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Agrawal S, Bisen AC, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Verma SK, Bhatta RS. LC-MS/MS based quantification of steroidal biomarkers in polycystic ovary syndrome induced rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115484. [PMID: 37453143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that causes reproductive hormones imbalance, missed periods, infertility and distributed steroidogenesis. Reportedly, during PCOS, the endogenous levels of P4 (Progesterone), 17OHP4 (17-α hydroxy progesterone), and T4 (Testosterone) were significantly altered. Thus, quantification of steroid biomarkers involved in the steroidogenesis pathway of PCOS, such as P4, 17OHP4, and T4, holds significant importance. One important drawback of current methods is steroid metabolome traceability. Without adequate traceability, the findings of these techniques will be less reliable for identifying P4, 17OHP4, and T4. These methods also need a high sample size, especially for the most important biomarker that initiates steroidogenesis. To address these challenges, we require a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for steroid biomarker analysis. Herein the present work, using validated LC-MS/MS, PCOS biomarkers were measured and compared between normal control rats and PCOS-induced rats before and after analyte administration. The experiment utilized an isocratic separation method employing an analytical C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (ACN) and aqueous 0.1% formic acid (FA) in a ratio of 90:10 (v/v). The plasma samples were processed with protein precipitation (PPT) followed by the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.5 ng/mL in plasma. According to USFDA criteria, the method's systematic validation took into account linearity (r2 > 0.99), accuracy and precision of intra- and inter-batch measurements, stability, biomarker recovery (60-85%) and matrix effect (<± 15%), all of which were determined to be within range ( ± 15%). The pharmacokinetic data showed that, as compared to normal rats, PCOS-induced animals had significantly higher Cmax values for 17OHP4 and T4 (∼2 fold), while lower Cmax values for P4 (∼2 fold). The present work is novel and provides scientific information to explore systematic processes involved in steroidogenesis and boost clinical applicability for PCOS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Park CJ, Minabe S, Hess RA, Lin PCP, Zhou S, Bashir ST, Barakat R, Gal A, Ko CJ. Single neonatal estrogen implant sterilizes female animals by decreasing hypothalamic KISS1 expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9627. [PMID: 37316510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive sterilization by surgical gonadectomy is strongly advocated to help manage animal populations, especially domesticated pets, and to prevent reproductive behaviors and diseases. This study explored the use of a single-injection method to induce sterility in female animals as an alternative to surgical ovariohysterectomy. The idea was based on our recent finding that repetitive daily injection of estrogen into neonatal rats disrupted hypothalamic expression of Kisspeptin (KISS1), the neuropeptide that triggers and regulates pulsatile secretion of GnRH. Neonatal female rats were dosed with estradiol benzoate (EB) either by daily injections for 11 days or by subcutaneous implantation of an EB-containing silicone capsule designed to release EB over 2-3 weeks. Rats treated by either method did not exhibit estrous cyclicity, were anovulatory, and became infertile. The EB-treated rats had fewer hypothalamic Kisspeptin neurons, but the GnRH-LH axis remained responsive to Kisspeptin stimulation. Because it would be desirable to use a biodegradable carrier that is also easier to handle, an injectable EB carrier was developed from PLGA microspheres to provide pharmacokinetics comparable to the EB-containing silicone capsule. A single neonatal injection of EB-microspheres at an equivalent dosage resulted in sterility in the female rat. In neonatal female Beagle dogs, implantation of an EB-containing silicone capsule also reduced ovarian follicle development and significantly inhibited KISS1 expression in the hypothalamus. None of the treatments produced any concerning health effects, other than infertility. Therefore, further development of this technology for sterilization in domestic female animals, such as dogs and cats is worthy of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jin Park
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Shiori Minabe
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Po-Ching Patrick Lin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | | | - Shah Tauseef Bashir
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Radwa Barakat
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia, 13518, Egypt
| | - Arnon Gal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - CheMyong Jay Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
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Hameedat F, Hawamdeh S, Alnabulsi S, Zayed A. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Fluorescence Detection for Quantification of Steroids in Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Samples: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061807. [PMID: 35335170 PMCID: PMC8949805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are compounds widely available in nature and synthesized for therapeutic and medical purposes. Although several analytical techniques are available for the quantification of steroids, their analysis is challenging due to their low levels and complex matrices of the samples. The efficiency and quick separation of the HPLC combined with the sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity, and cost-efficiency of fluorescence, make HPLC coupled to fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) an ideal tool for routine measurement and detection of steroids. In this review, we covered HPLC-FLD methods reported in the literature for the steroids quantification in clinical, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications, focusing on the various approaches of fluorescent derivatization. The aspects related to analytical methodology including sample preparation, derivatization reagents, and chromatographic conditions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Hameedat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (F.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Sahar Hawamdeh
