1
|
Lin J, Wu X, Liu Z, Yang H, Chen Y, Li H, Yu Y, Tu Q, Chen Y. Identification, expression and molecular polymorphism of T-cell receptors α and β from the glacial relict Hucho bleekeri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109475. [PMID: 38447781 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a specific molecule on the surface of all T cells that mediates cellular adaptive immune responses to antigens. Hucho bleekeri is a critically endangered species and is regarded as a glacial relict that has the lowest-latitude distribution compared with any Eurasian salmonid. In the present study, two TCR genes, namely, TCR α and β, were identified and characterized in H. bleekeri. Both TCR α and TCR β have typical TCR structures, including the IgV domain, IgC domain, connecting peptide, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. The two TCR genes were constitutionally expressed in various tissues, with the highest expression found in the spleen for TCR α and in the trunk kidney for TCR β. Challenge of H. bleekeri with LPS or poly(I:C) resulted in significant upregulation of both TCR α and β expression in headkidney and spleen primary cells, indicating their potential roles in the immune response. Molecular polymorphism analysis of the whole ORF regions of TCR α and β in different individuals revealed high diversity of IgV domains of these two genes, especially in complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3. The ratio of nonsynonymous substitution occurred at a significantly higher frequency than synonymous substitution in the CDR of TCR α and β, demonstrating the existence of positive selection. The results obtained in the present study enhance our understanding of TCR roles in regulating immune mechanisms and provide new information for the study of TCR lineage diversity in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jue Lin
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Huanchao Yang
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Hua Li
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Yi Yu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Quanyu Tu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Yeyu Chen
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lanz AL, Masi G, Porciello N, Cohnen A, Cipria D, Prakaash D, Bálint Š, Raggiaschi R, Galgano D, Cole DK, Lepore M, Dushek O, Dustin ML, Sansom MSP, Kalli AC, Acuto O. Allosteric activation of T cell antigen receptor signaling by quaternary structure relaxation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109375. [PMID: 34260912 PMCID: PMC8293630 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of T cell antigen receptor (TCR-CD3) signaling remains elusive. Here, we identify mutations in the transmembrane region of TCRβ or CD3ζ that augment peptide T cell antigen receptor (pMHC)-induced signaling not explicable by enhanced ligand binding, lateral diffusion, clustering, or co-receptor function. Using a biochemical assay and molecular dynamics simulation, we demonstrate that the gain-of-function mutations loosen the interaction between TCRαβ and CD3ζ. Similar to the activating mutations, pMHC binding reduces TCRαβ cohesion with CD3ζ. This event occurs prior to CD3ζ phosphorylation and at 0°C. Moreover, we demonstrate that soluble monovalent pMHC alone induces signaling and reduces TCRαβ cohesion with CD3ζ in membrane-bound or solubilised TCR-CD3. Our data provide compelling evidence that pMHC binding suffices to activate allosteric changes propagating from TCRαβ to the CD3 subunits, reconfiguring interchain transmembrane region interactions. These dynamic modifications could change the arrangement of TCR-CD3 boundary lipids to license CD3ζ phosphorylation and initiate signal propagation. Mutations in TCRβ and CD3ζ TMRs that reduce their interaction augment signaling pMHC and anti-CD3 binding to TCR-CD3 induce similar quaternary structure relaxation Soluble monovalent pMHC alone signals and reduces TCRαβ cohesion with CD3ζ Allosteric changes in TCR-CD3 dynamics instigate T cell activation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Lanz
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Giulia Masi
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Nicla Porciello
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - André Cohnen
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Deborah Cipria
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Dheeraj Prakaash
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Roberto Raggiaschi
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Donatella Galgano
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Immunocore Ltd., Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK
| | | | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Antreas C Kalli
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Oreste Acuto
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Connolly A, Gagnon E. Electrostatic interactions: From immune receptor assembly to signaling. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:26-43. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Connolly
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Graab P, Bock C, Weiss K, Hirth A, Koller N, Braner M, Jung J, Loehr F, Tampé R, Behrends C, Abele R. Lysosomal targeting of the ABC transporter TAPL is determined by membrane-localized charged residues. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7308-7323. [PMID: 30877195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human lysosomal polypeptide ABC transporter TAPL (ABC subfamily B member 9, ABCB9) transports 6-59-amino-acid-long polypeptides from the cytosol into lysosomes. The subcellular localization of TAPL depends solely on its N-terminal transmembrane domain, TMD0, which lacks conventional targeting sequences. However, the intracellular route and the molecular mechanisms that control TAPL localization remain unclear. Here, we delineated the route of TAPL to lysosomes and investigated the determinants of single trafficking steps. By synchronizing trafficking events by a retention using selective hooks (RUSH) assay and visualizing individual intermediate steps through immunostaining and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that TAPL takes the direct route to lysosomes. We further identified conserved charged residues within TMD0 transmembrane helices that are essential for individual steps of lysosomal targeting. Substitutions of these residues retained TAPL in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi. We also observed that for release from the ER, a salt bridge between Asp-17 and Arg-57 is essential. An interactome analysis revealed that Yip1-interacting factor homolog B membrane-trafficking protein (YIF1B) interacts with TAPL. We also found that YIF1B is involved in ER-to-Golgi trafficking and interacts with TMD0 of TAPL via its transmembrane domain and that this interaction strongly depends on the newly identified salt bridge within TMD0. These results expand our knowledge about lysosomal trafficking of TAPL and the general function of extra transmembrane domains of ABC transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Jung
- the Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical School, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and
| | - Frank Loehr
- the Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Tampé
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, and
| | - Christian Behrends
- the Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical School, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and.,the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Abele
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The T Cell Antigen Receptor α Transmembrane Domain Coordinates Triggering through Regulation of Bilayer Immersion and CD3 Subunit Associations. Immunity 2018; 49:829-841.e6. [PMID: 30389415 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Initial molecular details of cellular activation following αβT cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligation by peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) remain unexplored. We determined the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the TCRα subunit transmembrane (TM) domain revealing a bipartite helix whose segmentation fosters dynamic movement. Positively charged TM residues Arg251 and Lys256 project from opposite faces of the helix, with Lys256 controlling immersion depth. Their modification caused stepwise reduction in TCR associations with CD3ζζ homodimers and CD3εγ plus CD3εδ heterodimers, respectively, leading to an activated transcriptome. Optical tweezers revealed that Arg251 and Lys256 mutations altered αβTCR-pMHC bond lifetimes, while mutations within interacting TCRα connecting peptide and CD3δ CxxC motif juxtamembrane elements selectively attenuated signal transduction. Our findings suggest that mechanical forces applied during pMHC ligation initiate T cell activation via a dissociative mechanism, shifting disposition of those basic sidechains to rearrange TCR complex membrane topology and weaken TCRαβ and CD3 associations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) are protein complexes formed by six different polypeptides. In most T cells, TCRs are composed of αβ subunits displaying immunoglobulin-like variable domains that recognize peptide antigens associated with major histocompatibility complex molecules expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. TCRαβ subunits are associated with the CD3 complex formed by the γ, δ, ε, and ζ subunits, which are invariable and ensure signal transduction. Here, we review how the expression and function of TCR complexes are orchestrated by several fine-tuned cellular processes that encompass (a) synthesis of the subunits and their correct assembly and expression at the plasma membrane as a single functional complex, (b) TCR membrane localization and dynamics at the plasma membrane and in endosomal compartments, (c) TCR signal transduction leading to T cell activation, and (d) TCR degradation. These processes balance each other to ensure efficient T cell responses to a variety of antigenic stimuli while preventing autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alcover
