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Dallocchio R, Dessì A, Sechi B, Peluso P. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Amylose- and Cellulose-Based Selectors and Related Enantioseparations in Liquid Phase Chromatography. Molecules 2023; 28:7419. [PMID: 37959839 PMCID: PMC10647714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, theoretical and technical advancements in computer facilities and computational techniques have made molecular modeling a useful tool in liquid-phase enantioseparation science for exploring enantioselective recognition mechanisms underlying enantioseparations and for identifying selector-analyte noncovalent interactions that contribute to binding and recognition. Because of the dynamic nature of the chromatographic process, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are particularly versatile in the visualization of the three-dimensional structure of analytes and selectors and in the unravelling of mechanisms at molecular levels. In this context, MD was also used to explore enantioseparation processes promoted by amylose and cellulose-based selectors, the most popular chiral selectors for liquid-phase enantioselective chromatography. This review presents a systematic analysis of the literature published in this field, with the aim of providing the reader with a comprehensive picture about the state of the art and what is still missing for modeling cellulose benzoates and the phenylcarbamates of amylose and cellulose and related enantioseparations with MD. Furthermore, advancements and outlooks, as well as drawbacks and pitfalls still affecting the applicability of MD in this field, are also discussed. The importance of integrating theoretical and experimental approaches is highlighted as an essential strategy for profiling mechanisms and noncovalent interaction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paola Peluso
- Unit of Enantioselective Chromatography and Molecular Recognition, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry ICB, Secondary Branch of Sassari, CNR, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (R.D.); (A.D.); (B.S.)
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2
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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3
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Noncovalent interactions in high-performance liquid chromatography enantioseparations on polysaccharide-based chiral selectors. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Horváth S, Eke Z, Németh G. Utilization of the hysteresis phenomenon for chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic method selection in polar organic mode. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461280. [PMID: 32709331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) are outstandingly suitable to play a key role in chiral HPLC method selection strategies, since they provide high success rates. One reason for this ability is that they adopt a diversity of higher order structures in various eluents, resulting in versatile chiral environments. A potential to extend this versatility further was expected and examined in the present study, based on the recently discovered hysteretic behavior of a widely used chiral selector (CS), amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). The hindered transitions of its structure, which are behind the history dependence of its separation ability, were used as a tool to identify distinct states of the chiral selector in order to exploit an extended selectivity space. The identification was carried out using a single diagnostic compound, as opposed to the common approach where testing a library of compounds is required. Eluent mixtures consisting of 2-propanol and either methanol or ethanol were scrutinized in terms of stability and robustness of the observed retentions. The solvent mixtures that were eligible for practical application in these respects were used to construct a screening sequence, including identical compositions combined with different column pretreatment. The gain achievable by using the proposed sequence was then evaluated using 15 enantiomer pairs with focus on resolution, enantiomer elution order and chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Horváth
- György Hevesy Doctoral School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Drug Substance Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, P. O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Eke
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Wessling International Research and Educational Center, Anonymus u. 6., H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Németh
- Drug Substance Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, P. O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary.
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5
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Matarashvili I, Kobidze G, Chelidze A, Dolidze G, Beridze N, Jibuti G, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B. The effect of temperature on the separation of enantiomers with coated and covalently immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1599:172-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Polysaccharide-Based Chiral Stationary Phases for Enantioseparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:93-126. [PMID: 31069731 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Since this book contains dedicated chapters on enantioseparations using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), or capillary electrochromatography (CEC), the application of polysaccharide-based materials in these modes of liquid-phase separation techniques is touched just superficially. Special emphasis is directed toward a discussion of the optimization of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors, their attachment onto the carrier, and the optimization of the support. The optimization of the separation of enantiomers based on various parameters such as mobile phase composition and temperature is discussed.