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Soraya Alnabulsi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (F.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Aref Zayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (F.H.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-2-720-1000 (ext. 23240); Fax: +962-2-720-1075
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Teubel J, Parr MK. Determination of neurosteroids in human cerebrospinal fluid in the 21st century: A review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 204:105753. [PMID: 32937199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Determination of steroid hormones synthesized by the human body plays an important role in various fields of endocrinology. Neurosteroids (NS) are steroids that are synthesized in the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is not only a source but also a target for neurosteroids. They are discussed as possible biomarkers in various cognitive disorders and research interest in this topic raises continuously. Nevertheless, knowledge on functions and metabolism is still limited, although the concept of neurosteroids was already introduced in the 1980s. Until today, the analysis of neurosteroids is truly challenging. The only accessible matrix for investigations of brain metabolism in living human beings is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which therefore becomes a very interesting specimen for analysis. However, neurosteroid concentrations are expected to be very low and the available amount of cerebrospinal fluid is limited. Further, high structural similarities of endogenous neurosteroids challenges analysis. Therefore, comprehensive methods, highly selective and sensitive for a large range of concentrations for different steroids in one aliquot are required and under continuous development. Although research has been increasingly intensified, still only few data are available on reference levels of neurosteroids in human cerebrospinal fluid. In this review, published literature of the last twenty years, as a period with relatively contemporary analytical methods, was systematically investigated. Considerations on human cerebrospinal fluid, different analytical approaches, and available data on levels of in analogy to periphery conceivable occurring neurosteroids, including (pro-) gestagens, androgens, corticoids, estrogens, and steroid conjugates, and their interpretation are intensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Teubel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Heimovics SA, Merritt JR, Jalabert C, Ma C, Maney DL, Soma KK. Rapid effects of 17β-estradiol on aggressive behavior in songbirds: Environmental and genetic influences. Horm Behav 2018; 104:41-51. [PMID: 29605636 PMCID: PMC6344317 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. 17β-estradiol (E2) has numerous rapid effects on the brain and behavior. This review focuses on the rapid effects of E2 on aggression, an important social behavior, in songbirds. First, we highlight the contributions of studies on song sparrows, which reveal that seasonal changes in the environment profoundly influence the capacity of E2 to rapidly alter aggressive behavior. E2 administration to male song sparrows increases aggression within 20 min in the non-breeding season, but not in the breeding season. Furthermore, E2 rapidly modulates several phosphoproteins in the song sparrow brain. In particular, E2 rapidly affects pCREB in the medial preoptic nucleus, in the non-breeding season only. Second, we describe studies of the white-throated sparrow, which reveal how a genetic polymorphism may influence the rapid effects of E2 on aggression. In this species, a chromosomal rearrangement that includes ESR1, which encodes estrogen receptor α (ERα), affects ERα expression in the brain and the ability of E2 to rapidly promote aggression. Third, we summarize studies showing that aggressive interactions rapidly affect levels of E2 and other steroids, both in the blood and in specific brain regions, and the emerging potential for steroid profiling by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Such studies of songbirds demonstrate the value of an ethologically informed approach, in order to reveal how steroids act rapidly on the brain to alter naturally-occurring behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Jalabert
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chunqi Ma
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Donna L Maney
- Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kiran K Soma
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Canada
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6
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Development of an SPE Method Using Ionic Liquid-Based Monolithic Column for On-Line Cleanup of Human Plasma and Simultaneous Determination of Five Steroid Drugs. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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7
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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8
