) = 0.995) with product phosphorylated peptide (PKpTPKKAKKV). The screening results suggested that the inhibition activities of ginsenosides are related to their chemical structures. CONCLUSIONS The developed UPLC/TQMS-based method for determination of an inhibitor of cdk5/p25 is sensitive and reliable. The effect of ginsenosides on Alzheimer's disease may be involved with the regulation of activities of cdk5/p25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun, China
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22
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Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a multifaceted serine/threonine kinase protein with important roles in the nervous system. Two related proteins, p35 and p39, activate Cdk5 upon direct binding. Over the past decade, Cdk5 activity has been demonstrated to regulate many events during brain development, including neuronal migration as well as axon and dendrite development. Recent evidence also suggests a pivotal role for Cdk5 in synaptic plasticity, behavior, and cognition. Dysfunction of Cdk5 has been implicated in a number of neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and ischemia. Hyperactivation of Cdk5 due to the conversion of p35 to p25 by the calcium-dependent protease calpain during neurotoxicity also contributes to the pathological state. This review surveys recent literature surrounding Cdk5 in synaptic plasticity and homeostasis, with particular emphasis on Cdk5 kinase activity under neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Su
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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23
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Ye T, Fu AK, Ip NY. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 in Axon Growth and Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398309-1.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Twice switched at birth: cell cycle-independent roles of the "neuron-specific" cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in non-neuronal cells. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1698-707. [PMID: 21741478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5 or initially NCLK for neuronal CDC2-like kinase) was switched twice at its birth nearly twenty years ago: first it was thought to be cyclin-dependent, second it was assumed to be primarily of importance in neuronal cells-both turned out not to be the case. In this review we want to discuss issues of pharmacological inhibition, to highlight the versatile roles, and to summarize the growing evidence for the functional importance of Cdk5 in non-neuronal tissues, such as blood cells, tumor cells, epithelial cells, the vascular endothelium, testis, adipose and endocrine tissues. The organizing principles we follow are apoptosis/cell death, migration/motility, aspects of inflammation, and, finally, secretion/metabolism.
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25
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Fitzgerald JC, Camprubi MD, Dunn L, Wu HC, Ip NY, Kruger R, Martins LM, Wood NW, Plun-Favreau H. Phosphorylation of HtrA2 by cyclin-dependent kinase-5 is important for mitochondrial function. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:257-66. [PMID: 21701498 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the serine protease HtrA2 in neuroprotection was initially identified by the demonstration of neurodegeneration in mice lacking HtrA2 expression or function, and the interesting finding that mutations adjacent to two putative phosphorylation sites (S142 and S400) have been found in Parkinson's disease patients. However, the mechanism of this neuroprotection and the signalling pathways associated with it remain mostly unknown. Here we report that cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5), a kinase implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, is responsible for phosphorylating HtrA2 at S400. HtrA2 and Cdk5 interact in human and mouse cell lines and brain, and Cdk5 phosphorylates S400 on HtrA2 in a p38-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of HtrA2 at S400 is involved in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential under stress conditions and is important for mitochondrial function, conferring cells protection against cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fitzgerald
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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26
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Kino T, Jaffe H, Amin ND, Chakrabarti M, Zheng YL, Chrousos GP, Pant HC. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 modulates the transcriptional activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor and regulates expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:941-52. [PMID: 20357208 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, major end effectors of the stress response, play an essential role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to memory consolidation and emotional control through their intracellular receptors, the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), on the other hand, plays important roles in the morphogenesis and functions of the central nervous system, and its aberrant activation has been associated with development of neurodegenerative disorders. We previously reported that CDK5 phosphorylated the glucocorticoid receptor and modulated its transcriptional activity. Here we found that CDK5 also regulated mineralocorticoid receptor-induced transcriptional activity by phosphorylating multiple serine and threonine residues located in its N-terminal domain through physical interaction. Aldosterone and dexamethasone, respectively, increased and suppressed mRNA/protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat cortical neuronal cells, whereas the endogenous glucocorticoid corticosterone showed a biphasic effect. CDK5 enhanced the effect of aldosterone and dexamethasone on BDNF expression. Because this neurotrophic factor plays critical roles in neuronal viability, synaptic plasticity, consolidation of memory, and emotional changes, we suggest that aberrant activation of CDK5 might influence these functions through corticosteroid receptors/BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Unit on Molecular Hormone Action, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1109, USA.
