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Pillay CS, Rohwer JM. Computational models as catalysts for investigating redoxin systems. Essays Biochem 2024; 68:27-39. [PMID: 38356400 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Thioredoxin, glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin systems play central roles in redox regulation, signaling and metabolism in cells. In these systems, reducing equivalents from NAD(P)H are transferred by coupled thiol-disulfide exchange reactions to redoxins which then reduce a wide array of targets. However, the characterization of redoxin activity has been unclear, with redoxins regarded as enzymes in some studies and redox metabolites in others. Consequently, redoxin activities have been quantified by enzyme kinetic parameters in vitro, and redox potentials or redox ratios within cells. By analyzing all the reactions within these systems, computational models showed that many kinetic properties attributed to redoxins were due to system-level effects. Models of cellular redoxin networks have also been used to estimate intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels, analyze redox signaling and couple omic and kinetic data to understand the regulation of these networks in disease. Computational modeling has emerged as a powerful complementary tool to traditional redoxin enzyme kinetic and cellular assays that integrates data from a number of sources into a single quantitative framework to accelerate the analysis of redoxin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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2
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Alghalayini A, Hossain KR, Moghaddasi S, Turkewitz DR, D’Amario C, Wallach M, Valenzuela SM. In Vitro Enzymatic Studies Reveal pH and Temperature Sensitive Properties of the CLIC Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1394. [PMID: 37759794 PMCID: PMC10526857 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular ion channel (CLIC) proteins exist as both soluble and integral membrane proteins, with CLIC1 capable of shifting between two distinct structural conformations. New evidence has emerged indicating that members of the CLIC family act as moonlighting proteins, referring to the ability of a single protein to carry out multiple functions. In addition to their ion channel activity, CLIC family members possess oxidoreductase enzymatic activity and share significant structural and sequence homology, along with varying overlaps in their tissue distribution and cellular localization. In this study, the 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) assay system was used to characterize kinetic properties, as well as the temperature and pH profiles of three CLIC protein family members (CLIC1, CLIC3, CLIC4). We also assessed the effects of the drugs rapamycin and amphotericin B, on the three CLIC proteins' enzymatic activity in the HEDS assay. Our results demonstrate CLIC1 to be highly heat-sensitive, with optimal enzymatic activity observed at neutral pH7 and at a temperature of 37 °C, while CLIC3 had higher oxidoreductase activity in more acidic pH5 and was found to be relatively heat stable. CLIC4, like CLIC1, was temperature sensitive with optimal enzymatic activity observed at 37 °C; however, it showed optimal activity in more alkaline conditions of pH8. Our current study demonstrates individual differences in the enzymatic activity between the three CLIC proteins, suggesting each CLIC protein is likely regulated in discrete ways, involving changes in the subcellular milieu and microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alghalayini
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Khondker Rufaka Hossain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Saba Moghaddasi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Daniel R. Turkewitz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Claudia D’Amario
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael Wallach
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Stella M. Valenzuela
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Song Z, Fan C, Zhao J, Wang L, Duan D, Shen T, Li X. Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:811. [PMID: 37622897 PMCID: PMC10452626 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of numerous signaling pathways is orchestrated by redox regulation of cellular environments. Maintaining dynamic redox homeostasis is of utmost importance for human health, given the common occurrence of altered redox status in various pathological conditions. The cardinal component of the thioredoxin system, mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a vital role in supporting various physiological functions; however, its malfunction, disrupting redox balance, is intimately associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Accordingly, the dynamic monitoring of TrxR of live organisms represents a powerful direction to facilitate the comprehensive understanding and exploration of the profound significance of redox biology in cellular processes. A number of classic assays have been developed for the determination of TrxR activity in biological samples, yet their application is constrained when exploring the real-time dynamics of TrxR activity in live organisms. Fluorescent probes offer several advantages for in situ imaging and the quantification of biological targets, such as non-destructiveness, real-time analysis, and high spatiotemporal resolution. These benefits facilitate the transition from a poise to a flux understanding of cellular targets, further advancing scientific studies in related fields. This review aims to introduce the progress in the development and application of TrxR fluorescent probes in the past years, and it mainly focuses on analyzing their reaction mechanisms, construction strategies, and potential drawbacks. Finally, this study discusses the critical challenges and issues encountered during the development of selective TrxR probes and proposes future directions for their advancement. We anticipate the comprehensive analysis of the present TrxR probes will offer some glitters of enlightenment, and we also expect that this review may shed light on the design and development of novel TrxR probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Song
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Chengwu Fan
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Jintao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China;
| | - Tong Shen
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Xinming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.)
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OPDAylation of Thiols of the Redox Regulatory Network In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050855. [PMID: 35624719 PMCID: PMC9137622 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-(+)-12-Oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) is a reactive oxylipin produced by catalytic oxygenation of polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid (18:3 (ω − 3)) in the chloroplast. Apart from its function as precursor for jasmonic acid synthesis, OPDA serves as a signaling molecule and regulator on its own, namely by tuning enzyme activities and altering expression of OPDA-responsive genes. A possible reaction mechanism is the covalent binding of OPDA to thiols via the addition to the C=C double bond of its α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group in the cyclopentenone ring. The reactivity allows for covalent modification of accessible cysteinyl thiols in proteins. This work investigated the reaction of OPDA with selected chloroplast and cytosolic thioredoxins (TRX) and glutaredoxins (GRX) of Arabidopsis thaliana. OPDA reacted with TRX and GRX as detected by decreased m-PEG maleimide binding, consumption of OPDA, reduced ability for insulin reduction and inability to activate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and regenerate glutathione peroxidase (GPXL8), and with lower efficiency, peroxiredoxin IIB (PRXIIB). OPDAylation of certain protein thiols occurs quickly and efficiently in vitro and is a potent post-translational modification in a stressful environment.
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Sasoni N, Hartman MD, García-Effron G, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA, Arias DG. Functional characterization of monothiol and dithiol glutaredoxins from Leptospira interrogans. Biochimie 2022; 197:144-159. [PMID: 35217125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thiol redox proteins and low molecular mass thiols have essential functions in maintaining cellular redox balance in almost all living organisms. In the pathogenic bacterium Leptospira interrogans, several redox components have been described, namely, typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, a functional thioredoxin system, glutathione synthesis pathway, and methionine sulfoxide reductases. However, until now, information about proteins linked to GSH metabolism has not been reported in this pathogen. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are GSH-dependent oxidoreductases that regulate and maintain the cellular redox state together with thioredoxins. This work deals with recombinant production at a high purity level, biochemical characterization, and detailed kinetic and structural study of the two Grxs (Lin1CGrx and Lin2CGrx) identified in L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130. Both recombinant LinGrxs exhibited the classical in vitro GSH-dependent 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide and dehydroascorbate reductase activity. Strikingly, we found that Lin2CGrx could serve as a substrate of methionine sulfoxide reductases A1 and B from L. interrogans. Distinctively, only recombinant Lin1CGrx contained a [2Fe2S] cluster confirming a homodimeric structure. The functionality of both LinGrxs was assessed by yeast complementation in null grx mutants, and both isoforms were able to rescue the mutant phenotype. Finally, our data suggest that protein glutathionylation as a post-translational modification process is present in L. interrogans. As a whole, our results support the occurrence of two new redox actors linked to GSH metabolism and iron homeostasis in L. interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sasoni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Hartman
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermo García-Effron
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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A Fluorescent Probe to Detect Quick Disulfide Reductase Activity in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020377. [PMID: 35204259 PMCID: PMC8868778 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trx and Grx systems, two disulfide reductase systems, play critical roles in various cell activities. There are great differences between the thiol redox systems in prokaryotes and mammals. Though fluorescent probes have been widely used to detect these systems in mammalian cells. Very few methods are available to detect rapid changes in the redox systems of prokaryotes. Here we investigated whether Fast-TRFS, a disulfide-containing fluorescent probe utilized in analysis of mammalian thioredoxin reductase, could be used to detect cellular disulfide reducibility in bacteria. Fast-TRFS exhibited good substrate qualities for both bacterial thioredoxin and GSH-glutaredoxin systems in vitro, with Trx system having higher reaction rate. Moreover, the Fast-TRFS was used to detect the disulfide reductase activity in various bacteria and redox-related gene null E. coli. Some glutaredoxin-deficient bacteria had stronger fast disulfide reducibility. The Trx system was shown to be the predominant disulfide reductase for fast disulfide reduction rather than the Grx system. These results demonstrated that Fast-TRFS is a viable probe to detect thiol-dependent disulfide reductases in bacteria. It also indicated that cellular disulfide reduction could be classified into fast and slow reaction, which are predominantly catalyzed by E. coli Trx and Grx system, respectively.
