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Shibata K, Morita N, Kawamura T, Tsuji A, Fukuwatari T. Effects of Fatty Liver Induced by Excess Orotic Acid on B-Group Vitamin Concentrations of Liver, Blood, and Urine in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 61:355-61. [PMID: 26639842 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.61.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver is caused when rats are given orotic acid of the pyrimidine base in large quantities. The lack of B-group vitamins suppresses the biosynthesis of fatty acids. We investigated how orotic acid-induced fatty liver affects the concentrations of liver, blood, and urine B-group vitamins in rats. The vitamin B6 and B12 concentrations of liver, blood, and urine were not affected by orotic acid-induced fatty liver. Vitamin B2 was measured only in the urine, but was unchanged. The liver, blood, and urine concentrations of niacin and its metabolites fell dramatically. Niacin and its metabolites in the liver, blood, and urine were affected as expected. Although the concentrations of vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, folate, and biotin in liver and blood were decreased by orotic acid-induced fatty liver, these urinary excretion amounts showed a specific pattern toward increase. Generally, as for the typical urinary excretion of B-group vitamins, these are excreted when the body is saturated. However, the ability to sustain vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, folate, and biotin decreased in fatty liver, which is hypothesized as a specific phenomenon. This metabolic response might occur to prevent an abnormally increased biosynthesis of fatty acids by orotic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Shibata
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture
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Abstract
The transition from liquid to solid feed during weaning results in morphological, histological and microbial changes in the young animal's intestinal tract and often is associated with diarrhoea. The ban of in-feed antibiotics in pig production in the European Union has led to increasing interest in alternatives to overcome weaning-associated problems. Among others, nucleotides may have the potential to alleviate health impairments due to weaning. Nucleotides are natural components of the non-protein fraction of milk and have important effects on the maintenance of health in young animals. Nucleotides and their related metabolic products play key roles in many biological processes and become essential dietary components when endogenous supply is insufficient for normal function. The present review summarises nucleotide composition of milk from different species, the biology of nucleotides and possible effects of dietary nucleotides on intestinal morphology and function, intestinal microbiota, immune function, nutrient metabolism, hepatic morphology and function as well as growth performance. Special attention is given to data available for pigs, and suggestions are made for inclusion of nucleotides in the diet to benefit piglets' health and reduce the consequences accompanying early weaning.
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Gajdos A. Excess porphyrin formation following administration of inhibitors of the biosynthesis of ATP. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009; 445:36-40. [PMID: 5219930 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb02336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Nuki G, Astrin K, Brenton D, Cruikshank M, Lever J, Seegmiller JE. Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in some mutant human lymphoblasts. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:UNKNOWN. [PMID: 245991 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720301.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of purine ribonucleotides as possible regulators of the rate of de novo purine biosynthesis in living human cells, we measured intracellular ribonucleotide concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography in a series of cloned human lymphoblast mutants selected by resistance to 8-azaguanine, in which the severity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency could be correlated with increases in the rate of de novo purine biosynthesis and increases in intracellular concentrations of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P). Compared with appropriate normal controls, intracellular purine ribonucleotide concentrations were not reduced in HGPRT-deficient lymphoblasts but there were striking increases in intracellular concentrations of some pyrimidine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars which appeared to be related to the degree of the deficiency. Similar changes were found in lymphoblasts from a Lesch-Nyhan boy. These data support the hypothesis that the accelerated rate of purine biosynthesis in HGPRT-deficient cells result from increases in intracellular PP-ribose-P concentration and not from changes in intracellular purine ribonucleotide concentrations. The possibility that the abnormality of pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism results from coordinate regulation of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis by PP-ribose-P was not substantiated by measurement of rates of pyrimidine synthesis and experimental elevation of intracellular concentrations of PP-ribose-P after incubation of cells with inorganic phosphate.