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27
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No difference in kinetics of tau or histone phosphorylation by CDK5/p25 versus CDK5/p35 in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2884-9. [PMID: 20133653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912718107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK5/p35 is a cyclin-dependent kinase essential for normal neuron function. Proteolysis of the p35 subunit in vivo results in CDK5/p25 that causes neurotoxicity associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Whereas the mechanism by which conversion of p35 to p25 leads to toxicity is unknown, there is common belief that CDK5/p25 is catalytically hyperactive compared to CDK5/p35. Here, we have compared the steady-state kinetic parameters of CDK5/p35 and CDK5/p25 towards both histone H1, the best known substrate for both enzymes, and the microtubule-associated protein, tau, a physiological substrate whose in vivo phosphorylation is relevant to Alzheimer's disease. We show that the kinetics of both enzymes are the same towards either substrate in vitro. Furthermore, both enzymes display virtually identical kinetics towards individual phosphorylation sites in tau monitored by NMR. We conclude that conversion of p35 to p25 does not alter the catalytic efficiency of the CDK5 catalytic subunit by using histone H1 or tau as substrates, and that neurotoxicity associated with CDK5/p25 is unlikely attributable to CDK5 hyperactivation, as measured in vitro.
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28
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Sun KH, de Pablo Y, Vincent F, Shah K. Deregulated Cdk5 promotes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurochem 2008; 107:265-78. [PMID: 18691386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the earliest events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A chemical genetic screen revealed that deregulated cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) may cause oxidative stress by compromising the cellular anti-oxidant defense system. Using novel Cdk5 modulators, we show the mechanism by which Cdk5 can induce oxidative stress in the disease's early stage and cell death in the late stage. Cdk5 dysregulation upon neurotoxic insults results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in neuronal cells because of the inactivation of peroxiredoxin I and II. Sole temporal activation of Cdk5 also increases ROS, suggesting its major role in this process. Cdk5 inhibition rescues mitochondrial damage upon neurotoxic insults, thereby revealing Cdk5 as an upstream regulator of mitochondrial dysfunction. As mitochondrial damage results in elevated ROS and Ca(2+) levels, both of which activate Cdk5, we propose that a feedback loop occurs in late stage of AD and leads to cell death (active Cdk5 --> ROS --> excess ROS --> mitochondrial damage --> ROS --> hyperactive Cdk5 --> severe oxidative stress and cell injury --> cell death). Cdk5 inhibition upon neurotoxic insult prevents cell death significantly, supporting this hypothesis. As oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play pivotal roles in promoting neurodegeneration, Cdk5 could be a viable therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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29
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Sun KH, de Pablo Y, Vincent F, Johnson EO, Chavers AK, Shah K. Novel genetic tools reveal Cdk5's major role in Golgi fragmentation in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:3052-69. [PMID: 18480410 PMCID: PMC2441653 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-11-1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi fragmentation is a common feature in multiple neurodegenerative diseases; however, the precise mechanism that causes fragmentation remains obscure. A potential link between Cdk5 and Golgi fragmentation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) was investigated in this study. Because Golgi is physiologically fragmented during mitosis by Cdc2 kinase and current Cdk5-specific chemical inhibitors target Cdc2 as well, development of novel tools to modulate Cdk5 activity was essential. These enzyme modulators, created by fusing TAT sequence to Cdk5 activators and an inhibitor peptide, enable specific activation and inhibition of Cdk5 activity with high temporal control. These genetic tools revealed a major role of Cdk5 in Golgi fragmentation upon beta-amyloid and glutamate stimulation in differentiated neuronal cells and primary neurons. A crucial role of Cdk5 was further confirmed when Cdk5 activation alone resulted in robust Golgi disassembly. The underlying mechanism was unraveled using a chemical genetic screen, which yielded cis-Golgi matrix protein GM130 as a novel substrate of Cdk5. Identification of the Cdk5 phosphorylation site on GM130 suggested a mechanism by which Cdk5 may cause Golgi fragmentation upon deregulation in AD. As Cdk5 is activated in several neurodegenerative diseases where Golgi disassembly also occurs, this may be a common mechanism among multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Fabien Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Emmanuel O. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Angela K. Chavers
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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30