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Zuo X, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Ouyang Y, Qian W, Hou Y, Yu C, Ren X, Zou L, Fang J, Lu J. A fluorescent probe for specifically measuring the overall thioredoxin and glutaredoxin reducing activity in bacterial cells. Analyst 2022; 147:834-840. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an01644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Both bacterial thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems can reduce TRFS-green selectively, which confers TRFS-green to be a remarkable probe to detect the dominant disulfide reductase activity with a slow reaction rate in bacteria, e. g. E. coli Grx2&3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jintao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yanfang Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenjun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yinmei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lili Zou
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, 443000 Yichang, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Pillay CS, John N. Can thiol-based redox systems be utilized as parts for synthetic biology applications? Redox Rep 2021; 26:147-159. [PMID: 34378494 PMCID: PMC8366655 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1966183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synthetic biology has emerged from molecular biology and engineering approaches and aims to develop novel, biologically-inspired systems for industrial and basic research applications ranging from biocomputing to drug production. Surprisingly, redoxin (thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin) and other thiol-based redox systems have not been widely utilized in many of these synthetic biology applications. METHODS We reviewed thiol-based redox systems and the development of synthetic biology applications that have used thiol-dependent parts. RESULTS The development of circuits to facilitate cytoplasmic disulfide bonding, biocomputing and the treatment of intestinal bowel disease are amongst the applications that have used thiol-based parts. We propose that genetically encoded redox sensors, thiol-based biomaterials and intracellular hydrogen peroxide generators may also be valuable components for synthetic biology applications. DISCUSSION Thiol-based systems play multiple roles in cellular redox metabolism, antioxidant defense and signaling and could therefore offer a vast and diverse portfolio of components, parts and devices for synthetic biology applications. However, factors limiting the adoption of redoxin systems for synthetic biology applications include the orthogonality of thiol-based components, limitations in the methods to characterize thiol-based systems and an incomplete understanding of the design principles of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S. Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Nolyn John
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Jeong H, Lee JH, Kim Y, Lee HS. Thiol-specific oxidant diamide downregulates whiA gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum, thereby suppressing cell division and metabolism. Res Microbiol 2020; 171:331-340. [PMID: 32750493 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The whiA (NCgl1527) gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum plays a crucial role during cell growth, and WhiA is recognized as the transcription factor for genes involved in cell division. In this study, we assessed the regulatory role of the gene in cell physiology. Transcription of the gene was specifically downregulated by the thiol-specific oxidant, diamide, and by heat stress. Cells exposed to diamide showed decreased transcription of genes involved in cell division and these effects were more profound in ΔwhiA cells. In addition, the ΔwhiA cells showed sensitivity to thiol-specific oxidants, DNA-damaging agents, and high temperature. Further, downregulation of sigH (NCgl0733), the central regulator in stress responses, along with master regulatory genes in cell metabolism, was observed in the ΔwhiA strain. Moreover, the amount of cAMP in the ΔwhiA cells in the early stationary phase was only at 30% level of that for the wild-type strain. Collectively, our data indicate that the role of whiA is to downregulate genes associated with cell division in response to heat or thiol-specific oxidative stress, and may suggest a role for the gene in downshifting cell metabolism by downregulating global regulatory genes when growth condition is not optimal for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeri Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
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Bravo-Chaucanés CP, Abadio AKR, Kioshima ÉS, Felipe MSS, Barbosa JARG. Crystal structure of thioredoxin 1 from Cryptococcus neoformans at 1.8 Å resolution shows unexpected plasticity of the loop preceding the catalytic site. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 21:100724. [PMID: 32021910 PMCID: PMC6994535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An elevated prevalence of cryptococcal infection is a tendency in low-income countries and constitutes a global public health problem due to factors such as the limited efficacy of antifungal therapy and the AIDS/transplant immunocompromised patients. The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, implicated in this burden, has had several genes validated as drug targets. Among them, the thioredoxin system is one of the major regulators of redox homeostasis and antioxidant defense acting on protein disulfide bonds. Thioredoxin 1 from C. neoformans (CnTrx1) was cloned and expressed in E. coli and the recombinant protein was purified and crystallized. Functional assay shows that CnTrx1 catalyzes the reduction of insulin disulfide bonds using dithiothreitol, while acting as a monomer in solution. The crystal structure of oxidized CnTrx1 at 1.80 Å resolution presents a dimer in the asymmetric unit with typical Trx-fold. Differences between the monomers in the asymmetric unit are found specially in the loop leading to the Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active-site motif, being even larger when compared to those found between reduced and oxidized states of other thioredoxins. Although the thioredoxins have been isolated and characterized from many organisms, this new structural report provides important clues for understanding the binding and specificity of CnTrx1 to its targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Patricia Bravo-Chaucanés
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Padayachee L, Rohwer JM, Pillay CS. The thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge are surrogate measures for flux in the thioredoxin system. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108231. [PMID: 31877266 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system plays a central role in intracellular redox regulation and its dysregulation is associated with a number of pathologies. However, the connectivity within this system poses a significant challenge for quantification and consequently several disparate measures have been used to characterize the system. For in vitro studies, the thioredoxin system flux has been measured by NADPH oxidation while the thioredoxin redox state has been used to estimate the activity of the system in vivo. The connection between these measures has been obscure although substrate saturation in the thioredoxin system results from the saturation of the thioredoxin redox cycle. We used computational modeling and in vitro kinetic assays to clarify the relationship between flux and the current in vivo measures of the thioredoxin system together with a novel measure, the thioredoxin redox charge (reduced thioredoxin/total thioredoxin). Our results revealed that the thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge closely tracked flux perturbations showing that these indices could be used as surrogate measures of the flux in vivo and, provide a mechanistic explanation for the previously observed correlations between thioredoxin oxidation and certain pathologies. While we found no significant difference in the linear correlations obtained for the thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge with the flux, the redox charge may be preferred because it is bounded between zero and one and can be determined over a wider range of conditions allowing for quantitative flux comparisons between cell types and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letrisha Padayachee
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
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Zheng C, Guo S, Tennant WG, Pradhan PK, Black KA, Dos Santos PC. The Thioredoxin System Reduces Protein Persulfide Intermediates Formed during the Synthesis of Thio-Cofactors in Bacillus subtilis. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1892-1904. [PMID: 30855939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters and other thio-cofactors requires the participation of redox agents. A shared feature in these pathways is the formation of transient protein persulfides, which are susceptible to reduction by artificial reducing agents commonly used in reactions in vitro. These agents modulate the reactivity and catalytic efficiency of biosynthetic reactions and, in some cases, skew the enzymes' kinetic behavior, bypassing sulfur acceptors known to be critical for the functionality of these pathways in vivo. Here, we provide kinetic evidence for the selective reactivity of the Bacillus subtilis Trx (thioredoxin) system toward protein-bound persulfide intermediates. Our results demonstrate that the redox flux of the Trx system modulates the rate of sulfide production in cysteine desulfurase assays. Likewise, the activity of the Trx system is dependent on the rate of persulfide formation, suggesting the occurrence of coupled reaction schemes between both enzymatic systems in vitro. Inactivation of TrxA (thioredoxin) or TrxR (thioredoxin reductase) impairs the activity of Fe-S enzymes in B. subtilis, indicating the involvement of the Trx system in Fe-S cluster metabolism. Surprisingly, biochemical characterization of TrxA reveals that this enzyme is able to coordinate Fe-S species, resulting in the loss of its reductase activity. The inactivation of TrxA through the coordination of a labile cluster, combined with its proposed role as a physiological reducing agent in sulfur transfer pathways, suggests a model for redox regulation. These findings provide a potential link between redox regulation and Fe-S metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States