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; ,
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Severo Ochoa Center for Molecular Biology, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain;
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; ,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guedj C, Abraham N, Jullié D, Randriamampita C. T cell adhesion triggers an early signaling pole distal to the immune synapse. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2526-37. [PMID: 27185862 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.182311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse forms at the interface between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell after foreign antigen recognition. The immunological synapse is considered to be the site where the signaling cascade leading to T lymphocyte activation is triggered. Here, we show that another signaling region can be detected before formation of the synapse at the opposite pole of the T cell. This structure appears during the first minute after the contact forms, is transient and contains all the classic components that have been previously described at the immunological synapse. Its formation is independent of antigen recognition but is driven by adhesion itself. It constitutes a reservoir of signaling molecules that are potentially ready to be sent to the immunological synapse through a microtubule-dependent pathway. The antisynapse can thus be considered as a pre-synapse that is triggered independently of antigen recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Guedj
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, 22 rue Méćhain, Paris 75014, France CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Nicolas Abraham
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, 22 rue Méćhain, Paris 75014, France CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Damien Jullié
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, 22 rue Méćhain, Paris 75014, France CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, 22 rue Méćhain, Paris 75014, France CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lhuillier C, Barjon C, Niki T, Gelin A, Praz F, Morales O, Souquere S, Hirashima M, Wei M, Dellis O, Busson P. Impact of Exogenous Galectin-9 on Human T Cells: CONTRIBUTION OF THE T CELL RECEPTOR COMPLEX TO ANTIGEN-INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION BUT NOT TO APOPTOSIS INDUCTION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16797-811. [PMID: 25947381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (gal-9) is a multifunctional β-galactoside-binding lectin, frequently released in the extracellular medium, where it acts as a pleiotropic immune modulator. Despite its overall immunosuppressive effects, a recent study has reported bimodal action of gal-9 on human resting blood T cells with apoptosis occurring in the majority of them, followed by a wave of activation and expansion of Th1 cells in the surviving population. Our knowledge of the signaling events triggered by exogenous gal-9 in T cells remains limited. One of these events is cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) release reported in some murine and human T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of Ca(2+) mobilization to apoptotic and nonapoptotic effects of exogenous gal-9 in human T cells. We found that the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex and the Lck kinase were required for Ca(2+) mobilization but not for apoptosis induction in Jurkat cells. These data were confirmed in human CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood as follows: a specific Lck chemical inhibitor abrogated Ca(2+) mobilization but not apoptosis induction. Moreover, Lck activity was also required for the production of Th1-type cytokines, i.e. interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which resulted from gal-9 stimulation in peripheral CD4(+) T cells. These findings indicate that gal-9 acts on T cells by two distinct pathways as follows: one mimicking antigen-specific activation of the TCR with a mandatory contribution of proximal elements of the TCR complex, especially Lck, and another resulting in apoptosis that is independent of this complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Toshiro Niki
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Aurore Gelin
- the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Praz
- INSERM, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France, the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Morales
- CNRS, UMR 8161 Groupe IRCV, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 Rue du Pr. Calmette, 59021 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, UMR 8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, and
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Ming Wei
- the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Dellis
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, INSERM, UMR-S 757, Bâtiment 440/443, Rue des Adèles, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Busson
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Berry R, Headey SJ, Call MJ, McCluskey J, Tregaskes CA, Kaufman J, Koh R, Scanlon MJ, Call ME, Rossjohn J. Structure of the chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer and its assembly with the αβT cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8240-51. [PMID: 24488493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the αβT cell receptor (TCR) signaling complex is composed of a TCRαβ heterodimer that is noncovalently coupled to three dimeric signaling molecules, CD3εδ, CD3εγ, and CD3ζζ. The nature of the TCR signaling complex and subunit arrangement in different species remains unclear however. Here we present a structural and biochemical analysis of the more primitive ancestral form of the TCR signaling complex found in chickens. In contrast to mammals, chickens do not express separate CD3δ and CD3γ chains but instead encode a single hybrid chain, termed CD3δ/γ, that is capable of pairing with CD3ε. The NMR structure of the chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer revealed a unique dimer interface that results in a heterodimer with considerable deviation from the distinct side-by-side architecture found in human and murine CD3εδ and CD3εγ. The chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer also contains a unique molecular surface, with the vast majority of surface-exposed, nonconserved residues being clustered to a single face of the heterodimer. Using an in vitro biochemical assay, we demonstrate that CD3εδ/γ can assemble with both chicken TCRα and TCRβ via conserved polar transmembrane sites. Moreover, analogous to the human TCR signaling complex, the presence of two copies of CD3εδ/γ is required for ζζ assembly. These data provide insight into the evolution of this critical receptor signaling apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lck mediates signal transmission from CD59 to the TCR/CD3 pathway in Jurkat T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85934. [PMID: 24454946 PMCID: PMC3893272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored molecule CD59 has been implicated in the modulation of T cell responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism of CD59 influencing T cell signaling remained unclear. Here we analyzed Jurkat T cells stimulated via anti-CD3ε- or anti-CD59-coated surfaces, using time-resolved single-cell Ca2+ imaging as a read-out for stimulation. This analysis revealed a heterogeneous Ca2+ response of the cell population in a stimulus-dependent manner. Further analysis of T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 deficient or overexpressing cells showed that CD59-mediated signaling is strongly dependent on TCR/CD3 surface expression. In protein co-patterning and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments no direct physical interaction was observed between CD59 and CD3 at the plasma membrane upon anti-CD59 stimulation. However, siRNA-mediated protein knock-downs of downstream signaling molecules revealed that the Src family kinase Lck and the adaptor molecule linker of activated T cells (LAT) are essential for both signaling pathways. Furthermore, flow cytometry measurements showed that knock-down of Lck accelerates CD3 re-expression at the cell surface after anti-CD59 stimulation similar to what has been observed upon direct TCR/CD3 stimulation. Finally, physically linking Lck to CD3ζ completely abolished CD59-triggered Ca2+ signaling, while signaling was still functional upon direct TCR/CD3 stimulation. Altogether, we demonstrate that Lck mediates signal transmission from CD59 to the TCR/CD3 pathway in Jurkat T cells, and propose that CD59 may act via Lck to modulate T cell responses.
Collapse
|
11
|
Buonocore F, Castro R, Randelli E, Lefranc MP, Six A, Kuhl H, Reinhardt R, Facchiano A, Boudinot P, Scapigliati G. Diversity, molecular characterization and expression of T cell receptor γ in a teleost fish, the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L). PLoS One 2012; 7:e47957. [PMID: 23133531 PMCID: PMC3485050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two lineages of T cells, expressing either the αβ T cell receptor (TR) or the γδ TR, exist in Gnathostomes. The latter type of T cells account for 1–10 % of T cells in blood and up to 30 % in the small intestine. They may recognize unconventional antigens (phosphorylated microbial metabolites, lipid antigens) without the need of major histocompatibility class I (MH1) or class II (MH2) presentation. In this work we have described cloning and structural characterization of TR -chain (TRG) from the teleost Dicentrarchus labrax. Further, by means of quantitative PCR analysis, we analyzed TRG expression levels both in poly I:C stimulated leukocytes in vitro, and following infection with betanodavirus in vivo. Two full length cDNAs relative to TRG, with the highest peptide and nucleotide identity with Japanese flounder, were identified. A multiple alignment analysis showed the conservation of peptides fundamental for TRG biological functions, and of the FGXG motif in the FR4 region, typical of most TR and immunoglobulin light chains. A 3D structure consisting of two domains mainly folded as beta strands with a sandwich architecture for each domain was also reported. TRG CDR3 of 8–18 AA in length and diversity in the TRG rearrangements expressed in thymus and intestine for a given V/C combination were evidenced by junction length spectratyping. TRG mRNA expression levels were high in basal conditions both in thymus and intestine, while in kidney and gut leukocytes they were up-regulated after in vitro stimulation by poly I:C. Finally, in juveniles the TRG expression levels were up-regulated in the head kidney and down-regulated in intestine after in vivo infection with betanodavirus. Overall, in this study the involvement of TRG-bearing T cells during viral stimulation was described for the first time, leading to new insights for the identification of T cell subsets in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rosario Castro