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Kino T, Ichijo T, Amin ND, Kesavapany S, Wang Y, Kim N, Rao S, Player A, Zheng YL, Garabedian MJ, Kawasaki E, Pant HC, Chrousos GP. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 differentially regulates the transcriptional activity of the glucocorticoid receptor through phosphorylation: clinical implications for the nervous system response to glucocorticoids and stress. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1552-68. [PMID: 17440046 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, major end effectors of the stress response, play an essential role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system and influence diverse functions of neuronal cells. We found that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which plays important roles in the morphogenesis and functions of the nervous system and whose aberrant activation is associated with development of neurodegenerative disorders, interacted with the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) through its activator p35 or its active proteolytic fragment p25. CDK5 phosphorylated GR at multiple serines, including Ser203 and Ser211 of its N-terminal domain, and suppressed the transcriptional activity of this receptor on glucocorticoid-responsive promoters by attenuating attraction of transcriptional cofactors to DNA. In microarray analyses using rat cortical neuronal cells, the CDK5 inhibitor roscovitine differentially regulated the transcriptional activity of the GR on more than 90% of the endogenous glucocorticoid-responsive genes tested. Thus, CDK5 exerts some of its biological activities in neuronal cells through the GR, dynamically modulating GR transcriptional activity in a target promoter-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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31
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Li T, Chalifour LE, Paudel HK. Phosphorylation of Protein Phosphatase 1 by Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinase 5 during Nerve Growth Factor-induced PC12 Cell Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:6619-28. [PMID: 17202132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606347200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Egr-1 activates cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5) during nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of PC12 cells into neurons (Harada, T. Morooka, T., Ogawa, S., and Nishida, E. (2001) Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 453-459). The downstream target of Cdk5 in the Egr-1/Cdk5 pathway is not clear. In this study, we observed that phosphorylation of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) on Thr(320) is reduced in brain extracts from Egr-1(-/-) mice, indicating that a kinase downstream of Egr-1 phosphorylates PP1. In HEK 293 cells co-transfected with PP1 and Cdk5, Cdk5 phosphorylates PP1. In vitro, Cdk5 purified from bovine brain phosphorylates bacterially expressed recombinant PP1. In NGF-treated PC12 cells, inhibition of Cdk5 by olomoucine or silencing Cdk5 expression by small interfering RNA strategy, suppresses PP1 phosphorylation. Silencing Cdk5 expression by small interfering RNA also blocks NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Overexpression of PP1 (wild type) promotes NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells, whereas that of PP1 (T320A) has no effect. Our data indicate that PP1 is a downstream target of the NGF/Egr-1/Cdk5 pathway during NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells and suggest that PP1 phosphorylation promotes neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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32
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Yang YR, He Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Han Y, Zhu H, Wang Y. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in primary sensory and dorsal horn neurons by peripheral inflammation contributes to heat hyperalgesia. Pain 2007; 127:109-20. [PMID: 16996690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a unique member of the CDK family. It is predominantly expressed in postmitotic neurons and has been implicated in neuronal plasticity. The present study showed that Cdk5 and p35 were expressed in primary sensory and dorsal horn neurons, while p25, an N-terminal truncated derivative of p35, could only be detected in the dorsal horn neurons. Importantly, in the case of control rats, the p35 protein level was much higher in small- and medium-diameter DRG neurons than it was in large neurons. Following CFA injection, Cdk5 activity was upregulated in both primary sensory and dorsal horn neurons. Cdk5 activation in DRG neurons required p35, whereas p25 was required in the dorsal horn. Intrathecal pretreatment with Roscovitine, a specific inhibitor of Cdk5 activity, and intrathecal delivery of the DN-Cdk5(N144) gene both alleviated CFA-induced heat hyperalgesia but not mechanical allodynia. In contrast, overexpression of Cdk5, p35 or p25 in primary sensory and dorsal horn neurons significantly enhanced heat hyperalgesia. We conclude that Cdk5/p35 and Cdk5/p25 complexes in primary sensory and dorsal horn neurons may potentially be involved in nociceptive transmission after inflammation and may be employed in synaptic plasticity underlying pain hypersensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rui Yang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Peking University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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33
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Barnouin KN, Hart SR, Thompson AJ, Okuyama M, Waterfield M, Cramer R. Enhanced phosphopeptide isolation by Fe(III)-IMAC using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol. Proteomics 2006; 5:4376-88. [PMID: 16294313 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
IMAC can be used to selectively enrich phosphopeptides from complex peptide mixtures, but co-retention of acidic peptides together with the failure to retain some phosphopeptides restricts the general utility of the method. In this study Fe(III)-IMAC was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed using a panel of phosphopeptides, both synthetic and derived from proteolysis of known phosphoproteins, to identify the causes of success and failure in the application of this technique. Here we demonstrate that, as expected, peptides with a more acidic amino acid content are generally more efficiently purified and detected by MALDI-MS after Fe(III)-IMAC than those with a more basic content. Modulating the loading buffer used for Fe(III)-IMAC significantly affects phosphopeptide binding and suggests that conformational factors that lead to steric hindrance and reduced accessibility to the phosphate are important. The use of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol is shown here to significantly improve Fe(III)-IMAC enrichment and subsequent detection of phosphopeptides by MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin N Barnouin
- The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Proteomics Unit, UCL branch, London, UK.