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Pennell KD, Woodin MA, Pennell PB. Quantification of neurosteroids during pregnancy using selective ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Steroids 2015; 95:24-31. [PMID: 25541057 PMCID: PMC4323841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Analytical techniques used to quantify neurosteroids in biological samples are often compromised by non-specificity and limited dynamic range which can result in erroneous results. A relatively rapid and inexpensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to simultaneously measure nine neurosteroids, including allopregnanolone, estradiol, and progesterone, as well as 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in plasma samples collected from adult women subjects during and after pregnancy. Sample preparation involved solid-phase extraction and derivatization, followed by automated injection on a GC equipped with a mass selective detector (MSD) operated in single ion monitoring (SIM) mode to yield a run time of less than 11min. Method detection limits for all neurosteroids ranged from 30 to 200pg/mL (parts per trillion), with coefficients of variation that ranged from 3% to 5% based on intra-assay comparisons run in triplicate. Although concentrations of estradiol measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA) were consistent with values determined by GC-MS values, CIA yielded considerable higher values of progesterone, suggesting antibody cross reactions resulting from low specificity. Mean neurosteroid levels and representative time-course data demonstrate the ability of the method to quantify changes in multiple neurosteroids during pregnancy, including rapid declines in neurosteroid levels associated with delivery. This simplified GC-MS method holds particular promise for research and clinical laboratories that require simultaneous quantification of multiple neurosteroids, but lack the resources and expertise to support advanced liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D Pennell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Mark A Woodin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, United States; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Page B Pennell
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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9
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Andrade I, Santos L, Ramos F. Advances in analytical methods to study cholesterol metabolism: the determination of serum noncholesterol sterols. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:1234-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lèlita Santos
- Internal Medicine Department; Coimbra University Hospitals; Medicine Faculty; 3000-075; Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pharmacy Faculty; Coimbra University; 3000-548; Coimbra; Portugal
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10
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Kotłowska A. Application of Steroid Hormone Metabolomics in Search of Biomarkers in Clinical Research. Drug Dev Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kotłowska
- Department of Food Sciences; Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk; Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
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11
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Toribio-Delgado AF, Maynar-Marino M, Caballero-Loscos MJ, Robles-Gil MC, Olcina-Camacho GJ, Maynar-Marino JI. Qualification and Quantification of Seventeen Natural Steroids in Plasma by GC-Q-MS and GC-IT-MS/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:349-57. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Taves MD, Ma C, Heimovics SA, Saldanha CJ, Soma KK. Measurement of steroid concentrations in brain tissue: methodological considerations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:39. [PMID: 22654806 PMCID: PMC3356067 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that steroids are synthesized de novo in the brain (neurosteroids). In addition, steroids circulating in the blood enter the brain. Steroids play numerous roles in the brain, such as influencing neural development, adult neuroplasticity, behavior, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In order to understand the regulation and functions of steroids in the brain, it is important to directly measure steroid concentrations in brain tissue. In this brief review, we discuss methods for the detection and quantification of steroids in the brain. We concisely present the major advantages and disadvantages of different technical approaches at various experimental stages: euthanasia, tissue collection, steroid extraction, steroid separation, and steroid measurement. We discuss, among other topics, the potential effects of anesthesia and saline perfusion prior to tissue collection; microdissection via Palkovits punch; solid phase extraction; chromatographic separation of steroids; and immunoassays and mass spectrometry for steroid quantification, particularly the use of mass spectrometry for "steroid profiling." Finally, we discuss the interpretation of local steroid concentrations, such as comparing steroid levels in brain tissue with those in the circulation (plasma vs. whole blood samples; total vs. free steroid levels). We also present reference values for a variety of steroids in different brain regions of adult rats. This brief review highlights some of the major methodological considerations at multiple experimental stages and provides a broad framework for designing studies that examine local steroid levels in the brain as well as other steroidogenic tissues, such as thymus, breast, and prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Taves