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System®, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Université Paris-06), Unité Mixte de Recherches 7211, “Integrative Immunology” Team, Paris, France
- Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherches, “Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy”, Paris, France
| | - Heiner Kuhl
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Reinhardt
- Genome Centre at Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology – National Research Council, Istitute of Sciences of Alimentation, Avellino, Italy
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, Viterbo, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nithikulworawong N, Yakupitiyage A, Rakshit S, Srisapoome P. Molecular characterization and increased expression of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), T-cell receptor beta chain in response to Streptococcus agalactiae infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:343-358. [PMID: 22417380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The complete cDNA sequence of the Nile tilapia T-cell receptor (TCR) β chain was cloned using 5' RACE. The full-length, 1263-bp cDNA contained a 942-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 314-amino-acid protein. Sequence analyses revealed that the Nile tilapia TCR β chain contains four conserved cysteine residues involved in the formation of disulphide bridges and a conserved amino acid motif believed to be important for assembly and signalling of the TCR αβ/CD3 complex, both of which are normally found in the TCR β chain of other vertebrates. As detected using semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR, the highest expression level of TCR β was detected in the thymus. Interestingly, Streptococcus agalactiae significantly induced the up-regulation of the TCR β chain, and the strongest up-regulation was detected in the brain and peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs). In in vitro experiments, concanavalin A and Aeromonas hydrophila were found to significantly increase the expression of the TCR β chain in PBLs after 48 h (P < 0.01) and 72 h (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis showed that intraperitoneal injection (IP) of 10(7) cfu mL(-1) of S. agalactiae could induce TCR β expression that was greater than the expression observed following administration of 10(9) cfu mL(-1). The presence of the TCR β chain in fish detected in this study suggests the presence of T-cell populations that have been found in higher vertebrates, which may play a crucial functional role in the response to fish pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Nithikulworawong
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management Field of Study, School of Environment, Resource and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maisey K, Toro-Ascuy D, Montero R, Reyes-López FE, Imarai M. Identification of CD3ε, CD4, CD8β splice variants of Atlantic salmon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:815-822. [PMID: 21821134 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, CD3 complex and CD4 and CD8 co-receptors are essential for signal transduction during T cell activation. In the present study, we report the mRNA spliced variants of the Atlantic salmon CD3ε, CD4 and CD8β and the effect of pathogen encounter on the expression of these variants. CD3ε is alternatively spliced in thymus, head kidney, spleen and gills to give rise to the complete mRNA sequence and to an alternative product that lacks the transmembrane exon. CD4 is also alternatively spliced in the thymus, head kidney, spleen and gills to form two variants, although the alternative product is barely detectable. The alternative product lacks the exon 1B encoding the D1 domain, which is essential for binding to MHC class II proteins. Two amplicons were also found for the CD8β gene; sequencing analysis revealed that the main PCR product corresponds to the previously reported CD8β sequence, whereas the variant sequence encodes a potential protein that lacks the Ig-like domain. The expression of CD3, CD4, CD8β genes also analyzed in head kidney of LPS-treated and IPNV infected salmon and different patterns of expression were observed. The presence and balance of the different variants of T cell co-receptors could be related to the ability of fish to induce a particular type of immune response, as well as, the ability of the pathogen to modify the fish immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arechaga I, Swamy M, Abia D, Schamel WA, Alarcón B, Valpuesta JM. Structural characterization of the TCR complex by electron microscopy. Int Immunol 2010; 22:897-903. [PMID: 21059766 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural information on how the TCR transmits signals upon binding of its antigen peptide MHC molecule ligand is still lacking. The ectodomains of the TCRα/β, CD3εγ and CD3εδ dimers, as well as the transmembrane domain of CD3ζ, have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). However, no structural data have been obtained for the entire TCR complex. In this study, we have purified the TCR from T cells under native conditions and used electron microscopy to derive a three-dimensional structure. The TCR complex appears as a pear-shaped structure of 180 × 120 × 65 . Furthermore, the use of mAbs has allowed to determine the orientation of the TCRα/β and CD3 subunits and to suggest a model of interactions. Interestingly, the reconstructed TCR is larger than expected for a complex with a αβγεδεζζ stoichiometry. The accommodation of a second TCRαβ to fill in the extra volume is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Arechaga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria (UC) and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-UC-IDICAN), c/Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Manolios N, Ali M, Bender V. T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) transmembrane peptides: A new paradigm for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:273-83. [PMID: 20431344 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.2.11909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface membranes are generally considered as inert and hydrophobic providing a stable physical barrier that anchor proteins and maintain cellular homeostasis between the intra- and the extra-cellular environment. The integral proteins that transverse membranes do so once or multiple times and can function alone or as part of a larger complex. Far from being inert, there is a multiplicity of biophysical factors that drive protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions within membranes that are being increasingly recognised as very important for cellular function. Unravelling these "hot-spots" on the contact surface of transmembrane (TM) proteins and targeting peptides to these sites to interrupt the cohesive interaction between the proteins provides both an enormous challenge and a huge therapeutic potential that as yet remains unrecognized. Indeed, with biopharmaceutical research on the rise, TM peptides may prove a useful innovation. Using the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) as a model system of multi-subunits interacting at the TM via electrostatic charges the potential for peptides as therapeutic agents to interfere with normal immune responses is discussed. The principles of such can be extended to other similar receptor systems including those involved in cancer or infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Manolios
- Department of Rheumatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Significant functional heterogeneity among KIR2DL1 alleles and a pivotal role of arginine 245. Blood 2010; 114:5182-90. [PMID: 19828694 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-231977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) play an essential role in the regulation of natural killer cell functions. KIR genes are highly polymorphic in nature, showing both haplotypic and allelic variations among people. We demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo models a significant heterogeneity in function among different KIR2DL1 alleles, including their ability to inhibit YT-Indy cells from degranulation, interferon gamma production, and cytotoxicity against target cells expressing the HLA-Cw6 ligand. Subsequent experiments showed that the molecular determinant was an arginine residue at position 245 (R245) in its transmembrane domain that mechanistically affects both the efficiency of inhibitory signaling and durability of surface expression. Specifically, in comparison with R245-negative alleles, KIR2DL1 that included R245 recruited more Src-homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 and beta-arrestin 2, showed higher inhibition of lipid raft polarization at immune synapse, and had less down-regulation of cell-surface expression upon interaction with its ligand. Thus, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular determinant of KIR2DL1 and conceivably a fundamental understanding of KIR2DL1 allelic polymorphism in human disease susceptibility, transplant outcome, and donor selection.