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34
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Otyepka M, Bártová I, Kríz Z, Koca J. Different Mechanisms of CDK5 and CDK2 Activation as Revealed by CDK5/p25 and CDK2/Cyclin A Dynamics. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:7271-81. [PMID: 16407256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509699200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed analysis is presented of the dynamics of human CDK5 in complexes with the protein activator p25 and the purine-like inhibitor roscovitine. These and other findings related to the activation of CDK5 are critically reviewed from a molecular perspective. In addition, the results obtained on the behavior of CDK5 are compared with data on CDK2 to assess the differences and similarities between the two kinases in terms of (i) roscovitine binding, (ii) regulatory subunit association, (iii) conformational changes in the T-loop following CDK/regulatory subunit complex formation, and (iv) specificity in CDK/regulatory subunit recognition. An energy decomposition analysis, used for these purposes, revealed why the binding of p25 alone is sufficient to stabilize the extended active T-loop conformation of CDK5, whereas the equivalent conformational change in CDK2 requires both the binding of cyclin A and phosphorylation of the Thr(160) residue. The interaction energy of the CDK5 T-loop with p25 is about 26 kcal.mol(-1) greater than that of the CDK2 T-loop with cyclin A. The binding pattern between CDK5 and p25 was compared with that of CDK2/cyclin A to find specific regions involved in CDK/regulatory subunit recognition. The analyses performed revealed that the alphaNT-helix of cyclin A interacts with the alpha6-alpha7 loop and the alpha7 helix of CDK2, but these regions do not interact in the CDK5/p25 complex. Further differences between the CDK5/p25 and CDK2/cyclin A systems studied are discussed with respect to their specific functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Otyepka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Palacký University, tr. Svobody 26, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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35
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Lin W, Dominguez B, Yang J, Aryal P, Brandon EP, Gage FH, Lee KF. Neurotransmitter acetylcholine negatively regulates neuromuscular synapse formation by a Cdk5-dependent mechanism. Neuron 2005; 46:569-79. [PMID: 15944126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Synapse formation requires interactions between pre- and postsynaptic cells to establish the connection of a presynaptic nerve terminal with the neurotransmitter receptor-rich postsynaptic apparatus. At developing vertebrate neuromuscular junctions, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters of nascent postsynaptic apparatus are not apposed by presynaptic nerve terminals. Two opposing activities subsequently promote the formation of synapses: positive signals stabilize the innervated AChR clusters, whereas negative signals disperse those that are not innervated. Although the nerve-derived protein agrin has been suggested to be a positive signal, the negative signals remain elusive. Here, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is activated by ACh agonists and is required for the ACh agonist-induced dispersion of the AChR clusters that have not been stabilized by agrin. Genetic elimination of Cdk5 or blocking ACh production prevents the dispersion of AChR clusters in agrin mutants. Therefore, we propose that ACh negatively regulates neuromuscular synapse formation through a Cdk5-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Lin
- The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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36
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Gondeau C, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Bello P, Aldrian-Herrada G, Morris MC, Divita G. Design of a novel class of peptide inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin activation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13793-800. [PMID: 15649889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413690200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle progression and therefore constitute excellent targets for the design of anticancer agents. Most of the inhibitors identified to date inhibit kinase activity by interfering with the ATP-binding site of CDKs. We recently proposed that the protein/protein interface and conformational changes required in the molecular mechanism of CDK2-cyclin A activation were potential targets for the design of specific inhibitors of cell cycle progression. To this aim, we have designed and characterized a small peptide, termed C4, derived from amino acids 285-306 in the alpha5 helix of cyclin A. We demonstrate that this peptide does not interfere with complex formation but forms stable complexes with CDK2-cyclin A. The C4 peptide significantly inhibits kinase activity of complexes harboring CDK2 in a competitive fashion with respect to substrates but does not behave as an ATP antagonist. Moreover, when coupled with the protein transduction domain of Tat, the C4 peptide blocks the proliferation of tumor cell lines, thereby constituting a potent lead for the development of specific CDK-cyclin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gondeau
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Therapeutics, FRE-2593 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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37