| | - Selina Guo
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States
| | - William G Tennant
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States
| | - Pradyumna K Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27412 , United States
| | - Katherine A Black
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States.,Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medicine , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Patricia C Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States
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13
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Walden PM, Whitten AE, Premkumar L, Halili MA, Heras B, King GJ, Martin JL. The atypical thiol-disulfide exchange protein α-DsbA2 from Wolbachia pipientis is a homotrimeric disulfide isomerase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:283-295. [PMID: 30950399 PMCID: PMC6450060 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318018442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide-bond-forming (DSB) oxidative folding enzymes are master regulators of virulence that are localized to the periplasm of many Gram-negative bacteria. The archetypal DSB machinery from Escherichia coli K-12 consists of a dithiol-oxidizing redox-relay pair (DsbA/B), a disulfide-isomerizing redox-relay pair (DsbC/D) and the specialist reducing enzymes DsbE and DsbG that also interact with DsbD. By contrast, the Gram-negative bacterium Wolbachia pipientis encodes just three DSB enzymes. Two of these, α-DsbA1 and α-DsbB, form a redox-relay pair analogous to DsbA/B from E. coli. The third enzyme, α-DsbA2, incorporates a DsbA-like sequence but does not interact with α-DsbB. In comparison to other DsbA enzymes, α-DsbA2 has ∼50 extra N-terminal residues (excluding the signal peptide). The crystal structure of α-DsbA2ΔN, an N-terminally truncated form in which these ∼50 residues are removed, confirms the DsbA-like nature of this domain. However, α-DsbA2 does not have DsbA-like activity: it is structurally and functionally different as a consequence of its N-terminal residues. Firstly, α-DsbA2 is a powerful disulfide isomerase and a poor dithiol oxidase: i.e. its role is to shuffle rather than to introduce disulfide bonds. Moreover, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of α-DsbA2 reveals a homotrimeric arrangement that differs from those of the other characterized bacterial disulfide isomerases DsbC from Escherichia coli (homodimeric) and ScsC from Proteus mirabilis (PmScsC; homotrimeric with a shape-shifter peptide). α-DsbA2 lacks the shape-shifter motif and SAXS data suggest that it is less flexible than PmScsC. These results allow conclusions to be drawn about the factors that are required for functionally equivalent disulfide isomerase enzymatic activity across structurally diverse protein architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Walden
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew E. Whitten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maria A. Halili
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gordon J. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Martin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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14
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Manta B, Möller MN, Bonilla M, Deambrosi M, Grunberg K, Bellanda M, Comini MA, Ferrer-Sueta G. Kinetic studies reveal a key role of a redox-active glutaredoxin in the evolution of the thiol-redox metabolism of trypanosomatid parasites. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3235-3248. [PMID: 30593501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes are flagellated protozoan parasites (kinetoplastids) that have a unique redox metabolism based on the small dithiol trypanothione (T(SH)2). Although GSH may still play a biological role in trypanosomatid parasites beyond being a building block of T(SH)2, most of its functions are replaced by T(SH)2 in these organisms. Consequently, trypanosomes have several enzymes adapted to using T(SH)2 instead of GSH, including the glutaredoxins (Grxs). However, the mechanistic basis of Grx specificity for T(SH)2 is unknown. Here, we combined fast-kinetic and biophysical approaches, including NMR, MS, and fluorescent tagging, to study the redox function of Grx1, the only cytosolic redox-active Grx in trypanosomes. We observed that Grx1 reduces GSH-containing disulfides (including oxidized trypanothione) in very fast reactions (k > 5 × 105 m-1 s-1). We also noted that disulfides without a GSH are much slower oxidants, suggesting a strongly selective binding of the GSH molecule. Not surprisingly, oxidized Grx1 was also reduced very fast by T(SH)2 (4.8 × 106 m-1 s-1); however, GSH-mediated reduction was extremely slow (39 m-1 s-1). This kinetic selectivity in the reduction step of the catalytic cycle suggests that Grx1 uses preferentially a dithiol mechanism, forming a disulfide on the active site during the oxidative half of the catalytic cycle and then being rapidly reduced by T(SH)2 in the reductive half. Thus, the reduction of glutathionylated substrates avoids GSSG accumulation in an organism lacking GSH reductase. These findings suggest that Grx1 has played an important adaptive role during the rewiring of the thiol-redox metabolism of kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Manta
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and
| | - Matías N Möller
- the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and.,the Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, and
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and.,Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Matías Deambrosi
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Karin Grunberg
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- the Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and .,the Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, and
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15
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Shen ZJ, Liu YJ, Gao XH, Liu XM, Zhang SD, Li Z, Zhang QW, Liu XX. Molecular Identification of Two Thioredoxin Genes From Grapholita molesta and Their Function in Resistance to Emamectin Benzoate. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 30410444 PMCID: PMC6210739 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs), a member of the thioredoxin system, play crucial roles in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and protecting organisms against oxidative stress. In this study, we cloned and characterized two genes, GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1, from Grapholita molesta. Sequence analysis showed that GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 had highly conserved active sites CGPC and CXXC motif, respectively, and shared high sequence identity with selected insect species. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that GmTrx2 was mainly detected at first instar, whereas GmTrx-like1 was highly concentrated at prepupa day. The transcripts of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 were both highly expressed in the head and salivary glands. The expression levels of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 were induced by low or high temperature, E. coli, M. anisopliae, H2O2, and pesticides (emamectin benzoate). We further detected interference efficiency of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 in G. molesta larvae and found that peroxidase capacity, hydrogen peroxide content, and ascorbate content all increased after knockdown of GmTrx2 or GmTrx-like1. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased by emamectin benzoate and the sensitivity for larvae to emamectin benzoate was improved after GmTrx2 or GmTrx-like1 was silenced. Our results indicated that GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 played vital roles in protecting G. molesta against oxidative damage and also provided the theoretical basis for understanding the antioxidant defense mechanisms of the Trx system in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Lee SJ, Tran NQ, Lee J, Richardson CC. Hydrophobic Residue in Escherichia coli Thioredoxin Critical for the Processivity of T7 DNA Polymerase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5807-5817. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joo Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ngoc Q. Tran
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joseph Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles C. Richardson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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17
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Abstract
Thioredoxin reductases are important oxidoreductases that keep the active site disulfide/dithiol motif of thioredoxins reduced using NADPH, thereby supporting many thioredoxin-dependent reductive pathways in cells. Mammalian thioredoxin reductases are selenoproteins that have several additional substrates beyond thioredoxins. This chapter first lists several different assays for measurement of thioredoxin reductase activities, before giving a protocol for a selective evaluation of these activities that can be used in either crude cell lysates as well as with purified enzymes. The same assay can also be easily adopted for the determination of thioredoxin activities.
