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Masci M, Caproni R, Nevigato T. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Glyphosate in Cereals Together with a Discussion of Its Occurrence, Accumulation, Fate, Degradation, and Regulatory Status. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:38. [PMID: 38804332 PMCID: PMC11130892 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Union's recent decision to renew the authorization for the use of glyphosate until 15 December 2033 has stimulated scientific discussion all around the world regarding its toxicity or otherwise for humans. Glyphosate is a chemical of which millions of tons have been used in the last 50 years worldwide to dry out weeds in cultivated fields and greenhouses and on roadsides. Concern has been raised in many areas about its possible presence in the food chain and its consequent adverse effects on health. Both aspects that argue in favor of toxicity and those that instead may indicate limited toxicity of glyphosate are discussed here. The widespread debate that has been generated requires further investigations and field measurements to understand glyphosate's fate once dispersed in the environment and its concentration in the food chain. Hence, there is a need for validated analytical methods that are available to analysts in the field. In the present review, methods for the analytical determination of glyphosate and its main metabolite, AMPA, are discussed, with a specific focus on chromatographic techniques applied to cereal products. The experimental procedures are explained in detail, including the cleanup, derivatization, and instrumental conditions, to give the laboratories involved enough information to proceed with the implementation of this line of analysis. The prevalent chromatographic methods used are LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/SIM, and GC-MS/MS, but sufficient indications are also given to those laboratories that wish to use the better performing high-resolution MS or the simpler HPLC-FLD, HPLC-UV, GC-NPD, and GC-FPD techniques for screening purposes. The concentrations of glyphosate from the literature measured in wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats, soybean, and cereal-based foods are reported, together with its regulatory status in various parts of the world and its accumulation mechanism. As for its accumulation in cereals, the available data show that glyphosate tends to accumulate more in wholemeal flours than in refined ones, that its concentration in the product strictly depends on the treatment period (the closer it is to the time of harvesting, the higher the concentration), and that in cold climates, the herbicide tends to persist in the soil for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Masci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy (T.N.)
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Martin P, He K, Blaney L, Hobbs SR. Advanced Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantifying Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid Using Pre-Column Derivatization. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:2407-2414. [PMID: 37588809 PMCID: PMC10425981 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Analytical limitations make it challenging to develop effective methodologies for understanding glyphosate-based herbicide levels in drinking water and groundwater. Due to their lack of chromophores and zwitterionic nature, glyphosate-based herbicides are difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper offers a straightforward method for quantifying glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) via 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl) pre-column derivatization and analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Method development was focused on optimizing the critical variables for optimal derivatization using a 24-factorial design. We found that complete derivatization significantly depends on the inclusion of borate buffer to create the alkaline conditions necessary for aminolysis. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition was critical to minimize metallic chelation and ensure reproducible retention times and peaks. However, EDTA concentrations ≥5% decreased peak intensity due to ion suppression. The FMOC-Cl concentration and derivatization time exhibited a direct proportional relationship, with the complete reaction achieved with 2.5 mM FMOC-Cl after 4 h. Concentrations of FMOC-Cl greater than 2.5 mM led to the formation of oxides, which interfere with the detection sensitivity and selectivity. Desirable results were achieved with 1% EDTA, 5% borate, and 2.5 mM FMOC-Cl, which led to complete derivatization after 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro
J. Martin
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ke He
- Department
of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United
States
| | - Lee Blaney
- Department
of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United
States
| | - Shakira R. Hobbs
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Campanile R, Elia VC, Minopoli A, Ud Din Babar Z, di Girolamo R, Morone A, Sakač N, Velotta R, Della Ventura B, Iannotti V. Magnetic micromixing for highly sensitive detection of glyphosate in tap water by colorimetric immunosensor. Talanta 2023; 253:123937. [PMID: 36179557 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world and, in view of its toxicity, there is a quest for easy-to-use, but reliable methods to detect it in water. To address this issue, we realized a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive immunosensor based on gold coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs@Au) to detect glyphosate in tap water. Not only the gold shell provided a sensitive optical transduction of the biological signal - through the shift of the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) entailed by the nanoparticle aggregation -, but it also allowed us to use an effective photochemical immobilization technique to tether oriented antibodies straight on the nanoparticles surface. While such a feature led to aggregates in which the nanoparticles were at close proximity each other, the magnetic properties of the core offered us an efficient tool to steer the nanoparticles by a rotating magnetic field. As a result, the nanoparticle aggregation in presence of the target could take place at higher rate (enhanced diffusion) with significant improvement in sensitivity. As a matter of fact, the combination of plasmonic and magnetic properties within the same nanoparticles allowed us to realize a colorimetric biosensor with a limit of detection (LOD) of 20 ng∙L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Campanile
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Cosimo Elia
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Minopoli
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Zaheer Ud Din Babar
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM), University of Naples Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino,10, 80138, Italy
| | - Rocco di Girolamo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Morone
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura Della Materia - Unità di Tito-Scalo Zona Industriale di Tito Scalo, 85050, Potenza, Italy
| | - Nikola Sakač
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Hallerova 7, 42000, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Raffaele Velotta
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Della Ventura
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Iannotti
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy; CNR - SPIN (Institute for Superconductors, Oxides and Other Innovative Materials and Devices), Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
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Improved Method for the Detection of Highly Polar Pesticides and Their Main Metabolites in Foods of Animal Origin: Method Validation and Application to Monitoring Programme. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of polar pesticides in agricultural production has been of great interest due to their low costs and their high effectiveness. For this reason, the possibility of their transfer to foods of animal origin is of great concern for human health. The manuscript describes the implementation and validation of an analytical method to detect polar pesticides, at regulatory levels, in three foods of animal origin, including bovine fat, chicken eggs, and cow milk. The method was fully validated to detect glyphosate, glufosinate, and their respective metabolites in the above-mentioned foods obtaining fit-for-purpose sensitivity, recoveries (76–119%), repeatability (≤20%), within-laboratory reproducibility (≤20%), and experimental measurement uncertainty less than 50% as required by the SANTE/11312/2021 criteria. Given the satisfactory results, the applicability of the method to additional molecules belonging to the same category (AMPA, cyanuric acid, ethephon, fosetyl aluminum, HEPA, maleic hydrazide, and N-acetyl-glyphosate) was also evaluated in order to meet possible future requests. Finally, the implemented method was applied to analyse samples over the period of March 2021 to August 2022 from two Italian regions (Umbria and Marche) within the national monitoring programme. In agreement with previously available data, none of the samples analysed showed the presence of glyphosate and glufosinate at levels above the legal limit.