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Qi RZ, Ching YP, Kung HF, Wang JH. Alpha-chimaerin exists in a functional complex with the Cdk5 kinase in brain. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:177-80. [PMID: 15013773 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in association with its neuronal activators p35 and p39 shows a complex involvement in the control of neurocytoskeletal dynamics. Here we show that alpha-chimaerin, a GTPase-activating protein specific for Rac and Cdc42, is a p35-binding protein. The interaction domains of p35 and alpha-chimaerin were delineated. In transfected HeLa cells, p35 and alpha-chimaerin displayed an overlapping distribution pattern and they could be co-immunoprecipitated from the cell lysate. As alpha-chimaerin has a regulatory function in actin repolymerization, these results suggested that the regulation of neurocytoskeleton dynamics by Cdk5 is mediated at least in part via alpha-chimaerin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Z Qi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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38
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Stevenson-Lindert LM, Fowler P, Lew J. Substrate specificity of CDK2-cyclin A. What is optimal? J Biol Chem 2003; 278:50956-60. [PMID: 14506259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306546200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal amino acid sequence of substrates for recognition by the cyclin-dependent kinases is well established as -Ser/Thr0-Pro+1-Lys+2-Lys+3-. The catalytic efficiency of CDK2-cyclin A is impaired 2000-, 10-, and 150-fold, when Pro+1, Lys+2, or Lys+3, respectively, is substituted with Ala in a short synthetic peptide substrate. Yet, in physiological substrates of both CDK2-cyclin A and CDK2-cyclin E, it is found that Lys+2, and, occasionally, both Lys+2 and Lys+3 together are replaced with suboptimal determinants. Such suboptimal phosphorylation site motifs are invariably associated with a distinct cyclin-binding (Cy) motif, which has been shown to compensate for otherwise poor catalysis. Here we have investigated the kinetic basis for substrate recognition by CDK2-cyclin A. In the optimal motif, Pro+1 serves to dramatically enhance both substrate binding affinity as well as the rate of chemical phosphotransfer, whereas Lys+2 and Lys+3 both serve to enhance mainly substrate binding. When linked to a suboptimal phosphorylation site sequence (Lys+2 --> Pro) the Cy motif increases catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) by increasing affinity without affecting turnover (kcat). When fused to the optimal sequence, however, catalytic efficiency is only minimally enhanced, because the resulting high substrate affinity impedes the rate of the phosphoryl transfer reaction. Our results provide kinetic insight into the basis for selecting suboptimal specificity determinants for the phosphorylation of cellular substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Stevenson-Lindert
- Program in Molecular Biosciences and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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39
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Yamazaki A, Moskvin O, Yamazaki RK. Phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 of the regulatory subunit (Pgamma) of retinal cgmp phosphodiesterase (PDE6): its implications in phototransduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 514:131-53. [PMID: 12596920 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) is a key enzyme in vertebrate retinal phototransduction. After GTP/GDP exchange on the a subunit of transducin (Talpha) by illuminated rhodopsin, the GTP-bound form Talpha (GTP/Talpha) interacts with the regulatory subunit (Pgamma) of PDE6 to activate cGMP hydrolytic activity. The regulatory mechanism of PDE6 has been believed to be a typical G protein-mediated signal transduction process. We found that cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5) phosphorylates Pgamma complexed with GTP/Talpha in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylated Py dissociates from GTP/Talpha without GTP hydrolysis and interacts effectively with catalytic subunits of PDE6 to inhibit the enzyme activity. These observations provide new twists to the current model of retinal phototransduction. In this article, in addition to the details of Py phosphorylation by Cdk5, we review previous studies implying the Pgamma phosphorylation and the turnoff of PDE6 without GTP hydrolysis and indicate the direction for future studies of Py phosphorylation, including the possible involvement of Ca2+/Ca2+-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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40
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Abstract
Protein kinases constitute one of the largest enzyme families encoded by the human genome. Owing to their critical role in virtually all aspects of signal transduction, protein kinases have evolved stringent mechanisms for their regulation, which classically falls into two categories: regulation by pseudosubstrate autoinhibitory domains, and remodeling of the catalytic core in response to phosphorylation and/or protein/protein interactions. While the action of pseudosubstrate domains can be explained by simple competitive autoinhibition kinetics, it is less well understood how active site phosphorylation and/or protein/protein interactions alter rates of catalysis. Here, the kinetic basis for kinase activation is discussed in relation to the MAP kinase, ERK2, and the cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK2/cyclin A, two enzymes of central importance to mammalian cell growth and division, and which serve as prototypic models of nonautoinhibitory regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lew
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, Biomolecular Sciences & Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 92106, USA.