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18
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Chi CB, Tang Y, Zhang J, Dai YN, Abdalla M, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Structural and Biochemical Insights into the Multiple Functions of Yeast Grx3. J Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29524511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae monothiol glutaredoxin Grx3 plays a key role in cellular defense against oxidative stress and more importantly, cooperates with BolA-like iron repressor of activation protein Fra2 to regulate the localization of the iron-sensing transcription factor Aft2. The interplay among Grx3, Fra2 and Aft2 responsible for the regulation of iron homeostasis has not been clearly described. Here we solved the crystal structures of the Trx domain (Grx3Trx) and Grx domain (Grx3Grx) of Grx3 in addition to the solution structure of Fra2. Structural analyses and activity assays indicated that the Trx domain also contributes to the glutathione S-transferase activity of Grx3, via an inter-domain disulfide bond between Cys37 and Cys176. NMR titration and pull-down assays combined with surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed that Fra2 could form a noncovalent heterodimer with Grx3 via an interface between the helix-turn-helix motif of Fra2 and the C-terminal segment of Grx3Grx, different from the previously identified covalent heterodimer mediated by Fe-S cluster. Comparative affinity assays indicated that the interaction between Fra2 and Aft2 is much stronger than that between Grx3 and Aft2, or Aft2 toward its target DNA. These structural and biochemical analyses enabled us to propose a model how Grx3 executes multiple functions to coordinate the regulation of Aft2-controlled iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Biao Chi
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - YaJun Tang
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiahai Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Bacterial thiol oxidoreductases - from basic research to new antibacterial strategies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3977-3989. [PMID: 28409380 PMCID: PMC5403849 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent, rapid increase in bacterial antimicrobial resistance has become a major public health concern. One approach to generate new classes of antibacterials is targeting virulence rather than the viability of bacteria. Proteins of the Dsb system, which play a key role in the virulence of many pathogenic microorganisms, represent potential new drug targets. The first part of the article presents current knowledge of how the Dsb system impacts function of various protein secretion systems that influence the virulence of many pathogenic bacteria. Next, the review describes methods used to study the structure, biochemistry, and microbiology of the Dsb proteins and shows how these experiments broaden our knowledge about their function. The lessons gained from basic research have led to a specific search for inhibitors blocking the Dsb networks.
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20
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Mamik S, Sharma AD. Protective role of boiling stable antioxidant enzymes in invasive alien species of Lantana exposed to natural abiotic stress like conditions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s207511171701009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Nagakannan P, Iqbal MA, Yeung A, Thliveris JA, Rastegar M, Ghavami S, Eftekharpour E. Perturbation of redox balance after thioredoxin reductase deficiency interrupts autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway and enhances cell death in nutritionally stressed SH-SY5Y cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:53-70. [PMID: 27693380 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage and aggregation of cellular proteins is a hallmark of neuronal cell death after neurotrauma and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. Autophagy and ubiquitin protease system are involved in degradation of protein aggregates, and interruption of their function is linked to apoptotic cell death in these diseases. Oxidative modification of cysteine groups in key molecular proteins has been linked to modification of cellular systems and cell death in these conditions. Glutathione and thioredoxin systems provide reducing protons that can effectively reverse protein modifications and promote cell survival. The central role of Thioredoxin in inhibition of apoptosis is well identified. Additionally, its involvement in initiation of autophagy has been suggested recently. We therefore aimed to investigate the involvement of Thioredoxin system in autophagy-apoptosis processes. A model of serum deprivation in SH-SY5Y was used that is associated with autophagy and apoptosis. Using pharmacological and RNA-editing technology we show that Thioredoxin reductase deficiency in this model enhances oxidative stress and interrupts the early protective autophagy and promotes apoptosis. This was associated with decreased protein-degradation in lysosomes due to altered lysosomal acidification and accumulation of autophagosomes as well as impairment in proteasome pathway. We further confirmed that the extent of oxidative stress is a determining factor in autophagy- apoptosis interplay, as upregulation of cellular reducing capacity by N-acetylcysteine prevented impairment in autophagy and proteasome systems thus promoted cell viability. Our study provides evidence that excessive oxidative stress inhibits protein degradation systems and affects the final stages of autophagy by inhibiting autolysosome maturation: a novel mechanistic link between protein aggregation and conversion of autophagy to apoptosis that can be applicable to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mohamed Ariff Iqbal
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Albert Yeung
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James A Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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22
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Brigelius-Flohé R. Mixed results with mixed disulfides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:81-7. [PMID: 27095221 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A period of research with Helmut Sies in the 1980s is recalled. Our experiments aimed at an in-depth understanding of metabolic changes due to oxidative challenges under near-physiological conditions, i.e. perfused organs. A major focus were alterations of the glutathione and the NADPH/NADP(+) system by different kinds of oxidants, in particular formation of glutathione mixed disulfides with proteins. To analyze mixed disulfides, a test was adapted which is widely used until today. The observations in perfused rat livers let us believe that glutathione-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), i.a. might be activated by glutathionylation. Although we did not succeed to verify this hypothesis for the special case of G6PDH, the regulation of enzyme/protein activities by glutathionylation today is an accepted posttranslational mechanism in redox biology in general. Our early experimental approaches are discussed in the context of present knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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23
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Sasoni N, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA, Arias DG. Functional thioredoxin reductase from pathogenic and free-living Leptospira spp. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:1-13. [PMID: 27178006 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular mass thiols and antioxidant enzymes have essential functions to detoxify reactive oxygen and nitrogen species maintaining cellular redox balance. The metabolic pathways for redox homeostasis in pathogenic (Leptospira interrogans) and free-living (Leptospira biflexa) leptospires species were not functionally characterized. We performed biochemical studies on recombinantly produced proteins to in depth analyze kinetic and structural properties of thioredoxin reductase (LinTrxR) and thioredoxin (LinTrx) from L. interrogans, and two TrxRs (LbiTrxR1 and LbiTrxR2) from L. biflexa. All the TrxRs were characterized as homodimeric flavoproteins, with LinTrxR and LbiTrxR1 catalyzing the NADPH dependent reduction of LinTrx and DTNB. The thioredoxin system from L. interrogans was able to use glutathione disulfide, lipoamide disulfide, cystine and bis-γ-glutamyl cysteine and homologous peroxiredoxin as substrates. Classic TrxR activity of LinTrxR2 had not been evidenced in vitro, but recombinant Escherichia coli cells overexpressing LbiTrxR2 showed high tolerance to oxidative stress. The enzymatic systems herein characterized could play a key role for the maintenance of redox homeostasis and the function of defense mechanisms against reactive oxidant species in Leptospira spp. Our results contribute to the general knowledge about redox biochemistry in these bacteria, positioning TrxR as a critical molecular target for the development of new anti-leptospiral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sasoni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. N°168, km. 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. N°168, km. 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. N°168, km. 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Diego G Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. N°168, km. 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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24
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Padayachee L, Pillay CS. The thioredoxin system and not the Michaelis-Menten equation should be fitted to substrate saturation datasets from the thioredoxin insulin assay. Redox Rep 2016; 21:170-179. [PMID: 26102065 PMCID: PMC8900709 DOI: 10.1179/1351000215y.0000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The thioredoxin system, consisting of thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin and NADPH, is present in most living organisms and reduces a large array of target protein disulfides. OBJECTIVE The insulin reduction assay is commonly used to characterise thioredoxin activity in vitro, but it is not clear whether substrate saturation datasets from this assay should be fitted and modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation (thioredoxin enzyme model), or fitted to the thioredoxin system with insulin reduction described by mass-action kinetics (redox couple model). METHODS We utilized computational modeling and in vitro assays to determine which of these approaches yield consistent and accurate kinetic parameter sets for insulin reduction. RESULTS Using computational modeling, we found that fitting to the redox couple model, rather than to the thioredoxin enzyme model, resulted in consistent parameter sets over a range of thioredoxin reductase concentrations. Furthermore, we established that substrate saturation in this assay was due to the progressive redistribution of the thioredoxin moiety into its oxidised form. We then confirmed these results in vitro using the yeast thioredoxin system. DISCUSSION This study shows how consistent parameter sets for thioredoxin activity can be obtained regardless of the thioredoxin reductase concentration used in the insulin reduction assay, and validates computational systems biology modeling studies that have described the thioredoxin system with the redox couple modeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letrisha Padayachee
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road Campus, Pietermaritzburg3201, South Africa
| | - Ché S. Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road Campus, Pietermaritzburg3201, South Africa
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Wedmann R, Onderka C, Wei S, Szijártó IA, Miljkovic JL, Mitrovic A, Lange M, Savitsky S, Yadav PK, Torregrossa R, Harrer EG, Harrer T, Ishii I, Gollasch M, Wood ME, Galardon E, Xian M, Whiteman M, Banerjee R, Filipovic MR. Improved tag-switch method reveals that thioredoxin acts as depersulfidase and controls the intracellular levels of protein persulfidation. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3414-3426. [PMID: 27170841 PMCID: PMC4845716 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a signalling molecule capable of regulating several important physiological functions such as blood pressure, neurotransmission and inflammation. The mechanisms behind these effects are still largely elusive and oxidative posttranslational modification of cysteine residues (protein persulfidation or S-sulfhydration) has been proposed as the main pathway for H2S-induced biological and pharmacological effects. As a signalling mechanism, persulfidation has to be controlled. Using an improved tag-switch assay for persulfide detection we show here that protein persulfide levels are controlled by the thioredoxin system. Recombinant thioredoxin showed an almost 10-fold higher reactivity towards cysteine persulfide than towards cystine and readily cleaved protein persulfides as well. This reaction resulted in H2S release suggesting that thioredoxin could be an important regulator of H2S levels from persulfide pools. Inhibition of the thioredoxin system caused an increase in intracellular persulfides, highlighting thioredoxin as a major protein depersulfidase that controls H2S signalling. Finally, using plasma from HIV-1 patients that have higher circulatory levels of thioredoxin, we could prove depersulfidase role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Wedmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Constantin Onderka
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Shengwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany .
