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Rummler M, Schemenz V, McCluskey S, Davydok A, Rauch F, Glorieux FH, Harrington MJ, Wagermaier W, Willie BM, Zimmermann EA. Bone matrix properties in adults with osteogenesis imperfecta are not adversely affected by setrusumab-a sclerostin neutralizing antibody. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:1229-1239. [PMID: 38982734 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by low bone mass and frequent fractures. Children with OI are commonly treated with bisphosphonates to reduce fracture rate, but treatment options for adults are limited. In the Phase 2b ASTEROID trial, setrusumab (a sclerostin neutralizing antibody, SclAb) improved bone density and strength in adults with type I, III, and IV OI. Here, we investigate bone matrix material properties in tetracycline-labeled trans iliac biopsies from 3 groups: (1) control: individuals with no metabolic bone disease, (2) OI: individuals with OI, (3) SclAb-OI: individuals with OI after 6 mo of setrusumab treatment (as part of the ASTEROID trial). In addition to bone histomorphometry, bone mineral and matrix properties were evaluated with nanoindentation, Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation imaging, quantitative backscatter electron imaging, and small-angle X-ray scattering. Spatial locations of fluorochrome labels were identified to differentiate inter-label bone of the same tissue age and intra-cortical bone. No difference in collagen orientation was found between the groups. The bone mineral density distribution and analysis of Raman spectra indicate that OI groups have greater mean mineralization, greater relative mineral content, and lower crystallinity than the control group, which was not altered by SclAb treatment. Finally, a lower modulus and hardness were measured in the inter-label bone of the OI-SclAb group compared to the OI group. Previous studies suggest that even though bone from OI has a higher mineral content, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has comparable mechanical properties. Therefore, fragility in OI may stem from contributions from other yet unexplored aspects of bone organization at higher length scales. We conclude that SclAb treatment leads to increased bone mass while not adversely affecting bone matrix properties in individuals with OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Rummler
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Victoria Schemenz
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Centrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 14197, Germany
| | - Samantha McCluskey
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Anton Davydok
- Institute of Material Physics, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Frank Rauch
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Francis H Glorieux
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | | | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmermann
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
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Kovács K, Váncsa S, Agócs G, Harnos A, Hegyi P, Weninger V, Baross K, Kovács B, Soós G, Kocsis G. Anisotropy, Anatomical Region, and Additional Variables Influence Young's Modulus of Bone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10835. [PMID: 38130752 PMCID: PMC10731124 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of finite element analysis (FEA) is growing in orthopedic research, especially in implant design. However, Young's modulus (E) values, one of the most fundamental parameters, can range across a wide scale. Therefore, our study aimed to identify factors influencing E values in human bone specimens. We report our systematic review and meta-analysis based on the recommendation of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guideline. We conducted the analysis on November 21, 2021. We included studies investigating healthy human bone specimens and reported on E values regarding demographic data, specimen characteristics, and measurement specifics. In addition, we included study types reporting individual specimen measurements. From the acquired data, we created a cohort in which we performed an exploratory data analysis that included the explanatory variables selected by random forest and regression trees methods, and the comparison of groups using independent samples Welch's t test. A total of 756 entries were included from 48 articles. Eleven different bones of the human body were included in these articles. The range of E values is between 0.008 and 33.7 GPa. The E values were most heavily influenced by the cortical or cancellous type of bone tested. Measuring method (compression, tension, bending, and nanoindentation), the anatomical region within a bone, the position of the bone within the skeleton, and the bone specimen size had a decreasing impact on the E values. Bone anisotropy, specimen condition, patient age, and sex were selected as important variables considering the value of E. On the basis of our results, E values of a bone change with bone characteristics, measurement techniques, and demographic variables. Therefore, the evaluation of FEA should be performed after the standardization of in vitro measurement protocol. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Kovács
- Department of OrthopaedicsSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Szilárd Váncsa
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular CenterSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Gergely Agócs
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Andrea Harnos
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineBudapestHungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular CenterSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Viktor Weninger
- Department of OrthopaedicsSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Katinka Baross
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Bence Kovács
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Gergely Soós
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - György Kocsis
- Department of OrthopaedicsSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
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Kochetkova T, Hanke MS, Indermaur M, Groetsch A, Remund S, Neuenschwander B, Michler J, Siebenrock KA, Zysset P, Schwiedrzik J. Composition and micromechanical properties of the femoral neck compact bone in relation to patient age, sex and hip fracture occurrence. Bone 2023; 177:116920. [PMID: 37769956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Current clinical methods of bone health assessment depend to a great extent on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. However, these methods only act as a proxy for bone strength and are often only carried out after the fracture occurs. Besides BMD, composition and tissue-level mechanical properties are expected to affect the whole bone's strength and toughness. While the elastic properties of the bone extracellular matrix (ECM) have been extensively investigated over the past two decades, there is still limited knowledge of the yield properties and their relationship to composition and architecture. In the present study, morphological, compositional and micropillar compression bone data was collected from patients who underwent hip arthroplasty. Femoral neck samples from 42 patients were collected together with anonymous clinical information about age, sex and primary diagnosis (coxarthrosis or hip fracture). The femoral neck cortex from the inferomedial region was analyzed in a site-matched manner using a combination of micromechanical testing (nanoindentation, micropillar compression) together with micro-CT and quantitative polarized Raman spectroscopy for both morphological and compositional characterization. Mechanical properties, as well as the sample-level mineral density, were constant over age. Only compositional properties demonstrate weak dependence on patient age: decreasing mineral to matrix ratio (p = 0.02, R2 = 0.13, 2.6 % per decade) and increasing amide I sub-peak ratio I∼1660/I∼1683 (p = 0.04, R2 = 0.11, 1.5 % per decade). The patient's sex and diagnosis did not seem to influence investigated bone properties. A clear zonal dependence between interstitial and osteonal cortical zones was observed for compositional and elastic bone properties (p < 0.0001). Site-matched microscale analysis confirmed that all investigated mechanical properties except yield strain demonstrate a positive correlation with the mineral fraction of bone. The output database is the first to integrate the experimentally assessed microscale yield properties, local tissue composition and morphology with the available patient clinical information. The final dataset was used for bone fracture risk prediction in-silico through the principal component analysis and the Naïve Bayes classification algorithm. The analysis showed that the mineral to matrix ratio, indentation hardness and micropillar yield stress are the most relevant parameters for bone fracture risk prediction at 70 % model accuracy (0.71 AUC). Due to the low number of samples, further studies to build a universal fracture prediction algorithm are anticipated with the higher number of patients (N > 200). The proposed classification algorithm together with the output dataset of bone tissue properties can be used for the future comparison of existing methods to evaluate bone quality as well as to form a better understanding of the mechanisms through which bone tissue is affected by aging or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kochetkova
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland.
| | - Markus S Hanke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Indermaur
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Groetsch
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Remund
- Institute for Applied Laser, Photonics and Surface Technologies (ALPS), Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beat Neuenschwander
- Institute for Applied Laser, Photonics and Surface Technologies (ALPS), Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Klaus A Siebenrock
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Zysset
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Schwiedrzik
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland.