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7
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Hysteresis of retention and enantioselectivity on amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phases in mixtures of 2-propanol and methanol. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:149-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Asnin LD, Stepanova MV. Van't Hoff analysis in chiral chromatography. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1319-1337. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid D. Asnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Perm National Research Polytechnic University; Perm Russia
| | - Maria V. Stepanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Perm National Research Polytechnic University; Perm Russia
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9
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Khater S, Canault B, Azzimani T, Bonnet P, West C. Thermodynamic enantioseparation behavior of phenylthiohydantoin-amino acid derivatives in supercritical fluid chromatography on polysaccharide chiral stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1450-1459. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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11
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Chen Z, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Cheng Y, Liu N, Tao Y, Pan X, Zheng Y. Stereoselective separation and pharmacokinetic dissipation of the chiral neonicotinoid sulfoxaflor in soil by ultraperformance convergence chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6677-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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On the effect of basic and acidic additives on the separation of the enantiomers of some basic drugs with polysaccharide-based chiral selectors and polar organic mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:167-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations by high-performance liquid chromatography using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:81-111. [PMID: 23283772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Since this book contains dedicated chapters on enantioseparations using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), and simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography, the application of polysaccharide-based materials in these modes of liquid phase separation techniques are touched just superficially. More emphasis is directed toward a discussion of the optimization of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors, their attachment onto the carrier, and the optimization of the support. The optimization of the separation of enantiomers based on various parameters such as mobile phase composition and temperature is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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14
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Chankvetadze B. Recent developments on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for liquid-phase separation of enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:26-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Jibuti G, Mskhiladze A, Takaishvili N, Karchkhadze M, Chankvetadze L, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B. HPLC separation of dihydropyridine derivatives enantiomers with emphasis on elution order using polysaccharide-based chiral columns. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2529-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Jibuti
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
| | - Antonina Mskhiladze
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Healthcare; Sokhumi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
| | - Nino Takaishvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
| | - Marina Karchkhadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
| | - Lali Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
| | | | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
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16
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Chemical resolution of enantiomers of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones using chiral auxiliary approach. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Ren-Qi W, Teng-Teng O, Siu-Choon N, Weihua T. Recent advances in pharmaceutical separations with supercritical fluid chromatography using chiral stationary phases. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Ferretti R, Mai A, Gallinella B, Zanitti L, Valente S, Cirilli R. Application of 3μm particle-based amylose-derived chiral stationary phases for the enantioseparation of potential histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8394-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Droux S, Félix G. Green chiral HPLC enantiomeric separations using high temperature liquid chromatography and subcritical water on chiralcel OD and chiralpak AD. Chirality 2011; 23 Suppl 1:E105-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.21019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Enantioseparation of Novel Amino Analogs of Indole Phytoalexins on Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Chiral Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Synthesis and chromatographic enantioresolution of anti-HIV quinolone derivatives. Talanta 2011; 85:1392-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Wang F, Liu XK, Lai S, Fang J, Semin D. Chromatographic studies of unusual on-column degradations of aniline compounds on XBridge Shield RP18 column in high pH aqueous mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3502-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Gebreyohannes KG, McGuffin VL. Thermodynamic and kinetic study of chiral separations of coumarin-based anticoagulants on derivatized amylose stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5901-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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WANG L, XU X, CHEN G, RUAN Y. Enantioseparation of 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol benzoates using high performance liquid chromatography. Se Pu 2010; 28:305-10. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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25
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Ikai T, Okamoto Y. Structure Control of Polysaccharide Derivatives for Efficient Separation of Enantiomers by Chromatography. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6077-101. [DOI: 10.1021/cr8005558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ikai
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong St. Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yoshio Okamoto
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong St. Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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26
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Singh K, Arora D, Falkowski D, Liu Q, Moreland RS. An efficacious protocol for C-4 substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones. Synthesis and calcium channel binding studies. European J Org Chem 2009; 2009. [PMID: 24273442 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl 1,2-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl/6-methyl-2-oxopyrimidine-5-carboxylates react with C-nucleophiles as well as anion of enantiopure chiral auxiliary (1R,2S,5R)-(-)-methyl (S)-p-toluenesulfinate to afford C-4 substituted and enantiopure congeners of medicinally potent Biginelli dihydropyrimidinones. The calcium channel blocking activity of some of the compounds was evaluated and compared with nifedipine for their ability to relax a membrane depolarization induced contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Singh
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemical Sciences & Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar - 143 005, India
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27
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Chemical resolution of inherently racemic dihydropyrimidinones via a site selective functionalization of Biginelli compounds with chiral electrophiles: a case study. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Wang F, Han J, Yeung D, Semin D, Cheetham J. Effect of column temperature on enantioseparation of dihydropyrimidinones using alcohol solvated Chiralpak AS and AS-H columns. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1027-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Wang F, Yeung D, Han J, Semin D, McElvain JS, Cheetham J. Column temperature programming in enantioseparation of dihydropyrimidinone compounds using derivatized cellulose and amylose chiral stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:604-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Teutenberg T, Tuerk J, Holzhauser M, Giegold S. Temperature stability of reversed phase and normal phase stationary phases under aqueous conditions. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1101-14. [PMID: 17595945 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study the temperature stability of several normal phase and RP columns was investigated using a water-only mobile phase. The temperature was adjusted to 120 degrees C for the bare silica stationary phases and to 185 degrees C for the metal oxide and carbon stationary phases. It could be shown that metal oxide stationary phases exhibited excellent thermal stability over the duration of the test period and are therefore suitable for high temperature LC applications.