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5
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The fate and behavior of glufosinate-enantiomers and their metabolites in open-field soil and weeds. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Vicini JL, Jensen PK, Young BM, Swarthout JT. Residues of glyphosate in food and dietary exposure. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5226-5257. [PMID: 34397175 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup® brand nonselective herbicides, and residue testing for food has been conducted as part of the normal regulatory processes. Additional testing has been conducted by university researchers and nongovernmental agencies. Presence of residues needs to be put into the context of safety standards. Furthermore, to appropriately interpret residue data, analytical assays must be validated for each food sample matrix. Regulatory agency surveys indicate that 99% of glyphosate residues in food are below the European maximum residue limits (MRLs) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerances. These data support the conclusion that overall residues are not elevated above MRLs/tolerances due to agricultural practices or usage on genetically modified (GM) crops. However, it is important to understand that MRLs and tolerances are limits for legal pesticide usage. MRLs only provide health information when the sum of MRLs of all foods is compared to limits established by toxicology studies, such as the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Conclusions from dietary modeling that use actual food residues, or MRLs themselves, combined with consumption data indicate that dietary exposures to glyphosate are within established safe limits. Measurements of glyphosate in urine can also be used to estimate ingested glyphosate exposure, and studies indicate that exposure is <3% of the current European ADI for glyphosate, which is 0.5 mg glyphosate/kg body weight. Conclusions of risk assessments, based on dietary modeling or urine data, are that exposures to glyphosate from food are well below the amount that can be ingested daily over a lifetime with a reasonable certainty of no harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Vicini
- Regulatory Sciences, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela K Jensen
- Regulatory Sciences, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Bruce M Young
- Regulatory Sciences, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - John T Swarthout
- Regulatory Sciences, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
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7
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Franke AA, Li X, Lai JF. Analysis of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate from human urine by HRAM LC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:8313-8324. [PMID: 33011839 PMCID: PMC8061706 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is the main metabolite of glyphosate (GLYP) and phosphonic acids in detergents. GLYP is a synthetic herbicide frequently used worldwide alone or together with its analog glufosinate (GLUF). The general public can be exposed to these potentially harmful chemicals; thus, sensitive methods to monitor them in humans are urgently required to evaluate health risks. We attempted to simultaneously detect GLYP, AMPA, and GLUF in human urine by high-resolution accurate-mass liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HRAM LC-MS) before and after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl) or 1-methylimidazole-sulfonyl chloride (ImS-Cl) with several urine pre-treatment and solid phase extraction (SPE) steps. Fmoc-Cl derivatization achieved the best combination of method sensitivity (limit of detection; LOD) and accuracy for all compounds compared to underivatized urine or ImS-Cl-derivatized urine. Before derivatization, the best steps for GLYP involved 0.4 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) pre-treatment followed by SPE pre-cleanup (LOD 37 pg/mL), for AMPA involved no EDTA pre-treatment and no SPE pre-cleanup (LOD 20 pg/mL) or 0.2-0.4 mM EDTA pre-treatment with no SPE pre-cleanup (LOD 19-21 pg/mL), and for GLUF involved 0.4 mM EDTA pre-treatment and no SPE pre-cleanup (LOD 7 pg/mL). However, for these methods, accuracy was sufficient only for AMPA (101-105%), while being modest for GLYP (61%) and GLUF (63%). Different EDTA and SPE treatments prior to Fmoc-Cl derivatization resulted in high sensitivity for all analytes but satisfactory accuracy only for AMPA. Thus, we conclude that our HRAM LC-MS method is suited for urinary AMPA analysis in cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Franke
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Analytical Biochemistry Shared Resource, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Xingnan Li
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Analytical Biochemistry Shared Resource, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Jennifer F Lai
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Analytical Biochemistry Shared Resource, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
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9
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Wumbei A, Goeteyn L, Lopez E, Houbraken M, Spanoghe P. Glyphosate in yam from Ghana. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2019; 12:231-235. [PMID: 31046629 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1609098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is used in Ghana on many crops including yam. There is the suspicion that there could be residue problems in the yam crop. Glyphosate as a polar compound is noted for its difficulty to be analysed in biological matrices. In this study, the method for glyphosate analysis based on FMOC-Cl derivatization was modified with a clean-up (CH2Cl2) step and validated to analyse glyphosate in yam by LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the validated method was efficient for the analysis of glyphosate in yam, with recoveries of 34%, linearity of 0.997, RSD of 7%, LOD of 0.04 mg kg-1, and LOQ of 0.12 mg kg-1. Out of 68 samples analysed from a field experiment and from markets, glyphosate was detected in 14 samples, but at levels below the LOQ. It is concluded that the yam contained glyphosate residues at very low levels which may not pose threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abukari Wumbei
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research and Consultancy Services, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Liliane Goeteyn
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Edelbis Lopez
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Sancti Spiritus University, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Michael Houbraken