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41
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Studzinski GP, Harrison JS. The neuronal cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator p35Nck5a and Cdk5 activity in monocytic cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:235-40. [PMID: 12688339 DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000030009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and its activator p35Nck5a are an odd but interesting couple. Recent work has established that in spite of their names, Cdk5 is clearly not cyclin-dependent, while p35Nck5a is not exclusively neuronal. Indeed, p35Nck5a and/or Cdk5 activity has been demonstrated to be present in human and rat promyelocytic cell lines, and in normal human monocytes. Further, monocytes from mice in which p35Nck5a gene was deleted do not express non-specific esterase, an enzyme present in normal monocytes, while transfection of Cdk5 together with p35Nck5a into myeloblastic cells leads to the expression of this marker of the monocytic phenotype. Thus, the Cdk5/p35Nck5a complex appears to play an important role in monocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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42
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Yamazaki M, Li N, Bondarenko VA, Yamazaki RK, Baehr W, Yamazaki A. Binding of cGMP to GAF domains in amphibian rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE). Identification of GAF domains in PDE alphabeta subunits and distinct domains in the PDE gamma subunit involved in stimulation of cGMP binding to GAF domains. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:40675-86. [PMID: 12177054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203469200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) is a key enzyme in vertebrate phototransduction. Rod PDE contains two homologous catalytic subunits (Palphabeta) and two identical regulatory subunits (Pgamma). Biochemical studies have shown that amphibian Palphabeta has high affinity, cGMP-specific, non-catalytic binding sites and that Pgamma stimulates cGMP binding to these sites. Here we show by molecular cloning that each catalytic subunit in amphibian PDE, as in its mammalian counterpart, contains two homologous tandem GAF domains in its N-terminal region. In Pgamma-depleted membrane-bound PDE (20-40% Pgamma still present), a single type of cGMP-binding site with a relatively low affinity (K(d) approximately 100 nm) was observed, and addition of Pgamma increased both the affinity for cGMP and the level of cGMP binding. We also show that mutations of amino acid residues in four different sites in Pgamma reduced its ability to stimulate cGMP binding. Among these, the site involved in Pgamma phosphorylation by Cdk5 (positions 20-23) had the largest effect on cGMP binding. However, except for the C terminus, these sites were not involved in Pgamma inhibition of the cGMP hydrolytic activity of Palphabeta. In addition, the Pgamma concentration required for 50% stimulation of cGMP binding was much greater than that required for 50% inhibition of cGMP hydrolysis. These results suggest that the Palphabeta heterodimer contains two spatially and functionally distinct types of Pgamma-binding sites: one for inhibition of cGMP hydrolytic activity and the second for activation of cGMP binding to GAF domains. We propose a model for the Palphabeta-Pgamma interaction in which Pgamma, by binding to one of the two sites in Palphabeta, may preferentially act either as an inhibitor of catalytic activity or as an activator of cGMP binding to GAF domains in frog PDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsuyo Yamazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 Antoine Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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43
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Sasaki Y, Cheng C, Uchida Y, Nakajima O, Ohshima T, Yagi T, Taniguchi M, Nakayama T, Kishida R, Kudo Y, Ohno S, Nakamura F, Goshima Y. Fyn and Cdk5 mediate semaphorin-3A signaling, which is involved in regulation of dendrite orientation in cerebral cortex. Neuron 2002; 35:907-20. [PMID: 12372285 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin-3A (Sema3A), a member of class 3 semaphorins, regulates axon and dendrite guidance in the nervous system. How Sema3A and its receptors plexin-As and neuropilins regulate neuronal guidance is unknown. We observed that in fyn- and cdk5-deficient mice, Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse responses were attenuated compared to their heterologous controls. Cdk5 is associated with plexin-A2 through the active state of Fyn. Sema3A promotes Cdk5 activity through phosphorylation of Tyr15, a phosphorylation site with Fyn. A Cdk5 mutant (Tyr15 to Ala) shows a dominant-negative effect on the Sema3A-induced collapse response. The sema3A gene shows strong interaction with fyn for apical dendrite guidance in the cerebral cortex. We propose a signal transduction pathway in which Fyn and Cdk5 mediate neuronal guidance regulated by Sema3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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44