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Fukuwatari T, Morikawa Y, Sugimoto E, Shibata K. Effects of fatty liver induced by niacin-free diet with orotic acid on the metabolism of tryptophan to niacin in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:1196-204. [PMID: 12162538 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary orotic acid on the metabolism of tryptophan to niacin in weaning rats was investigated. The rats were fed with a niacin-free, 20% casein diet containing 0% (control diet) or 1% orotic acid diet (test diet) for 29 d. Retardation of growth, development of fatty liver, and enlargement of liver were observed in the test group in comparison with the control group. The concentrations of NAD and NADP in liver significantly decreased, while these in blood did not decrease compared to the control group. The formation of the upper metabolites of tryptophan to niacin such as anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid were not affected, but the quinolinic acid and beyond, such as nicotinamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, were significantly reduced by the administration of orotic acid. Therefore, the conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin significantly decreased in the test group in comparison with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Fukuwatari
- Department of Life Style Studies, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan.
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Novak DA, Carver JD, Barness LA. Dietary nucleotides affect hepatic growth and composition in the weanling mouse. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994; 18:62-6. [PMID: 8164306 DOI: 10.1177/014860719401800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dietary nucleotides upon hepatic growth and composition was examined in weanling mice. For 5 weeks, mice were fed either Purina Rat Chow, a nucleotide-free diet (NT-), a nucleotide-free diet supplemented with a mixture of five nucleotides (0.21% w/w), (NT+) or a nucleotide-free diet supplemented with adenosine 5'-monophosphate (0.0425% w/w) (NTA). Hepatic cholesterol and lipid phosphorous were significantly higher, whereas liver weight (expressed as a percentage of body weight), and glycogen were lower in animals fed NT- vs all other groups. NTA-fed animals presented a greater contrast to the NT- group than did animals fed the mixture of nucleotides. Liver fatty acid composition and distribution of phospholipid subclasses were not affected by dietary nucleotide supplementation. Dietary nucleotide supplementation in weanling mice affects hepatic growth and composition; adenosine 5'-monophosphate may play a unique role in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Novak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 32610
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Cartwright I, Hebbachi A, Higgins J. Transit and sorting of apolipoprotein B within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments of isolated hepatocytes from normal and orotic acid-fed rats. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Manjeshwar S, Pichiri-Coni G, Coni P, Rao PM, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS. Ribonucleotide reductase: a possible target for orotic acid induced mitoinhibition in normal hepatocytes in primary culture. Cancer Lett 1993; 73:149-54. [PMID: 8221627 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90257-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the mechanism by which orotic acid, a rat liver tumor promoter, inhibits DNA synthesis in normal hepatocytes in primary culture. Our results indicate that orotic acid inhibited the epidermal growth factor induced expression (mRNA) of both M1 and M2 subunits of ribonucleotide reductase while the expression of c-fos, c-myc, c-Ha-ras and beta-actin was not inhibited to any significant extent. These studies suggest that ribonucleotide reductase may be one target for orotic acid-induced mitoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manjeshwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lea MA, Luke A, Assad A, Patel M, Reddy PA. Inhibitory action of orotate, 2-thioorotate and isoorotate on nucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in hepatoma cells. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:1453-9. [PMID: 1330764 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The specificity of the action of orotate on hepatoma cells was investigated. 2. Orotic acid and its methyl ester had similar inhibitory effects on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of hepatoma cells. 3. In contrast to previous studies in vivo, incubation of rat kidney cells with orotate caused an increase in the ratio of UTP/ATP concentrations that was similar to effects on hepatic cells. 4. Inhibitory effects of 2-thioorotate and isoorotate on metabolism were found to be less selective and required higher concentrations than with orotate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
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Xiao Q, Luke A, Lea MA. dUTP pyrophosphatase and uracil-DNA glycosylase in rat liver and hepatomas. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:437-45. [PMID: 1312954 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The activity of dUTP pyrophosphatase (dUTPase) was similar in rat liver and hepatomas of slow or moderate growth rate but was increased several fold in three rapidly growing hepatomas. 2. There was an approx three-fold increase in the activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase in Morris hepatoma 7800 but there was little change in activity in other hepatomas that were examined. 3. The activities of dUTPase and uracil-DNA glycosylase were not significantly affected by two diets that may be promotional for hepatocarcinogenesis, a high orotate diet and an arginine-deficient diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