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Jia G, Xu J, Long X, Ge S, Chen L, Hu D, Zhang Y. Enantioselective Degradation and Chiral Stability of Glufosinate in Soil and Water Samples and Formation of 3-Methylphosphinicopropionic Acid and N-Acetyl-glufosinate Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11312-11321. [PMID: 31557019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two enantiomers of glufosinate were separated under reverse-phase conditions on a chiral crown stationary phase (CROWNPAK CR(+)). An efficient and reliable chiral analytical method was developed to determine the glufosinate enantiomers and two metabolites in soil and water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The linearities of the matrix-matched calibration curves in five water and four soil samples were good with a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.998, and the mean recoveries were 85.2-100.4%, with relative standard deviations of 1.0-7.1%. l-Glufosinate was degraded faster than d-glufosinate in four nonsterile natural soil and two nonsterile natural water samples. The degradation half-lives of the enantiomers ranged from 3.4 to 33.0 days in the soil samples, but glufosinate was stable in the five water samples, less than 22% of the applied substance degraded at the end of the experiment (100 days). Degradation in sterile soil was not enantioselective. The two enantiomers were configurationally stable in the four soil and five water samples. In most cases of glufosinate degradation in soils, the percentage of 3-methylphosphinicopropionic in relation to the parent was higher than that of N-acetyl-glufosinate. l-Glufosinate was preferentially degraded in the four soils, and formation of 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid and N-acetyl-glufosinate was enantiomer dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifei Jia
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Xiaofang Long
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - ShiJia Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Lingzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
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Rigobello-Masini M, Pereira EAO, Abate G, Masini JC. Solid-Phase Extraction of Glyphosate in the Analyses of Environmental, Plant, and Food Samples. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sensitive and rapid determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, bialaphos and metabolites by UPLC–MS/MS using a modified Quick Polar Pesticides Extraction method. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 283:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tong M, Gao W, Jiao W, Zhou J, Li Y, He L, Hou R. Uptake, Translocation, Metabolism, and Distribution of Glyphosate in Nontarget Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7638-7646. [PMID: 28795804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation, metabolism, and distribution behavior of glyphosate in nontarget tea plant were investigated. The negative effects appeared to grown tea saplings when the nutrient solution contained glyphosate above 200 mg L-1. Glyphosate was highest in the roots of the tea plant, where it was also metabolized to aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA). The glyphosate and AMPA in the roots were transported through the xylem or phloem to the stems and leaves. The amount of AMPA in the entire tea plant was less than 6.0% of the amount of glyphosate. The glyphosate level in fresh tea shoots was less than that in mature leaves at each day. These results indicated that free glyphosate in the soil can be continuously absorbed by, metabolized in, and transported from the roots of the tea tree into edible leaves, and therefore, free glyphosate residues in the soil should be controlled to produce teas free of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Wanjun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Weiting Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Yeyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemisty and Health Effects, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036, P. R. China
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Chang YC, Lin YS, Xiao GT, Chiu TC, Hu CC. A highly selective and sensitive nanosensor for the detection of glyphosate. Talanta 2016; 161:94-98. [PMID: 27769503 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A turn-off fluorescence sensor synthesized by combining copper (II) oxide and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used for measuring glyphosate based on the inhibiting the catalytic activity of the CuO/MWCNTs. This sensor was synthesized by precipitating copper ions onto the acidic MWCNTs under basic conditions; the resulting material was characterized by the transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm its structure. The CuO/MWCNTs nanomaterial was found to exhibit high peroxidase-like catalytic activity toward the reduction of H2O2 to H2O and the oxidation of Amplex Red to resorufin, with a corresponding color change from pink to red and the fluorescence enhancement. However, this activity was inhibited and the fluorescence diminished when glyphosate was added to the system. Using this strategy, we applied this sensor to detect glyphosate. The results indicated that this sensor is not only highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 0.67 ppb and a linear range from 0.002 to 0.01ppm, but also exhibits good selectivity for glyphosate. When this sensor was assessed for detecting glyphosate in real water samples, recoveries of 96-107% were attained. This proposed material and method are a promising approach for rapid screening of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chu Chang
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Syuan Lin
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Guan-Ting Xiao
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Tai-Chia Chiu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taiwan, ROC; Agriculture Products Inspection Centre, National Taitung University, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Cho-Chun Hu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taiwan, ROC; Agriculture Products Inspection Centre, National Taitung University, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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Guo H, Riter LS, Wujcik CE, Armstrong DW. Direct and sensitive determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in environmental water samples by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1443:93-100. [PMID: 26993781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel method based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the sensitive determination of glyphosate and its major degradation product, AMPA in environmental water samples. The method involves the use of MS compatible mobile phases (0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile) for HPLC and direct analysis of water samples without sample derivatization. The method has been validated in different types of water matrices (drinking, surface and groundwater) by accuracy and precision studies with samples spiked at 0.1, 7.5 and 90 ppb. All mean accuracy values ranged from 85% to 112% for glyphosate and AMPA using both primary and secondary quantitative ion transitions (RSD ≤ 10%). Moreover, both primary and secondary ion transitions for glyphosate and AMPA can achieve the quantitation limits at 0.1 ppb. The linear dynamic range of the calibration curves were from 0.1 to 100 ppb for each analyte at each ion transitions with correlation coefficient higher than 0.997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Guo
- Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO, United States; University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States.