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Banerjee M, Worth D, Prowse DM, Nikolic M. Pak1 phosphorylation on t212 affects microtubules in cells undergoing mitosis. Curr Biol 2002; 12:1233-9. [PMID: 12176334 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Pak kinases are targets of the Rho GTPases Rac and Cdc42, which regulate cell shape and motility. It is increasingly apparent that part of this function is due to the effect Pak kinases have on microtubule organization and dynamics. Recently, overexpression of Xenopus Pak5 was shown to enhance microtubule stabilization, and it was shown that mammalian Pak1 may inhibit a microtubule-destabilizing protein, Op18/Stathmin. We have identified a specific phosphorylation site on mammalian Pak1, T212, which is targeted by the neuronal p35/Cdk5 kinase. Pak1 phosphorylated on T212, Pak1T212(PO(4)), is enriched in axonal growth cones and colocalizes with small peripheral bundles of microtubules. Cortical neurons overexpressing a Pak1A212 mutant display a tangled neurite morphology, which suggests that the microtubule cytoskeleton is affected. Here, we show that cyclin B1/Cdc2 phosphorylates Pak1 in cells undergoing mitosis. In the developing cortex and in cultured fibroblasts, Pak1T212(PO(4)) is enriched in microtubule-organizing centers and along parts of the spindles. In living cells, a peptide mimicking phosphorylated T212 accumulates at the centrosomes and spindles and causes an increased length of astral microtubules during metaphase or following nocodazole washout. Together these results suggest that similar signaling pathways regulate microtubule dynamics in a remodeling axonal growth cone and during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology MRC Centre, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, United Kingdom
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Lau KF, Howlett DR, Kesavapany S, Standen CL, Dingwall C, McLoughlin DM, Miller CCJ. Cyclin-dependent kinase-5/p35 phosphorylates Presenilin 1 to regulate carboxy-terminal fragment stability. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 20:13-20. [PMID: 12056836 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2002.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Presenilin 1 gene are the cause of the majority of autosomal dominant familial forms of Alzheimer's disease. Presenilin 1 (PS1) is produced as a holoprotein but is then rapidly processed to amino- (N-PS1) and carboxy-terminal (C-PS1) fragments that are incorporated into stable high molecular mass complexes. The mechanisms that control PS1 cleavage and stability are not properly understood but sequences within C-PS1 have been shown to regulate both of these properties. Here we demonstrate that cyclin dependent kinase-5/p35 (cdk5/p35) phosphorylates PS1 on threonine(354) within C-PS1 both in vitro and in vivo. Threonine(354) phosphorylation functions to selectively stabilize C-PS1. Our results demonstrate that cdk5/p35 is a regulator of PS1 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Fai Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, The Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, United Kingdom
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Qu D, Li Q, Lim HY, Cheung NS, Li R, Wang JH, Qi RZ. The protein SET binds the neuronal Cdk5 activator p35nck5a and modulates Cdk5/p35nck5a activity. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:7324-32. [PMID: 11741927 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107270200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal Cdk5 kinase is composed of the catalytic subunit Cdk5 and the activator protein p35(nck5a) or its isoform, p39(nck5ai). To identify novel p35(nck5a)- and p39(nck5ai)-binding proteins, fragments of p35(nck5a) and p39(nck5ai) were utilized in affinity isolation of binding proteins from rat brain homogenates, and the isolated proteins were identified using mass spectrometry. With this approach, the nuclear protein SET was shown to interact with the N-terminal regions of p35(nck5a) and p39(nck5ai). Our detailed characterization showed that the SET protein formed a complex with Cdk5/p35(nck5a) through its binding to p35(nck5a). The p35(nck5a)-interacting region was mapped to a predicted alpha-helix in SET. When cotransfected into COS-7 cells, SET and p35(nck5a) displayed overlapping intracellular distribution in the nucleus. The nuclear co-localization was corroborated by immunostaining data of endogenous SET and Cdk5/p35(nck5a) from cultured cortical neurons. Finally, we demonstrated that the activity of Cdk5/p35(nck5a), but not that of Cdk5/p25(nck5a), was enhanced upon binding to the SET protein. The tail region of SET, which is rich in acidic residues, is required for the stimulatory effect on Cdk5/p35(nck5a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianbo Qu
- Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609