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Marty AG, Barbone PE, Morgan EF. Multiscale theoretical model shows that aging-related mechanical degradation of cortical bone is driven by microstructural changes in addition to porosity. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 145:106029. [PMID: 37499524 PMCID: PMC10528045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to gain mechanistic understanding of how aging-related changes in the microstructure of cortical bone drive mechanical consequences at the macroscale. To that end, cortical bone was modeled as a bundle of elastic-plastic, parallel fibers, which represented osteons and interstitial tissue, loaded in uniaxial tension. Distinct material properties were assigned to each fiber in either the osteon or interstitial fiber "families." Models representative of mature (20-60 yrs.) bone, and elderly (60+) bone were created by modeling aging via the following changes to the input parameters: (i) increasing porosity from 5% to 15%, (ii) increasing the ratio of the number of osteon fibers relative to interstitial fibers from 40% to 50%, and (iii) changing the fiber material properties from representing mature bone samples to representing elderly bone samples (i.e., increased strength and decreased toughness of interstitial fibers together with decreased toughness of osteon fibers). To understand the respective contributions of these changes, additional models isolating one or two of each of these were also created. From the computed stress-strain curve for the fiber bundle, the yield point (ϵy, σy), ultimate point (ϵu, σu), and toughness (UT) for the bundle as a whole were measured. We found that changes to all three input parameters were required for the model to capture the aging-related decline in cortical bone mechanical properties consistent with those previously reported in the literature. In both mature and elderly bundles, rupture of the interstitial fibers drove the initial loss of strength following the ultimate point. Plasticity and more gradual rupture of the osteons drove the remainder of the response. Both the onset and completion of interstitial fiber rupture occurred at lower strains in the elderly vs. mature case. These findings point to the importance of studying microstructural changes beyond porosity, such as the area fraction of osteons and the material properties of osteon and interstitial tissue, in order to further understanding of aging-related changes in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gutiérrez Marty
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
| | - Paul E Barbone
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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Zu H, Zhang K, Zhang H, Qian X. An Inverse Method to Determine Mechanical Parameters of Porcine Vitreous Bodies Based on the Indentation Test. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:646. [PMID: 37370577 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitreous body keeps the lens and retina in place and protects these tissues from physical insults. Existing studies have reported that the mechanical properties of vitreous body varied after liquefaction, suggesting mechanical properties could be effective parameters to identify vitreous liquefaction process. Thus, in this work, we aimed to propose a method to determine the mechanical properties of vitreous bodies. Fresh porcine eyes were divided into three groups, including the untreated group, the 24 h liquefaction group and the 48 h liquefaction group, which was injected collagenase and then kept for 24 h or 48 h. The indentation tests were carried out on the vitreous body in its natural location while the posterior segment of the eye was fixed in the container. A finite element model of a specimen undertaking indentation was constructed to simulate the indentation test with surface tension of vitreous body considered. Using the inverse method, the mechanical parameters of the vitreous body and the surface tension coefficient were determined. For the same parameter, values were highest in the untreated group, followed by the 24 h liquefaction group and the lowest in the 48 h liquefaction group. For C10 in the neo-Hookean model, the significant differences were found between the untreated group and liquefaction groups. This work quantified vitreous body mechanical properties successfully using inverse method, which provides a new method for identifying vitreous liquefactions related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicheng Zu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Kunya Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuqing Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Bonicelli A, Tay T, Cobb JP, Boughton OR, Hansen U, Abel RL, Zioupos P. Association between nanoscale strains and tissue level nanoindentation properties in age-related hip-fractures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105573. [PMID: 36525874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the properties of bone as a material can happen in various length scales in its hierarchical and composite structure. The aim of this study was to test the tissue level properties of clinically-relevant human bone samples which were collected from donors belonging to three groups: ageing donors who suffered no fractures (Control); untreated fracture patients (Fx-Untreated) and patient who experienced hip fracture despite being treated with bisphosphonates (Fx-BisTreated). Tissue level properties were assessed by (a) nanoindentation and (b) synchrotron tensile tests (STT) where strains were measured at the 'tissue', 'fibril' and 'mineral' levels by using simultaneous Wide-angle - (WAXD) and Small angle- X-ray diffraction (SAXD). The composition was analysed by thermogravimetric analysis and material level endo- and exo-thermic reactions by differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC3+). Irrespective of treatment fracture donors exhibited significantly lower tissue, fibril and mineral strain at the micro and nanoscale respectively and had a higher mineral content than controls. In nanoindentation only nanohardness was significantly greater for Controls and Fx-BisTreated versus Fx-Untreated. The other nanoindentation parameters did not vary significantly across the three groups. There was a highly significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) between organic content and tissue level strain behaviour. Overall hip-fractures were associated with lower STT nanostrains and it was behaviour measured by STT which proved to be a more effective approach for predicting fracture risk because evidently it was able to demonstrate the mechanical deficit for the bone tissue of the donors who had experienced fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonicelli
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK; Musculoskeletal & Medicolegal Research Group, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Tabitha Tay
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - Justin P Cobb
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - Oliver R Boughton
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - Ulrich Hansen
- The Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, London, SW7 2AZ, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard L Abel
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - Peter Zioupos
- Musculoskeletal & Medicolegal Research Group, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, UK.
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Allahyari P, Silani M, Yaghoubi V, Milovanovic P, Schmidt FN, Busse B, Qwamizadeh M. On the fracture behavior of cortical bone microstructure: The effects of morphology and material characteristics of bone structural components. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105530. [PMID: 36334581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bone encompasses a complex arrangement of materials at different length scales, which endows it with a range of mechanical, chemical, and biological capabilities. Changes in the microstructure and characteristics of the material, as well as the accumulation of microcracks, affect the bone fracture properties. In this study, two-dimensional finite element models of the microstructure of cortical bone were considered. The eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) developed by Abaqus software was used for the analysis of the microcrack propagation in the model as well as for local sensitivity analysis. The stress-strain behavior obtained for the different introduced models was substantially different, confirming the importance of bone tissue microstructure for its failure behavior. Considering the role of interfaces, the results highlighted the effect of cement lines on the crack deflection path and global fracture behavior of the bone microstructure. Furthermore, bone micromorphology and areal fraction of cortical bone tissue components such as osteons, cement lines, and pores affected the bone fracture behavior; specifically, pores altered the crack propagation path since increasing porosity reduced the maximum stress needed to start crack propagation. Therefore, cement line structure, mineralization, and areal fraction are important parameters in bone fracture. The parameter-wise sensitivity analysis demonstrated that areal fraction and strain energy release rate had the greatest and the lowest effect on ultimate strength, respectively. Furthermore, the component-wise sensitivity analysis revealed that for the areal fraction parameter, pores had the greatest effect on ultimate strength, whereas for the other parameters such as elastic modulus and strain energy release rate, cement lines had the most important effect on the ultimate strength. In conclusion, the finding of the current study can help to predict the fracture mechanisms in bone by taking the morphological and material properties of its microstructure into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Allahyari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - M Silani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - V Yaghoubi
- Structural Integrity & Composites, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS, Delft, Netherlands
| | - P Milovanovic
- Center of Bone Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - F N Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Qwamizadeh
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Hierarchical Structure and Properties of the Bone at Nano Level. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110677. [PMID: 36354587 PMCID: PMC9687701 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly hierarchical complex structure that consists of organic and mineral components represented by collagen molecules (CM) and hydroxyapatite crystals (HAC), respectively. The nanostructure of bone can significantly affect its mechanical properties. There is a lack of understanding how collagen fibrils (CF) in different orientations may affect the mechanical properties of the bone. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of interaction, orientation, and hydration on atomic models of the bone composed of collagen helix (CH) and HAC, using molecular dynamics simulations and therefrom bone-related disease origins. The results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the bone are affected significantly by the orientation of the CF attributed to contact areas at 0° and 90° models. The molecular dynamics simulation illustrated that there is significant difference (p < 0.005) in the ultimate tensile strength and toughness with respect to the orientation of the hydrated and un-hydrated CF. Additionally, the results indicated that having the force in a longitudinal direction (0°) provides more strength compared with the CF in the perpendicular direction (90°). Furthermore, the results show that substituting glycine (GLY) with any other amino acid affects the mechanical properties and strength of the CH, collagen−hydroxyapatite interface, and eventually affects the HAC. Generally, hydration dramatically influences bone tissue elastic properties, and any change in the orientation or any abnormality in the atomic structure of either the CM or the HAC would be the main reason of the fragility in the bone, affecting bone pathology.
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9
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Zhang G, Li Z, Li N, Shi J, Fan H, Mao H. Mechanical properties of young mice tibia in four circumferential quadrants under nanoindentation. J Biomech 2022; 144:111350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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10
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Sun X, Wu W, Zhang R, Qu H, Wang J, Xu K, Fang L, Xu L, Jiang R. Mechanical response and in-situ deformation mechanism of cortical bone materials under combined compression and torsion loads. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271301. [PMID: 35895673 PMCID: PMC9328520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture is an extremely dangerous health risk to human. Actually, cortical bone is often subjected to the complicated loading patterns. The mechanical properties and deformation mechanism under the complicated loading pattern could provide a more precise understanding for the bone fracture. For this purpose, the mechanical response and multi-scale deformation mechanism of cortical bone material were investigated by in-situ experimental research using the compression-torsion coupling loads as an example. It was found that the torsion strength and shear modulus all decreased under the compression-torsion coupling loads than single torsion load. This indicated bone would suffer greater risk of fracture under the compression-torsion coupling loads. Based on in-situ observation, it was found that the rapid reduction of the anisotropy of bone material under the compression load was the potential influencing factor. Because of the redistribution of the principal strain and the variations of cracks propagation, the comprehensive fracture pattern containing both transverse and longitudinal fracture was shown under the coupling loads, and finally resulted in the reduction of the torsion properties. This research could provide new references for researches on mechanical properties of cortical bone material under complicated loading patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Sun
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wandi Wu
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renbo Zhang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongru Qu
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangfei Fang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangyuan Xu
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Jiang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Bonicelli A, Kranioti EF, Xhemali B, Arnold E, Zioupos P. Assessing bone maturity: Compositional and mechanical properties of rib cortical bone at different ages. Bone 2022; 155:116265. [PMID: 34844026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding what maturity entails for bone, when it arrives, and its pre- and post-maturity traits and properties are very important for understanding its evolution and physiology. There is a clear but fine distinction between the chronological age of bone (the age of its donor) and the tissue age of the bone packets it comprises at the microscopic level. Whole bone fragility changes with age due to mass and architecture effects, but so do the properties of bone at the tissue level. Tissue age and tissue-level properties are therefore increasingly attracting a great deal of attention recently. The present study investigated compositional and material changes in the hydroxyapatite crystals, the collagenous phase, changes in bone matrix composition and its nanoindentation properties and their decline with chronological age in later life. The aim was to track the age threshold at which cortical bone arrives at maturity and what happens following that threshold. To do so FTIR, DSC/TGA, XRD, nanoindentation and microindentation were used to investigate rib cortical bone material across a cohort of 86 individuals from one ethnic group with age spanning between 17 and 82 years. Results of this cross-sectional study showed a clear increase in mineral content relative to the organic and water contents across all ages. Furthermore, an increase in crystal size and consequent decrease in strain (coherence length) was detected associated with secondary mineralisation and an increase in carbonate substitution. Overall, we observe a number of modifications which contribute to a typical functional behaviour of bone showing an increase in both indentation modulus and hardness until the age of about 35 after which both of these properties decline gradually and concomitantly to other physicochemical changes and seemingly until the end of one's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonicelli
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Musculoskeletal & Medicolegal Research Group, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, UK
| | - Elena F Kranioti
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Emily Arnold
- Musculoskeletal & Medicolegal Research Group, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, UK
| | - Peter Zioupos
- Musculoskeletal & Medicolegal Research Group, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, UK.