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17
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Wang L, Bi Y, Gao J, Li Y, Ding H, Ding L. Carbon dots based turn-on fluorescent probes for the sensitive determination of glyphosate in environmental water samples. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic illustration of Cu2+ and glyphosate detection using the CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Yidan Bi
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Jia Gao
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Yijia Li
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Hong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Lan Ding
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
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18
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Ehling S, Reddy TM. Analysis of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Nutritional Ingredients and Milk by Derivatization with Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl Chloride and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10562-8. [PMID: 26568409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward analytical method based on derivatization with fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been developed for the analysis of residues of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in a suite of nutritional ingredients derived from soybean, corn, and sugar beet and also in cow's milk and human breast milk. Accuracy and intermediate precision were 91-116% and <10% RSD, respectively, in soy protein isolate. Limits of quantitation were 0.05 and 0.005 μg/g in powdered and liquid samples, respectively. Glyphosate and AMPA were quantified at 0.105 and 0.210 μg/g (soy protein isolate) and 0.850 and 2.71 μg/g (soy protein concentrate, both derived from genetically modified soybean), respectively. Residues were not detected in soy milk, soybean oil, corn oil, maltodextrin, sucrose, cow's milk, whole milk powder, or human breast milk. The method is proposed as a convenient tool for the survey of glyphosate and AMPA in the ingredient supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ehling
- Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Todime M Reddy
- Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
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19
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A Robust Transferable Method for the Determination of Glyphosate Residue in Liver After Derivatization by Ultra-high Pressure Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Botero-Coy AM, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Direct liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of underivatized glyphosate in rice, maize and soybean. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:157-65. [PMID: 23891211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The residue determination of the widely used herbicide glyphosate (GLY) is highly problematic due to its amphoteric character, low mass and lack of chemical groups that might facilitate its detection. Most methods developed up to now have employed pre-column or post-column derivatization to form fluorescent derivatives and/or to reduce the polar character of the analyte facilitating its chromatographic retention. The aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of performing the direct LC-MS/MS determination of GLY residues in vegetables. After testing several Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) columns, Obelisc N was selected due to its better chromatographic retention. LC-MS/MS determination has been performed in negative ionization mode, monitoring up to four transitions to give high reliability to the identification/confirmation process. This approach has been evaluated for the determination of GLY residues in rice, maize and soybean samples, and the method validated at different concentrations in compliance with the maximum residue limits established in the current legislation. After sample extraction with water, a combination of extract dilution, partition with dichloromethane, and solid phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB cartridges (depending on the sample matrix under analysis) was applied. Quantification was made by using isotope-labeled GLY as internal standard and calibration in solvent. The methodology developed allows the rapid determination of GLY residues avoiding the derivatization step typically applied for this herbicide. The most critical issue is the robustness of the Obelisc N column, which was found to suffer rapid degradation with time. Extreme care and continuous testing of retention times and peak shapes is required for a reliable determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Botero-Coy
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellon 12071, Spain
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21
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Chang SY, Wei MY. Simultaneous Determination of Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid by Capillary Electrophoresis After 9-Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate Derivatization. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Sequential determination of metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids after ultrasound-assisted extraction from plants and reverse LC separation. Talanta 2013; 105:429-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Chen MX, Cao ZY, Jiang Y, Zhu ZW. Direct determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in fruits and vegetables by mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1272:90-9. [PMID: 23261284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the direct, sensitive, and rapid determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in fruit and vegetable samples by mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography (HILIC/WAX) coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Homogenized samples were extracted with water, without derivatization or further clean-up, and the extracts were injected directly onto the Asahipak NH2P-50 4E column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm). The best results were obtained when the column was operated under mixed-mode HILIC/WAX elution conditions. An initial 10-min washing step with acetonitrile/water (10:90, v/v) in HILIC mode was used to remove potentially interfering compounds, and then the analytes were eluted in WAX mode with acetonitrile and water containing 0.1 molL(-1) ammonium hydroxide under gradient elution for the ESI analysis in negative ion mode. Limits of quantification of glyphosate and AMPA were 5 μgkg(-1) and 50 μgkg(-1), respectively, with limits of detection as low as 1.2 μgkg(-1) for glyphosate and 15 μgkg(-1) for AMPA. The linearity was satisfactory, with correlation coefficients (r)>0.9966. Recovery studies were carried out on spiked matrices (6 vegetables, 3 fruits) with glyphosate at four concentrations and AMPA at three concentrations. The mean recoveries for glyphosate and AMPA were 75.3-110% and 76.1-110%, respectively, with relative standard deviations in the range of 1.1-13.8%. The intra-day precision (n=7) for glyphosate and AMPA in vegetable and fruit samples spiked at an intermediate level between 5.9% and 7.5%, and the inter-day precision over 11 days (n=11) was between 7.0% and 13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xue Chen
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
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24
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Rebane R, Herodes K. Comparison of three buffer solutions for amino acid derivatization and following analysis by liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1245:134-42. [PMID: 22673814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For reversed phase separation amino acids are usually derivatized. Several derivatization reactions are carried out at basic pH. In the present work, influence of three basic buffer solutions on liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass-spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of amino acid derivatives was studied. Borate buffer--the most common derivatization buffer--was found to influence ESI ionization up to 23 min retention time. For 9-fluorenylmethylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl derivatization) carbonate buffer should be preferred as it provides higher responses. Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) buffer improves chromatographic peak shapes and responses for diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (DEEMM) derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riin Rebane
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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25
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Bernal J, Martin MT, Soto ME, Nozal MJ, Marotti I, Dinelli G, Bernal JL. Development and application of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to evaluate the glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid dissipation in maize plants after foliar treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4017-25. [PMID: 22480367 DOI: 10.1021/jf3006504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple and fast method has been developed and validated to measure glyphosate (GLYP) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), which were previously derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl), in maize plants using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to fluorescence (FLD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection. The method has shown to be consistent, reliable, precise, and efficient. Moreover, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) reached with the proposed method for GLYP and AMPA are lower than the established maximum residue levels (MRLs). The validated method was applied to quantify GLYP and AMPA in genetically modified (GM) maize foliar treated with the herbicide. It has been found that the GLYP dissipation was mainly due to the progressive dilution effect after herbicide treatment. Finally, it was also observed that the GLYP residue dissipation trend in maize shoot (leaves and stem) tissue determined by LC-ESI-MS matched that determined by liquid scintillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bernal