Collapse
|
17
|
Buonocore F, Randelli E, Scala V, Belardinelli MC, Casani D, Facchiano AM, Costantini S, Scapigliati G. Evolution of cell‐mediated immune defences: Cloning and structural characterisation of the T cell receptor beta chain from the icefishChionodraco hamatus(Perciformes: Channichthyidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000802364632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Bari R, Zhang YH, Zhang F, Wang NX, Stipp CS, Zheng JJ, Zhang XA. Transmembrane interactions are needed for KAI1/CD82-mediated suppression of cancer invasion and metastasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:647-60. [PMID: 19116362 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In transmembrane (TM) domains, tetraspanin KAI1/CD82 contains an Asn, a Gln, and a Glu polar residue. A mutation of all three polar residues largely disrupts the migration-, invasion-, and metastasis-suppressive activities of KAI1/CD82. Notably, KAI1/CD82 inhibits the formation of microprotrusions and the release of microvesicles, while the mutation disrupts these inhibitions, revealing the connections of microprotrusion and microvesicle to KAI1/CD82 function. The TM polar residues are needed for proper interactions between KAI1/CD82 and tetraspanins CD9 and CD151, which also regulate cell movement, but not for the association between KAI1/CD82 and alpha3beta1 integrin. However, KAI1/CD82 still efficiently inhibits cell migration when either CD9 or CD151 is absent. Hence, KAI1/CD82 interacts with tetraspanin and integrin by different mechanisms and is unlikely to inhibit cell migration through its associated proteins. Moreover, without significantly affecting the glycosylation, homodimerization, and global folding of KAI1/CD82, the TM interactions maintain the conformational stability of KAI1/CD82, evidenced by the facts that the mutant is more sensitive to denaturation and less associable with tetraspanins and supported by the modeling analysis. Thus, the TM interactions mediated by these polar residues determine a conformation either in or near the tightly packed TM region and this conformation and/or its change are needed for the intrinsic activity of KAI1/CD82. In contrast to immense efforts to block the signaling of cancer progression, the perturbation of TM interactions may open a new avenue to prevent cancer invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafijul Bari
- Vascular Biology Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Common themes in the assembly and architecture of activating immune receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:841-50. [PMID: 17960150 DOI: 10.1038/nri2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Each of the many different cell types of the immune system expresses one or several activating receptors which serve a central role in the cell's surveillance function. Many of these cell-surface receptors share a distinctive modular design that consists of a ligand-binding module with no intrinsic signalling capability that is non-covalently associated with one or more dimeric signalling modules. Receptor assembly is directed by unique polar contacts within the transmembrane domains, whereas extracellular contacts can contribute to stability and specificity. This Review discusses the structural basis of receptor assembly and the implications of these findings for the mechanisms of receptor triggering.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A common signaling pathway is known to operate downstream of immunoreceptors, such as the T-cell, B-cell, or Fc receptors, following engagement by their respective ligands. This pathway involves Src family kinase-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) that recruit and activate spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) or Zap70 (zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa) kinases, which in turn activate a variety of downstream signals. Evidence has been building from a variety of sources, particularly mouse models, that molecules involved in the immunoreceptor signaling pathway are also required for signals initiated by integrins. Integrins are the major cell surface receptors that mediate adhesion of leukocytes to a variety of extracellular matrix proteins and counter-receptors expressed on endothelial cells. Integrin ligation is a critical step in the activation of leukocyte effector functions (such as neutrophil degranulation or lymphocyte proliferation). Integrin signaling through pathways common to those utilized by immunoreceptors provides a mechanism by which leukocyte adhesion can regulate activation of cellular responses. In animal models, integrin-mediated signal transduction plays a critical role in inflammatory disease. In this review, we discuss the convergence of immunoreceptor and integrin signaling, focusing on how these pathways modulate leukocyte activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0451, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Call ME, Schnell JR, Xu C, Lutz RA, Chou JJ, Wucherpfennig KW. The structure of the zetazeta transmembrane dimer reveals features essential for its assembly with the T cell receptor. Cell 2006; 127:355-68. [PMID: 17055436 PMCID: PMC3466601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta heterodimer communicates ligand binding to the cell interior via noncovalently associated CD3gammaepsilon, CD3deltaepsilon, and zetazeta dimers. While structures of extracellular components of the TCR-CD3 complex are known, the transmembrane (TM) domains that mediate assembly have eluded structural characterization. Incorporation of the zetazeta signaling module is known to require one basic TCRalpha and two zetazeta aspartic acid TM residues. We report the NMR structure of the zetazeta(TM) dimer, a left-handed coiled coil with substantial polar contacts. Mutagenesis experiments demonstrate that three polar positions are critical for zetazeta dimerization and assembly with TCR. The two aspartic acids create a single structural unit at the zetazeta interface stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding, and there is evidence for a structural water molecule (or molecules) within close proximity. This structural unit, representing only the second transmembrane dimer interface solved to date, serves as a paradigm for the assembly of all modules involved in TCR signaling.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Aspartic Acid/chemistry
- Dimerization
- Humans
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Engineering
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Call
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason R. Schnell
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chenqi Xu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Regina A. Lutz
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James J. Chou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu C, Call ME, Wucherpfennig KW. A membrane-proximal tetracysteine motif contributes to assembly of CD3deltaepsilon and CD3gammaepsilon dimers with the T cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:36977-84. [PMID: 17023417 PMCID: PMC4515964 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607164200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the T cell receptor (TCR) with its dimeric signaling modules, CD3deltaepsilon, CD3gammaepsilon, and zetazeta, is organized by transmembrane (TM) interactions. Each of the three assembly steps requires formation of a three-helix interface involving one particular basic TCR TM residue and two acidic TM residues of the respective signaling dimer. The extracellular domains of CD3deltaepsilon and CD3gammaepsilon contribute to assembly, but TCR interaction sites on CD3 dimers have not been defined. The structures of the extracellular domains of CD3deltaepsilon and CD3gammaepsilon demonstrated parallel beta-strands ending at the first cysteine in the CXXCXEXXX motif present in the stalk segment of each CD3 chain. Mutation of the membrane-proximal cysteines impaired assembly of either CD3 dimer with TCR, and little complex was isolated when all four membrane-proximal cysteines were mutated to alanine. These mutations had, however, no discernable effect on CD3deltaepsilon or CD3gammaepsilon dimerization. CD3deltaepsilon assembled with a TCRalpha mutant that lacked both immunoglobulin domains, but shortening of the TCRalpha connecting peptide reduced assembly, consistent with membrane-proximal TCRalpha-CD3deltaepsilon interactions. Chelation of divalent cations did not affect assembly, indicating that coordination of a cation by the tetracysteine motif was not required. The membrane-proximal cysteines were within close proximity but only formed covalent CD3 dimers when one cysteine was mutated. The four cysteines may thus form two intrachain disulfide bonds integral to the secondary structure of CD3 stalk regions. The three-chain interaction theme first established for the TM domains thus extends into the membrane-proximal domains of TCRalpha-CD3deltaepsilon and TCRbeta-CD3gammaepsilon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenqi Xu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Matthew E. Call
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel.: 617-632-3086; Fax: 617-632-2662;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cohen CJ, Zheng Z, Bray R, Zhao Y, Sherman LA, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Recognition of fresh human tumor by human peripheral blood lymphocytes transduced with a bicistronic retroviral vector encoding a murine anti-p53 TCR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5799-808. [PMID: 16237072 PMCID: PMC1473968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The p53 protein is markedly up-regulated in a high proportion of human malignancies. Using an HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model, it was possible to isolate high-avidity murine CTLs that recognize class I-restricted human p53 epitopes. We isolated the alpha- and beta-chain of a TCR from a highly avid murine CTL clone that recognized the human p53(264-272) epitope. These genes were cloned into a retroviral vector that mediated high efficiency gene transfer into primary human lymphocytes. Efficiencies of >90% for gene transfer into lymphocytes were obtained without selection for transduced cells. The p53 TCR-transduced lymphocytes were able to specifically recognize with high-avidity, peptide-pulsed APCs as well as HLA-A2.1+ cells transfected with either wild-type or mutant p53 protein. p53 TCR-transduced cells demonstrated recognition and killing of a broad spectrum of human tumor cell lines as well as recognition of fresh human tumor cells. Interestingly, both CD8+ and CD4+ subsets were capable of recognizing and killing target cells, stressing the potential application of such a CD8-independent TCR molecule that can mediate both helper and cytotoxic responses. These results suggest that lymphocytes genetically engineered to express anti-p53 TCR may be of value for the adoptive immunotherapy of patients with a variety of common malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille J. Cohen
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Regina Bray
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yangbing Zhao
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Richard A. Morgan