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12
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Mouss MEL, Merzouki T, Rekik A, Hambli R. Multiscale approach incorporating tropocollagen scale to assess the effect of molecular age-related modifications on elastic constants of cortical bone based on finite element and homogenization methods. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 128:105130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Sang W, Li Y, Guignon J, Liu XS, Ural A. Structural role of osteocyte lacunae on mechanical properties of bone matrix: A cohesive finite element study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 125:104943. [PMID: 34736032 PMCID: PMC8670554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive studies on biological function of osteocytes, there are limited studies that evaluated the structural role of osteocyte lacunae on local mechanical properties of the bone matrix. As a result, the goal of this study was to elucidate the independent contribution of osteocyte lacunae structure on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the bone matrix uncoupled from its biological effects and bone tissue composition variation. This study combined cohesive finite element modeling with experimental data from a lactation rat model to evaluate the influence of osteocyte lacunar area porosity, density, size, axis ratio, and orientation on the elastic modulus, ultimate strength, and ultimate strain of the bone matrix as well as on local crack formation and propagation. It also performed a parametric study to isolate the influence of a single osteocyte lacunae structural property on the mechanical properties of the bone matrix. The experimental measurements demonstrated statistically significant differences in lacunar size between ovariectomized rats with lactation history and virgin groups (both ovariectomized and intact) and in axis ratio between rats with lactation history and virgins. There were no differences in mechanical properties between virgin and lactation groups as determined by the finite element simulations. However, there were statistically significant linear relationships between the physiological range of osteocyte lacunar area porosity, density, size, and orientation and the elastic modulus and ultimate strength of the bone matrix in virgin and lactation rats. The parametric study also revealed similar but stronger relationships between elastic modulus and ultimate strength and lacunar density, size, and orientation. The simulations also demonstrated that the osteocyte lacunae guided the crack propagation through local stress concentrations. In summary, this study enhanced the limited knowledge on the structural role of osteocyte lacunae on local mechanical properties of the bone matrix. These data are important in gaining a better understanding of the mechanical implications of the local modifications due to osteocytes in the bone matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 332A Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jane Guignon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 332A Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ani Ural
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, USA.
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14
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Lei C, Xie Z, Wu K, Fu Q. Controlled Vertically Aligned Structures in Polymer Composites: Natural Inspiration, Structural Processing, and Functional Application. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103495. [PMID: 34590751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned structures, which are a series of characteristic conformations with thickness-direction alignment, interconnection, or assembly of filler in polymeric composite materials that can provide remarkable structural performance and advanced anisotropic functions, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. The past two decades have witnessed extensive development with regard to universal fabrication methods, subtle control of morphological features, improvement of functional properties, and superior applications of vertically aligned structures in various fields. However, a systematic review remains to be attempted. The various configurations of vertical structures inspired from biological samples in nature, such as vertically aligned structures with honeycomb, reed, annual ring, radial, and lamellar configurations are summarized here. Additionally, relevant processing methods, which include the transformation of oriented direction, external-field inducement, template method, and 3D printing method, are discussed in detail. The diverse applications in mechanical, thermal, electric, dielectric, electromagnetic, water treatment, and energy fields are also highlighted by providing representative examples. Finally, future opportunities and prospects are listed to identify current issues and potential research directions. It is expected that perspectives on the vertically aligned structures presented here will contribute to the research on advanced multifunctional composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxin Lei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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15
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Yu YE, Hu YJ, Zhou B, Wang J, Guo XE. Microstructure Determines Apparent-Level Mechanics Despite Tissue-Level Anisotropy and Heterogeneity of Individual Plates and Rods in Normal Human Trabecular Bone. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1796-1807. [PMID: 33989436 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular plates and rods determine apparent elastic modulus and yield strength of trabecular bone, serving as important indicators of bone's mechanical integrity in health and disease. Although trabecular bone's apparent-level mechanical properties have been widely reported, tissue mechanical properties of individual trabeculae have not been fully characterized. We systematically measured tissue mineral density (TMD)-dependent elastic modulus of individual trabeculae using microindentation and characterized its anisotropy as a function of trabecular type (plate or rod), trabecular orientation in the global coordinate (longitudinal, oblique, or transverse along the anatomic loading axis), and indentation direction along the local trabecular coordinate (axial or lateral). Human trabecular bone samples were scanned by micro-computed tomography for TMD and microstructural measurements. Individual trabecula segmentation was used to decompose trabecular network into individual trabeculae, where trabecular type and orientation were determined. We performed precise, selective indentation of trabeculae in each category using a custom-built, microscope-coupled microindentation device. Co-localization of TMD at each indentation site was performed to obtain TMD-to-modulus correlations. We found significantly higher TMD and tissue modulus in trabecular plates than rods. Regardless of trabecular type and orientation, axial tissue modulus was consistently higher than lateral tissue modulus, with ratios ranging from 1.13 to 1.41. Correlations between TMD and tissue modulus measured from axial and lateral indentations were strong but distinct: axial correlation predicted higher tissue modulus than lateral correlation at the same TMD level. To assess the contribution of experimentally measured anisotropic tissue properties of individual trabeculae to apparent-level mechanics, we constructed non-linear micro-finite element models using a new set of trabecular bone samples and compared model predictions to mechanical testing measurements. Heterogeneous anisotropic models accurately predicted apparent elastic modulus but were no better than a simple homogeneous isotropic model. Variances in tissue-level properties may therefore contribute nominally to apparent-level mechanics in normal human trabecular bone. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Eric Yu
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yizhong Jenny Hu
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ji Wang
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Singleton RC, Pharr GM, Nyman JS. Increased tissue-level storage modulus and hardness with age in male cortical bone and its association with decreased fracture toughness. Bone 2021; 148:115949. [PMID: 33862261 PMCID: PMC8102428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of bone fracture increases with age, due to both declining bone quantity and quality. Toward the goal of an improved understanding of the causes of the age-related decline in the fracture toughness of male cortical bone, nanoindentation experiments were performed on femoral diaphysis specimens from men aged 21-98 years. Because aged bone has less matrix-bound water and dry bone is less viscoelastic, we used a nanoindentation method that is sensitive to changes in viscoelasticity. Given the anisotropy of bone stiffness, longitudinal (n = 26) and transverse (n = 25) specimens relative to the long axis of the femur diaphysis were tested both dry in air and immersed in phosphate buffered saline solution. Indentation stiffness (storage modulus) and hardness increased with age, while viscoelasticity (loss modulus) was independent of donor age. The increases in indentation stiffness and hardness with age were best explained by increased mineralization with age. Indentation stiffness and hardness were negatively correlated with previously acquired fracture toughness parameters, which is consistent with a tradeoff between material strength and toughness. In keeping with the complex structure of bone, a combination of tissue-level storage modulus or hardness, bound water, and osteonal area in regression models best explained the variance in the fracture toughness of male human cortical bone. On the other hand, viscoelasticity was unchanged with age and was not associated with fracture toughness. In conclusion, the age-related increase in stiffness and hardness of male cortical bone may be one of the multiple tissue-level characteristics that contributes to decreased fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Singleton
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - George M Pharr
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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17
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Smit TH. Closing the osteon: Do osteocytes sense strain rate rather than fluid flow? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000327. [PMID: 34111316 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Osteons are cylindrical structures of bone created by matrix resorbing osteoclasts, followed by osteoblasts that deposit new bone. Osteons align with the principal loading direction and it is thought that the osteoclasts are directed by osteocytes, the mechanosensitive cells that reside inside the bone matrix. These osteocytes are presumably controlled by interstitial fluid flow, induced by the physiological loading of bones. Here I consider the stimulation of osteocytes while the osteon is closed by osteoblasts. In a conceptual finite element model, bone is considered a poro-elastic material and subjected to locomotion-induced loading conditions. It appears that the magnitude of flow is constant along the closing cone, while shear strain rate in the bone matrix diminishes linearly with the deposition of bone. This suggests that shear strain rate, rather than fluid flow, is the physical cue that controls osteocytes and bone deposition in newly formed osteons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoor H Smit
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Stockhausen KE, Qwamizadeh M, Wölfel EM, Hemmatian H, Fiedler IAK, Flenner S, Longo E, Amling M, Greving I, Ritchie RO, Schmidt FN, Busse B. Collagen Fiber Orientation Is Coupled with Specific Nano-Compositional Patterns in Dark and Bright Osteons Modulating Their Biomechanical Properties. ACS NANO 2021; 15:455-467. [PMID: 33404232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone continuously adapts to its mechanical environment by structural reorganization to maintain mechanical strength. As the adaptive capabilities of bone are portrayed in its nano- and microstructure, the existence of dark and bright osteons with contrasting preferential collagen fiber orientation (longitudinal and oblique-angled, respectively) points at a required tissue heterogeneity that contributes to the excellent fracture resistance mechanisms in bone. Dark and bright osteons provide an exceptional opportunity to deepen our understanding of how nanoscale tissue properties influence and guide fracture mechanisms at larger length scales. To this end, a comprehensive structural, compositional, and mechanical assessment is performed using circularly polarized light microscopy, synchrotron nanocomputed tomography, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy, quantitative backscattered electron imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nanoindentation testing. To predict how the mechanical behavior of osteons is affected by shifts in collagen fiber orientation, finite element models are generated. Fundamental disparities between both osteon types are observed: dark osteons are characterized by a higher degree of mineralization along with a higher ratio of inorganic to organic matrix components that lead to higher stiffness and the ability to resist plastic deformation under compression. On the contrary, bright osteons contain a higher fraction of collagen and provide enhanced ductility and energy dissipation due to lower stiffness and hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E Stockhausen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mahan Qwamizadeh
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Wölfel
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haniyeh Hemmatian
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imke A K Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silja Flenner
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Elena Longo
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imke Greving
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix N Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Ma Z, Qiang Z, Zeng K, Xiao J, Zhou L, Zu L, Zhao H, Ren L. Prediction of cross section fracture path of cortical bone through nanoindentation array. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 116:104303. [PMID: 33497960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although great progresses in the fracture mechanisms and deformation behaviors of cortical bones have been achieved, the effective methods to predict the surface fracture path of cortical bones are still difficult. By using depth-sensing nanoindentation measurement technique, the hardness distribution map of cortical bones was obtained through nanoindentation array. Combined with the compressive tests under approximate in vivo environment and micro computed tomography (CT) analysis, the correlation between hardness distribution map and compressive fracture path on the cross section of cortical bone was established. Through extracting the high hardness regions from the hardness distribution map and connecting the high hardness regions combined with the minimum directional derivative principle, the fracture path on cross section under compressive stress was accurately predicted. The feasibility of the prediction method was verified through the comparison between the fitted and actual fracture paths of specimens with sampling orientations of 90° and 45°. The relation between the regions where the fracture propagation path passed through and distribution of Haversian canals were also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Ma
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China; Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Zhenfeng Qiang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China; Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Kaiyang Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore
| | - Jianlin Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Liming Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China; Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China.