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Matthew D. Taves, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. e-mail:
| | - Chunqi Ma
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Heimovics
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin J. Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, USA
- Program in Cognitive Science, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Kiran K. Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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Plenis A, Konieczna L, Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Bączek T. Simultaneous determination of urinary cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone in parachutists, depressed patients and healthy controls in view of biomedical and pharmacokinetic studies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1487-500. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Oledzka I, Plenis A, Konieczna L, Kowalski P, Baczek T. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the determination of cortisol in urine samples in view of biomedical studies. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2356-64. [PMID: 20578132 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An MEKC method used for the determination of cortisol in urine was developed and elaborated. In turn, the measurements of urinary free cortisol provided the diagnostic information for excess adrenal production of cortisol. MEKC realized by the addition of anionic surfactant SDS to the buffer solution was demonstrated to be the appropriate mode for the separation of cortisol and dexamethasone was used as internal standard. A buffer solution composed of 10 mM sodium tetraborate and 50 mM SDS at pH 8.8 was used. The MEKC assay was evaluated by analyzing a series of urine samples containing cortisol in variable concentrations. The proposed method was validated for specificity, linearity, LODs and LOQs, precision and trueness. The LOQ for cortisol equaled 5 ng/mL. The method was selective and reliable for identification and can detect changes of endogenous levels of cortisol in urine under different stress situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Oledzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Naessen T, Kushnir MM, Chaika A, Nosenko J, Mogilevkina I, Rockwood AL, Carlstrom K, Bergquist J, Kirilovas D. Steroid profiles in ovarian follicular fluid in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome, analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Fang K, Pan X, Huang B, Liu J, Wang Y, Gao J. Simultaneous Derivatization of Hydroxyl and Ketone Groups for the Analysis of Steroid Hormones by GC–MS. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Li J, Chase HA. Development of adsorptive (non-ionic) macroporous resins and their uses in the purification of pharmacologically-active natural products from plant sources. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1493-510. [PMID: 20820638 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB23RA, UK.
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Progress on Keto Groups Derivatization of Steroid Hormones in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2010.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Ričanyová J, Buszewski B. Reply to comment on “Isolation and detection of steroids from human urine by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography” by Tse Sum Bui and Haupt [J. Chromatogr. B 877 (2009) 4180–4181]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2044-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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FANG K, PAN XJ, HUANG B, LIU JL, WANG Y, GAO JP. Progress on Keto Groups Derivatization of Steroid Hormones in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pacáková V, Loukotková L, Bosáková Z, Stulík K. Analysis for estrogens as environmental pollutants--a review. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:867-82. [PMID: 19219841 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The approaches to the analysis for estrogen compounds as environmental pollutants are critically reviewed and evaluated on the basis of significant, recent original publications. The importance of sample pretreatment and analyte preconcentration techniques is pointed out, with an emphasis on SPE and on the use of highly selective interactions such as molecular recognition. The hyphenated systems of high-performance gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric techniques are discussed as the basic methods of determination of estrogens in environmental samples. Immunochemical procedures are shown to be useful in semiquantitative screening of estrogen pollutants (e.g. ELISA kits). Classical HPLC and GC with common UV/Vis, fluorescence and electrochemical detection are useful in routine checking on higher pollutant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pacáková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kushnir MM, Naessen T, Kirilovas D, Chaika A, Nosenko J, Mogilevkina I, Rockwood AL, Carlström K, Bergquist J. Steroid Profiles in Ovarian Follicular Fluid from Regularly Menstruating Women and Women after Ovarian Stimulation. Clin Chem 2009; 55:519-26. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.110262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Information on the concentrations of steroids in ovarian follicular fluid (FF) from regularly menstruating (RM) women has been limited because of the absence of methods for the simultaneous quantification of multiple steroids in small volumes of FF. We studied steroid profiles in FF during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and after ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF), and compared concentrations with published values obtained by immunoassay (IA).