| | | | - Jan Lj Miljkovic
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany .
| | | | - Mike Lange
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Sergey Savitsky
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Pramod Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , USA
| | - Roberta Torregrossa
- University of Exeter Medical School , St. Luke's Campus , Exeter , UK ; Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences of Biosciences , University of Exeter , Streatham Campus , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Ellen G Harrer
- Infectious Diseases Section , Department of Internal Medicine 3 , Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg , Germany
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Infectious Diseases Section , Department of Internal Medicine 3 , Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg , Germany
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Keio University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Charité Campus Virchow , Nephrology/Intensive Care , Berlin , Germany
| | - Mark E Wood
- Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences of Biosciences , University of Exeter , Streatham Campus , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Erwan Galardon
- UMR CNRS 8601 , Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , USA
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- University of Exeter Medical School , St. Luke's Campus , Exeter , UK
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , USA
| | - Milos R Filipovic
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany . ; Université de Bordeaux , IBGC , UMR 5095 , F-33077 Bordeaux , France ; CNRS , IBGC , UMR 5095 , F-33077 Bordeaux , France
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26
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Holbrook LM, Kwong LS, Metcalfe CL, Fenouillet E, Jones IM, Barclay AN. OX133, a monoclonal antibody recognizing protein-bound N-ethylmaleimide for the identification of reduced disulfide bonds in proteins. MAbs 2016; 8:672-7. [PMID: 26986548 PMCID: PMC5037987 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1152443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo, enzymatic reduction of some protein disulfide bonds, allosteric disulfide bonds, provides an important level of structural and functional regulation. The free cysteine residues generated can be labeled by maleimide reagents, including biotin derivatives, allowing the reduced protein to be detected or purified. During the screening of monoclonal antibodies for those specific for the reduced forms of proteins, we isolated OX133, a unique antibody that recognizes polypeptide resident, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-modified cysteine residues in a sequence-independent manner. OX133 offers an alternative to biotin-maleimide reagents for labeling reduced/alkylated antigens and capturing reduced/alkylated proteins with the advantage that NEM-modified proteins are more easily detected in mass spectrometry, and may be more easily recovered than is the case following capture with biotin based reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Holbrook
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.,c School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading , UK
| | - Lai-Shan Kwong
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Clive L Metcalfe
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | | | - Ian M Jones
- c School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading , UK
| | - A Neil Barclay
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified auranofin as an antimicrobial compound utilizing a high-throughput screen using a Caenorhabditis elegans-Staphylococcus aureus infection model. Results/methodology: Treatment of infected nematodes with auranofin resulted in a prolonged survival rate of 95%, reached with 0.78 μg/ml. Further investigation of the antimicrobial activity of auranofin found inhibition against S. aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Importantly, the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans was also effectively inhibited with an MIC at 0.5 μg/ml. Auranofin appears to target the thioredoxin system. CONCLUSION This work provides extensive additional data on the antibacterial effects of auranofin that includes both reference and clinical isolates and reports a novel inhibition of fungal pathogens by this compound.
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Iqbal A, Moraes AH, Valente AP, Almeida FCL. Structures of the reduced and oxidized state of the mutant D24A of yeast thioredoxin 1: insights into the mechanism for the closing of the water cavity. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2015; 63:417-423. [PMID: 26482062 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-015-9996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Iqbal
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS/Anexo CNRMN, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-920, Brazil
- Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Henrique Moraes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS/Anexo CNRMN, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-920, Brazil
- Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS/Anexo CNRMN, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-920, Brazil
- Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio C L Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS/Anexo CNRMN, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-920, Brazil.
- Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Elvitigala DAS, Whang I, Lee J. Molecular profiling and functional insights of rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) thioredoxin reductase 3-like molecule: investigation of its transcriptional modulation in response to live pathogen stress. Gene 2015; 570:122-31. [PMID: 26055087 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a significant role in cellular antioxidative defense by dismutating the surpluses of reactive oxygen species. Thus, the role of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) cannot be ignored, owing to its participation in initiating the Trx enzyme cascade. Here, we report the identification and molecular characterization of a teleostean TrxR (RbTrxR-3) ortholog that showed high similarity with the TrxR-3 isoforms of other vertebrates. The complete RbTrxR-3 coding sequence comprised 1800 nucleotides, encoding a 600-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of ~66 kDa. RbTrxR-3 consisted of 16 exons separated by 15 introns and had a total length of 12,658 bp. In silico analysis of the RbTrxR-3 protein sequence revealed that it possesses typical TrxR domain architecture. Moreover, using multiple sequence alignment and pairwise sequence alignment strategies, we showed that RbTrxR-3 has high overall sequence similarity to other teleostean TrxR-3 proteins, including highly conserved active site residues. Phylogenetic reconstruction of RbTrxR-3 affirmed its close evolutionary relationship with fish TrxR-3 orthologs, as indicated by its clustering pattern. RbTrxR-3 transcriptional analysis, performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), showed that RbTrxR-3 was ubiquitously distributed, with the highest level of mRNA expression in the blood, followed by the gill, and liver. Live bacterial and viral stimuli triggered the modulation of RbTrxR-3 basal transcription in liver tissues that correlated temporally with that of its putative substrate, rock bream thioredoxin1 under the same conditions of pathogenic stress. Finally, resembling the typical function of TrxR protein, purified recombinant RbTrxR-3 showed detectable dose-dependent thiol reductase activity against 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic) acid. Taken together, these results suggest that RbTrxR-3 plays a role in the host Trx system under conditions of oxidative and pathogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Zhang LB, Tang L, Ying SH, Feng MG. Subcellular localization of six thioredoxins and their antioxidant activity and contributions to biological control potential in Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 76:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen YT, Hong PF, Wen L, Lin CT. Molecular cloning and characterization of a thioredoxin from Taiwanofungus camphorata. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:77. [PMID: 28510955 PMCID: PMC5432747 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-014-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thioredoxin (Trx) is reduced by thioredoxin reductase. Trx is used in ribonucleoide reduction, assimilatory sulfate reduction, in modulation of protein sulfhydryl groups, and refolding proteins. RESULTS A TcTrx (Tc: Taiwanofungus camphorata) cDNA (640 bp, GenBank AY838902.1) encoding a putative thioredoxin (Trx) of 135 amino acid residues with calculated molecular mass of 16.17 kDa was cloned from Taiwanofungus c amphorata. The deduced amino acid sequence containing a motif (Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys) that is highly conserved among the reported Trxs. A three dimensional structural model of the TcTrx has been created based on the known structure of Malassezia sympodialis Trx (MsTrx, PDB ID: 2j23). To characterize the TcTrx, the codon optimized coding region was subcloned into an expression vector and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant His8-tagged TcTrx was expressed and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a band of approximately 32 kDa (expected dimeric form) on a 12% SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass determined by MALDI-TOF is 33.16 kDa which suggests that the purified enzyme is a dimeric enzyme. Furthermore, the enzyme exhibited TcTrx activity via insulin assay. The Michaelis constant (K M ) value for insulin was 3.78 × 10-2 mM. The enzyme's half-life of deactivation was 13 min at 45°C. The enzyme was most active at pH 7. CONCLUSIONS A three dimensional structural model of T. camphorata Trx based on its TcTrx cDNA sequence. The active form of the TcTrx has been successfully expressed in yeast. The enzyme possesses Trx activity and is capable of reduction of disulfide bonds during the formation of newly synthesized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Feng Hong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd, Keelung, 202 Taiwan
| | - Lisa Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, 61455-1390 IL USA
| | - Chi-Tsai Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd, Keelung, 202 Taiwan
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Erzinger MM, Bovet C, Uzozie A, Sturla SJ. Induction of complementary function reductase enzymes in colon cancer cells by dithiole-3-thione versus sodium selenite. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 29:10-20. [PMID: 25179160 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cellular induction of reductase enzymes can alter the susceptibility of cells toward drugs and chemicals. In this study, we compared the capacity of a single dose of sodium selenite and 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) to influence the drug-relevant reducing capacity of HT29 cells over time, and defined the protein-specific contribution to this activity on the basis of selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) protein levels and activity were inducible up to 2.2-fold by selenium. In contrast, selenium had only a minor influence on prostaglandin reductase 1 (PTGR1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity and protein levels. D3T, a strong Nrf2 inducer, induced all the reductases and additionally increased the cytotoxicity of hydroxymethylacylfulvene, a bioreductive DNA-alkylating drug. The data and experimental approaches allow one to define induction potency for reductase enzymes PTGR1, TrxR1, and NQO1 in HT29 cells and link these to changes in drug cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Erzinger
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The thioredoxin (Trx) superfamily proteins, including protein disulfide isomerases (PDI) and Dsb protein family, are major players in oxidative protein folding, which involves native disulfide bond formation. These proteins contain Trx folds with CXXC active sites and fulfill their physiological functions in oxidative cellular compartments such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the bacterial periplasm. RECENT ADVANCES The structure of the Trx superfamily protein PDI has been solved by X-ray crystallography and shown to be a flexible molecule, having a horseshoe shape with a closed reduced and an open oxidized conformation, which is important for exerting its catalytic activity. Atomic force microscopy revealed that PDI works as a placeholder to prevent early non-native disulfide bond formation and further misfolding. S-nitrosylation of the active site of PDI inhibits the PDI activity and links protein misfolding to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Electron transfer pathways of the oxidative protein folding show conserved Trx-like thiol-disulfide chemistry. Overall, mammalian cells have a large number of disulfide-containing proteins, the folding of which involves non-native disulfide bond isomerization. The process is sensitive to oxidative stress and ER stress. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The correct oxidative protein folding is critical for the substrate protein stability and function, and protein misfolding is linked to, for example, neurodegenerative diseases. Further understanding on the mechanisms and specific roles of Trx superfamily proteins in oxidative protein folding may lead to drug development for the treatment of bacterial infection and various human diseases in aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Pader I, Sengupta R, Cebula M, Xu J, Lundberg JO, Holmgren A, Johansson K, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa is an efficient L-cystine reductase and S-denitrosylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6964-9. [PMID: 24778250 PMCID: PMC4024855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317320111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa (TRP14, also called TXNDC17 for thioredoxin domain containing 17, or TXNL5 for thioredoxin-like 5) is an evolutionarily well-conserved member of the thioredoxin (Trx)-fold protein family that lacks activity with classical Trx1 substrates. However, we discovered here that human TRP14 has a high enzymatic activity in reduction of l-cystine, where the catalytic efficiency (2,217 min(-1)⋅µM(-1)) coupled to Trx reductase 1 (TrxR1) using NADPH was fivefold higher compared with Trx1 (418 min(-1)⋅µM(-1)). Moreover, the l-cystine reduction with TRP14 was in contrast to that of Trx1 fully maintained in the presence of a protein disulfide substrate of Trx1 such as insulin, suggesting that TRP14 is a more dedicated l-cystine reductase compared with Trx1. We also found that TRP14 is an efficient S-denitrosylase with similar efficiency as Trx1 in catalyzing TrxR1-dependent denitrosylation of S-nitrosylated glutathione or of HEK293 cell-derived S-nitrosoproteins. Consequently, nitrosylated and thereby inactivated caspase 3 or cathepsin B could be reactivated through either Trx1- or TRP14-catalyzed denitrosylation reactions. TRP14 was also, in contrast to Trx1, completely resistant to inactivation by high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The oxidoreductase activities of TRP14 thereby complement those of Trx1 and must therefore be considered for the full understanding of enzymatic control of cellular thiols and nitrosothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Pader
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - Marcus Cebula
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - Katarina Johansson
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and
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Roodgar Nashta M, Shahpiri A, Mohammad Beigi M. Substitution of Thr(55) by Gly and Lys(48) by Asp in OsTrx20 using site-directed mutagenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 68:185-8. [PMID: 24794197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins are small (12-13kDa) ubiquitous proteins containing a redox active disulfide bridge. The primary structure of one of the rice Trx isoforms, OsTrx20, in which Thr is substituted for the largely conserved Gly in position 55 in the active site and Lys is substituted for the conserved Asp/Asn in position 48 is considerably different with other h-type Trx isoforms. In order to probe the functional roles of Thr-55 and Lys-48 in OsTrx20, Thr was replaced with Gly and Lys with Asp using site-directed mutagenesis. The wild type OsTrx20 as well as single mutants T55GOsTrx20, K48DOsTrx20 and the double mutant T55G-K48DOstrx20 were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The changes in the ability to reduce insulin for OsTrx20 and mutants as well as OsTrx23 which has a Trx typical active site were monitored in the pH range 6.5-8. The results showed that whereas the activity of wild type OsTrx20 is dependent on pH and decreases remarkably at high pH values, the activities of mutants T55GOsTrx20, K48DOsTrx20, T55G-K48DOsTrx20 and wild type OsTrx23 slightly change under different pH conditions. These results support the significant involvement of residues Thr-55 and Lys-48 in instability of OsTrx20 activity under pH variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Roodgar Nashta