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Richard A. Morgan, Surgery Branch, Building 10, Room 3W5940, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1201, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201. E-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Call ME, Wucherpfennig KW. The T cell receptor: critical role of the membrane environment in receptor assembly and function. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23:101-25. [PMID: 15771567 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cell membranes provide a unique environment for protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that are critical for the assembly and function of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. Highly specific polar interactions among transmembrane (TM) domains that are uniquely favorable in the lipid environment organize the association of the three signaling dimers with the TCR. Each of these three assembly steps depends on the formation of a three-helix interface between one basic and two acidic residues in the membrane environment. The same polar TM residues that drive assembly also play a central role in quality control and export by directing the retention and degradation of free subunits and partial complexes, while membrane proximal cytoplasmic signals control recycling and degradation of surface receptors. Recent studies also suggest that interactions between the membrane and the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 proteins may be important for receptor triggering.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/immunology
- Humans
- Membrane Lipids/metabolism
- Models, Immunological
- Models, Molecular
- Multiprotein Complexes
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Call
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Arnett KL, Harrison SC, Wiley DC. Crystal structure of a human CD3-epsilon/delta dimer in complex with a UCHT1 single-chain antibody fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16268-73. [PMID: 15534202 PMCID: PMC528977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407359101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha/beta T cell receptor complex transmits signals from MHC/peptide antigens through a set of constitutively associated signaling molecules, including CD3-epsilon/gamma and CD3-epsilon/delta. We report the crystal structure at 1.9-A resolution of a complex between a human CD3-epsilon/delta ectodomain heterodimer and a single-chain fragment of the UCHT1 antibody. CD3-epsilon/delta and CD3-epsilon/gamma share a conserved interface between the Ig-fold ectodomains, with parallel packing of the two G strands. CD3-delta has a more electronegative surface and a more compact Ig fold than CD3-gamma; thus, the two CD3 heterodimers have distinctly different molecular surfaces. The UCHT1 antibody binds near an acidic region of CD3-epsilon opposite the dimer interface, occluding this region from direct interaction with the TCR. This immunodominant epitope may be a uniquely accessible surface in the TCR/CD3 complex, because there is overlap between the binding site of the UCHT1 and OKT3 antibodies. Determination of the CD3-epsilon/delta structure completes the set of TCR/CD3 globular ectodomains and contributes information about exposed CD3 surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Arnett
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
von Essen M, Bonefeld CM, Siersma V, Rasmussen AB, Lauritsen JPH, Nielsen BL, Geisler C. Constitutive and Ligand-Induced TCR Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:384-93. [PMID: 15210797 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of TCR expression levels is a central event during T cell development and activation, and it probably plays an important role in adjusting T cell responsiveness. Conflicting data have been published on down-regulation and degradation rates of the individual TCR subunits, and several divergent models for TCR down-regulation and degradation have been suggested. The aims of this study were to determine the rate constants for constitutive and ligand-induced TCR degradation and to determine whether the TCR subunits segregate or are processed as an intact unit during TCR down-regulation and degradation. We found that the TCR subunits in nonstimulated Jurkat cells were degraded with rate constants of approximately 0.0011 min(-1), resulting in a half-life of approximately 10.5 h. Triggering of the TCR by anti-TCR Abs resulted in a 3-fold increase in the degradation rate constants to approximately 0.0033 min(-1), resulting in a half-life of approximately 3.5 h. The subunits of the TCR complex were down-regulated from the cell surface and degraded with identical kinetics, and most likely remained associated during the passage throughout the endocytic pathway from the cell surface to the lysosomes. Similar results were obtained in studies of primary human Vbeta8+ T cells stimulated with superantigen. Based on these results, the simplest model for TCR internalization, sorting, and degradation is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina von Essen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biostatistics, The Panum Institute, Building 22.5, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex represents on of the most intricate membrane receptor structures since it is built from six distinct chains. This complexity led to a number of different proposals for the arrangement of the receptor subunits, its stoichiometry and the mechanisms responsible for receptor triggering. Early work had demonstrated that basic and acidic transmembrane (TM) residues were involved in the assembly but the molecular arrangement could not be deduced due to the complexity of the receptor. Using a novel method for the isolation of intact radiolabeled protein complexes, we demonstrated that the complex assembled in the ER contains only a single TCRalphabeta heterodimer and one copy of each of the CD3deltaepsilon, CD3gammaepsilon and zeta-zeta signaling dimers. Surprisingly, assembly of each of the three signaling dimers with TCR was dependent on one of the three basic TCR TM residues as well as both acidic residues located in the TM domains of the interacting signaling dimer. Each assembly step thus results in the formation of a three-helix interface in the membrane that involves one basic and two acidic TM residues, and this arrangement effectively shields these ionizable residues at protein-protein interfaces from the lipid. Since proteins whose TM domains have exposed ionizable residues are not stably integrated into the lipid bilayer, assembly based on shielding of ionizable residues permits full equilibration of the receptor into the lipid bilayer and prevents degradation. Assembly, export of intact receptor complexes and degradation of unassembled components thus rely on the same organizing principle.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Humans
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Call
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1410, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1410, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-617-632-3086; fax: +1-617-632-2662. (K.W. Wucherpfennig)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Call ME, Pyrdol J, Wucherpfennig KW. Stoichiometry of the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex and key intermediates assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO J 2004; 23:2348-57. [PMID: 15152191 PMCID: PMC423287 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is critical for T-cell development and function, and represents one of the most complex transmembrane receptors. Models of different stoichiometry and valency have been proposed based on cellular experiments and these have important implications for the mechanisms of receptor triggering. Since determination of receptor stoichiometry in T-cells is not possible due to the presence of previously synthesized, unlabeled receptor components with different half-lives, we examined the stoichiometry of the receptor assembled in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) microsomes of B-cell origin. The stoichiometric relationship among all subunits was directly determined using intact radiolabeled TCR-CD3 complexes that were isolated with a sequential, non-denaturing immunoprecipitation method, and identical results were obtained with two detergents belonging to different structural classes. The results firmly establish that the alphabeta TCR-CD3 complex assembled in the ER is monovalent and composed of one copy of the TCRalphabeta, CD3deltaepsilon, CD3gammaepsilon and zeta-zeta dimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Call
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Pyrdol
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Room Dana-1410, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel.: +1 617 632 3086; Fax: +1 617 632 2662; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bhatnagar A, Gülland S, Bascand M, Palmer E, Gardner TG, Kearse KP, Bäckström BT. Mutational analysis of conserved amino acids in the T cell receptor alpha-chain transmembrane region: a critical role of leucine 112 and phenylalanine 127 for assembly and surface expression. Mol Immunol 2003; 39:953-63. [PMID: 12695121 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(03)00027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Correct assembly of all TCR complex polypeptides is essential for its cell surface expression and function. The transmembrane region of the TCRalpha chain is highly conserved and to gain insight into the structural and functional role of these residues, single amino acid substitutions were introduced and surface expression and signaling ability studied in T hybridoma cells. Introduction of acid residues within the TCRalpha chain transmembrane region were mostly tolerated, indicating that the net charge within this region of the TCR complex is not crucial to either assembly or signaling. However, mutations of leucine 112 or phenylalanine 127 to aspartic acids (L112D or F127D, respectively) resulted in dramatic loss of surface expression and, therefore, their signaling ability. Intracellular flow cytometry showed that the mutant TCRalpha polypeptides were present at levels comparable to wild-type, indicating that the reduced surface expression was not a consequence of impaired protein survival. The defect was characterized by immunoprecipitation and showed that residues L112 and F127 were involved in early interactions with the CD3 complex. A large proportion of the TCRalpha chain mutants L112D and F127D consisted of immature protein, indicative of a problem during early assembly of the TCR. Our findings provide evidence for the involvement of the conserved L112 and F127 residues of the TCRalpha chain transmembrane region in the assembly process of the TCR complex.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acids/genetics
- Animals
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Leucine/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phenylalanine/physiology
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Bhatnagar