Methods: We used liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to measure 13 steroids in 40-μL aliquots of FF samples from 21 RM women and from 5 women after ovarian stimulation for IVF. Relationships between concentrations of steroids and their ratios (representations of the enzyme activities) were evaluated within and between subgroups.
Results: The concentrations of testosterone (Te), androstenedione (A4), and estradiol (E2) measured by LC-MS/MS were lower than those previously reported in studies with IAs. In RM women, androgens were the most abundant class of steroids, with A4 being the major constituent. The concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), total androgens, and estrogens were 200- to 1000-fold greater in FF than in serum. Compared with RM women, FF samples from women undergoing ovarian stimulation had significantly higher concentrations of E2 (P = 0.021), pregnenolone (P = 0.0022), 17OHP (P = 0.0007), and cortisol (F) (P = 0.0016), and significantly higher ratios of F to cortisone (P = 0.0006), E2 to estrone (P = 0.0008), and E2 to Te (P = 0.0013).
Conclusions: The data provide the first MS-based concentration values for 13 steroids in ovarian FF from RM women, from estrogen- and androgen-dominant follicles, and from women after ovarian stimulation for IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Kushnir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT
- Analytical Chemistry/Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tord Naessen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dmitrijus Kirilovas
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrey Chaika
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Donetsk State Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Jelena Nosenko
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Donetsk State Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Mogilevkina
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Donetsk State Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Alan L Rockwood
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kjell Carlström
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital at Huddinge, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry/Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ričanyová J, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Reiffová K, Buszewski B. Estrogens and Their Analytics by Hyphenated Separation Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340802569506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Silva CA, Pereira EA, Micke GA, Farah JPS, Tavares MFM. Mixture-designed electrolytes for the MEKC separation of natural and synthetic steroids. Electrophoresis 2008; 28:3722-30. [PMID: 17941121 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the separation of 11 natural and synthetic steroids was studied using MEKC electrolytes modified by property-selected organic solvents: ethanol, ACN, and THF. The interplay between electrophoretic behavior and structural features was disclosed and the effects of organic modifiers to modulate retention and to alter selectivity were discussed in terms of system linear solvation energy relationships (LSER). The LSER indicated the total organic solvent percentage in the electrolyte as a major parameter to control retention and as a minor contribution, the hydrogen bond acidity. By evaluating the electropherograms obtained from mixture-designed electrolytes, a favorable separation condition for all solutes was achieved in ca. 25 min with an electrolyte composed of 20 mmol/L sodium tetraborate at pH 9.4, 20 mmol/L SDS and 20% EtOH (0.80% CV for migration time and 2.5% CV for peak area, n = five consecutive injections). The applicability of the proposed separation condition was demonstrated by the inspection of estrogens in urine sample (puberty stage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudinei A Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Urban PL, García-Ruiz C, García MA, Marina ML. Separation and online preconcentration by multistep stacking with large-volume injection of anabolic steroids by capillary electrokinetic chromatography using charged cyclodextrins and UV-absorption detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 28:2200-9. [PMID: 16318218 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The separation of three common anabolic steroids (methyltestosterone, methandrostenolone and testosterone) was performed for the first time by capillary EKC. Different charged CD derivatives and bile salts were tested as dispersed phases in order to achieve the separation. A mixture of 10 mmol/L succinylated-beta-CD with 1 mmol/L beta-CD in a 50 mmol/L borate buffer (pH 9) enabled the separation of the three anabolic steroids in less than 9 min. Concentration LODs, obtained for these compounds with low absorption of UV light, were approximately 5 x 10(-5) mol/L. The use of online reverse migrating sample stacking with large-volume injection (the effective length of the capillary) enabled to improve the detection sensitivity. Sensitivity enhancement factors (SEFs) ranging from 95 (for testosterone) to 149 (for methyltestosterone) were