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Azar Shahpiri
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Majid Mohammad Beigi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
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Cruzeiro-Silva C, Gomes-Neto F, Machado LESF, Miyamoto CA, Pinheiro AS, Correa-Pereira N, de Magalhães MTQ, Valente AP, Almeida FCL. Hydration and conformational equilibrium in yeast thioredoxin 1: implication for H(+) exchange. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2890-902. [PMID: 24738963 DOI: 10.1021/bi401542v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the ancestral features of thioredoxins is the presence of a water cavity. Here, we report that a largely hydrated, conserved, buried aspartic acid in the water cavity modulates the dynamics of the interacting loops of yeast thioredoxin 1 (yTrx1). It is well-established that the aspartic acid, Asp24 for yTrx1, works as a proton acceptor in the reduction of the target protein. We propose a complementary role for Asp24 of coupling hydration and conformational motion of the water cavity and interacting loops. The intimate contact between the water cavity and the interacting loops means that motion at the water cavity will affect the interacting loops and vice versa. The D24N mutation alters the conformational equilibrium for both the oxidized and reduced states, quenching the conformational motion in the water cavity. By measuring the hydration and molecular dynamics simulation of wild-type yTrx1 and the D24N mutant, we showed that Asn24 is more exposed to water than Asp24 and the water cavity is smaller in the mutant, closing the inner part of the water cavity. We discuss how the conformational equilibrium contributes to the mechanism of catalysis and H(+) exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cruzeiro-Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-Institute of Structural Biology and Bioimaging , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cerutti N, Killick M, Jugnarain V, Papathanasopoulos M, Capovilla A. Disulfide reduction in CD4 domain 1 or 2 is essential for interaction with HIV glycoprotein 120 (gp120), which impairs thioredoxin-driven CD4 dimerization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10455-10465. [PMID: 24550395 PMCID: PMC4036167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CD4 is a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed on the surface of certain leukocytes, where it plays a key role in the activation of immunostimulatory T cells and acts as the primary receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) glycoprotein (gp120). Although growing evidence suggests that redox exchange reactions involving CD4 disulfides, potentially catalyzed by cell surface-secreted oxidoreductases such as thioredoxin (Trx) and protein disulfide isomerase, play an essential role in regulating the activity of CD4, their mechanism(s) and biological utility remain incompletely understood. To gain more insights in this regard, we generated a panel of recombinant 2-domain CD4 proteins (2dCD4), including wild-type and Cys/Ala variants, and used these to show that while protein disulfide isomerase has little capacity for 2dCD4 reduction, Trx reduces 2dCD4 highly efficiently, catalyzing the formation of conformationally distinct monomeric 2dCD4 isomers, and a stable, disulfide-linked 2dCD4 dimer. Moreover, we show that HIV gp120 is incapable of binding a fully oxidized, monomeric 2dCD4 in which both domain 1 and 2 disulfides are intact, but binds robustly to reduced counterparts that are the ostensible products of Trx-mediated isomerization. Finally, we demonstrate that Trx-driven dimerization of CD4, a process believed to be critical for the establishment of functional MHCII-TCR-CD4 antigen presentation complexes, is impaired when CD4 is bound to gp120. These observations reinforce the importance of cell surface redox activity for HIV entry and posit the intriguing possibility that one of the many pathogenic effects of HIV may be related to gp120-mediated inhibition of oxidoreductive CD4 isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Cerutti
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vinesh Jugnarain
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alexio Capovilla
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Muchowicz A, Firczuk M, Chlebowska J, Nowis D, Stachura J, Barankiewicz J, Trzeciecka A, Kłossowski S, Ostaszewski R, Zagożdżon R, Pu JX, Sun HD, Golab J. Adenanthin targets proteins involved in the regulation of disulphide bonds. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:210-6. [PMID: 24630929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenanthin has been recently shown to inhibit the enzymatic activities of peroxiredoxins (Prdx) I and II through its functional α,β-unsaturated ketone group serving as a Michael acceptor. A similar group is found in SK053, a compound recently developed by our group to target the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (Trx-TrxR) system. This work provides evidence that next to Prdx I and II adenanthin targets additional proteins including thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system as well as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) that contain a characteristic structural motif, referred to as a thioredoxin fold. Adenanthin inhibits the activity of Trx-TR system and PDI in vitro in the insulin reduction assay and decreases the activity of Trx in cultured cells. Moreover, we identified Trx-1 as an adenanthin binding protein in cells incubated with biotinylated adenanthin as an affinity probe. The results of our studies indicate that adenanthin is a mechanism-selective, rather than an enzyme-specific inhibitor of enzymes containing readily accessible, nucleophilic cysteines. This observation might be of importance in considering potential therapeutic applications of adenanthin to include a range of diseases, where aberrant activity of Prdx, Trx-TrxR and PDI is involved in their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Chlebowska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Genomic Medicine, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Stachura
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Barankiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Trzeciecka
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Kłossowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Ostaszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Zagożdżon
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jian-Xin Pu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China.
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department 3, Warsaw, Poland.
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39
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Montano SJ, Lu J, Gustafsson TN, Holmgren A. Activity assays of mammalian thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: Fluorescent disulfide substrates, mechanisms, and use with tissue samples. Anal Biochem 2014; 449:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Pacitti D, Wang T, Martin SAM, Sweetman J, Secombes CJ. Insights into the fish thioredoxin system: expression profile of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during infection and in vitro stimulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:261-77. [PMID: 24095766 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the first biological response during a disease outbreak and after injury. ROS are highly reactive molecules that can either endanger cell homeostasis or mediate cell signaling in several physiological pathways, including the immune response. Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are the essential components of the thioredoxin system, one of the main intracellular redox systems and are therefore important regulators of ROS accumulation. Through the regulation of the intracellular redox milieu, the thioredoxin system plays a key role within the immune system, linking immunology and free radical science. In this study we have firstly identified TrxRs in fish and used this new sequence information to reevaluate the evolution of the thioredoxin system within the vertebrate lineage. We next measured the expression of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Trx and TrxR transcripts during infection in vivo and in vitro after stimulation of a macrophage cell line and primary macrophage cultures with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Our results showed that both Trx and TrxR were induced during infection at the transcriptional level, confirming their likely involvement in the innate immune response of fish. Since TrxRs are selenium-containing proteins (selenoproteins), we also measured the modulation of their expression upon organic and inorganic selenium exposure in vitro. TrxR was found to be responsive to selenium exposure in vitro, suggesting that it may represent a key mediator in the selenium modulation of innate immunity. In conclusion, our study highlights the need to investigate the involvement of the cell antioxidant pathways, especially the thioredoxin system, within the immune system of vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pacitti
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
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41
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Banci L, Barbieri L, Luchinat E, Secci E. Visualization of redox-controlled protein fold in living cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:747-52. [PMID: 23790485 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and imported into mitochondria. Several proteins of the intermembrane space (IMS) are imported and localized through an oxidative process, being folded through the formation of structural disulfide bonds catalyzed by Mia40, and trapped in the IMS. To be imported, these proteins need to be reduced and unfolded; however, no structural information in situ exists on these proteins in the cytoplasm. In humans, Mia40 undergoes the same mechanism, although its folding state in the cytoplasm is unknown. We provide atomic-level details on the Mia40 folding state in the human cell cytoplasm through in-cell nuclear magnetic resonance. Overexpressed cytoplasmic Mia40 is folded, and its folding state depends on the glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) and thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) systems. Specifically, increased Grx1 levels keep most Mia40 unfolded, while Trx1 is less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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42