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Motyl T, Siwecka B, Kukulska W, Orzechowski A, Puchala R. Urinary excretion of purines in sheep with experimental orotic aciduria. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1991; 38:198-202. [PMID: 1907065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1991.tb01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Urinary excretion of uric acid, hypoxanthine, allantoin, and urea was measured in sheep (Polish Merino, about 20 kg b.w.) with experimental orotic aciduria. The 240 min infusion of 6-azauridine solution into the jugular vein induced a highly significant increase of urinary orotic acid, uric acid and hypoxanthine excretion. No differences were found in relation to excretion of allantoin and urea in examined sheep. It was calculated that renal clearance of uric acid and hypoxanthine increased significantly in response to 6-azauridine infusion. Intravenous infusion of sodium orotate evoked a highly significant elevation of renal urate clearance. No significant change in renal urea clearance was observed. The data suggest that competition between the renal transport of orotate and actively transported purine compounds (uric acid and hypoxanthine) occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Motyl
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland
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Scholz W, Wolf A, Kunz W, Willenbrock R, Steffen C. Effect of orotic acid on the generation of reactive oxygen and on lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Toxicology 1991; 66:197-212. [PMID: 2014518 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(91)90219-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pyrimidine precursor orotic acid (OA) is a constituent of dairy products and therapeutic drugs. Several recent publications point towards a tumor promoting activity of OA in rat liver. An increased production of reactive oxygen has been discussed as a possible mechanism, leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA single strand breaks. In view of contradictory results, this postulated prooxidative action of OA was reexamined with new experimental techniques. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 1% OA in different diets for 4-35 days. The NADPH-mediated lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate and microsomes was determined in vitro by analysis of low-level chemiluminescence (CL) and the strongly correlated formation of malondialdehyde (MDA). In no case did treatment with OA result in an increase of lipid peroxidation in vitro nor did such treatment enhance the generation of reactive oxygen as measured by lucigenin CL. In accordance, the total cytochrome P-450 content as well as the activity of individual P-450 isoenzymes were unchanged. Treatment with OA did not elevate the MDA content of fresh liver homogenate when butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was present in the test system. However, when the antioxidant was omitted, increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive material were found which correlated with the triglyceride content. This could explain some published data that have been taken as indication for a prooxidative action of OA. Evidence against an increased lipid peroxidation in vivo is given by the analysis of ethane exhalation. Furthermore, no increase in DNA single strand breaks by OA treatment could be observed by the alkaline elution technique. These results do not support the hypothesis of a prooxidative activity of OA. The observed reversible decrease of the GSH/GSSG ratio is assumed to result from the reduced size of the phosphopyridine nucleotide pool due to purine deficiency and an increased consumption of NADPH by the enhanced reductive degradation of pyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scholz
- German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Biochemistry, Heidelberg
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Weckbecker G. Biochemical pharmacology and analysis of fluoropyrimidines alone and in combination with modulators. Pharmacol Ther 1991; 50:367-424. [PMID: 1721719 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(91)90051-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
After more than three decades since their introduction, fluoropyrimidines, especially FUra, are still a mainstay in the treatment of various solid malignancies. The antitumor effects of fluoropyrimidines are dependent upon metabolic activation. FdUMP, FUTP and FdUTP were identified as the key cytotoxic metabolites that interfere with the proper function of thymidylate synthase and nucleic acids. The relevance of these metabolites is cell-type specific. Recently, fluorouridine diphospho sugars have been detected, but the precise function of this class of metabolites is currently unknown. In mammalian systems fluoropyrimidines and their natural counterparts share the same metabolic pathways since the substrate properties in enzyme-catalyzed reactions are frequently comparable. Ongoing studies indicate that the metabolism and action of fluoropyrimidines exhibit circadian rhythms, which appear to be due to variations in the activity of metabolizing enzymes. Essential for the expanding knowledge of the pathways and effects of fluoropyrimidines has been the constant improvement of analytical methods. These include ligand binding techniques, numerous dedicated HPLC systems and 19F-NMR. Because the overall response rates achieved with fluoropyrimidines are modest, strategies based on biochemical modulation have been devised to enhance their therapeutic index. Biochemical modulators include a wide range of various compounds with different modes of action. In recently completed clinical trials, combinations of FUra with leucovorin, a precursor for 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate, or with levamisole, an anthelminthic with immunomodulatory activity, appeared to be superior to FUra alone. At the preclinical level combinations of fluoropyrimidines with, e.g. interferons or L-histidinol were demonstrated to be interesting candidates for further testing. The future therapeutic utility of fluoropyrimidines will depend on both the improvement of combination regimens currently used in the treatment of cancer patients and the judicious clinical implementation of promising experimental modulation strategies. Moreover, novel fluoropyrimidines with superior pharmacological properties may become important as part of or instead of modulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weckbecker