- I U CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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26
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González-Curbelo M, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel T, Rodríguez-Delgado M. Determination of pesticides and their metabolites in processed cereal samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:104-16. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.615032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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27
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Kruve A, Auling R, Herodes K, Leito I. Study of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry matrix effect on the example of glyphosate analysis from cereals. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3252-8. [PMID: 22006387 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most common pesticides used in the pre-harvest treatment of cereals. This paper examines the matrix effect of glyphosate liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS) analysis in wheat and rye. The matrix effect (ionization suppression) was found to be dependent on sample particle size taken for the extraction. If samples are ground to very small particles severe ionization suppression occurs. For lower glyphosate contents (<1 mg/kg) the signal may even be suppressed by more than 90%. The matrix effect was found to be dependent on the matrix - rye showed significantly stronger ionization suppression than wheat, although these matrices are not very different. The matrix effect also depends on the concentration of glyphosate in the post-extraction spiked samples. It is demonstrated that the isotope-labelled standard (13)C(2)-glyphosate undergoes different ionization suppression than glyphosate and is therefore not efficient in compensating for matrix effect. At the same time the extrapolative dilution approach allows to efficiently compensate for matrix effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
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29
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Poletta GL, Kleinsorge E, Paonessa A, Mudry MD, Larriera A, Siroski PA. Genetic, enzymatic and developmental alterations observed in Caiman latirostris exposed in ovo to pesticide formulations and mixtures in an experiment simulating environmental exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:852-9. [PMID: 21185601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In South America, economic interests in last years have produced a constant increase in transgenic soybean cropping, with the corresponding rise in pesticide formulated products. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pesticides formulations and mixtures on a South American caiman, Caiman latirostris, after in ovo exposure. We conducted a field-like experiment which simulates the environmental exposure that a caiman nest can receive in neighbouring croplands habitats. Experimental groups were Control group, Treatment 1: sprayed with a glyphosate herbicide formulation, and Treatment 2: sprayed with a pesticide mixture of glyphosate, endosulfan and cypermethrin formulations. Results demonstrated genotoxicity, enzymatic and metabolic alterations, as well as growth delay in caimans exposed in ovo to Treatments 1 and 2, showing a higher toxicity for the mixture. Integral evaluation through biomarkers of different biological meaning is highly informative as early indicators of contamination with pesticides and mixtures in this wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela L Poletta
- Proyecto Yacaré-Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Ministerio de Aguas, Servicios Públicos y Medio Ambiente), CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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30
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Hu JY, Chen CL, Li JZ. A simple method for the determination of glyphosate residues in soil by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934808040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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See HH, Hauser PC, Sanagi MM, Ibrahim WAW. Dynamic supported liquid membrane tip extraction of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5832-8. [PMID: 20696433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic supported liquid membrane tip extraction (SLMTE) procedure for the effective extraction and preconcentration of glyphosate (GLYP) and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in water has been investigated. The SLMTE procedure was performed in a semi-automated dynamic mode and demonstrated a greater performance against a static extraction. Several important extraction parameters such as donor phase pH, cationic carrier concentration, type of membrane solvent, type of acceptor stripping phase, agitation and extraction time were comprehensively optimized. A solution of Aliquat-336, a cationic carrier, in dihexyl ether was selected as the supported liquid incorporated into the membrane phase. Quantification of GLYP and AMPA was carried out using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. An electrolyte solution consisting of 12 mM histidine (His), 8 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 75 microM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 3% methanol, pH 6.3, was used as running buffer. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.01-200 microg/L (GLYP) and 0.1-400 microg/L (AMPA), acceptable reproducibility (RSD 5-7%, n=5), low limits of detection of 0.005 microg/L for GLYP and 0.06 microg/L for AMPA, and satisfactory relative recoveries (90-94%). Due to the low cost, the SLMTE device was disposed after each run which additionally eliminated the possibility of carry-over between runs. The validated method was tested for the analysis of both analytes in spiked tap water and river water with good success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Heng See
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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Sun Y, Wang C, Wen Q, Wang G, Wang H, Qu Q, Hu X. Determination of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Water by LC Using a New Labeling Reagent, 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl Fluoride. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Cao Z, Mou R, Chen M. [Determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in rice using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2010; 28:743-8. [PMID: 21261040 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of glyphosate (GLY) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in rice using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The sample was extracted with water followed by a simple cleanup with a C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and then GLY and AMPA were derivatized using 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC-Cl) in borate buffer. The derivatives of GLY and AMPA were separated on a C18 column with gradient elution with the mobile phase of acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate (pH 9), and finally detected with negative ion electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The results showed that the linearities of GLY and AMPA were in the concentration range of 0.000 50 to 1.0 mg/L with the correlation coefficients of 0.999 7 and 0.999 9, respectively. The mean spiked recoveries of GLY and AMPA at 3 spiked levels ranged from 72.5% to 113.6% with the relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 5) of 3.8% - 16.2%. The limits of detection were 2.0 and 3.0 microg/kg for GLY and AMPA, respectively. This method is rapid, sensitive, and suitable for simultaneous determination of GLY and AMPA in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Cao
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
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Küsters M, Gerhartz M. Enrichment and low-level determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in drinking water after cleanup by cation exchange resin. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1139-46. [PMID: 20183819 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
For the determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in drinking water, different procedures of enrichment and cleanup were examined using anion exchange or SPE. In many cases interactions of, e.g. alkaline earth metal ions especially calcium could be observed during enrichment and cleanup resulting in loss of analytes. For that reason, a novel cleanup and enrichment procedure for the determination of these phosphonic acid herbicides has been developed in drinking water using cation-exchange resin. In summary, the cleanup procedure with cation-exchange resin developed in this study avoids interactions as described above and is applicable to calcium-rich drinking water samples. After derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate followed by LC with fluorescence detection, LOD of 12, 14 and 12 ng/L and mean recoveries from real-world drinking water samples of 98+/-9, 100+/-16 and 101+/-11% were obtained for glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate, respectively. The low LODs and the high precision permit the analysis of these phosphonic acid herbicides according to the guidelines of the European Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Küsters
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Koblenz, Laboratory Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany.