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31
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Meričko D, Lehotay J, Skačáni I, Armstrong DW. Effect of Temperature on Retention and Enantiomeric Separation of Chiral Sulfoxides using Teicoplanin Aglycone Chiral Stationary Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500509116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Meričko
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - J. Lehotay
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - I. Skačáni
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - D. W. Armstrong
- b Department of Chemistry, Gilman Hall , Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa, USA
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32
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Lao W, Gan J. Responses of enantioselective characteristics of imidazolinone herbicides and Chiralcel OJ column to temperature variations. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1131:74-84. [PMID: 16919283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Temperature affects not only the chromatographic characteristics of solute but may also alter the conformation of the stationary phase. However, temperature influences on enantioseparation of solute and conformation of chiral stationary phase (CSP) are seldom considered simultaneously. In this study, three temperature programs, a conventional heating procedure, a cyclic van't Hoff program, and a step-temperature program, were employed to evaluate temperature effects on enantioseparation of five imidazolinone herbicides on Chiralcel OJ column and the conformational state of the stationary phase. The van't Hoff plots of retention factor (k'), distribution constant (K) and separation factor (alpha) for imazapyr (1), imazapic (2), imazethapyr (3), and imazamox (4) were linear within 15-50 degrees C. Nonlinear van't Hoff plots of alpha were observed for imazaquin (5) with mobile phase of n-hexane (0.1% TFA)-2-propanol at 70/30 or 60/40 (v/v). The large molecular size of imazaquin (5) and van't Hoff plots of alpha were therefore more sensitive at detecting conformational changes of the stationary phase. Small but irreversible conformational changes occurred at 5-10 degrees C with the solvent ratio of 60/40. During the cyclic van't Hoff program, reversible conformational changes were observed at >or=15 degrees C. A switch was even visible at about 25 degrees C with the solvent ratio of 60/40 during the re-cooling cycle. The cyclic van't Hoff temperature program showed that using OJ column may yield satisfactory results at 15-50 degrees C but not at <or=15 degrees C. The step-temperature program showed that fast temperature changes over the 5-50 degrees C range may be performed on the coated OJ phase, and the recovery of enantioselectivity was relatively fast. This study shows that simultaneous evaluation of temperature effects on the chromatographic behavior of a chiral analyte and the conformational state of the chiral stationary phase provides more insights for understanding mechanisms of enantioseparation and selecting optimal separation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Lao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521, USA
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33
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Sellers JA, Olsen BA, Owens PK, Gavin PF. Determination of the enantiomer and positional isomer impurities in atomoxetine hydrochloride with liquid chromatography using polysaccharide chiral stationary phases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1088-94. [PMID: 16533585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A normal-phase isocratic chiral liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for atomoxetine hydrochloride. In addition to the S-enantiomer of atomoxetine, the conditions separate both para and meta positional isomers and the phenyl des-methyl analog. Method development strategies included (a) evaluation of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases with nonaqueous mobile phases, (b) the use of an octyl stationary phase with a sulfated-beta-cyclodextrin mobile phase additive, and (c) capillary electrophoresis using a single isomer heptakis-6-sulfato-beta-cyclodextrin modifier. All three approaches yielded acceptable conditions for the separation of atomoxetine from related molecules with the former fully validated and the latter two held as alternatives if needed. The final method conditions employing a Chiralcel OD-H column and mobile phase of hexane/IPA/DEA/TFA (85/15/0.15/0.2, v/v/v/v) at 1.0 mL/min have been fully validated with acceptable specificity, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision and quantitation limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Sellers
- Analytical Sciences Research & Development, Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Piletsky SA, Mijangos I, Guerreiro A, Piletska EV, Chianella I, Karim K, Turner APF. Polymer Cookery: Influence of Polymerization Time and Different Initiation Conditions on Performance of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma048021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Piletsky
- Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K
| | - Irene Mijangos
- Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K
| | - Antonio Guerreiro
- Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K
| | - Elena V. Piletska
- Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K
| | - Iva Chianella
- Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K
| | - Kal Karim
- Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K
| | - Anthony P. F. Turner
- Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, U.K
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35