| | - Lihui Zu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
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20
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Raymond SJ, Maragh J, Masic A, Williams JR. Towards an understanding of the chemo-mechanical influences on kidney stone failure via the material point method. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240133. [PMID: 33306670 PMCID: PMC7732073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the use of the meshfree computational mechanics method, the Material Point Method (MPM), to model the composition and damage of typical renal calculi, or kidney stones. Kidney stones are difficult entities to model due to their complex structure and failure behavior. Better understanding of how these stones behave when they are broken apart is a vital piece of knowledge to medical professionals whose aim is to remove these stone by breaking them within a patient’s body. While the properties of individual stones are varied, the common elements and proportions are used to generate synthetic stones that are then placed in a digital experiment to observe their failure patterns. First a more traditional engineering model of a Brazil test is used to create a tensile fracture within the center of these stones to observe the effect of stone consistency on failure behavior. Next a novel application of MPM is applied which relies on an ultrasonic wave being carried by surrounding fluid to model the ultrasonic treatment of stones commonly used by medical practitioners. This numerical modeling of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) reveals how these different stones failure in a more real-world situation and could be used to guide further research in this field for safer and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Raymond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Janille Maragh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Admir Masic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - John R. Williams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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21
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Gustafsson A, Wallin M, Isaksson H. The influence of microstructure on crack propagation in cortical bone at the mesoscale. J Biomech 2020; 112:110020. [PMID: 32980752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microstructure of cortical bone is key for the tissue's high toughness and strength and efficient toughening mechanisms have been identified at the microscale, for example when propagating cracks interact with the osteonal microstructure. Finite element models have been proposed as suitable tools for analyzing the complex link between the local tissue structure and the fracture resistance of cortical bone. However, previous models that could capture realistic crack paths in cortical bone were due to the required computational effort limited to idealized osteon geometries and small (<1 mm2) model domains. The objective of this study was therefore to bridge the gap between experimental and numerical analysis of crack propagation in cortical bone by introducing image-based models at the mesoscale. Tissue orientation maps from high-resolution micro-CT images were used to define the distribution and orientation of weak interfaces in the models. Crack propagation was simulated using the extended finite element method in combination with an interface damage model, previously developed to simulate crack propagation in microstructural osteon models. The results showed that image-based mesoscale models can be used to capture interactions between cracks and microstructure. The simulated crack paths predicted the general trends seen in experiments with more irregular patterns for cracks propagating perpendicular compared to parallel to the osteon orientation. In all, the proposed method enabled an efficient description of the tissue level microstructure, which is a necessity to predict realistic crack paths in cortical bone and is an important step towards simulating crack propagation in bone models in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mathias Wallin
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Zelaya-Lainez L, Kariem H, Nischkauer W, Limbeck A, Hellmich C. "Variances" and "in-variances" in hierarchical porosity and composition, across femoral tissues from cow, horse, ostrich, emu, pig, rabbit, and frog. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111234. [PMID: 32919621 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is very well known that bone is a hierarchically organized material produced by bone cells residing in the fluid environments filling (larger) vascular pores and (smaller) lacunar pores. The extracellular space consists of hydroxyapatite crystals, collagen type I molecules, and water with non-collageneous organics. It is less known to which extent the associated quantities (mineral, organic, and water concentrations; vascular, lacunar, and extracellular porosities) vary across species, organs, and ages. We here investigate the aforementioned quantities across femoral shaft tissues from cow, horse, emu, frog, ostrich, pig, and rabbit; by means of light microscopy and dehydration-demineralization tests; thereby revealing interesting invariances: The extracellular volume fractions of organic matter turn out to be similar across all tested non-amphibian tissues; as do the extracellular volume fractions of hydroxyapatite across all tested mammals. Hence, the chemical composition of the femoral extracellular bone matrix is remarkably "invariant" across differently aged mammals; while the water content shows significant variations, as does the partitions of water between the different pore spaces. The latter exhibit strikingly varying morphologies as well. This finding adds to the ample "universal patterns" in the sense of evolutionary developmental biology; and it provides interesting design requirements for the development of novel biomimetic tissue engineering solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Zelaya-Lainez
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien - Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/E202, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hawraa Kariem
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien - Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/E202, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Nischkauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Division of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, TU Wien - Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Division of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, TU Wien - Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hellmich
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien - Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/E202, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
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Wang S, Hu Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Liu G, Yan Z, Li Q, Zhou Z, Li Z. Influences of bioapatite mineral and fibril structure on the mechanical properties of chicken bone during the laying period. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6393-6399. [PMID: 31420658 PMCID: PMC8913768 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laying hens suffer from osteoporosis during their laying period, which causes bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. This study evaluated the changes of mechanical properties of their bones during the laying period (from 18 to 77 wk) by using nano-indentation, atomic force microscope, X-Ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Results indicated that the crystallite sizes of bioapatite in femur decreased significantly from 34.45 to 29.26 nm during aging from 18 to 49 wk. Then, the value increased to 37.79 nm at 77 wk. Despite the abundance in bone (usually >50 wt.%), bioapatite mineral content showed no continuous enhancement during aging. The fibrils demonstrated more regular and organized structure during the laying period. Meanwhile the elastic moduli (E) and hardness (H) of femur increased from 10.84 to 18.39 GPa and 43.79 to 97.21 Vickers respectively during this period. The changes in mechanical properties are hence tightly related to the structure of bone (composed of both collagen and mineral), rather than directly related to the mineralogical properties of bone bioapatite. This study addressed the importance of the interaction between collagen and bioapatite mineral during the laying period of hens by microscopic, physicochemical, and mechanical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yunxiao Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yiling Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhuojun Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Qiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Moghaddam AO, Wei J, Kim J, Dunn AC, Wagoner Johnson AJ. An indentation-based approach to determine the elastic constants of soft anisotropic tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 103:103539. [PMID: 31783285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the mechanical properties of tissue can help to understand tissue mechanobiology, including disease diagnosis and progression. Indentation is increasingly used to measure the local mechanical properties of tissue, but it has not been fully adapted to capture anisotropic properties. This paper presents an indentation-based method to measure elastic constants of soft anisotropic tissues without additional mechanical tests. The approach uses measurement of the indentation modulus and the aspect ratio of the elliptical contact introduced by anisotropic mechanical properties of tissue to determine the elastic constants from finite element analysis. The imprinted area imparted by a fluorescent bead-coated spherical indenter showed the aspect ratio of the contact area, giving a generalized sense of the level of anisotropy, and instrumented indentation determined the indentation modulus. A parametric study using finite element simulation of the indentation tests established the relationship between the aspect ratio of contact and the non-dimensional ratios, Ex/Ey and Gxy/Ey; here, Ex and Ey are the Young's moduli (Ex > Ey) and Gxy is the shear modulus in the xy plane. For strongly anisotropic materials (Ex/Ey > 150), aspect ratio and indentation modulus are sufficient to determine Gxy and Ey. For weakly anisotropic materials, indentation modulus in the transverse direction, Ey, and the aspect ratio of contact in the anisotropic plane can be used to determine the elastic constants. The proposed approach improves the elastic characterization of soft, anisotropic biological materials from indentation and helps to elucidate the complex mechanical behavior of soft anisotropic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ostadi Moghaddam