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35
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See HH, Hauser PC, Ibrahim WAW, Sanagi MM. Rapid and direct determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminophosphonic acid by online preconcentration CE with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:575-82. [PMID: 20119968 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and direct online preconcentration followed by CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4)D) is evaluated as a new approach for the determination of glyphosate, glufosinate (GLUF), and aminophosphonic acid (AMPA) in drinking water. Two online preconcentration techniques, namely large volume sample stacking without polarity switching and field-enhanced sample injection, coupled with CE-C(4)D were successfully developed and optimized. Under optimized conditions, LODs in the range of 0.01-0.1 microM (1.7-11.1 microg/L) and sensitivity enhancements of 48- to 53-fold were achieved with the large volume sample stacking-CE-C(4)D method. By performing the field-enhanced sample injection-CE-C(4)D procedure, excellent LODs down to 0.0005-0.02 microM (0.1-2.2 microg/L) as well as sensitivity enhancements of up to 245- to 1002-fold were obtained. Both techniques showed satisfactory reproducibility with RSDs of peak height of better than 10%. The newly established approaches were successfully applied to the analysis of glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminophosphonic acid in spiked tap drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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36
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Qian K, Tang T, Shi T, Li P, Li J, Cao Y. Solid-phase extraction and residue determination of glyphosate in apple by ion-pairing reverse-phase liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2394-400. [PMID: 19551741 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A new method for glyphosate residue determination in apple has been developed. A SPE cartridge was used to clean up the samples before derivatization. Glyphosate was derivatized with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride (CNBF) and quantified by reverse ion-pair liquid chromatography using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as ion-pair reagent. In pH 9.5 H(3)BO(3)-Na(2)B(4)O(7) medium, the reaction of glyphosate with CNBF was complete after 30 min at 60 degrees C. The stability of the derivative on exposure to light at room temperature in methanol-water was demonstrated. The labeled glyphosate was separated on a Kromasil C(18) column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) at room temperature and UV detection was applied at 360 nm. Separation was achieved within 15 min in gradient elution mode. The correlation coefficient for the method was 0.9998 at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 50 microg/g. The calculated recoveries for glyphosate in apple were from 86.00 to 99.55%, and the relative standard deviations (n = 6) were from 1.43 to 6.32. The limit of detection was 0.01 microg/g for glyphosate in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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37
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Martins-Júnior HA, Lebre DT, Wang AY, Pires MAF, Bustillos OV. An alternative and fast method for determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in soybean using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1029-34. [PMID: 19253910 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple and specific method using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was investigated, which allowed the determination of residues of glyphosate and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in soybean samples. An aqueous extraction with liquid-liquid partition followed by protein precipitation was performed before the LC/MS/MS determination. The quantitation of glyphosate and AMPA was performed in positive and negative ESI mode, respectively, using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with three transitions for each analyte to enhance the specificity of the method and avoid false positives. The methodology reported in this work is capable of detecting residues of glyphosate and AMPA in soybean samples with limits of quantification of 0.30 and 0.34 mg kg(-1), respectively. This alternative method has throughput advantages such as simpler sample preparation and faster chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio A Martins-Júnior
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
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Qian K, Tang T, Shi T, Wang F, Li J, Cao Y. Residue determination of glyphosate in environmental water samples with high-performance liquid chromatography and UV detection after derivatization with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 635:222-6. [PMID: 19216882 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A pre-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatographic method for glyphosate analysis has been developed. Derivatization of glyphosate was performed with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride (CNBF). In pH 9.5 H(3)BO(3)-Na(2)B(4)O(7) media, the reaction of glyphosate with CNBF completed at 60 degrees C for 30min. The labeled glyphosate was separated on a Kromasil C18 column (250mmx4.6mm, 5microm) at room temperature and UV detection was applied at 360nm. The separation of labeled glyphosate was achieved within 15min by gradient elution mode. Compared to other pre-column derivatization, this derivatization was performed more mildly, the derivative was more stable, and the detection limits of a few reagents were higher than CNBF, except 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) using fluorescence and mass spectrometry, however, this reagent avoid to be removed after derivatization like FMOC-Cl. The detection limit of glyphosate was 0.009mgL(-1) (S/N=3) without preconcentration and reach MRL, which is set at the level of 0.1mgL(-1) in China. The method linearity correlation coefficient was 0.9999, in concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 48.5mgL(-1). The proposed method has been applied to the quantitative determination of glyphosate in environmental water with recoveries of 91.80-100.20% and R.S.D. of 2.27-6.80, depending on the sample investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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39
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Wang KC, Chen SM, Hsu JF, Cheng SG, Lee CK. Simultaneous detection and quantitation of highly water-soluble herbicides in serum using ion-pair liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Ultratrace-level determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in natural waters by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: performance tuning of derivatization, enrichment and detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2265-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Kodama S, Ito Y, Taga A, Nomura Y, Yamamoto A, Chinaka S, Suzuki K, Yamashita T, Kemmei T, Hayakawa K. A Fast and Simple Analysis of Glyphosate in Tea Beverages by Capillary Electrophoresis with On-Line Copper(II)-Glyphosate Complex Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoko Nomura