- Preclinical Research Sandoz Pharma Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Lea MA, Luke A, Assad A, Ayyala S. Inhibitory effects of orotate on precursor incorporation into nucleic acids. Chem Biol Interact 1990; 75:49-59. [PMID: 1694733 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(90)90021-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of orotic acid on the incorporation of precursors into nucleic acids was studied in mice and rats and in isolated cells. In vivo, orotate levels were modified by two diets which are known to increase the rate of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in rat liver. Of these diets, a 1% orotate diet had greater inhibitory effects than an arginine-deficient diet on the incorporation of [3H]orotate into RNA of mouse kidney than mouse liver. This contrasted with the situation in the rat where there was a greater effect in the liver than the kidney. The situation in the rat was more readily interpreted than in the mouse in terms of previously established effects of these diets on ribonucleotide pool sizes. However, studies using [3H]adenosine as a precursor for incorporation into RNA suggested that even in the mouse the effects of orotate were on pool sizes rather than an inhibitory effect on RNA synthesis. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA was inhibited by orotate to a similar degree in cultured HTC hepatoma cells and a line of rat liver epithelial cells. An effect on DNA synthesis rather than solely on pool sizes was suggested by the observation that the pool size of dTTP was not increased by 5 mM orotate under conditions in which there was a four-fold increase in the level of UTP in HTC cells. An inhibitory effect of orotate on DNA synthesis was further supported by an observation of decreased incorporation of [3H]deoxyadenosine into DNA and a lower rate of cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
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LEA MICHAELA, OLIPHANT VIRGINIA, LUKE ALEYKUTTY, TESORIERO JOHNV, KLEIN KENNETHM. Orotate Metabolism and Nucleotide Levels in Normal and Neoplastic Liver. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb51424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lea MA, Luke A, Oliphant V. Selective modulation of nucleotide levels in rat liver and hepatomas by high-orotate or arginine-deficient diets and by carbamoylating agents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 964:121-8. [PMID: 3342253 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(88)90157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplanted Morris hepatomas in Buffalo-strain rats were found to be resistant to the changes in ribonucleotide levels in rat liver caused by a high-orotate diet or an arginine-deficient diet. The increase in UTP levels and decrease in ATP levels seen in the livers of rats on a 1%-orotate diet were less marked in the livers of BUB- and DBA-strain mice on this diet. Although the changes were less than in rat liver, there was a 2-3-fold increase in UTP concentration in the livers of mice on the high-orotate diet. However, there was a similar response in nucleotide levels in the two species when the animals were maintained on an arginine-deficient diet, and there was a greater than 10-fold increase in the UTP level in the livers of both rats and mice. These diets had much less effect on the levels of deoxyribonucleotides than of ribonucleotides. In contrast to the insensitivity of hepatomas to dietary modulation of nucleotide levels, treatment of hepatoma-bearing rats with carbamoylating agents (sodium cyanate and 2-chloroethyl isocyanate) caused decreases in the levels of nucleotides in the tumors which were generally greater than in host livers. For example, 2-chloroethyl isocyanate depressed ATP levels in the Morris hepatomas 5123C and 20 under conditions in which there was no significant effect on host liver ATP. The data revealed selective modulation of nucleotide levels in normal and neoplastic liver which may be achieved by either dietary modification or drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lea
- Department of Biochemistry, UMDNJ New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103-2757
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Lea MA, Oliphant V, Luke A. Orotate uptake and metabolism in normal and neoplastic tissues. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 86:581-6. [PMID: 2439254 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of [3H]orotate was greater in mouse liver than in hepatoma but the difference was less marked than in the rat. Of the tissues examined, a high uptake of [3H]orotate was restricted to the liver and kidney in rat, mouse and guinea-pig. We confirmed that a high orotate diet greatly increases the ratio of UTP to ATP concentration in rat liver but we observed that there is little change of this nucleotide ratio in kidney. Evidence was obtained for a different pattern of orotate metabolism in rat liver and kidney.