achieved by single stacking preconcentration. Then, the possibilities of multistep stacking to improve the sensitivity for these analytes were investigated. SEFs obtained by double stacking preconcentration ranged from 138 to 185, enabling concentration LODs of 2.79 x 10(-7) mol/L (for methyltestosterone), 3.47 x 10(-7) mol/L (for testosterone) and 3.56 x 10(-7) mol/L (for methandrostenolone). Although online triple stacking preconcentration was achieved, its repeatability was very poor and SEFs for the studied analytes were not calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Tai SSC, Xu B, Welch MJ, Phinney KW. Development and evaluation of a candidate reference measurement procedure for the determination of testosterone in human serum using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1087-94. [PMID: 17530229 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A candidate reference measurement procedure for total testosterone in human serum involving isotope dilution (ID) coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed and critically evaluated. The endogenous testosterone and its internal standard (testosterone-d (3)) were extracted from the serum matrix using a combination of solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction prior to reversed-phase LC/MS/MS. Accuracy of the measurements was evaluated by a recovery study using testosterone-spiked serum. The recovery of the added testosterone ranged from 100.0 to 100.3%. This method was applied to the determination of testosterone in frozen serum samples from three individual donors (one female and two males) with the testosterone concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 8.5 ng g(-1). Repeatability with within-set coefficients of variation (CVs) from 0.1 to 1.0% and intermediate precision with between-set CVs from 0.1 to 0.5% for both female and male serum materials were demonstrated. Excellent linearity was obtained for all linear regression lines. The detection limit at a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 3 was 2 pg of testosterone in serum. Structural analogs as well as testosterone metabolites were tested and found to not interfere with the measurement of testosterone. This well-characterized LC/MS/MS method for serum testosterone, which demonstrates good accuracy and precision, and low susceptibility to interferences, qualifies as a reference measurement procedure that can be used to provide an accuracy base to which routine methods for testosterone can be compared and that will serve as a standard of higher order for measurement traceability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S-C Tai
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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Yang L, Lan C, Liu H, Dong J, Luan T. Full automation of solid-phase microextraction/on-fiber derivatization for simultaneous determination of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and steroid hormones by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:391-7. [PMID: 16865335 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated method using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) and headspace on-fiber silylation for simultaneous determinations of exogenous endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and endogenous steroid hormones in environmental aqueous and biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and compared to a previously reported manual method. Three EDCs and five endocrine steroid hormones were selected to evaluate this method. The extraction and derivatization time, ion strength, pH, incubation temperature, sample volume, and extraction solvent were optimized. Satisfactory results in pure water were obtained in terms of linearity of calibration curve (R2=0.9932-1.0000), dynamic range (3 orders of magnitude), precision (4-9% RSD), as well as LOD (0.001-0.124 microg L(-1)) and LOQ (0.004-0.413 microg L(-1)), respectively. These results were similar to those obtained using a manual method, and moreover, the precision was improved. This new automated method has been applied to the determinations of target compounds in real samples used in our previous study on a manual SPME method. Exogenous octylphenol (OP), technical grade nonylphenol (t-NP), and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were at 0.13, 5.03, and 0.02 microg L(-1) in river water and 3.76, 13.25, and 0.10 microg L(-1) in fish serum, respectively. Natural steroid hormones estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) were at 0.19, 0.11, and 6.22 microg L(-1) in river water; and in female fish serum E1, E2, and pregnenolone (PREG) were at 1.37, 1.95, and 6.25 microg L(-1), respectively. These results were confirmed by the manual method. The developed fully automated SPME and on-fiber silylation procedures showed satisfactory applications in environmental analysis and the performances show improved precision and a reduced analysis time compared to the manual method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Yang L, Luan T, Lan C. Solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber silylation for simultaneous determinations of