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
| | - Satoshi Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters
| | | | | | | | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
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42
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Zou QH, Xie MX, Wang XF, Liu Y, Wang J, Song J, Gao H, Han J. Determination of sulphonamides in animal tissues by high performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2647-55. [PMID: 17868178 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for simultaneous determination of 12 sulphonamides (sulphadiazine, sulphamethazine, sulphathiazole, sulphadimethoxine, sulphamerazine, sulphapyridine, sulphamethoxazole, suphamethizole, sulphaquinoxaline, sulphameter, sulphamonomethoxine, and sulphachloropyridazine) in animal tissues (swine muscle and liver, chicken muscle, beef muscle) by HPLC with UV detection has been developed. A pre-column derivatization of the sulphonamide compounds with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) has been proposed and the reaction conditions have been optimized. The FMOC-sulphonamide derivatives were purified by SPE with silica gel as solid support prior to HPLC separation. The limits of detection for the sulphonamide compounds were greatly improved after the derivatization and purification step for the derivatives. Sulphonamide residues in animal tissues were extracted by acetonitrile and purified by solid phase extraction with C(18) as the solid support. The method developed has high sensitivity and good repeatability, and the average recoveries for most of the sulphonamides at various spiking levels were above 70% with relative standard deviations below 13.7%. The limits of detection for most sulphonamides can reach 3-5 microg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Hui Zou
- Analytical & Testing Center of Beijing Normal University, Beijing China
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43
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Coutinho CFB, Coutinho LFM, Mazo LH, Nixdorf SL, Camara CAP, Lanças FM. Direct determination of glyphosate using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with coulometric detection at copper microelectrode. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 592:30-5. [PMID: 17499067 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and low-cost coulometric method for direct detection of glyphosate using hydrophilic interaction chromatography is presented. The principle of detection is based on the enhancement of the anodic current of copper microelectrode in the presence of complexing agents, such as glyphosate, with the formation of a soluble Cu(II) complex. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection (S/R=3) for glyphosate was 0.1 mg L(-1) (0.59 microM) without any preconcentration method. The calibration curve has been found linear in all concentration range tested (from limit of detection to 34 mg L(-1)) with an excellent correlation coefficient (0.9999). The present method was successfully applied for the determination of glyphosate in fruit juices without any kind of extraction, clean-up, or preconcentration step, with recoveries of 92 and 90% for apple and grape juice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia F B Coutinho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400, Caixa Postal 780, CEP 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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44
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Zhou L, Luo Z, Wang S, Hui Y, Hu Z, Chen X. In-capillary derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence detection for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:377-84. [PMID: 17412355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We developed a rapid and sensitive method using in-capillary derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection for the fully automated analysis of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), including glufosinate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glyphosate by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The potential of 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) as in-capillary derivatization reagent is described for the first time. The unique feature of this MEKC method is the capillary being used as a small reaction chamber. In in-capillary derivatization, the sample and reagent solutions were injected directly into the capillary by tandem mode, followed by an electrokinetic step to enhance the mixing efficiency of analytes and reagent plugs in accordance with their different electrophoretic mobilities. Standing a specified time for reaction, the derivatives were then immediately separated and determined. Careful optimization of the derivatization and separation conditions allowed the determination of glufosinate, AMPA and glyphosate with detection limits of 2.8, 3.6 and 32.2 ng/mL, respectively. These detection limits were comparable to those of 1.4, 1.9 and 23.8 ng/mL obtained from conventional pre-capillary derivatization. Furthermore, repeatability better than 0.40% for migration time and 3.4% for peak area, as well as shorter migration time, was obtained. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of spiked river water sample with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Sparacino CM, Thomas FK. A SCREENING METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GLYPHOSATE IN GROUND WATER. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120008819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Sparacino
- a Research Triangle Institute , 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - F. K. Thomas
- a Research Triangle Institute , 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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46
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Andersen JH, Bille RLL, Granby K. An intercomparison study of the determination of glyphosate, chlormequat and mepiquat residues in wheat. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2007; 24:140-8. [PMID: 17364914 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600778736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An intercomparison study of the determinations of glyphosate, chlormequat and mepiquat residues in cereals was performed. Four samples comprising one blank, two incurred and one spiked sample were sent to six participating laboratories. For glyphosate, two laboratories reported considerably lower results than the other four. One of the two laboratories with low results also reported low recoveries. The results of a sample spiked with 0.80 mg kg-1 glyphosate and an incurred sample, ranged from 0.23-0.87 mg kg-1 and 0.11-0.25 mg kg-1 respectively. The strong correlation between the two samples (r2 = 0.95) indicates a systematic between-laboratory variation. Several different principles were used for the analysis of glyphosate using different clean-up techniques and GC/MS, HPLC-fluorescence or LC/MS for detection. The results of the chlormequat residues showed more consistency. All but one laboratory obtained comparable results. However the correlation between the results for the sample spiked with 0.38 mg kg-1 (range: 0.26-0.65 mg kg-1) and the incurred samples (range: 0.19-0.45 and 0.15-0.23 mg kg-1, respectively) again showed a strong correlation (r2 = 0.99 and 0.88) indicating a systematic component. For mepiquat, results above the limit of quantification were only reported for the spiked sample. The results ranged from 0.29-0.92 mg kg-1 (spiked concentration = 0.38 mg kg-1). Three laboratories had results that deviated less than 25% from the fortified concentration. Two laboratories reported results 38% and 141% above the fortified concentration, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Andersen