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Tokmakjian SD, Haines DS. Early effects of dietary orotic acid upon liver lipid synthesis and bile cholesterol secretion in rats. J Lipid Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Martin A, Biol MC, Raisonnier A, Infante R, Louisot P, Richard M. Impaired glycosylation in liver microsomes of orotic-acid-fed rats. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 718:85-91. [PMID: 7138908 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In rats fed orotic acid, the incorporation in liver subcellular fractions of sugars injected intraperitonealy is altered only for mannose, but not for fucose or galactose. Direct determinations of several glycosyltransferases are done in smooth and rough microsomes: fucosyl-, glactosyl-, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities are at quite similar levels in normal and fatty livers. By contrast, sialyltransferase activity is increased (+50%) in smooth microsomes of fatty livers, while mannosyltransferase activity is inhibited by 30%. These alterations are not caused by interfering reactions (pyrophosphatases or proteases). For the mannosyltransferase activity, the inhibition is found in the dolichylphosphorylmannose intermediates. Kinetic studies suggest that there is deficiency of both enzyme and endogenous dolichyl phosphate.
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Raisonnier A, Bouma ME, Salvat C, Infante R. Metabolism of orotic acid: lack of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase in rat intestinal mucosa. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 118:565-9. [PMID: 7297564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The main enzymes involved in orotic acid metabolism, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, are associated as a multienzyme complex (complex U) which is present in the liver of most vertebrate species. Orotic-acid-enriched diets produce increased pyrimidine synthesis which competes with purine synthesis for 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate, resulting in decreased adenylate levels in liver cells. Inhibition of secretion of very low density lipoproteins and hepatic steatosis is then observed. In contrast, lipoproteins secretion by the intestine is not impaired and fat does not accumulate in enterocytes. The aim of this work was to investigate whether orotate is differently metabolized in gut and in liver thus explaining the lack of effect on the intestinal lipoproteins secretion. Complex U was found in appreciable amounts in rat, mouse and rabbit livers; the intestinal mucosa of the two last species contains a much lower level of multienzyme complex whereas in rat intestine its activity cannot be detected. Indeed, radioactive aspartate and orotate were not incorporated into intestinal cells RNA. The absence of orotate metabolisation by lack of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity in rat intestine would explain why this organ, in contrast to the liver, is protected against disturbances of nucleotide metabolism and lipoproteins secretion induced by orotic-acid-supplemented diets.
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Wendler PA, Tremblay GC. Quantitative isolation of radiolabeled metabolites without chromatography: measurements of the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and urea in isolated hepatocytes. Anal Biochem 1980; 108:406-18. [PMID: 6257146 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Chen J, Jones M. Effect of 5-phosphoribosyl-a-pyrophosphate on de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in cultured Ehrlich ascites cells made permeable with dextran sulfate 500. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Arginine deficiency is associated with a marked increase in liver lipids in the rat. Triglyceride accumulation accounts for most of the fatty infiltration. Cholesterol concentration per gram of liver increased approximately 280% above control rats receiving dietary arginine. The percentage of phospholipids was significantly decreased in the arginine-deficient rat liver compared to controls. The fatty acid composition revealed a significant reduction in the reduction in the percentage of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids. However, both stearic and arachidonic acids were increased approximately 250 and 160%, respectively, in arginine-deficient livers compared to controls. Arginine deficiency in the rat causes a marked alteration in lipid metabolism similar to that observed with orotic acid feeding. The similarities or arginine deficiency and orotic acid feeding are discussed.