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Marco S, Rullo R, Albino A, Masullo M, De Vendittis E, Amato M. The thioredoxin system in the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans and the food-industry bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus. Biochimie 2013; 95:2145-56. [PMID: 23954859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Streptococcus genus includes the pathogenic species Streptococcus mutans, the main responsible of dental caries, and the safe microorganism Streptococcus thermophilus, used for the manufacture of dairy products. These facultative anaerobes control the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and indeed, both S. mutans and S. thermophilus possess a cambialistic superoxide dismutase, the key enzyme for a preventive action against ROS. To evaluate the properties of a crucial mechanism for repairing ROS damages, the molecular and functional characterization of the thioredoxin system in these streptococci was investigated. The putative genes encoding its protein components in S. mutans and S. thermophilus were analysed and the corresponding recombinant proteins were purified. A single thioredoxin reductase was obtained from either S. mutans (SmTrxB) or S. thermophilus (StTrxB1), whereas two thioredoxins were prepared from either S. mutans (SmTrxA and SmTrxH1) or S. thermophilus (StTrxA1 and StTrxA2). Both SmTrxB and StTrxB1 reduced the synthetic substrate DTNB in the presence of NADPH, whereas only SmTrxA and StTrxA1 accelerated the insulin reduction in the presence of DTT. To reconstitute an in vitro streptococcal thioredoxin system, the combined activity of the thioredoxin components was tested through the insulin precipitation in the absence of DTT. The assay functions with a combination of SmTrxB or StTrxB1 with either SmTrxA or StTrxA1. These results suggest that the streptococcal members of the thioredoxin system display a direct functional interaction between them and that these protein components are interchangeable within the Streptococcus genus. In conclusion, our data prove the existence of a functioning thioredoxin system even in these microaerophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Marco
- Dipartimento di Medicina molecolare e Biotecnologie mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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43
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Nagy P. Kinetics and mechanisms of thiol-disulfide exchange covering direct substitution and thiol oxidation-mediated pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1623-41. [PMID: 23075118 PMCID: PMC3613173 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Disulfides are important building blocks in the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, serving as inter- and intra-subunit cross links. Disulfides are also the major products of thiol oxidation, a process that has primary roles in defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and in redox regulation of cell signaling. Although disulfides are relatively stable, their reduction, isomerisation, and interconversion as well as their production reactions are catalyzed by delicate enzyme machineries, providing a dynamic system in biology. Redox homeostasis, a thermodynamic parameter that determines which reactions can occur in cellular compartments, is also balanced by the thiol-disulfide pool. However, it is the kinetic properties of the reactions that best represent cell dynamics, because the partitioning of the possible reactions depends on kinetic parameters. CRITICAL ISSUES This review is focused on the kinetics and mechanisms of thiol-disulfide substitution and redox reactions. It summarizes the challenges and advances that are associated with kinetic investigations in small molecular and enzymatic systems from a rigorous chemical perspective using biological examples. The most important parameters that influence reaction rates are discussed in detail. RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Kinetic studies of proteins are more challenging than small molecules, and quite often investigators are forced to sacrifice the rigor of the experimental approach to obtain the important kinetic and mechanistic information. However, recent technological advances allow a more comprehensive analysis of enzymatic systems via using the systematic kinetics apparatus that was developed for small molecule reactions, which is expected to provide further insight into the cell's machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
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44
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45
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Grime KH, Briggs DE. THE RELEASE OF BOUND β-AMYLASE BY MACROMOLECULES. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1996.tb00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Sengupta R, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in relation to reversible S-nitrosylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:259-69. [PMID: 22702224 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nitric oxide (NO) regulates a diverse range of cellular processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, and antimicrobial and anti-tumor activities. S-nitrosylation with the formation of S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) is an important feature of NO signaling regulating protein function. In mammalian cells, glutathione (GSH), S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), and thioredoxin (Trx) have been identified as the major protein denitrosylases. RECENT ADVANCES Human cytosolic/nuclear Trx1 in the disulfide form can be nitrosylated at Cys73 and transnitrosylate target proteins, including caspase 3. Thus, similar to GSH, which by forming S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) can transnitrosylate proteins, Trx can either denitrosylate or nitrosylate proteins depending on its oxidation state. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we discuss the regulation of cellular processes by reversible S-nitrosylation and Trx-mediated cellular homeostasis of RSNOs and S-nitrosoproteins. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Functions of RSNOs in vivo and their pharmacological uses have not yet been fully studied. Further investigations on the role of Trx systems in relation to biologically relevant RSNOs, their functions, and the mechanisms of denitrosylation will facilitate the development of drugs and therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18, 259-269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Sengupta
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Cohen-Kutner M, Khomsky L, Trus M, Aisner Y, Niv MY, Benhar M, Atlas D. Thioredoxin-mimetic peptides (TXM) reverse auranofin induced apoptosis and restore insulin secretion in insulinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:977-90. [PMID: 23327993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin system (TrxR/Trx1) plays a major role in protecting cells from oxidative stress. Disruption of the TrxR-Trx1 system keeps Trx1 in the oxidized state leading to cell death through activation of the ASK1-Trx1 apoptotic pathway. The potential mechanism and ability of tri- and tetra-oligopeptides derived from the canonical -CxxC- motif of the Trx1-active site to mimic and enhance Trx1 cellular activity was examined. The Trx mimetics peptides (TXM) protected insulinoma INS 832/13 cells from oxidative stress induced by selectively inhibiting TrxR with auranofin (AuF). TXM reversed the AuF-effects preventing apoptosis, and increasing cell-viability. The TXM peptides were effective in inhibiting AuF-induced MAPK, JNK and p38(MAPK) phosphorylation, in correlation with preventing caspase-3 cleavage and thereby PARP-1 dissociation. The ability to form a disulfide-bridge-like conformation was estimated from molecular dynamics simulations. The TXM peptides restored insulin secretion and displayed Trx1 denitrosylase activity. Their potency was 10-100-fold higher than redox reagents like NAC, AD4, or ascorbic acid. Unable to reverse ERK1/2 phosphorylation, TXM-CB3 (NAc-Cys-Pro-Cys amide) appeared to function in part, through inhibiting ASK1-Trx dissociation. These highly effective anti-apoptotic effects of Trx1 mimetic peptides exhibited in INS 832/13 cells could become valuable in treating adverse oxidative-stress related disorders such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Cohen-Kutner
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 919104, Israel
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48
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Björnberg O, Maeda K, Svensson B, Hägglund P. Dissecting Molecular Interactions Involved in Recognition of Target Disulfides by the Barley Thioredoxin System. Biochemistry 2012; 51:9930-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi301051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olof Björnberg
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department
of Systems Biology,
Søltofts Plads, Building 224, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department
of Systems Biology,
Søltofts Plads, Building 224, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department
of Systems Biology,
Søltofts Plads, Building 224, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department
of Systems Biology,
Søltofts Plads, Building 224, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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49
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Jensen JM, Hägglund P, Christensen HEM, Svensson B. Inactivation of barley limit dextrinase inhibitor by thioredoxin-catalysed disulfide reduction. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2479-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Theobald AJ, Caballero I, Coma I, Colmenarejo G, Cid C, Gamo FJ, Hibbs MJ, Bass AL, Thomas DA. Discovery and biochemical characterization of Plasmodium thioredoxin reductase inhibitors from an antimalarial set. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4764-71. [PMID: 22612231 DOI: 10.1021/bi3005076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent and deadly species of the human malaria parasites, and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is an enzyme involved in the redox response to oxidative stress. Essential for P. falciparum survival, the enzyme has been highlighted as a promising target for novel antimalarial drugs. Here we report the discovery and characterization of seven molecules from an antimalarial set of 13533 compounds through single-target TrxR biochemical screens. We have produced high-purity, full-length, recombinant native enzyme from four Plasmodium species, and thioredoxin substrates from P. falciparum and Rattus norvegicus. The enzymes were screened using a unique, high-throughput, in vitro native substrate assay, and we have observed selectivity between the Plasmodium species and the mammalian form of the enzyme. This has indicated differences in their biomolecular profiles and has provided valuable insights into the biochemical mechanisms of action of compounds with proven antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Theobald
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK.
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