- Department of Food Chemistry, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research. Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
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47
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Extraction and Preconcentration of the Herbicide Glyphosate and its Metabolite AMPA Using Anion-Exchange Solid Phases. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-005-0462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Khrolenko MV, Wieczorek PP. Determination of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid in fruit juices using supported-liquid membrane preconcentration method with high-performance liquid chromatography and UV detection after derivatization with p-toluenesulphonyl chloride. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1093:111-7. [PMID: 16233876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of supported-liquid membrane (SLM) technique for effective extraction of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) and its primary metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) from juices (orange, grapefruit, apple and blackcurrant) in combination with HPLC-UV detection after derivatization with p-toluenesulphonyl chloride (TsCl) is presented. The influence of various parameters such as the composition of acceptor phase, flow-rate, concentration of analytes, on the performance of extraction procedure, was studied. It was shown that by appropriate manipulation of SLM parameters the level of detection could be significantly improved. The influence of SLM conditions on extraction efficiency of studied compounds was also discussed. Selection of the optimal conditions enable detection of glyphosate and AMPA in juices at concentrations as low as 0.025 mg/l. The calculated recoveries for glyphosate were-71.1, 72.1, 93.6, and 102.7% and for AMPA-64.1, 64.6, 81.7, and 89.2%, for orange, grapefruit, apple and blackcurrant juices, respectively. The results suggest that the application of SLM extraction as a method for glyphosate and AMPA enrichment from complicated liquid matrices may be useful mean of routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Khrolenko
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, PL-45-052 Opole, Poland
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49
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de Llasera MPG, Gómez-Almaraz L, Vera-Avila LE, Peña-Alvarez A. Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of residues of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in tomato fruit. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1093:139-46. [PMID: 16233879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is described for the quantitative extraction of glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) from tomato fruit. After application of 120 microL of HNO3 1M to the sample, the dispersion column was packed with 0.5 g of sample blended into 1 g of NH2-silica. Two aqueous fractions were obtained. First, AMPA was eluted from the column using deionized water (F1), and then a NaH2PO4 0.005 M solution was used for the elution of glyphosate (F2). Cleanup of F1 and F2 was made by ion exchange chromatography on a SAX anion exchange silica. Determination was done by HPLC with fluorescence detection after precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl). Mean recoveries calculated at fortification levels of 0.5 microg/g for glyphosate and 0.4 microg/g for AMPA were 87% and 78%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (n=7) for the total procedure were 10% and 16%. Detection limits were 0.05 microg/g for glyphosate and 0.03 microg/g for AMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 México, D.F., México.
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Ibáñez M, Pozo OJ, Sancho JV, López FJ, Hernández F. Residue determination of glyphosate, glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water and soil samples by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1081:145-55. [PMID: 16038204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for the sensitive and selective determination of glyphosate, glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in water and soil samples. The method involves a derivatization step with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC) in borate buffer and detection based on liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In the case of water samples a volume of 10 mL was derivatized and then 4.3 mL of the derivatized mixture was directly injected in an on-line solid phase extraction (SPE)-LC-MS/MS system using an OASIS HLB cartridge column and a Discovery chromatographic column. Soil samples were firstly extracted with potassium hydroxide. After that, the aqueous extract was 10-fold diluted with water and 2 mL were derivatized. Then, 50 microL of the derivatized 10-fold diluted extract were injected into the LC-MS/MS system without pre-concentration into the SPE cartridge. The method has been validated in both ground and surface water by recovery studies with samples spiked at 50 and 500 ng/L, and also in soil samples, spiked at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. In water samples, the mean recovery values ranged from 89 to 106% for glyphosate (RSD <9%), from 97 to 116% for AMPA (RSD < 10%), and from 72 to 88% in the case of glufosinate (RSD < 12%). Regarding soil samples, the mean recovery values ranged from 90 to 92% for glyphosate (RSD <7%), from 88 to 89% for AMPA (RSD <5%) and from 83 to 86% for glufosinate (RSD <6%). Limits of quantification for all the three compounds were 50 ng/L and 0.05 mg/kg in water and soil, respectively, with limits of detection as low as 5 ng/L, in water, and 5 microg/kg, in soil. The use of labelled glyphosate as internal standard allowed improving the recovery and precision for glyphosate and AMPA, while it was not efficient for glufosinate, that was quantified by external standards calibration. The method developed has been applied to the determination of these compounds in real water and soil samples from different areas. All the detections were confirmed by acquiring two transitions for each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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