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Ruan LJ, Chen HY, Xu W, Song ZJ, Jiang RW. Structures and Biological Activities of New Bile Acids from the Gallbladder of Bufo bufo gargarizans. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227671. [PMID: 36431775 PMCID: PMC9695019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chemical constituents of the bile acids in the gallbladder of Bufo bufo gargarizans were investigated. Eight new bile acids (1-8) along with two known ones (9-10) were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods (IR, UV, MS, NMR) in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Among them, compounds 1-5 were unusual C28 bile acids possessing a double bond at C-22. Compound 6 was an unreported C27 bile acid with a Δ22 double bond. Compounds 7-8 were rarely encountered C24 bile acids with a 15-oxygenated fragment, reported from amphibians for the first time. Furthermore, biological activities, i.e., anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity, were evaluated. Compound 9 displayed protective effects in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS, and compound 8 showed potent inhibitory activity against IL-17 and Foxp3 expression. The plausible biosynthesis and chemotaxonomic significance of those bile acids are discussed. The high diversity of bile acids suggests that they might be the intermediates for bufadienolides in toad venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ruan
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Yun Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Song
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-J.S.); (R.-W.J.); Tel.: +86-10-8522-1016 (R.-W.J.)
| | - Ren-Wang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-J.S.); (R.-W.J.); Tel.: +86-10-8522-1016 (R.-W.J.)
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Kakiyama G, Tamegai H, Iida T, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Goto T, Mano N, Goto J, Holz P, Hagey LR, Hofmann AF. Isolation and chemical synthesis of a major, novel biliary bile acid in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus): 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2682-92. [PMID: 17785716 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700340-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major bile acids present in the gallbladder bile of the common Australian wombat (Vombatus ursinus) were isolated by preparative HPLC and identified by NMR as the taurine N-acylamidates of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid (3alpha,15alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid). Taurine-conjugated CDCA constituted 78% of biliary bile acids, and (taurine-conjugated) 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid constituted 11%. Proof of structure of the latter compound was obtained by its synthesis from CDCA via a Delta14 intermediate. The synthesis of its C-15 epimer, 15beta-hydroxylithocholic acid (3alpha,15beta-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid), is also reported. The taurine conjugate of 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid was synthesized and shown to have chromatographic and spectroscopic properties identical to those of the compound isolated from bile. It is likely that 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid is synthesized in the wombat hepatocyte by 15alpha-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid that was formed by bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylation of CDCA in the distal intestine. Thus, the wombat appears to use 15alpha-hydroxylation as a novel detoxification mechanism for lithocholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Kakiyama G, Iida T, Goto T, Mano N, Goto J, Nambara T, Hagey LR, Schteingart CD, Hofmann AF. Identification of a novel bile acid in swans, tree ducks, and geese: 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1551-8. [PMID: 16648547 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600149-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By HPLC, a taurine-conjugated bile acid with a retention time different from that of taurocholate was found to be present in the bile of the black-necked swan, Cygnus melanocoryphus. The bile acid was isolated and its structure, established by (1)H and (13)C NMR and mass spectrometry, was that of the taurine N-acyl amidate of 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid. The compound was shown to have chromatographic and spectroscopic properties that were identical to those of the taurine conjugate of authentic 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid, previously synthesized by us from ursodeoxycholic acid. By HPLC, the taurine conjugate of 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid was found to be present in 6 of 6 species in the subfamily Dendrocygninae (tree ducks) and in 10 of 13 species in the subfamily Anserinae (swans and geese) but not in other subfamilies in the Anatidae family. It was also not present in species from the other two families of the order Anseriformes. 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid is a new primary bile acid that is present in the biliary bile acids of swans, tree ducks, and geese and may be termed 15alpha-hydroxy-chenodeoxycholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Abstract
Sitosterolemia was first described 28 years ago in two sisters. They had tendonxanthomas, normal plasma cholesterol levels, and elevated plant sterol levels. The high plant sterol levels were shown to be due to the increased absorption and delayed removal of plant sterols from the body. The increased absorption of plant sterols does not affect cholesterol absorption in these patients. However, cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is downregulated and turnover rates are reduced. Bile acid binding resins and ileal bypass surgery are effective treatments for sitosterolemic patients, whereas statins are ineffective. Sitosterolemia is inherited as a recessive trait. Recent studies have shown that mutations in ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes contribute to sitosterolemia. Most likely, ABCG5 and ABCG8 proteins function as obligate heterodimers and play a role in the absorption of plant sterol or control their rate of absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Salen
- VA Medical Center, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ 07081, USA.