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jiho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Alison C Dunn
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Amy J Wagoner Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 320 Illini Union Bookstore, 807 S Wright St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Gustafsson A, Wallin M, Isaksson H. Age-related properties at the microscale affect crack propagation in cortical bone. J Biomech 2019; 95:109326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gustafsson A, Wallin M, Khayyeri H, Isaksson H. Crack propagation in cortical bone is affected by the characteristics of the cement line: a parameter study using an XFEM interface damage model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1247-1261. [PMID: 30963356 PMCID: PMC6647448 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bulk properties of cortical bone have been well characterized experimentally, and potent toughening mechanisms, e.g., crack deflections, have been identified at the microscale. However, it is currently difficult to experimentally measure local damage properties and isolate their effect on the tissue fracture resistance. Instead, computer models can be used to analyze the impact of local characteristics and structures, but material parameters required in computer models are not well established. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the material parameters that are important for crack propagation in cortical bone and to elucidate what parameters need to be better defined experimentally. A comprehensive material parameter study was performed using an XFEM interface damage model in 2D to simulate crack propagation around an osteon at the microscale. The importance of 14 factors (material parameters) on four different outcome criteria (maximum force, fracture energy, crack length and crack trajectory) was evaluated using ANOVA for three different osteon orientations. The results identified factors related to the cement line to influence the crack propagation, where the interface strength was important for the ability to deflect cracks. Crack deflection was also favored by low interface stiffness. However, the cement line properties are not well determined experimentally and need to be better characterized. The matrix and osteon stiffness had no or low impact on the crack pattern. Furthermore, the results illustrated how reduced matrix toughness promoted crack penetration of the cement line. This effect is highly relevant for the understanding of the influence of aging on crack propagation and fracture resistance in cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mathias Wallin
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanifeh Khayyeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Semaan M, Karam E, Baron C, Pithioux M. Estimation of the elastic modulus of child cortical bone specimens via microindentation. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:399-405. [PMID: 30646770 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1570170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Non-pathological child cortical bone (NPCCB) studies can provide clinicians with vital information and insights. However, assessing the anisotropic elastic properties of NPCCB remains a challenge for the biomechanical engineering community. For the first time, this paper provides elastic moduli values for NPCCB specimens in two perpendicular directions (longitudinal and transverse) and for two different structural components of bone tissue (osteon and interstitial lamellae). Materials and Methods: Microindentation is one of the reference methods used to measure bone stiffness. Here, 8 adult femurs (mean age 82 ± 8.9 years), 3 child femurs (mean age 13.3 ± 2.1 years), and 16 child fibulae (mean age 10.2 ± 3.9 years) were used to assess the elastic moduli of adult and child bones by microindentation. Results: For adult specimens, the mean moduli measured in this study are 18.1 (2.6) GPa for osteons, 21.3 (2.3) GPa for interstitial lamellae, and 13.8 (1.7) GPa in the transverse direction. For child femur specimens, the mean modulus is 14.1 (0.8) GPa for osteons, lower than that for interstitial lamellae: 15.5 (1.5) GPa. The mean modulus is 11.8 (0.7) GPa in the transverse direction. Child fibula specimens show a higher elastic modulus for interstitial lamellae 15.8 (1.5) than for osteons 13.5 (1.6), with 10.2 (1) GPa in the transverse direction. Conclusion: For the first time, NPCCB elastic modulus values are provided in longitudinal and transverse directions at the microscale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Semaan
- a Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci , Marseille , France.,b Faculty of Engineering , University of Balamand , Al Kurah , Lebanon.,c APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , , Marseille , France
| | - Elie Karam
- b Faculty of Engineering , University of Balamand , Al Kurah , Lebanon
| | - Cécile Baron
- a Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci , Marseille , France.,c APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , , Marseille , France
| | - Martine Pithioux
- a Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci , Marseille , France.,c APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , , Marseille , France
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Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Mechanical Anisotropy in Canine Bone Tissues of Various Ages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3503152. [PMID: 31341896 PMCID: PMC6611092 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3503152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of age on mechanical behavior and microstructure anisotropy of bone is often ignored by researchers engaged in the study of biomechanics. The objective of our study was to determine the variations in mechanical properties of canine femoral cortical bone with age and the mechanical anisotropy between the longitudinal and transverse directions. Twelve beagles divided into three age groups (6, 12, and 36 months) were sacrificed and all femurs were extracted. The longitudinal and transverse samples of cortical bone were harvested from three regions of diaphysis (proximal, central, and distal). A nanoindentation technique was used for simultaneously measuring force and displacement of a diamond tip pressed 2000nm into the hydrated bone tissue. An elastic modulus was calculated from the unloading curve with an assumed Poisson ratio of 0.3, while hardness was defined as the maximal force divided by the corresponding contact area. The mechanical properties of cortical bone were determined from 852 indents on two orthogonal cross-sectional surfaces. Mean elastic modulus ranged from 7.56±0.32 GPa up to 21.56±2.35 GPa, while mean hardness ranged from 0.28±0.057 GPa up to 0.84±0.072 GPa. Mechanical properties of canine femoral cortical bone tended to increase with age, but the magnitudes of these increase for each region might be different. The longitudinal mechanical properties were significantly higher than that of transverse direction (P<0.01). A significant anisotropy was found in the mechanical properties while there was no significant correlation between the two orthogonal directions in each age group (r2<0.3). Beyond that, the longitudinal mechanical properties of the distal region in each age group were lower than the proximal and central regions. Hence, mechanical properties in nanostructure of bone tissue must differ mainly among age, sample direction, anatomical sites, and individuals. These results may help a number of researchers develop more accurate constitutive micromechanics models of bone tissue in future studies.
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An interface damage model that captures crack propagation at the microscale in cortical bone using XFEM. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 90:556-565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Grimal Q, Laugier P. Quantitative Ultrasound Assessment of Cortical Bone Properties Beyond Bone Mineral Density. Ing Rech Biomed 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ramchand SK, Seeman E. The Influence of Cortical Porosity on the Strength of Bone During Growth and Advancing Age. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:561-572. [PMID: 30187285 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone densitometry provides a two-dimensional projected areal apparent bone mineral density that fails to capture the heterogeneity of bone's material composition and macro-, micro-, and nano-structures critical to its material and structural strength. Assessment of the structural basis of bone fragility has focused largely on trabecular bone based on the common occurrence of fragility fractures at sites with substantial amounts of trabecular bone. This review focuses on the contribution of cortical bone to bone fragility throughout life. RECENT FINDINGS Accurately differentiating cortical and trabecular bone loss has important implications in quantifying bone fragility as these compartments have differing effects on bone strength. Recent advances in imaging methodology have improved distinction of these two compartments by (i) recognition of a cortico-trabecular transitional zone and (ii) quantifying bone microstructure in a region of interest that is a percentage of bone length rather than a fixed point. Additionally, non-invasive three-dimensional imaging methods allow more accurate quantification of changes in the cortical, trabecular, and cortico-trabecular compartments during growth, aging, disease, and treatment. Over 75% of the skeleton is assembled as cortical bone. Of all fragility fractures, ~ 80% are appendicular and involve regions rich in cortical bone and ~ 70% of all age-related appendicular bone loss is cortical and is mainly due to unbalanced intracortical remodeling which increases cortical porosity. The failure to achieve the optimal peak bone microstructure during growth due to disease and the deterioration in cortical and trabecular bone produced by bone loss compromise bone strength. The loss of strength produced by microstructural deterioration is disproportionate to the bone loss producing this deterioration. The reason for this is that the loss of strength increases as a 7th power function of the rise in cortical porosity and a 3rd power function of the fall in trabecular density (Schaffler and Burr in J Biomech. 21(1):13-6, 1988), hence the need to quantify bone microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabashini K Ramchand
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology, Level 2 Centaur Wing, Austin Health Repatriation Campus, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria, 3081, Australia.
