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Stewart M, Ohno PE, McKinney K, Martin ST. Prediction of the Response of a Photoionization Detector to a Complex Gaseous Mixture of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by α-Pinene Oxidation. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1956-1970. [PMID: 37876663 PMCID: PMC10592314 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoionization detectors (PIDs) are lightweight and respond in real time to the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), making them suitable for environmental measurements on many platforms. However, the nonselective sensing mechanism of PIDs challenges data interpretation, particularly when exposed to the complex VOC mixtures prevalent in the Earth's atmosphere. Herein, two approaches to this challenge are investigated. In the first, quantum-chemistry calculations are used to estimate photoionization cross sections and ionization potentials of individual species. In the second, machine learning models are trained on these calculated values, as well as empirical PID response factors, and then used for prediction. For both approaches, the resulting information for individual species is used to model the overall PID response to a complex VOC mixture. In complement, laboratory experiments in the Harvard Environmental Chamber are carried out to measure the PID response to the complex molecular mixture produced by α-pinene oxidation under various conditions. The observations show that the measured PID response is 15% to 30% smaller than the PID response modeled by quantum-chemistry calculations of the photoionization cross section for the photo-oxidation experiments and 15% to 20% for the ozonolysis experiments. By comparison, the measured PID response is captured within a 95% confidence interval by the use of machine learning to model the PID response based on the empirical response factor in all experiments. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the application of machine learning to augment the performance of a nonselective chemical sensor. The approach can be generalized to other reactive species, oxidants, and reaction mechanisms, thus enhancing the utility and interpretability of PID measurements for studying atmospheric VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
P. Stewart
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Paul E. Ohno
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Karena McKinney
- Department
of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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2
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Habib M, Ali M, Ayaz T, Shan A, Zeng G, Zhou Z, Lyu S. Degradation of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution by FeS 2 catalyst under innovative oxic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122062. [PMID: 37330185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid growth and industrialization have become a major threat to water contamination with carcinogenic chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (TCE). Therefore, this study aims to assess the TCE degradation performance through advanced oxidation process (AOP) using catalyst FeS2 in combination with oxidants persulfate (PS), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PS/FeS2, PMS/FeS2, and H2O2/FeS2 systems, respectively. TCE concentration was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). The results found the trend for TCE degradation by the systems was PMS/FeS2>PS/FeS2>H2O2/FeS2 (99.84, 99.63, and 98.47%, respectively). Degradation of TCE was analyzed at different pH ranges (3-11) and maximum degradation at a wide pH range was observed for PMS/FeS2. The analysis using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and scavenging tests explored responsible reactive oxygen species (ROS) for TCE degradation and found that HO• and SO4-• played the most effective role. The results of catalyst stability showed PMS/FeS2 system the most promising with the stability of 99, 96 and 50% for the first, second and third runs, respectively. The system was also found efficient in the presence of surfactants (TW-80, TX-100, and Brij-35) in ultra-pure water (89.41, 34.11, 96.61%, respectively), and actual groundwater (94.37, 33.72, and 73.48%, respectively), but at higher reagents dosages (5X for ultra-pure water and 10X actual ground water). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the oxic systems have degradation capability for other TCE-like pollutants. In conclusion, due to its high stability, reactivity, and cost-effectiveness, PMS/FeS2 system could be a better choice for the treatment of TCE contaminated water and can be beneficial for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Habib
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Meesam Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Tehreem Ayaz
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ali Shan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 46000, Pakistan; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Laboratory for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guilu Zeng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Shuguang Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
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3
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Lecharlier A, Carrier H, Le Hécho I. Characterization of biogas and biomethane trace compounds: A critical review of advances in in situ sampling and preconcentration techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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4
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Lomonaco T, Salvo P, Ghimenti S, Biagini D, Vivaldi F, Bonini A, Fuoco R, Di Francesco F. Stability of volatile organic compounds in sorbent tubes following SARS-CoV-2 inactivation procedures. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33752195 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf0b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly transmissible respiratory illness that has rapidly spread all over the world causing more than 115 million cases and 2.5 million deaths. Most epidemiological projections estimate that the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing the infection will circulate in the next few years and raise enormous economic and social issues. COVID-19 has a dramatic impact on health care systems and patient management, and is delaying or stopping breath research activities due to the risk of infection to the operators following contact with patients, potentially infected samples or contaminated equipment. In this scenario, we investigated whether virus inactivation procedures, based on a thermal treatment (60 °C for 1 h) or storage of tubes at room temperature for 72 h, could be used to allow the routine breath analysis workflow to carry on with an optimal level of safety during the pandemic. Tests were carried out using dry and humid gaseous samples containing about 100 representative chemicals found in exhaled breath and ambient air. Samples were collected in commercially available sorbent tubes, i.e. Tenax GR and a combination of Tenax TA, Carbograph 1TD and Carboxen 1003. Our results showed that all compounds were stable at room temperature up to 72 h and that sample humidity was the key factor affecting the stability of the compounds upon thermal treatment. Tenax GR-based sorbent tubes were less impacted by the thermal treatment, showing variations in the range 20%-30% for most target analytes. A significant loss of aldehydes and sulphur compounds was observed using carbon molecular sieve-based tubes. In this case, a dry purge step before inactivation at 60 °C significantly reduced the loss of the target analytes, whose variations were comparable to the method variability. Finally, a breath analysis workflow including a SARS-CoV-2 inactivation treatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Salvo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Denise Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Vivaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roger Fuoco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Jose J, Philip L. Comparative study of degradation of toluene and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) in aqueous solution by pulsed corona discharge plasma. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:382-396. [PMID: 33334533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effectiveness of pulsed power plasma for the degradation of two toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toluene and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), in aqueous solution was evaluated. The plasma degradation of MIBK has been studied for the first time. The influence of initial concentration of target compound, solution pH and scavengers on percentage degradation was evaluated. 100% removal of 200 mg/L of toluene and MIBK was achieved both in liquid and gaseous phases after 12 and 16 min of plasma treatment, respectively. The first order rate constant of toluene and MIBK degradation (for 200 mg/L each) was 0.421 and 0.319 min-1 respectively when they were treated individually, and these values decreased slightly during degradation of their mixture. MIBK degradation was slower than toluene and it might be due to semi volatile and hydrophilic nature of MIBK. The effect of initial concentration of toluene and MIBK showed different degradation patterns. Highest degradation of both the compounds was obtained in neutral pH and in absence of scavengers. •OH radical was the major reactive species involved in their degradation. Their degradation in real environmental matrices showed that removal reduced significantly in secondary effluent due to scavenging of reactive species by various ions and organic matter. The total number of degradation intermediates identified in case of toluene and MIBK was 11 and 14 respectively and formate was the one recalcitrant byproduct generated. The degradation pathway of toluene and MIBK involving reactions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and reductive species is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerin Jose
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ligy Philip
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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6
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A portable gas chromatograph for real-time monitoring of aromatic volatile organic compounds in air samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Wilkinson M, White IR, Goodacre R, Nijsen T, Fowler SJ. Effects of high relative humidity and dry purging on VOCs obtained during breath sampling on common sorbent tubes. J Breath Res 2020; 14:046006. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab7e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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A carbon nanotube sponge as an adsorbent for vapor preconcentration of aromatic volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:460363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Jafari AJ, Faridi S, Momeniha F. Temporal variations of atmospheric benzene and its health effects in Tehran megacity (2010-2013). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17214-17223. [PMID: 31012075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main aims of the present research were (1) investigation of the temporal trends of atmospheric benzene concentrations in Tehran city during the period 2010 to 2013 and (2) assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of inhalation exposure to benzene. For the first objective, the data of ambient air benzene concentrations were derived from 15 air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) in Tehran during the years 2010 to 2013 and they were temporally investigated after data cleaning and missing data imputation. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated to reveal the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects of exposure to ambient benzene. Our findings indicated that over 2010-2013, annual mean concentrations of benzene were in the range of 1.84 to 2.57 μg m-3, and the highest annual mean concentration was observed in 2011 with a mean of 2.57 μg m-3. The four-year average concentration of benzene during the period from 2010 to 2013 was 2.14 μg m-3. Furthermore, the HQ for inhalation exposure to ambient benzene was lower than the acceptable risk level (HQ < 1) over the study time period which indicated that the non-carcinogenic effects are very unlikely to happen. In addition, health risk assessment for ELCR showed that the potential cancer risk for inhalation exposure to benzene was 1.67 × 10-5 over the study period, which is significantly higher than the limits recommended by the U.S. EPA (1 × 10-6). Our study clearly proves that the ambient benzene concentration in Tehran has substantially higher carcinogenic effects on the population. Appropriate sustainable control measures should be taken to reduce air benzene concentration and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Hu R, Liu G, Zhang H, Xue H, Wang X. Levels, characteristics and health risk assessment of VOCs in different functional zones of Hefei. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:301-307. [PMID: 29857234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the characteristics and health risk of VOCs in the ambient air in the typical developing cities in China, the research was conducted in five functional zones in Hefei from September 2016 to January 2017. The average concentrations of total measured VOCs in traffic zone was the largest (85.94 μg m-3), followed by industrial zone (64.84 μg m-3), development zone (58.92 μg m-3), resident zone (57.31 μg m-3), and background zone (54.94 μg m-3). Cl-VOCs were most abundant species in chlorinated VOCs (85.06%), which showed much higher level in industrial zone. the mean value of BTEX found in presented study was 65.19 μg m-3. Based on the specific VOC ratio method (B/T), the observed sites were greatly affected by the traffic emissions. The ratios of T/B, E/B and X/B were 1.15, 1.35 and 0.47, respectively, possibly due to the aging air mass. Carcinogenic risks for benzene, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, 1, 2-dichloroethane and chloroform were higher than the general acceptable risk level of 1.00 × 10-6. Potential non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that hazard quotient (HQ) of 10 VOCs not exceeded unity, but the hazard risk index (HI) at site ED, LY, YH and HD were both higher than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huaqin Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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11
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Ganeev AA, Gubal AR, Lukyanov GN, Arseniev AI, Barchuk AA, Jahatspanian IE, Gorbunov IS, Rassadina AA, Nemets VM, Nefedov AO, Korotetsky BA, Solovyev ND, Iakovleva E, Ivanenko NB, Kononov AS, Sillanpaa M, Seeger T. Analysis of exhaled air for early-stage diagnosis of lung cancer: opportunities and challenges. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Khan A, Szulejko JE, Kim KH, Brown RJC. Airborne volatile aromatic hydrocarbons at an urban monitoring station in Korea from 2013 to 2015. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 209:525-538. [PMID: 29331863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of C6-C10 volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) in air were measured at an urban air quality monitoring station in Jong-Ro, Seoul, Korea, between 2013 and 2015. Their temporal patterns (e.g., diurnal, intraweek, daily) were assessed individually and collectively as groups of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and xylene (BTESX); total aliphatic hydrocarbon (TALHC: C2-C12); total aromatic hydrocarbon (TARHC: C6-C10); and total hydrocarbon (THC: C2-C12). The highest mean AHC concentrations over the 3-year study (in ppb (v/v)) were observed for toluene (6.0 ± 4.3), followed by the xylenes (1.5 ± 1.3), ethylbenzene (0.85 ± 0.93), benzene (0.73 ± 0.77), and styrene (0.16 ± 0.30) nL/L. The mean ppbC ((v/v), nL∙atm∙C/nL∙atm) values for BTESX, TALHC, TARHC, and THC were 65.8, 113, 77.7, and 191 ppbC, respectively. For most AHC species (e.g., toluene, styrene, and BTESX), only weak seasonal trends were observed in contrast to temporally varying species like nitric oxide (NO) (e.g., 26.3 ppb (January-February) vs. 8.5 ppb (July-August) during weekdays in 2013). Furthermore, toluene and NO concentrations were much higher (up to a factor 3) on weekdays than on Sunday for most weeks. This might reflect reduced anthropogenic activities on Sunday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Richard J C Brown
- Department of Chemical, Medical and Environmental Science, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
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13
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Al-Awadi L. Assessment of indoor levels of volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide in schools in Kuwait. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:54-72. [PMID: 28829721 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1365781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools is a matter of concern because children are most vulnerable and sensitive to pollutant exposure. Conservation of energy at the expense of ventilation in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems adversely affects IAQ. Extensive use of new materials in building, fitting, and refurbishing emit various pollutants such that the indoor environment creates its own discomfort and health risks. Various schools in Kuwait were selected to assess their IAQ. Comprehensive measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) consisting of 72 organic compounds consisting of aliphatic (C3-C6), aromatic (C6-C9), halogenated (C1-C7), and oxygenated (C2-C9) functional groups in indoor air were made for the first time in schools in Kuwait. The concentrations of indoor air pollutants revealed hot spots (science preparation rooms, science laboratories, arts and crafts classes/paint rooms, and woodworking shops/decoration rooms where local sources contributed to the buildup of pollutants in each school. The most abundant VOC pollutant was chlorodifluoromethane (R22; ClF2CH), which leaked from air conditioning (AC) systems due to improper operation and maintenance. The other copious VOCs were alcohols and acetone at different locations due to improper handling of the chemicals and their excessive uses as solvents. Indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were measured, and these levels reflected the performance of HVAC systems; a specific rate or lack of ventilation affected the IAQ. Recommendations are proposed to mitigate the buildup of indoor air pollutants at school sites. IMPLICATIONS Indoor air quality in elementary schools has been a subject of extreme importance due to susceptibility and sensibility of children to air pollutants. The schools were selected based on their surrounding environment especially downwind direction from the highly industrialized zone in Kuwait. Extensive sampling from different sites in four schools for comprehensive VOCs and CO2 were completed for an extended period of over a year. Different hot spots were identified where leaked refrigerant and inadequate handling of laboratory solvents contributed to the high VOCs in the respective locations. CO2 levels reflected HVAC performance and poor ventilation. A list of recommendations has been proposed to eradicate these high levels of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Awadi
- a Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environmental and Life Science Research Center , Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research , Safat , Kuwait
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14