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box 7060, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Piccolella E, Spadaro F, Ramoni C, Marinari B, Costanzo A, Levrero M, Thomson L, Abraham RT, Tuosto L. Vav-1 and the IKK alpha subunit of I kappa B kinase functionally associate to induce NF-kappa B activation in response to CD28 engagement. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2895-903. [PMID: 12626540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently observed that CD28 engagement initiates a signaling pathway leading to the activation of I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex and, consequently, to NF-kappa B activation, and we identified Vav-1 as an important mediator of this function. Here we report for the first time that Vav-1 constitutively associates with IKK alpha in both Jurkat and primary CD4(+) T cells. Vav-1/IKK alpha association is mediated by their helix-loop-helix domains, does not involve IKK beta, and is functionally relevant in that Vav-1-associated IKK alpha kinase activity is increased following CD28 engagement by B7. Moreover, we demonstrate that CD28-induced NF-kappa B activation is augmented by both IKK alpha and Vav-1, but not IKK beta. Confocal microscopy showed that endogenous Vav-1 and IKK alpha, but not IKK beta, were recruited to the membrane and colocalized in response to CD28 stimulation. Taken together, these data evidence that Vav-1 plays a key role in the control of NF-kappa B pathway by targeting IKK alpha in the T cell membrane and favoring its activation in response to CD28 stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enza Piccolella
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Call ME, Pyrdol J, Wiedmann M, Wucherpfennig KW. The organizing principle in the formation of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex. Cell 2002; 111:967-79. [PMID: 12507424 PMCID: PMC3420808 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) serves a critical function in the immune system and represents one of the most complex receptor structures. A striking feature is the presence of nine highly conserved, potentially charged residues in the transmembrane helices. Previous models have attempted to explain assembly based on pairwise interactions of these residues. Using a novel method for the isolation of intact radiolabeled protein complexes, we demonstrate that one basic and two acidic transmembrane residues are required for the assembly of each of the three signaling dimers with the TCR. This remarkable three-helix arrangement applies to all three assembly steps and represents the organizing principle for the formation of this intricate receptor structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Call
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Program in Immunology, Department of Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jason Pyrdol
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tuosto L, Marinari B, Piccolella E. CD4-Lck through TCR and in the absence of Vav exchange factor induces Bax increase and mitochondrial damage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6106-12. [PMID: 12055221 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate that CD4 may represent a critical turning point that governs the apoptotic and survival programs in T cells, without modifying the physical association with the TCR-CD3 complex. To address this issue, we have explored the possibility that the activation of CD4 may transduce apoptotic signals unless signaling effectors neutralize them. Our data show that in Jurkat T cells CD4 engagement by Leu3a mAb results in a rapid and strong increase of Lck kinase activity, subsequent alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis. Critical parameters are coassociation of CD4/Lck with TCR/CD3 and up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein Bax. Indeed, Leu3a-mediated Lck activation failed to induce apoptotic features in Jurkat cells either defective for TCR/CD3 or overexpressing the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Leu3a treatment of Jurkat cells overexpressing Vav results in the inhibition of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis; this rescue effect is accompanied with a significant decrease of Bax expression observed in apoptotic cells. Our evidence that the activation of Lck activates in T cells apoptotic pathways which are counteracted by Vav, a signaling molecule that cooperates with CD28 to boost TCR signals, suggests a novel role for costimulation in protecting T cells from CD4-mediated cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rubin B, Alibaud L, Huchenq-Champagne A, Arnaud J, Toribio ML, Constans J. Some hints concerning the shape of T-cell receptor structures. Scand J Immunol 2002; 55:111-8. [PMID: 11896927 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several models are proposed for T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) assembly and structure. However, there is little experimental data favouring directly either one or the other(s). The minimal complex appears to be composed of a TCRalphabeta/CD3deltaepsilon,gammaepsilon/zeta2 structure but at the cell membrane, multimers of this minimal structure may be formed. Quantitative cytofluometry has suggested three CD3epsilon chains for two TCRbeta (or TCRdelta) chains/complex. Such data should be repeated with monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against extracellular (EC) parts of CD3delta or CD3gamma chains. In the present review, we have compared the TCR/CD3 assembly of pre-TCR, TCRgammadelta and TCRalphabeta containing complexes, and analysed the reactivity of antibodies (Abs) against the EC part of CD3delta chains. Our data suggest an alternative assembly pathway and structure of TCR/CD3 complexes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Humans
- Macromolecular Substances
- Models, Immunological
- Models, Molecular
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Rubin
- Unité de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS UPR-2163, Hôpital Purpan, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang XM, Djordjevic JT, Bender V, Manolios N. T cell antigen receptor (TCR) transmembrane peptides colocalize with TCR, not lipid rafts, in surface membranes. Cell Immunol 2002; 215:12-9. [PMID: 12142032 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a synthetic peptide termed core peptide (CP), which corresponds to a sequence within the transmembrane domain of the alpha chain of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), can inhibit IL-2 production in antigen-stimulated T cells and can suppress inflammation in several T cell-mediated animal models of disease. As the first step in determining the mechanism of CP action, we examined the association of CP with the plasma membrane of human T cells using confocal microscopy. A homogeneous distribution of CP was observed in the plasma membrane of human T cells. This membrane localization was dependent on the presence of positive charges in the CP sequence. CP analogs, containing either neutral or negatively charged amino acids in place of the positive amino acid charges, did not localize within TCR membranes. Following antibody-induced TCR clustering, there was specific colocalization of CP with surface TCR. No association was observed with other cell surface receptors when similarly clustered. Since TCR activation leads to an increased movement of the receptor complex to cholesterol/glycosphingolipid (GSL) plasma membrane microdomains (rafts) we examined whether the association of CP with TCR was raft-driven. TCR clustering led only to a partial colocalization of TCRs with raft GSL, ganglioside GM1, and a complete colocalization of CP with TCRs. We conclude that CP associates specifically with plasma membrane TCRs and not raft lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin M Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Favier B, Burroughs NJ, Wedderburn L, Valitutti S. TCR dynamics on the surface of living T cells. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1525-32. [PMID: 11717193 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.12.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte activation by specific antigen requires prolonged TCR occupancy and sustained signaling. This is accomplished by the formation of a specialized signaling domain, the immunological synapse, at the T cell-antigen-presenting cell contact site. Surface receptors and signaling components are progressively recruited into this domain where they are organized in defined three-dimensional structures. To better understand how TCR are supplied to the signaling domain during the activation process, we measured (using confocal microscopy and photo-bleaching recovery techniques) lateral mobility of GFP-tagged TCR on living Jurkat cell surface. We show that: (i) surface-expressed TCR exhibit an intrinsic, actin cytoskeleton-independent, lateral mobility which allows them to passively diffuse over the entire T cell surface within approximately 60 min and (ii) non-stimulated TCR rapidly enter the signaling domain. Our results indicate that TCR lateral mobility per se is sufficient to ensure TCR supply to the immunological synapse in the course of sustained T cell activation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Diffusion
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Favier
- INSERM U395, Institut Claude de Préval, CHU Purpan, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shelton JG, Gülland S, Nicolson K, Kearse KP, Bäckström BT. Importance of the T cell receptor alpha-chain transmembrane distal region for assembly with cognate subunits. Mol Immunol 2001; 38:259-65. [PMID: 11566319 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antigen recognition by alphabeta T lymphocytes is mediated via the multisubunit TCR complex consisting of invariant CD3gamma,delta,epsilon and zeta chains associated with clonotypic TCRalpha and beta molecules. Charged amino acids located centrally within the TCRalpha transmembrane region are necessary and sufficient for assembly with the CD3deltaepsilon heterodimer. Previously, we have shown that deletion of 6-12 amino acids from the carboxy terminus of the TCRalpha-chain dramatically abrogates surface TCR expression, suggesting that the distal portion of the TCRalpha transmembrane region contains information that regulates the assembly and/or intracellular transport of TCR complexes. We have examined in more detail the molecular basis for reduced TCR expression in T cells bearing truncated TCRalpha chains. We found that in contrast to wild-type (wt), variant TCRalpha proteins missing the last nine C-terminal amino acids did not associate with core CD3gamma,delta,epsilon chains and were not assembled into disulphide-linked alphabeta heterodimers. The stability of newly synthesised wt and variant TCRalpha molecules was similar, showing that the abrogated surface TCR expression was not a consequence of impaired protein survival. Nevertheless, truncated TCRalpha chains still assembled with the chaperon protein calnexin in the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating that the distal portion of the TCRalpha transmembrane region is not essential for calnexin interaction. These data document a role for the distal portion of the TCRalpha transmembrane region in the assembly of TCR complexes and provide a molecular basis for reduced TCR expression in cells bearing truncated TCRalpha chains.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Calnexin
- Disulfides/chemistry
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Hybridomas
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligosaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Subunits