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Negishi I, Aizawa Y. Sex difference in the development of fatty liver by orotic acid. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1975; 25:289-94. [PMID: 171467 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.25.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effects of orotic acid on liver lipid accumulation and incorporation of methionine [methyl-14C] into liver phosphatidylcholine and protein, and into serum beta-lipoprotein were studied. Male and female rats of Wistar strain were fed a semisynthetic diet supplemented with 1 per cent orotic acid for 7 days. Feeding of orotic acid induced a marked fatty liver in female rats, but not in males. In female rats, radioactivity in liver phosphatidylcholine was significantly decreased by orotic acid, and that in liver protein was slightly decreased. In male rats, incorporation of methionine [methyl-14C] into liver phosphatidylcholine and protein was unchanged between the control and the rats fed orotic acid. Radioactivity in serum beta-lipoprotein was decreased to a greater extent in female rats than in males. These results suggest that sex difference in the development of fatty liver may be due to the difference in the effect of orotic acid on liver phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
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Statter M, Russell A, Abzug-Horowitz S, Pinson A. Abnormal orotic acid metabolism associated with acute hyperammonaemia in the rat. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1974; 9:1-18. [PMID: 4816575 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(74)90078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Decker K, Keppler D, Pausch J. The regulation of pyrimidine nucleotide level and its role in experimental hepatitis. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1973; 11:205-30. [PMID: 4132880 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(73)90017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Krukow N, Brodersen R. Toxic effects in the Gunn rat of combined treatment with bilirubin and orotic acid. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1972; 61:697-703. [PMID: 5080650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1972.tb15969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gajdos A, Gajdos-Tërök M, Horn R. The effect of (+)-catechin on the hepatic level of ATP and the lipid content of liver during experimental steatosis. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:594-600. [PMID: 4335410 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pausch J, Keppler D, Decker K. Increased activities of hepatic orotidine 5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase induced by orotate. FEBS Lett 1972; 20:330-332. [PMID: 11946450 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Pausch
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 7, 78, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany GFR
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Scharnbeck H, Schaffner F, Keppler D, Decker K. Ultrastructural studies on the effect of choline orotate on galactosamine induced hepatic injury in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 1972; 16:33-46. [PMID: 4334021 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(72)90018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Brunner G, Vido I, Perings E, Grünewälder H. [Studies on the effects of azathioprine, choline orotate and phenobarbital on enzymes of the endoplasmatic reticulum and mitochondria of rat liver]. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1972; 274:325-36. [PMID: 4404242 DOI: 10.1007/bf00501270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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POTTENGER LAWRENCEA, GETZ GODFREYS. Serum lipoprotein accumulation in the livers of orotic acid-fed rats. J Lipid Res 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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The Regulation of Branched and Converging Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152803-4.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kelley WN, Greene ML, Fox IH, Rosenbloom FM, Levy RI, Seegmiller JE. Effects of orotic acid on purine and lipoprotein metabolism in man. Metabolism 1970; 19:1025-35. [PMID: 4321643 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(70)90026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kelley WN, Fox IH, Wyngaarden JB. Regulation of purine biosynthesis in cultured human cells. I. Effects of orotic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 215:512-6. [PMID: 4319218 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mandel HG, Triester SR, Szapáry D. Interference of barbiturates with pyrimidine incorporation. 3. Studies on the mechanism of the amobarbital-orotate relationship. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19:1879-92. [PMID: 4998460 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fausto N. The control of RNA synthesis during liver regeneration. OMP pyrophosphorylase and decarboxylase activities in normal and regenerating liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 182:66-75. [PMID: 5792859 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bucher NL, Swaffield MN. Ribonucleic acid synthesis in relation to precursor pools in regenerating rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 174:491-502. [PMID: 4304809 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Selective Inhibition of Hepatic but Not Intestinal β-Lipoprotein Production and Triglyceride Transport in Rats Given Orotic Acid. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6866-7_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Rosenbloom FM, Henderson JF, Caldwell IC, Kelley WN, Seegmiller JE. Biochemical Bases of Accelerated Purine Biosynthesis de Novo in Human Fibroblasts Lacking Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)56968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Rajalakshmi S, Handschumacher RE. Control of purine biosynthesis de novo by orotic acid in vivo and in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 155:317-25. [PMID: 5637062 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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