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Amin ND, Albers W, Pant HC. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) activation requires interaction with three domains of p35. J Neurosci Res 2002; 67:354-62. [PMID: 11813240 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5), in contrast to other members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, is not activated by cyclins but instead is activated by complexing with neuron-specific activator molecules (p35, p39, and p67). The most effective activator of cdk5 both in vitro and in vivo is p35. We have taken a kinetic approach to study the interaction between p35, its various truncated forms, and cdk5 to understand better the mechanism of its activation. The cdk5 complexes formed with the truncated forms p25 and p21 produced similar maximum active kinase, whereas the cdk5 complexed with full-length p35 and a further truncated form spanning amino acid residues from 138 to 291, with approximate molecular weight of 16 kDa (p16), produced slightly less (80%) activation than p25. P16 was the smallest fragment of p35 that produced activation equal to or greater than that of full-length p35. By examination of further truncations of p16, we found that a small number of residues, 11 and 4 at the N- and C-termini, respectively, of p16, are essential for cdk5 activation. Further truncation, removing both essential N- and C-terminal domains, produces a peptide with markedly higher affinity for cdk5 compared with the peptides that retain either of these domains. Using these inactive truncated peptides as inhibitors, we examined the kinetics of activation. From these studies we conclude that activation involves at least three cdk5-interacting domains, one located at each end of p16 and at least one located in a central domain. The cdk5 activation process is slow: The second-order rate constant for p16 is about 1.2 microM(-1) hr(-1). On the basis of kinetic data, we suggest that cdk5 exists in two conformations. The inactive kinase conformation predominates in the absence of the activator. Activation occurs in two stages: a rapid and reversible interaction of cdk5 with its activator, which involves only one or two binding domains, followed by a slow stabilization of the active conformation as interaction with all three domains is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana D Amin
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Evans DB, Rank KB, Sharma SK. A scintillation proximity assay for studying inhibitors of human tau protein kinase II/cdk5 using a 96-well format. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2002; 50:151-61. [PMID: 11741704 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(01)00184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the brain-specific tau protein kinase II (TPK II)/cdk5 is reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We report here a quantitative scintillation proximity assay (SPA), which is suitable for determining TPK II/cdk5 activity and its inhibition. It depends upon the phosphorylation of a synthetic histone-based peptide substrate (PKTPKKAKKL), which has been biotinylated at its C-terminus. When this biotinylated peptide is incubated with [gamma-33P] ATP and TPK II/cdk5 under defined assay conditions, product formation is linear with respect to time and enzyme concentration. The production of [33P] phosphorylated peptide is inhibited in the presence of a known TPK II/cdk5 inhibitor but is unaffected in the presence of 1% DMSO. A signal-to-noise ratio of 16:1 was obtained in a 60-min assay with an intra-assay variability of <10% in the 96-well microtiter format. The TPK II/cdk5 SPA is very robust, sensitive and simple to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Evans
- Protein Science, Pharmacia Corporation, 7000 Portage Road, 7240-267-117, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
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Rashid T, Banerjee M, Nikolic M. Phosphorylation of Pak1 by the p35/Cdk5 kinase affects neuronal morphology. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:49043-52. [PMID: 11604394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105599200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rac and its effectors, the Pak1 and p35/Cdk5 kinases, have been assigned important roles in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in neurons. Our previous work revealed that the neuronal p35/Cdk5 kinase associates with Pak1 in a RacGTP-dependent manner, causing hyperphosphorylation and down-regulation of Pak1 kinase activity. We have now demonstrated direct phosphorylation of Pak1 on threonine 212 by the p35/Cdk5 kinase. In neuronal growth cones, Pak1 phosphorylated on Thr-212 localized to actin and tubulin-rich areas, suggesting a role in regulating growth cone dynamics. The expression of a non-phosphorylatable Pak1 mutant (Pak1A212) induced dramatic neurite disorganization. We also observed a strong association between p35/Cdk5 and the Pak1 C-terminal kinase domain. Overall, our data show that in neurons, membrane-associated, active Pak1 is regulated by the p35/Cdk5 kinase both by association and phosphorylation, which is essential for the proper regulation of the cytoskeleton during neurite outgrowth and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rashid
- Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology Medical Research Council Centre, New Hunt's House, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Since it was identified a decade ago, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) has emerged as a crucial regulator of neuronal migration in the developing central nervous system. CDK5 phosphorylates a diverse list of substrates, implicating it in the regulation of a range of cellular processes - from adhesion and motility, to synaptic plasticity and drug addiction. Recent evidence indicates that deregulation of this kinase is involved in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dhavan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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