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Shelton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Arnaud J, Erard M, Martin E, Llobera R, Gouaillard C, Constans J, Rubin B. Molecular modelling and endoplasmic reticulum retention of mutated TCR/CD3 complexes. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53:540-52. [PMID: 11422902 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex assembly takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Normal TCR/CD3 complexes egress from the ER to the cis-Golgi, where the interaction with zeta2 homodimers occurs. This interaction leads to further uncontrolled transport of TCR/CD3/zeta molecules to the cell surface. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine firstly the basis for the impact of the Phe195/216 --> Val mutations on TCR/CD3 expression in Jurkat cells, and secondly why mutated J79-cell TCRalphabeta/CD3 hexamers are prevented from interacting with zeta2 homodimers. We found that Phe --> Val mutations cause serious perturbations in a so far undefined hydrophobic area formed by the two Phe195/216 on beta-strand F and aromatic/large hydrophobic amino acids on neighboring beta-strands B and A in Calpha and Cbeta domains, respectively. In addition, TCR/CD3 hexamers and zeta2 homodimers colocalize in normal Jurkat T cells, in revertant J79r58 cells, and in J79 cells transfected with wild-type TCRalpha cDNA but not in J79 mutant cells (confocal microscopy). Furthermore, mutated TCR/CD3 complexes seem to be actively retained in the ER in J79 cells but not in revertant J79r58 cells by a nondominant mechanism. We propose that a hitherto undefined ER-retention molecule controls both the protein structure and egress of TCR/CD3 complexes from the ER of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Brefeldin A/pharmacology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Transport
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Arnaud
- Unité de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR 2163, Institut Claude de Preval, IFR 30, CHU de PURPAN, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Baker ML, Rosenberg GH, Zuccolotto P, Harrison GA, Deane EM, Miller RD. Further characterization of T cell receptor chains of marsupials. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:495-507. [PMID: 11356229 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
cDNA clones encoding T cell receptor alpha (TCRalpha) and beta (TCRbeta) from the South American opossum, Monodelphis domestica were isolated and characterized. A single clone isolated encoding a TCRalpha chain was full length, containing the complete V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant) regions. Three partial cDNA clones were isolated for TCRbeta which contained complete C sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the TCR Valpha revealed that the M. domestica sequence and a sequence from the Australian brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, belong to separate Valpha families and intersperse with sequences from eutherian mammals. Similar to results described for marsupial and eutherian light chains, diversity at the V region of the TCR is ancient and maintained. In contrast phylogenetic analysis of the TCR Calpha and Cbeta sequences from M. domestica, T. vulpecula, and other vertebrates revealed that the marsupial TCR C grouped together forming a sister group to eutherian mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Baker
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 87131, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wermenstam NE, Pilström L. T-cell antigen receptors in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua l.): structure, organisation and expression of TCR alpha and beta genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:117-135. [PMID: 11113282 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(00)00049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
By using short degenerate primers complementing conserved T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) variable and constant region segments for PCR, we were able to isolate putative TCRalpha and beta chain full length cDNAs in Atlantic cod. The Valpha and Vbeta domains have the canonical features of known teleost and mammalian TCR V domains, including conserved residues in the beginning of FR2 and at the end of FR3. The Jalpha and Jbeta region possess the conserved Phe-Gly-X-Gly motif found in nearly all TCR and immunoglobulin light chain J regions. Similar to other vertebrates, the Atlantic cod Calpha and Cbeta sequences exhibit distinct immunoglobulin, connecting peptide, transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. The Atlantic cod Cbeta sequence lacks a cysteine in its connecting peptide region, but other motifs proposed to be important for dimerisation and cell surface expression are observed. Four different cod Cbeta sequences were identified, two of which share 3' untranslated regions different from one of the other two sequences, suggesting the existence of isotypic gene variants of Cbeta. Based on Southern blot analyses, the TCRalpha and beta gene loci appear to be arranged in translocon organisation (as opposed to multicluster) with multiple V gene segments, some (D) and J gene segments and a single or few C gene segments. Northern blot analyses show expression of the TCRalpha and beta chains in thymus, spleen and head kidney, expression of the TCRbeta chain was also detected in the ovary. Interestingly, no expression was detected in intestine even though the existence of T-cells in intestine has been proposed in other teleost species.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Fishes/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N E Wermenstam
- Immunology Programme, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 596, S-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kunjibettu S, Fuller-Espie S, Carey GB, Spain LM. Conserved transmembrane tyrosine residues of the TCR beta chain are required for TCR expression and function in primary T cells and hybridomas. Int Immunol 2001; 13:211-22. [PMID: 11157854 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain transmembrane domain contains two evolutionarily conserved tyrosines (Y). In this study, the functional basis for the evolutionary conservation is addressed by mutation of the residues, expression of the mutants in hybridoma and primary T cells, and examination of TCR signaling function. We find that the phenotype of the mutants, both surface expression and ability to signal for IL-2 production, is highly variable in different mouse T hybridoma lines. Although we have not been able to determine the basis for these differences in the hybridomas, expression of the mutants in primary T cells provides a definitive assessment of mutant phenotype. We show that mutation of the N-terminal Y to either leucine (L) or alanine (A) results in low surface expression in primary T cells, while mutation of both N- and C-terminal Y to A or L abrogates surface expression. However, the more conservative mutation of both transmembrane Y to phenylalanine maintained receptor surface expression and assembly while severely disrupting signaling in primary T cells. Our data demonstrate that TCR beta chain transmembrane Y are essential for TCR signal transduction as well as complex assembly. These findings suggest that protein-protein interactions involving membrane-spanning domains are likely relevant for TCR signal transduction mechanisms.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Conserved Sequence/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Hybridomas/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tyrosine/genetics
- Tyrosine/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kunjibettu
- Department of Immunology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences and George Washington University School of Medicine, American Red Cross, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Michel F, Mangino G, Attal-Bonnefoy G, Tuosto L, Alcover A, Roumier A, Olive D, Acuto O. CD28 utilizes Vav-1 to enhance TCR-proximal signaling and NF-AT activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3820-9. [PMID: 11034388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism through which CD28 costimulation potentiates TCR-driven gene expression is still not clearly defined. Vav-1, an exchange factor for Rho GTPases thought to regulate, mainly through Rac-1, various signaling components leading to cytokine gene expression, is tyrosine phosphorylated upon CD28 engagement. Here, we provide evidence for a key role of Vav-1 in CD28-mediated signaling. Overexpression of Vav-1 in Jurkat cells in combination with CD28 ligation strongly reduced the concentration of staphylococcus enterotoxin E/MHC required for TCR-induced NF-AT activation. Surprisingly, upon Vav-1 overexpression CD28 ligation sufficed to activate NF-AT in the absence of TCR engagement. This effect was not mediated by overexpression of ZAP-70 nor of SLP-76 but necessitated the intracellular tail of CD28, the intactness of the TCR-proximal signaling cascade, the Src-homology domain 2 (SH2) domain of Vav-1, and SLP-76 phosphorylation, an event which was favored by Vav-1 itself. Cells overexpressing Vav-1 formed lamellipodia and microspikes reminiscent of Rac-1 and Cdc42 activation, respectively, for which the SH2 domain of Vav-1 was dispensable. Together, these data suggest that CD28 engagement activates Vav-1 to boost TCR signals through a synergistic cooperation between Vav-1 and SLP-76 and probably via cortical actin changes to facilitate the organization of a signaling zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Michel
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Appel H, Gauthier L, Pyrdol J, Wucherpfennig KW. Kinetics of T-cell receptor binding by bivalent HLA-DR. Peptide complexes that activate antigen-specific human T-cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:312-21. [PMID: 10617620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.1.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Monovalent major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes dissociate within seconds from the T-cell receptor (TCR), indicating that dimerization/multimerization may be important during early stages of T-cell activation. Soluble bivalent HLA-DR2.myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide complexes were expressed by replacing the F(ab) arms of an IgG2a antibody with HLA-DR2.MBP peptide complexes. The binding of bivalent HLA-DR2.peptide complexes to recombinant TCR was examined by surface plasmon resonance. The bivalent nature greatly enhanced TCR binding and slowed dissociation from the TCR, with a t((1)/(2)) of 2.1 to 4.6 min. Soluble bivalent HLA-DR2.MBP peptide complexes activated antigen-specific T-cells in the absence of antigen presenting cells. In contrast, soluble antibodies to the TCR.CD3 complex were ineffective, indicating that they failed to induce an active TCR dimer. TCR/CD3 antibodies induced T-cell proliferation when bound by antigen presenting cells that expressed Fc receptors. In the presence of dendritic cells, bivalent HLA-DR2. MBP peptide complexes induced T-cell activation at >100-fold lower concentrations than TCR/CD3 antibodies and were also superior to peptide or antigen. These results demonstrate that bivalent HLA-DR. peptide complexes represent effective ligands for activation of the TCR. The data support a role for TCR dimerization in early TCR signaling and kinetic proofreading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Appel