endocrine disrupting chemicals and steroid hormones by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:23-32. [PMID: 16376914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and on-fiber silylation, a method for simultaneous determinations of exogenous endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and endogenous steroid hormones in environmental aqueous and biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. The selected target compounds were: octylphenol (OP), technical grade nonylphenol (t-NP), diethylstilbestrol (DES), dehydroisoandrosterone (DEHA), estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and pregnenolone (PREG). The optimization of operating conditions influencing the performances of SPME and derivatization were studied in detail. The average correlation coefficient of the calibration curves of the target compounds was 0.9968 and the linear ranges of most compounds spanned over three orders of magnitude. The LOD/(LOQ) values of the target compounds in river water and blood serum were in the range of 0.002-0.378/(0.008-1.261) microg L(-1) and 0.004-0.474/(0.013-1.579) microg L(-1), respectively, which were a bit higher than those in the pure water due to matrix effects. The developed method was applied to the determinations of target compounds in real samples. Exogenous OP, t-NP and DES were at 0.15, 4.67 and 0.02 microg L(-1) in river water and 3.21, 12.17 and 0.15 microg L(-1) in fish blood serum. Natural steroid hormones E1, E2 and T were at 0.18, 0.10 and 5.55 microg L(-1) in river water, and in female fish serum, E1, E2 and PREG were at 1.61, 1.08 and 4.58 microg L(-1), respectively. The proposed SPME method was compared with traditional SPE procedure and the results found using both methods were in the same order of magnitude and both are quite agreeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yet-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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29
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Kowalska S, Krupczyńska K, Buszewski B. Some remarks on characterization and application of stationary phases for RP-HPLC determination of biologically important compounds. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 20:4-22. [PMID: 16041787 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active compounds such as vitamins, steroids, nucleosides, peptides and proteins play a very important role in coordinating living organism functions. Determination of those substances is indispensable in pathogenesis. Their complex structure and physico-chemical properties cause many analytical problems. Chromatography is the most common technique used in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. The interaction between analyte and stationary phase plays a major role in the separation process. The structure of the packing has a significant influence on the results of the separation process. Various types of spectroscopic techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy can be useful tools for the characterization of packings. Surface area measurements, elemental analysis, thermal analysis and microcalorimetric measurements are also helpful in this field. Part of the paper contains a description of chromatographic tests used for the determination of column properties. The description of the possibilities of surface characterization is not complete, but is focused on the most popular techniques and practical chromatographic tests. All the presented methods made possible the design and quality control of a new generation stationary phases, which are the future of high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Chemistry, 7 Gagarin St., Pl-87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Szécsi M, Tóth I, Gardi J, Nyári T, Julesz J. HPLC–RIA analysis of steroid hormone profile in a virilizing stromal tumor of the ovary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:47-56. [PMID: 15560921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathological steroid biosynthesis of a virilizing ovarian tumor was examined via high performance liquid chromatography-radioimmunoassay (HPLC-RIA) determination of the intratissular steroid concentrations. Sex cord-stromal tumor of the ovary was obtained surgically from an 18-year-old female patient with extremely high androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (4-en-dione) and testosterone (Test) blood serum levels. The tissue specimen was extracted with ethyl acetate and the extract was then purified on a C18 mini-column with methanol-water eluents. Steroids were isolated by reversed-phase HPLC on a C18 silica gel column with 51%, 55% and 64% v/v methanol-water eluents. Steroids in the collected eluent fractions were detected by the radioactivity of tritiated internal standards and then quantified by specific RIAs. In the tumor specimen, very high 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH-Prog; 6300 fmol/g), dehydro-epiandrosterone (2870 fmol/g), androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (3000 fmol/g), testosterone (5700 fmol/g) concentrations, and less progesterone (PROG; 320 fmol/g) and androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol (5-en-diol; 320 fmol/g), were determined. Tissue levels of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol), 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol (3beta-diol), and 17beta-estradiol were found to be 71, 20, 28, and 12 fmol/g, respectively. Steroid profile analysis verified a pathological steroid biosynthesis in the ovarian tumor and suggested that the 17alpha-hydroxylase (17alpha-H), 17,20-lyase (17,20-L), and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-4-isomerase (Delta5-3beta-HSD) activities were particularly elevated in this tumorous tissue. Present data demonstrate that the analysis of intratissular steroid profile by a HPLC-RIA method may valuably contribute to the steroidal pathophysiology of endocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szécsi
- Endocrine Unit and Research Laboratory, University of Szeged, 8 Korányi fasor, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Diallo S, Lecanu L, Greeson J, Papadopoulos V. A capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometric method for the quantification of hydroxysteroids in human plasma. Anal Biochem 2004; 324:123-30. [PMID: 14654054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A specific and sensitive methodology for the quantitative determination of hydroxysteroids dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone and their main metabolites in human plasma is described. Hydroxysteroids were extracted using methanol and steroids were further separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, allowing for minimization of the possible chromatographic interferences. Eluted fractions were collected, pooled, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. The quantification was performed with single-ion monitoring of the highly abundant m/z 129 or m/z 358 fragments. The combination of the chromatographic characteristics to the specific fragments ensured the selectivity and specificity of the method. Under these conditions the method was linear (typical R2 is superior to 0.98 for all hydroxysteroids studied) over the concentration range of 2 x 10(-9) to 10(-6)M with good precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Abstract
Recent developments in the analysis of endogenous estrogens (including both free and conjugated estrogens) are reviewed. Largely due to urging by some cancer researchers, new demands are now being placed on such measurements in terms of sensitivity, throughput, multi-analyte detection and accuracy. Especially high sensitivity is required for detecting estrogens in serum from postmenopausal women, children and men, where concentrations at the low pg/ml level are encountered, and one would prefer to test much less than 1 ml of serum. Aside from throughput, meeting all of these demands may be beyond the reach of immunoassay, the method that has created and continues to dominate this field. Both HPLC and GC versions of mass spectrometry are emerging that have some potential to improve the testing of physiological samples for endogenous estrogens. The following topics are covered in this review: related analyses (e.g. detection of estrogens in environmental samples such as water, where 1-1 samples can be collected to provide ng amounts of estrogens); structure and metabolism of estrogens; biological actions (with an emphasis on their role in cancer); immunoassays; HPLC with electrochemical detection; GC-ECD; and various forms of mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Giese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
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Higashi T, Takido N, Yamauchi A, Shimada K. Electron-capturing derivatization of neutral steroids for increasing sensitivity in liquid chromatography/negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:1301-7. [PMID: 12502079 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Derivatization of neutral steroids for increasing sensitivity in liquid chromatography/negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) has been examined. Under APCI conditions, gas-phase electrons are provided by the corona discharge and captured by electron-affinitive compounds. In negative APCI-MS, therefore, ultrahigh sensitivity can be obtained by tagging neutral steroids, whose ionization efficiencies are low in the conventional APCI-MS, with electron-capturing moieties, such as a nitro group. We synthesized various boronic acid and hydrazine derivatives having electron-capturing moieties as derivatization reagents for 1,2-diol compounds and oxosteroids, respectively. Among reagents examined, those having the 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl moiety were most effective in increasing sensitivity. That is, the detection responses of the derivatives with these reagents were increased by several to more than 200-fold over intact steroids, where limits of detection were some picograms. The developed derivatization procedures were applied to analyses of small amounts of steroids in human plasma and gave satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan.
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