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Gyllenhaal O, Stefansson M. Reversal of elution order for profen acid enantiomers in packed-column SFC on Chiralpak AD. Chirality 2005; 17:257-65. [PMID: 15844206 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric separations of four 2-substituted propionic acid drugs have been studied using packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) coated on silica as support (Chiralpak AD). Under standard conditions (i.e., flow rate, 1.5 ml/min; column temperature, 30 degrees C; back-pressure, 150 bar), the order of elution could be reversed when the polar alcohol modifier methanol in carbon dioxide was replaced by 2-propanol for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen. For flurbiprofen, with the highest selectivity factor, no reversal was observed, although selectivity was reduced significantly with higher alcohols. Naproxen and flurbiprofen were also investigated with 2-butanol and 2-pentanol. The former showed reversal of elution order but not the latter. For higher alcohol modifiers, including 2-propanol, the peak symmetry was poor but could be improved by addition of citric acid in the alcohol modifier. These results stress the importance to investigate enantiomer elution order during the development of enantioselective methods and when chromatographic conditions are optimized. Preliminary experiments with column temperatures over the range of -15 to 45 degrees C revealed that, in a few cases, reversal took place with a change in temperature only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Gyllenhaal
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R & D, AstraZeneca R & D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden.
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36
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Berthod A, He BL, Beesley TE. Temperature and enantioseparation by macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1060:205-14. [PMID: 15628163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-one chiral compounds were separated on four macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral selectors: teicoplanin, its aglycone, ristocetin A and vancomycin, using three possible separation modes: reversed phase with methanol/buffer mobile phases, normal phase with hexane/ethanol mobile phases and polar ionic mode (PIM) with 100% methanol mobile phase with trace amounts of acid and/or base. These 148 separations were studied in a 5-45 degrees C temperature range. Peak efficiencies always increased with temperature, but in only 17% of the separations studied a small increase of the enantioresolution factor was observed. In the majority (83%) of the cases, the enantioresolution decreased or even vanished when temperature increased. All 148 Van't Hoff plots were linear showing that the selector did not change in the temperature range studied. The calculated enthalpy and entropy variations showed that the interaction of the solute with the stationary phase was always enthalpy driven with normal and reversed mobile phases. It could be enthalpy as well as entropy driven with PIM mobile phases strongly dependent on the solute. The plots of delta(deltaH) versus delta(deltaS) were linear in most cases (enthalpy entropy compensation). This observation cannot be used to give clear information on chiral recognition mechanisms, but it allowed identifying specific stationary phase-solute interactions because the points corresponding to the respective thermodynamic parameters were clearly delineated from the general compensation lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Berthod
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon 1, CNRS 5180, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Millsaps College, 1701 North State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, USA.
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Zhang L, Rana TM. Solid-Phase Synthesis of α-(2-(Benzylthio)- 1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-p-tolylpyrimidine-5- carboxamido) Acids: a New Strategy To Create Diversity in Heterocyclic Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:457-9. [PMID: 15244403 DOI: 10.1021/cc034064s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Wang F, Dowling T, Ellison D, Wyvratt J. Comparison study of Chiralpak AD-H with AD columns in chromatographic enantioseparation of dihydropyrimidinone acid and its methyl ester. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1034:117-23. [PMID: 15116920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a comparison study of the difference between Chiralpak AD-H and AD columns in enantioseparation of dihydropyrimidinone (DHP) acid and its methyl ester under normal phase LC conditions. Unlike those of the AD phase, the van't Hoff plots of retention factors for DHP acid on the AD-H phase were linear. The cyclic van't Hoff plots of selectivity factors for DHP acid on the AD-H phase were non-linear and slightly non-superimposable. No conformational transition was observed on the AD-H phase in the whole temperature range. A single-step temperature program on the AD-H phase showed that the selectivity factors of DHP acid only increased approximately 1.7% in 24 h (versus approximately 50% on the AD phase). For DHP ester, the single-step temperature program showed that the selectivity factors on the AD-H phase remained the same in 24 h while those on the AD phase increased around 3.1%. The enantioselectivity of DHP acid on the AD-H phase was lower than that on the AD phase while the enantioselectivity of DHP ester on the AD-H phase was higher than that on the AD phase. The resolution of DHP acid on the AD-H phase was about the same as that on the AD phase while the resolution of DHP ester on the AD-H phase was much higher than that on the AD phase. The results of DHP acid are opposite of what the vendor suggested while the results of DHP ester are the same as the vendor's application notes. This indicates that the differences between Chiralpak AD-H and AD columns are not only in their particle size, but also in the solvated conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, RY818 B-208, Rahwa, NJ 07065, USA.