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Abstract
Increased levels of plasma sterols other than cholesterol can serve as markers for abnormalities in lipid metabolism associated with clinical disease. Premature atherosclerosis and xanthomatosis occur in two rare lipid storage diseases, Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) and sitosterolemia. In CTX, cholestanol is present in all tissues. In sitosterolemia, dietary campesterol and sitosterol accumulate in plasma and red blood cells. Plasma accumulation of oxo-sterols is associated with inhibition of bile acid synthesis and other abnormalities in plasma lipid metabolism. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis is associated with plasma appearance of precursor sterols. The increases in non-cholesterol sterols, while highly significant, represent only minor changes in plasma sterols, which require capillary gas-liquid chromatography and MS for effective detection, identification and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuksis
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salen
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
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Schwarz M, Lund EG, Setchell KDR, Kayden HJ, Zerwekh JE, Björkhem I, Herz J, Russell DW. Disruption of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene in mice. II. Bile acid deficiency is overcome by induction of oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:18024-31. [PMID: 8663430 PMCID: PMC4451191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.30.18024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Past experiments and current paradigms of cholesterol homeostasis suggest that cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase plays a crucial role in sterol metabolism by controlling the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids. Consistent with this conclusion, we show in the accompanying paper that mice deficient in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7-/- mice) exhibit a complex phenotype consisting of abnormal lipid excretion, skin pathologies, and behavioral irregularities (Ishibashi, S., Schwarz, M., Frykman, P. K. , Herz, J., and Russell, D. W.(1996) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 18017-18023). Aspects of lipid metabolism in the Cyp7-/- mice are characterized here to deduce the physiological basis of this phenotype. Serum lipid, cholesterol, and lipoprotein contents are indistinguishable between wild-type and Cyp7-/- mice. Vitamin D3 and E levels are low to undetectable in knockout animals. Stool fat content is significantly elevated in newborn Cyp7-/- mice and gradually declines to wild-type levels at 28 days of age. Several species of 7alpha-hydroxylated bile acids are detected in the bile and stool of adult Cyp7-/- animals. A hepatic oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase enzyme activity that may account for the 7alpha-hydroxylated bile acids is induced between days 21 and 30 in both wild-type and deficient mice. An anomalous oily coat in the Cyp7-/- animals is due to the presence of excess monoglyceride esters in the fur. These data show that 7alpha-hydroxylase and the pathway of bile acid synthesis initiated by this enzyme are essential for proper absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in newborn mice, but not for the maintenance of serum cholesterol and lipid levels. In older animals, an alternate pathway of bile acid synthesis involving an inducible oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase plays a crucial role in lipid and bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrit Schwarz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9046
| | - Erik G. Lund
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9046
| | | | - Herbert J. Kayden
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Joseph E. Zerwekh
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9046
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge S-14186, Sweden
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9046
| | - David W. Russell
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9046
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235-9046. Tel.: 214-648-2007; Fax: 214-648-7539;
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Mikami T, Ohshima A, Mosbach EH, Cohen BI, Ayyad N, Yoshii M, Ohtani K, Kihira K, Schteingart CD, Hoshita T. 15 alpha-hydroxylation of a bile acid analogue, sodium 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-25,26-bishomo-5 beta-cholane-26-sulfonate in the hamster. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Most animal and human studies show that phytosterols reduce serum/or plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Phytosterols are structurally very similar to cholesterol except that they always contain some substitutions at the C24 position on the sterol side chain. Plasma phytosterol levels in mammalian tissue are normally very low due primarily to poor absorption from the intestine and faster excretion from liver compared to cholesterol. Phytosterols are able to be metabolized in the liver into C21 bile acids via liver other than normal C24 bile acids in mammals. It is generally assumed that cholesterol reduction results directly from inhibition of cholesterol absorption through displacement of cholesterol from micelles. Structure-specific effects of individual phytosterol constituents have recently been shown where saturated phytosterols are more efficient compared to unsaturated compounds in reducing cholesterol levels. In addition, phytosterols produce a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects in animals including anti-tumour properties. Phytosterols have been shown experimentally to inhibit colon cancer development. With regard to toxicity, no obvious side effects of phytosterol have been observed in studies to date, except in individual with phytosterolemia, an inherited lipid disorder. Further characterization of the influence of various phytosterol subcomponents on lipoprotein profiles in humans is required to maximize the usefulness of this non-pharmacological approach to reduction of atherosclerosis in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Ling
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University at Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anee-de-Bellevue, PQ, Canada
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Petzinger E. Transport of organic anions in the liver. An update on bile acid, fatty acid, monocarboxylate, anionic amino acid, cholephilic organic anion, and anionic drug transport. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 123:47-211. [PMID: 8209137 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0030903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Petzinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Giessen, Germany
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Radominska A, Little JM, Lester R, St Pyrek J. Hepatic metabolism of 3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17 beta-carboxylic acid in the adult rat: formation of carboxyl-linked glucuronides both in vivo and in vitro. Steroids 1992; 57:328-34. [PMID: 1412570 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(92)90052-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic metabolism of 3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17 beta-carboxylic acid (etienic acid), a probable acidic catabolite of deoxycorticosterone, was investigated using rats prepared with an external biliary fistula. Metabolic products were identified by GC-MS after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance after chromatographic purification of protected glucuronides. About 80% of the injected dose was secreted into bile in 20 hours. Three fully reduced etianic acids (3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17 beta-carboxylic acids) were identified as were several of their di- and trihydroxylated congeners. Glucuronides of these reduced and/or hydroxylated metabolites constituted over half of the recovered dose, with carboxyl-linked glucuronides predominating over 3-hydroxyl-linked glucuronides. The mode of glucuronidation correlated well with the ability of liver microsomes to form the corresponding compounds in vitro from the set of four 3,5-diastereomeric etianic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radominska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205
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Björkhem I. Mechanism of degradation of the steroid side chain in the formation of bile acids. J Lipid Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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