| | - Ego Seeman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Level 2 Centaur Wing, Austin Health Repatriation Campus, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria, 3081, Australia
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Boughton OR, Ma S, Zhao S, Arnold M, Lewis A, Hansen U, Cobb JP, Giuliani F, Abel RL. Measuring bone stiffness using spherical indentation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200475. [PMID: 30001364 PMCID: PMC6042739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bone material properties are a major determinant of bone health in older age, both in terms of fracture risk and implant fixation, in orthopaedics and dentistry. Bone is an anisotropic and hierarchical material so its measured material properties depend upon the scale of metric used. The scale used should reflect the clinical problem, whether it is fracture risk, a whole bone problem, or implant stability, at the millimetre-scale. Indentation, an engineering technique involving pressing a hard-tipped material into another material with a known force, may be able to assess bone stiffness at the millimetre-scale (the apparent elastic modulus). We aimed to investigate whether spherical-tip indentation could reliably measure the apparent elastic modulus of human cortical bone. Materials and methods Cortical bone samples were retrieved from the femoral necks of nineteen patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery (10 females, 9 males, mean age: 69 years). The samples underwent indentation using a 1.5 mm diameter, ruby, spherical indenter tip, with sixty indentations per patient sample, across six locations on the bone surfaces, with ten repeated indentations at each of the six locations. The samples then underwent mechanical compression testing. The repeatability of indentation measurements of elastic modulus was assessed using the co-efficient of repeatability and the correlation between the bone elastic modulus measured by indentation and compression testing was analysed by least-squares regression. Results In total, 1140 indentations in total were performed. Indentation was found to be repeatable for indentations performed at the same locations on the bone samples with a mean co-efficient of repeatability of 0.4 GigaPascals (GPa), confidence interval (C.I): 0.33–0.42 GPa. There was variation in the indentation modulus results between different locations on the bone samples (mean co-efficient of repeatability: 3.1 GPa, C.I: 2.2–3.90 GPa). No clear correlation was observed between indentation and compression values of bone elastic modulus (r = 0.33, p = 0.17). The mean apparent elastic modulus obtained by spherical indentation was 9.9 GPa, the standard deviation for each indent cycle was 0.11 GPa, and the standard deviation between locations on the same sample was 1.01 GPa. The mean compression apparent elastic modulus was 4.42 GPa, standard deviation 1.02 GPa. Discussion Spherical-tip indentation was found to be a repeatable test for measuring the elastic modulus of human cortical bone, demonstrated by a low co-efficient of repeatability in this study. It could not, however, reliably predict cortical bone elastic modulus determined by platens compression testing in this study. This may be due to indentation only probing mechanical properties at the micro-scale while platens compression testing assesses millimetre length-scale properties. Improvements to the testing technique, including the use of a larger diameter spherical indenter tip, may improve the measurement of bone stiffness at the millimetre scale and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Boughton
- The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- The Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Shaocheng Ma
- The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- The Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Zhao
- The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Arnold
- The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Lewis
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Hansen
- The Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin P. Cobb
- The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Giuliani
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Abel
- The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Modal analysis of nanoindentation data, confirming that reduced bone turnover may cause increased tissue mineralization/elasticity. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 84:217-224. [PMID: 29803136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that the activities of bone cells at the tissue scale not only govern the size of the vascular pore spaces (and hence, the amount of bone tissue available for actually carrying the loads), but also the characteristics of the extracellular bone matrix itself. In this context, increased mechanical stimulation (in mediolateral regions of human femora, as compared to anteroposterior regions) may lead to increased bone turnover, lower bone matrix mineralization, and therefore lower tissue modulus. On the other hand, resorption-only processes (in endosteal versus periosteal regions) may have the opposite effect. A modal analysis of nanoindentation data obtained on femurs from the Melbourne Femur Research Collection (MFRC) indeed confirms that bone is stiffer in endosteal regions compared to periosteal regions (E̅endost = 29.34 ± 0.75 GPa >E̅periost = 24.67 ± 1.63 GPa), most likely due to the aging-related increase in resorption modeling on endosteal surfaces resulting in trabecularization of cortical bone. The results also show that bone is stiffer along the anteroposterior direction compared the mediolateral direction (E̅anteropost = 28.89 ± 1.08 GPa >E̅mediolat = 26.03 ± 2.31 GPa), the former being aligned with the neutral bending axis of the femur and, thus, undergoing more resorption modeling and consequently being more mineralized.
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Zebrafish as a model to study bone maturation: Nanoscale structural and mechanical characterization of age-related changes in the zebrafish vertebral column. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 84:54-63. [PMID: 29747057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a useful model for understanding biomedical properties of bone and are widely employed in developmental and genetics studies. Here, we have studied the development of zebrafish vertebral bone at the nanoscale from adolescence (6 months), early adulthood (10 months) to mid-life (14 months). Characterization of the bone was conducted using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and PeakForce QNM atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. SEM and AFM revealed a lamellar structure with mineralized collagen fibrils. There was a significant increase in the wall thickness from 6 to 10 months (76%) and 10 months to 14 months (26%), which is positively correlated with nanomechanical behavior. An increase in the Ca/P ratio was found which was also positively correlated with nanomechanical properties. The change in mechanical properties and Ca/P are similar to those expected in humans when transitioning from adolescence to mid-life. We suggest that zebrafish serve as a suitable model for further studies on age-related changes in bone ultrastructure.
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Mayya A, Banerjee A, Rajesh R. Role of porosity and matrix behavior on compressive fracture of Haversian bone using random spring network model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:108-119. [PMID: 29698930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Haversian remodeling is known to result in improved resistance to compressive fracture in healthy cortical bone. Here, we examine the individual roles of the mean porosity, structure of the network of pores and remodeled bone matrix properties in the fracture behavior of Haversian bone. The detailed structure of porosity network is obtained both pre- and post-testing of dry cubical bone samples using micro-Computed Tomography. Based on the periodicity in the features of porosity along tangential direction, we develop a two dimensional porosity-based random spring network model for Haversian bone. The model is shown to capture well the macroscopic response and reproduce the avalanche statistics similar to recently reported experiments on porcine bone. The predictions suggest that at the millimeter scale, the remodeled bone matrix of Haversian bone is less stiff but tougher than that of plexiform/primary bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwij Mayya
- Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - R Rajesh
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Tharamani, Chennai 600113, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Rieger R, Auregan JC, Hoc T. Micro-finite-element method to assess elastic properties of trabecular bone at micro- and macroscopic level. Morphologie 2018; 102:12-20. [PMID: 28893491 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2017.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the present study is to assess the mechanical behavior of trabecular bone based on microCT imaging and micro-finite-element analysis. In this way two methods are detailed: (i) direct determination of macroscopic elastic property of trabecular bone; (ii) inverse approach to assess mechanical properties of trabecular bone tissue. PATIENTS Thirty-five females and seven males (forty-two subjects) mean aged (±SD) 80±11.7 years from hospitals of Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) diagnosed with osteoporosis following a femoral neck fracture due to a fall from standing were included in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fractured heads were collected during hip replacement surgery. Standardized bone cores were removed from the femoral head's equator by a trephine in a water bath. MicroCT images acquisition and analysis were performed with CTan® software and bone volume fraction was then determined. Micro-finite-element simulations were per-formed using Abaqus 6.9-2® software in order to determine the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of the trabecular bone. After microCT acquisition, a longitudinal compression test was performed and the experimental macroscopic Young's Modulus was extracted. An inverse approach based on the whole trabecular bone's mechanical response and micro-finite-element analysis was performed to determine microscopic mechanical properties of trabecular bone. RESULTS In the present study, elasticity of the tissue was shown to be similar to that of healthy tissue but with a lower yield stress. CONCLUSION Classical histomorphometric analysis form microCT imaging associated with an inverse micro-finite-element method allowed to assess microscopic mechanical trabecular bone parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rieger
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, école centrale de Lyon, avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - J C Auregan
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, école centrale de Lyon, avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Ecully cedex, France; Department of orthopedic, Antoine Béclère Hospital, AP-HP, 157, rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, Clamart, France
| | - T Hoc
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, école centrale de Lyon, avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Ecully cedex, France.