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pelosi M, Di Bartolo V, Mounier V, Mège D, Pascussi JM, Dufour E, Blondel A, Acuto O. Tyrosine 319 in the interdomain B of ZAP-70 is a binding site for the Src homology 2 domain of Lck. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:14229-37. [PMID: 10318843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.20.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell antigen receptor-induced signaling requires both ZAP-70 and Lck protein-tyrosine kinases. One essential function of Lck in this process is to phosphorylate ZAP-70 and up-regulate its catalytic activity. We have previously shown that after T-cell antigen receptor stimulation, Lck binds to ZAP-70 via its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain (LckSH2) and, more recently, that Tyr319 of ZAP-70 is phosphorylated in vivo and plays a positive regulatory role. Here, we investigated the possibility that Tyr319 mediates the SH2-dependent interaction between Lck and ZAP-70. We show that a phosphopeptide encompassing the motif harboring Tyr319, YSDP, interacted with LckSH2, although with a lower affinity compared with a phosphopeptide containing the optimal binding motif, YEEI. Moreover, mutation of Tyr319 to phenylalanine prevented the interaction of ZAP-70 with LckSH2. Based on these results, a gain-of-function mutant of ZAP-70 was generated by changing the sequence Y319SDP into Y319EEI. As a result of its increased ability to bind LckSH2, this mutant induced a dramatic increase in NFAT activity in Jurkat T-cells, was hyperphosphorylated, and displayed a higher catalytic activity compared with wild-type ZAP-70. Collectively, our findings indicate that Tyr319-mediated binding of the SH2 domain of Lck is crucial for ZAP-70 activation and consequently for the propagation of the signaling cascade leading to T-cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pelosi
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zidovetzki R, Rost B, Pecht I. Role of transmembrane domains in the functions of B- and T-cell receptors. Immunol Lett 1998; 64:97-107. [PMID: 9870660 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The antigen receptors on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes are complexes of several integral membrane proteins, essential for their proper expression and function. Recent studies demonstrated that transmembrane (TM) domains of the components of these receptors play a critical role in their association and function. It was specifically demonstrated that in many cases point mutations in the TM domains can partially or completely disrupt the receptor surface expression and function. Here we review studies of the TM domains of B- and T-cell receptors. Furthermore, we use a novel method, PHDtopology, to provide estimates of the exact locations and lengths of the TM domains of the subunit components of these receptors. Most previous studies used single residue hydrophobicity as a criterion for determining the position and length of the TM domains. In contrast, PHDtopology utilizes a system of neural networks and the evolutionary information contained in multiple alignments of related sequences to predict the location, length, and orientation of transmembrane helices. Present results significantly differ from most published estimates of the TM domains of the B- and T-cell receptor components, primarily in the length of the TM domains. These results may lead to modification of putative TM motifs and re-interpretation of the results of studies using mutated TM domains. The availability of PHDtopology on the Internet would make it a valuable tool in the future studies of the TM domains of integral membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Zidovetzki
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Charlemagne J, Fellah JS, De Guerra A, Kerfourn F, Partula S. T-cell receptors in ectothermic vertebrates. Immunol Rev 1998; 166:87-102. [PMID: 9914905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The structure and expression of genes encoding molecules homologous to mammalian T-cell receptors (TCR) have been recently studied in ectothermic vertebrate species representative of chondrychthians, teleosts, and amphibians. The overall TCR chain structure is well conserved in phylogeny: TCR beta- and TCR alpha-like chains were detected in all the species analyzed; TCR gamma- and TCR delta-like chains were also present in a chondrychthian species. The diversity potential of the variable (V) and joining (J) segments is rather large and, as in mammals, conserved diversity (D) segments are associated to the TCR beta and TCR delta chains. An important level of junctional diversity occurred at the V-(D)-J junctions, with the potential addition of N- and P-nucleotides. Thus, the conservation of the structure and of the potential of diversity of TCR molecules have been under a permanent selective pressure during vertebrate evolution. The structure of MHC class I and class II molecules was also well conserved in jawed vertebrates. TCR and MHC molecules are strongly functionally linked and play a determinant role in the initiation and the regulation of the specific immune responses; thus, it is not surprising that their structures have been reciprocally frozen during evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Charlemagne
- Groupe d'Immunologie Comparée, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bäckström BT, Rubin B, Peter A, Tiefenthaler G, Palmer E. T cell receptor alpha-chain tail is required for protein kinase C-mediated down-regulation, but not for signaling. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:1433-41. [PMID: 9209496 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antigen stimulation through the T cell receptor (TCR) induces phosphorylation of the associated CD3 gamma delta epsilon- and zeta-chain cytoplasmic tails. These events lead to the induction of the intracellular signaling pathways with concomitant receptor down-regulation. The TCR is down-regulated from the cell surface by the activation of protein kinase, C (PKC) and subsequent serine phosphorylation of the CD3 gamma-chain. We report here that the TCR alpha-chain cytoplasmic tail is also necessary for PKC-mediated internalization of the TCR complex. The requirement for the TCR alpha-chain cytoplasmic tail is specific for internalization of the TCR complex, since down-regulation of CD4 is still intact in hybridoma cells expressing a tailless TCR alpha-chain. The absence of TCR internalization directly correlates with defective PKC-mediated phosphorylation of the CD3 gamma-chain. Despite deficient PKC-mediated TCR down-regulation, the tailless alpha beta TCR still transduces antigenic signals resulting in the production of interleukin-2. Although the TCR tails are not obviously required for signal transduction, the TCR alpha-tail may serve as a targeting domain for PKC-mediated down-regulation of the TCR complex.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/enzymology
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
Collapse
|
47
|
Marcantonio EE. The Structure and Function of Integrins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
|
48
|
Bruyns E, Hendricks-Taylor LR, Meuer S, Koretzky GA, Schraven B. Identification of the sites of interaction between lymphocyte phosphatase-associated phosphoprotein (LPAP) and CD45. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31372-6. [PMID: 8537410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lymphocyte phosphatase-associated phospho-protein (LPAP) is a phosphoprotein of unknown function that noncovalently associates with CD45 in lymphocytes. In CD45-deficient human T cells, LPAP protein is synthesized at normal levels but is more rapidly degraded than in wild-type cells. Expression of CD45 cDNA rescues LPAP protein expression. This strongly suggests that LPAP is protected from degradation through its interaction with CD45. We have mapped the sites of interaction between LPAP and CD45 employing chimeric CD45 molecules and LPAP deletion mutants. Our data demonstrate that the interaction between LPAP and CD45 is mediated via the transmembrane regions of both molecules. In addition, the intracytoplasmic amino acids adjacent to the transmembrane region of LPAP may influence its binding to CD45.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bruyns
- Department of Applied Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Manolios N, Li ZG. The T cell antigen receptor beta chain interacts with the extracellular domain of CD3-gamma. Immunol Cell Biol 1995; 73:532-6. [PMID: 8713474 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1995.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective pairwise interactions between a number of CD3 chains and the clonotypic T cell antigen receptor (TCR-alpha, -beta) chains have recently been reported. What still remains unanswered is the site of interaction between TCR-beta and CD3-gamma chains. To examine the region of interaction between TCR-beta and CD3-gamma chains, a variety of genetically altered TCR-beta and CD3-gamma chains were constructed using recombinant cDNA techniques. Non-T cells (COS-7) were transfected with cDNA constructs, metabolically labelled, and immunoprecipitates were analysed for assembly using non-equilibrium pH gel electrophoresis (NEPHGE)/SDS-PAGE. The results demonstrated that assembly between TCR-beta and CD3-gamma chains was localized to their extracellular domain. These findings, when coupled with the information on pairwise interactions and formation of higher order subcomplexes, extend our model of the structure of the TCR complex.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/chemistry
- Immunoelectrophoresis
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Manolios
- Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wegener AM, Hou X, Dietrich J, Geisler C. Distinct domains of the CD3-gamma chain are involved in surface expression and function of the T cell antigen receptor. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:4675-80. [PMID: 7533164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.9.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TcR) is a multisubunit complex that consists of at least six different polypeptides. We have recently demonstrated that the CD3-delta subunit cannot substitute for the CD3-gamma subunit in TcR cell surface expression, in spite of significant amino acid homology between these two subunits. To identify CD3-gamma-specific domains that are required for assembly of the complete TcR and for surface expression and function of the TcR, chimeric CD3-gamma/CD3-delta molecules were constructed and expressed in T cells devoid of endogenous CD3-gamma. Substitution of the extracellular domain of CD3-gamma with that of CD3-delta did not allow cell surface expression of the TcR. In contrast, substitution of the transmembrane and/or the intracellular domains of CD3-gamma with those of CD3-delta did allow TcR cell surface expression. These results conclusively demonstrate that the extracellular domain of CD3-gamma plays a unique role in TcR assembly. Functional analyses of the transfectants demonstrated that the intracellular domain of CD3-gamma is required for protein kinase C-mediated down-regulation of TcR but is dispensable for the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation observed following activation through TcR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Wegener
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|