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40
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Stringham RW, Lynam KG, Lord BS. Memory effect of diethylamine mobile phase additive on chiral separations on polysaccharide stationary phases. Chirality 2004; 16:493-8. [PMID: 15290683 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a memory effect for amine additives on polysaccharide chiral stationary phases has often been suggested, but not clearly demonstrated. Demonstration of this effect is made difficult by the uncertainty as to which analytes benefit from use of amine additives and, typically, an unclear history of column use. In this work, analytes were selected for differences in their behavior with and without additives. Columns were used with no prior history. A persistent memory effect was demonstrated on a CHIRALPAK AD-H column in hexane-based mobile phases. This effect was short-lived, with polar organic mobile phases. Memory was short-lived on a CHIRALCEL OJ-H column. Flushing with isopropanol was shown to remove most of the memory effect. Compounds expected to require amine additives on CHIRALCEL OD-H column did not. Acid treatment of the AD-H and OD-H columns changed their performance, which was subsequently restored by the incorporation of amine.
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Wang T, Wenslow RM. Effects of alcohol mobile-phase modifiers on the structure and chiral selectivity of amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1015:99-110. [PMID: 14570323 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Following a previous publication, the present paper reports additional results on the effects of alcohol mobile-phase modifiers on the structure and chiral selectivity of amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralpak AD) chiral stationary phase (CSP). Solid-state NMR (1H/13C CPMAS) was utilized to identify and compare structural differences in Chiralpak AD caused by the various alcohol mobile-phase modifiers, many of which were not studied in the previous publication. The influences of the various alcohol modifiers (in hexane-based mobile phase) on the structure and chiral selectivity of the CSP were studied and compared. CPMAS spectra of Chiralpak AD flushed with the mobile phases displayed clear evidence of solvent incorporation into the CSP. When alcohol modifiers with varying size and bulkiness were used in the mobile phase, differences in structure and chiral selectivity were observed on Chiralpak AD based on solid-state NMR and chromatographic data. The change of t-butanol concentration in the t-butanol/hexane mobile phase caused changes of structure and chiral selectivity of the Chiralpak AD. These data further support our belief that the different chiral selectivities of the CSP associated with the use of different alcohol modifiers are due to different alterations of the steric environment of the chiral cavities in the CSP by the different mobile-phase modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Analytical Research Department, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, RY818-B225, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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Wang F, Wenslow RM, Dowling TM, Mueller KT, Santos I, Wyvratt JM. Characterization of a Thermally Induced Irreversible Conformational Transition of Amylose Tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) Chiral Stationary Phase in Enantioseparation of Dihydropyrimidinone Acid by Quasi-Equilibrated Liquid Chromatography and Solid-State NMR. Anal Chem 2003; 75:5877-85. [PMID: 14588029 DOI: 10.1021/ac034714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A thermally induced irreversible conformational transition of amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (i.e., Chiralpak AD) chiral stationary phase (CSP) in the enantioseparation of dihydropyrimidinone (DHP) acid racemate was studied for the first time by quasi-equilibrated liquid chromatography with cyclic van't Hoff and step temperature programs and solid-state ((13)C CPMAS and (19)F MAS) NMR using ethanol and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)-modified n-hexane as the mobile phase. The conformational transition was controlled by a single kinetically driven process, as evidenced by the chromatographic studies. Solid-state NMR was used to study the effect of the temperature on the conformational change of the solvated phase (with or without the DHP acid enantiomers and TFA) and provided some viable structural information about the CSP and the enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, RY818 B-208, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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