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Mooring L, Thompson S, Hall SA, Pani S, Zioupos P, Swan M, Stone C, Howlin BJ, Hamerton I. ‘Phoenix polymers’: fire induced nanohardness in fibril-forming aromatic cyanate esters. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36264-36271. [PMID: 35558471 PMCID: PMC9088260 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time we present nanoindentation analysis of charred, cured aromatic cyanate esters, which exhibit outstanding mechanical properties when analysed under applied loads of 0.1–300 mN. Following charring (900 °C for 10 minutes to achieve graphitised structures), the samples display a remarkable combination of a modulus of elasticity of around 25 GPa and nanohardness of 300 kgf mm−2, making them some 30–40% stiffer than bone and practically as hard as tooth enamel. At the same time we find that under the same conditions the chars are highly resilient, displaying complete elastic recovery with very little plastic deformation. When cured in the presence of copper(ii) acetylacetonate (200 ppm) in dodecylphenol (1% w/v active copper suspension) to form a polycyanurate, compound (2) forms a dense, consolidated structure compared with compound (1) under the same conditions. At high magnification, the presence of a nanoscale, fibrillar structure is observed, accounting for the high resilience. For the first time we present nanoindentation analysis of charred, cured aromatic cyanate esters, which exhibit outstanding mechanical properties when analysed under applied loads of 0.1–300 mN.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Pani
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Surrey
- Surrey
- UK
| | - Peter Zioupos
- Cranfield Forensic Institute
- CDS
- Cranfield University
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Ian Hamerton
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering
- School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical Engineering
- Queen's Building
- University of Bristol
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Damage Identification on Vertebral Bodies During Compressive Loading Using Digital Image Correlation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017; 42:E1289-E1296. [PMID: 28306642 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MINI: Identifying fracture is important for understanding vertebral mechanics. Isolated cadaveric thoracolumbar vertebrae were compressed, and surface strains were measured using digital image correlation. Fracture locations from video analysis were qualitatively similar to the locations of high compressive strains and local damage occurred before the maximum force was reached. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo compression experiments on isolated cadaveric vertebrae. OBJECTIVE To qualitatively compare the fracture locations identified in video analysis with the locations of high compressive strain measured with digital image correlation (DIC) on vertebral bodies and to evaluate the timing of local damage to the cortical shell relative to the global yield force. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In previous ex vivo experiments, cortical bone fracture has been identified using various methods including acoustic emission sensors, strain gages, video analysis, or force signals. These methods are, however, limited in their ability to detect the location and timing of fracture. We propose use of DIC, a noncontact optical technique that measures surface displacement, to quantify variables related to damage. METHODS Isolated thoracolumbar human cadaveric vertebral bodies (n = 6) were tested in compression to failure at a quasi-static rate, and the force applied was measured using a load cell. The surface displacement and strain were measured using DIC. Video analysis was performed to identify fractures. RESULTS The location of fractures identified in the video corresponded well with the locations of high compressive strain on the bone. Before reaching the global yield force, more than 10% of the DIC measurements reached a minimum principal strain of 1.0%, a previously reported threshold for cortical bone damage. CONCLUSION DIC measurements provide an objective measure that can be used to identify the location and timing of fractures during ex vivo vertebral experiments. This is important for understanding fracture mechanics and for validating vertebral computational models that incorporate failure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N /A.
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Mayya A, Praveen P, Banerjee A, Rajesh R. Splitting fracture in bovine bone using a porosity-based spring network model. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0809. [PMID: 27903786 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the specific role of the structure of the network of pores in plexiform bone in its fracture behaviour under compression. Computed tomography scan images of the sample pre- and post-compressive failure show the existence of weak planes formed by aligned thin long pores extending through the length. We show that the physics of the fracture process is captured by a two-dimensional random spring network model that reproduces well the macroscopic response and qualitative features of fracture paths obtained experimentally, as well as avalanche statistics seen in recent experiments on porcine bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwij Mayya
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - P Praveen
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Anuradha Banerjee
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - R Rajesh
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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40
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Mechanical characterization via nanoindentation of the woven bone developed during bone transport. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhao R, Xie P, Zhang K, Tang Z, Chen X, Zhu X, Fan Y, Yang X, Zhang X. Selective effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on osteoporotic and healthy bone formation correlates with intracellular calcium homeostasis regulation. Acta Biomater 2017; 59:338-350. [PMID: 28698163 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adequate bone substitutes osseointegration has been difficult to achieve in osteoporosis. Hydroxyapatite of the osteoporotic bone, secreted by pathologic osteoblasts, had a smaller crystal size and lower crystallinity than that of the normal. To date, little is known regarding the interaction of synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) with osteoblasts born in bone rarefaction. The present study investigated the biological effects of HANPs on osteoblastic cells derived from osteoporotic rat bone (OVX-OB), in comparison with the healthy ones (SHM-OB). A selective effect of different concentrations of HANPs on the two cell lines was observed that the osteoporotic osteoblasts had a higher tolerance. Reductions in cell proliferation, ALP activity, collagen secretion and osteoblastic gene expressions were found in the SHM-OB when administered with HANPs concentration higher than 25µg/ml. In contrast, those of the OVX-OB suffered no depression but benefited from 25 to 250µg/ml HANPs in a dose-dependent manner. We demonstrated that the different effects of HANPs on osteoblasts were associated with the intracellular calcium influx into the endoplasmic reticulum. The in vivo bone defect model further confirmed that, with a critical HANPs concentration administration, the osteoporotic rats had more and mechanically matured new bone formation than the non-treated ones, whilst the sham rats healed no better than the natural healing control. Collectively, the observed epigenetic regulation of osteoblastic cell function by HANPs has significant implication on defining design parameters for a potential therapeutic use of nanomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we investigated the biological effects of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) on osteoporotic rat bone and the derived osteoblast. Our findings revealed a previously unrecognized phenomenon that the osteoporotic individuals could benefit from higher concentrations of HANPs, as compared with the healthy individuals. The in vivo bone defect model confirmed that, with a critical HANPs concentration administration, the osteoporotic rats had more mechanically matured new bone formation than the non-treated ones, whilst the sham rats healed no better than the natural healing control. The selective effect of HANPs might be associated with the intracellular calcium influx into the endoplasmic reticulum. Collectively, the observed epigenetic regulation by HANPs has significant implication on defining design parameters for a potential therapeutic use of nanomaterials in a pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhurong Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Hage IS, Hamade RF. Intracortical stiffness of mid-diaphysis femur bovine bone: lacunar-canalicular based homogenization numerical solutions and microhardness measurements. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:135. [PMID: 28762142 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microscale lacunar-canalicular (L-C) porosity is a major contributor to intracortical bone stiffness variability. In this work, such variability is investigated experimentally using micro hardness indentation tests and numerically using a homogenization scheme. Cross sectional rings of cortical bones are cut from the middle tubular part of bovine femur long bone at mid-diaphysis. A series of light microscopy images are taken along a line emanating from the cross-section center starting from the ring's interior (endosteum) ring surface toward the ring's exterior (periosteum) ring surface. For each image in the line, computer vision analysis of porosity is conducted employing an image segmentation methodology based on pulse coupled neural networks (PCNN) recently developed by the authors. Determined are size and shape of each of the lacunar-canalicular (L-C) cortical micro constituents: lacunae, canaliculi, and Haversian canals. Consequently, it was possible to segment and quantify the geometrical attributes of all individual segmented pores leading to accurate determination of derived geometrical measures such as L-C cortical pores' total porosity (pore volume fraction), (elliptical) aspect ratio, orientation, location, and number of pores in secondary and primary osteons. Porosity was found to be unevenly (but linearly) distributed along the interior and exterior regions of the intracortical bone. The segmented L-C porosity data is passed to a numerical microscale-based homogenization scheme, also recently developed by the authors, that analyses a composite made up of lamella matrix punctuated by multi-inclusions and returns corresponding values for longitudinal and transverse Young's modulus (matrix stiffness) for these micro-sized spatial locations. Hence, intracortical stiffness variability is numerically quantified using a combination of computer vision program and numerical homogenization code. These numerically found stiffness values of the homogenization solution are corroborated experimentally using microhardness indentation measurements taken at the same points that the digital images were taken along a radial distance emanating from the interior (endosteum) surface toward the bone's exterior (periosteum) surface. Good agreement was found between numerically calculated and indentation measured stiffness of Intracortical lamellae. Both indentation measurements and numerical solutions of matrix stiffness showed increasing linear trend of compressive longitudinal modulus (E11) values vs. radial position for both interior and exterior regions. In the interior (exterior) region of cortical bone, stiffness modulus values were found to range from 18.5 to 23.4 GPa (23 to 26.0 GPa) with the aggregate stiffness of the cortical lamella in the exterior region being 12% stiffer than that in the interior region. In order to further validate these findings, experimental and FEM simulation of a mid-diaphysis bone ring under compression is employed. The FEM numerical deflections employed nine concentric regions across the thickness with graded stiffness values based on the digital segmentation and homogenization scheme. Bone ring deflections are found to agree well with measured deformations of the compression bone ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilige S Hage
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, P.O.Box: 72, Zouk Mikael, Lebanon
| | - Ramsey F Hamade
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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Rib biomechanical properties exhibit diagnostic potential for accurate ageing in forensic investigations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176785. [PMID: 28520764 PMCID: PMC5435173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age estimation remains one of the most challenging tasks in forensic practice when establishing a biological profile of unknown skeletonised remains. Morphological methods based on developmental markers of bones can provide accurate age estimates at a young age, but become highly unreliable for ages over 35 when all developmental markers disappear. This study explores the changes in the biomechanical properties of bone tissue and matrix, which continue to change with age even after skeletal maturity, and their potential value for age estimation. As a proof of concept we investigated the relationship of 28 variables at the macroscopic and microscopic level in rib autopsy samples from 24 individuals. Stepwise regression analysis produced a number of equations one of which with seven variables showed an R2 = 0.949; a mean residual error of 2.13 yrs ±0.4 (SD) and a maximum residual error value of 2.88 yrs. For forensic purposes, by using only bench top machines in tests which can be carried out within 36 hrs, a set of just 3 variables produced an equation with an R2 = 0.902 a mean residual error of 3.38 yrs ±2.6 (SD) and a maximum observed residual error 9.26yrs. This method outstrips all existing age-at-death methods based on ribs, thus providing a novel lab based accurate tool in the forensic investigation of human remains. The present application is optimised for fresh (uncompromised by taphonomic conditions) remains, but the potential of the principle and method is vast once the trends of the biomechanical variables are established for other environmental conditions and circumstances.
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Vennin S, Desyatova A, Turner JA, Watson PA, Lappe JM, Recker RR, Akhter MP. Intrinsic material property differences in bone tissue from patients suffering low-trauma osteoporotic fractures, compared to matched non-fracturing women. Bone 2017; 97:233-242. [PMID: 28132909 PMCID: PMC5367951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporotic (low-trauma) fractures are a significant public health problem. Over 50% of women over 50yrs. of age will suffer an osteoporotic fracture in their remaining lifetimes. While current therapies reduce skeletal fracture risk by maintaining or increasing bone density, additional information is needed that includes the intrinsic material strength properties of bone tissue to help develop better treatments, since measurements of bone density account for no more than ~50% of fracture risk. The hypothesis tested here is that postmenopausal women who have sustained osteoporotic fractures have reduced bone quality, as indicated with measures of intrinsic material properties compared to those who have not fractured. Transiliac biopsies (N=120) were collected from fracturing (N=60, Cases) and non-fracturing postmenopausal women (N=60, age- and BMD-matched Controls) to measure intrinsic material properties using the nano-indentation technique. Each biopsy specimen was embedded in epoxy resin and then ground, polished and used for the nano-indentation testing. After calibration, multiple indentations were made using quasi-static (hardness, modulus) and dynamic (storage and loss moduli) testing protocols. Multiple indentations allowed the median and variance to be computed for each type of measurement for each specimen. Cases were found to have significantly lower median values for cortical hardness and indentation modulus. In addition, cases showed significantly less within-specimen variability in cortical modulus, cortical hardness, cortical storage modulus and trabecular hardness, and more within-specimen variability in trabecular loss modulus. Multivariate modeling indicated the presence of significant independent mechanical effects of cortical loss modulus, along with variability of cortical storage modulus, cortical loss modulus, and trabecular hardness. These results suggest mechanical heterogeneity of bone tissue may contribute to fracture resistance. Although the magnitudes of differences in the intrinsic properties were not overwhelming, this is the first comprehensive study to investigate, and compare the intrinsic properties of bone tissue in fracturing and non-fracturing postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vennin
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - A Desyatova
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - J A Turner
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - P A Watson
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - J M Lappe
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - R R Recker
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - M P Akhter
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States.
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45
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Pernelle K, Imbert L, Bosser C, Auregan JC, Cruel M, Ogier A, Jurdic P, Hoc T. Microscale mechanical and mineral heterogeneity of human cortical bone governs osteoclast activity. Bone 2017; 94:42-49. [PMID: 27725316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human cortical bone permanently remodels itself resulting in a haversian microstructure with heterogeneous mechanical and mineral properties. Remodeling is carried out by a subtle equilibrium between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone degradation by osteoclasts. The mechanisms regulating osteoclast activity were studied using easy access supports whose homogeneous microstructures differ from human bone microstructure. In the current study, we show that human osteoclasts resorb human cortical bone non-randomly with respect to this specific human bone microstructural heterogeneity. The characterization of this new resorption profile demonstrates that osteoclasts preferentially resorb particular osteons that have weak mechanical properties and mineral contents and that contain small hydroxyapatite crystals with a high carbonate content. Therefore, the influence of human bone microstructure heterogeneity on osteoclast activity could be a key parameter for osteoclast behaviour, for both in vitro and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pernelle
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon UMR5242, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - L Imbert
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France; Mineralized Tissues Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
| | - C Bosser
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - J-C Auregan
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France; Département de l'Orthopédie pédiatrique, Necker-Hopital des enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris Descartes, 145 rue de Sèvres, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M Cruel
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - A Ogier
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - P Jurdic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon UMR5242, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - T Hoc
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France.
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Mirzaali MJ, Schwiedrzik JJ, Thaiwichai S, Best JP, Michler J, Zysset PK, Wolfram U. Mechanical properties of cortical bone and their relationships with age, gender, composition and microindentation properties in the elderly. Bone 2016; 93:196-211. [PMID: 26656135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing incidence of skeletal fractures poses a significant challenge to ageing societies. Since a major part of physiological loading in the lower limbs is carried by cortical bone, it would be desirable to better understand the structure-mechanical property relationships and scale effects in this tissue. This study aimed at assessing whether microindentation properties combined with chemical and morphological information are usable to predict macroscopic elastic and strength properties in a donor- and site-matched manner. Specimens for quasi-static macroscopic tests in tension, compression, and torsion and microindentation were prepared from a cohort of 19 male and 20 female donors (46 to 99 years). All tests were performed under fully hydrated conditions. The chemical composition of the extra-cellular matrix was investigated with Raman spectroscopy. The results of the micro-mechanical tests were combined with morphological and compositional properties using a power law relationship to predict the macro-mechanical results. Microindentation properties were not gender dependent, remarkably constant over age, and showed an overall small variation with standard deviations of approximately 10 %. Similar results were obtained for chemical tissue composition. Macro-mechanical stiffness and strength were significantly related to porosity for all load cases (p<0.05). In case of macroscopic yield strain and work-to-failure this was only true in torsion and compression, respectively. The correlations of macro-mechanical with micro-mechanical, morphological, and chemical properties showed no significance for cement line density, mineralisation, or variations in the microindentation results and were dominated by porosity with a moderate explanatory power of predominately less than 50 %. The results confirm that age, with minor exceptions gender, and small variations in average mineralisation have negligible effect on the tissue microindentation properties of human lamellar bone in the elderly. Furthermore, our findings suggest that microindentation experiments are suitable to predict macroscopic mechanical properties in the elderly only on average and not on a one to one basis. The presented data may help to form a better understanding of the mechanisms of ageing in bone tissue and of the length scale at which they are active. This may be used for future prediction of fracture risk in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J Mirzaali
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Jakob Schwiedrzik
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland; Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | | | - James P Best
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Philippe K Zysset
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Wolfram
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland; School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute for Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Le KN, Marsik M, Daegling DJ, Duque A, McGraw WS. Spatial variation in mandibular bone elastic modulus and its effect on structural bending stiffness: A test case using the Taï Forest monkeys. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:516-532. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim N. Le
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Matthew Marsik
- Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - David J. Daegling
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Ana Duque
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Blanchard R, Morin C, Malandrino A, Vella A, Sant Z, Hellmich C. Patient-specific fracture risk assessment of vertebrae: A multiscale approach coupling X-ray physics and continuum micromechanics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 32:e02760. [PMID: 26666734 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While in clinical settings, bone mineral density measured by computed tomography (CT) remains the key indicator for bone fracture risk, there is an ongoing quest for more engineering mechanics-based approaches for safety analyses of the skeleton. This calls for determination of suitable material properties from respective CT data, where the traditional approach consists of regression analyses between attenuation-related grey values and mechanical properties. We here present a physics-oriented approach, considering that elasticity and strength of bone tissue originate from the material microstructure and the mechanical properties of its elementary components. Firstly, we reconstruct the linear relation between the clinically accessible grey values making up a CT, and the X-ray attenuation coefficients quantifying the intensity losses from which the image is actually reconstructed. Therefore, we combine X-ray attenuation averaging at different length scales and over different tissues, with recently identified 'universal' composition characteristics of the latter. This gives access to both the normally non-disclosed X-ray energy employed in the CT-device and to in vivo patient-specific and location-specific bone composition variables, such as voxel-specific mass density, as well as collagen and mineral contents. The latter feed an experimentally validated multiscale elastoplastic model based on the hierarchical organization of bone. Corresponding elasticity maps across the organ enter a finite element simulation of a typical load case, and the resulting stress states are increased in a proportional fashion, so as to check the safety against ultimate material failure. In the young patient investigated, even normal physiological loading is probable to already imply plastic events associated with the hydrated mineral crystals in the bone ultrastructure, while the safety factor against failure is still as high as five. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Blanchard
- TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Karlsplatz 13/202, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Claire Morin
- CIS-EMSE, CNRS:UMR 5307, LGF, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
| | - Andrea Malandrino
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, C/Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Alain Vella
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Malta, Tal Qroqq, Msida MSD, 2080, Malta
| | - Zdenka Sant
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Malta, Tal Qroqq, Msida MSD, 2080, Malta
| | - Christian Hellmich
- TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Karlsplatz 13/202, Vienna 1040, Austria
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Abstract
Tissue-level mechanical properties characterize mechanical behavior independently of microscopic porosity. Specifically, quasi-static nanoindentation provides measurements of modulus (stiffness) and hardness (resistance to yielding) of tissue at the length scale of the lamella, while dynamic nanoindentation assesses time-dependent behavior in the form of storage modulus (stiffness), loss modulus (dampening), and loss factor (ratio of the two). While these properties are useful in establishing how a gene, signaling pathway, or disease of interest affects bone tissue, they generally do not vary with aging after skeletal maturation or with osteoporosis. Heterogeneity in tissue-level mechanical properties or in compositional properties may contribute to fracture risk, but a consensus on whether the contribution is negative or positive has not emerged. In vivo indentation of bone tissue is now possible, and the mechanical resistance to microindentation has the potential for improving fracture risk assessment, though determinants are currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Mathilde Granke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Robert C Singleton
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - George M Pharr
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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Conward M, Samuel J. Machining characteristics of the haversian and plexiform components of bovine cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 60:525-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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