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Zhou M, Lee J, Zhu H, Nidetz R, Kurabayashi K, Fan X. A fully automated portable gas chromatography system for sensitive and rapid quantification of volatile organic compounds in water. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an automated portable GC system for the rapid and sensitive detection of VOCs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglian Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2)
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2)
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2)
| | - Robert Nidetz
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2)
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2)
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2)
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15
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Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S, Zamora ML, Ying Q, Lin Y, Wang W, Hu M, Wang Y. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3803-55. [PMID: 25942499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Song Guo
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- #Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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16
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Effects of packing density, flow and humidity on the performance of needle trap devices. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1369:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Dorado AD, Husni S, Pascual G, Puigdellivol C, Gabriel D. Inventory and treatment of compost maturation emissions in a municipal solid waste treatment facility. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:344-351. [PMID: 24326160 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the compost maturation building in a municipal solid waste treatment facility were inventoried by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A large diversity of chemical classes and compounds were found. The highest concentrations were found for n-butanol, methyl ethyl ketone and limonene (ppmv level). Also, a range of compounds exceeded their odor threshold evidencing that treatment was needed. Performance of a chemical scrubber followed by two parallel biofilters packed with an advanced packing material and treating an average airflow of 99,300 m(3) h(-1) was assessed in the treatment of the VOCs inventoried. Performance of the odor abatement system was evaluated in terms of removal efficiency by comparing inlet and outlet abundances. Outlet concentrations of selected VOCs permitted to identify critical odorants emitted to the atmosphere. In particular, limonene was found as the most critical VOC in the present study. Only six compounds from the odorant group were removed with efficiencies higher than 90%. Low removal efficiencies were found for most of the compounds present in the emission showing a significant relation with their chemical properties (functionality and solubility) and operational parameters (temperature, pH and inlet concentration). Interestingly, benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol were found to be produced in the treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D Dorado
- Department of Mining Engineering and Natural Resources, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Bases de Manresa 61-73, 08240 Manresa, Spain.
| | - Shafik Husni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guillem Pascual
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Puigdellivol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Gabriel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Moliner-Martínez Y, Herraez-Hernandez R, Verdú-Andres J, Campíns-Falcó P, Garrido-Palanca C, Molins-Legua C, Seco A. Study of the influence of temperature and precipitations on the levels of BTEX in natural waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 1:131-138. [PMID: 23978603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of seasonal changes in surface water quality is an important aspect for evaluating temporal variation of water due to natural or anthropogenic inputs of point and non-point sources. The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of seasonal temperature fluctuations and precipitations on the levels of BTEX in natural waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the seasonal correlations of BTEX levels in water and to extract the parameters that are most important in assessing seasonal variations of water quality. This study was carried out as a part of VOCs monitoring program in natural water samples from Mediterranean coast. To carry out this project, a multiresidue analytical method was used. The method was based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector (FID). The limits of detection LODs found for the tested analyte tested were in the 0.001-1 μg/L range. These values were adequate for the analysis of these compounds in water samples according to the regulated values. Water samples from different points of the Mediterranean coast were analyzed during a period of three years, and were taken four times per year. Most of the compounds were below the limit established by the legislation. The results obtained by a chemometric study indicated that temperature and precipitations can be related on the BTEX levels found in water. A regression model between temperature or precipitations and BTEX concentration was obtained, thus these models can be used as predictive model for detection any non-normal concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Moliner-Martínez
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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19
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A needle trap device packed with a sol–gel derived, multi-walled carbon nanotubes/silica composite for sampling and analysis of volatile organohalogen compounds in air. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 785:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Alonso M, Sanchez JM. Analytical challenges in breath analysis and its application to exposure monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Chen TC, Ouyang Z. Synchronized Discharge Ionization for Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Using a Hand-Held Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1767-72. [PMID: 23256567 DOI: 10.1021/ac303112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chi Chen
- Weldon
School of Biomedical Engineering, and ‡Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon
School of Biomedical Engineering, and ‡Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
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22
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Liu Z, Fang P, Wang S, Gao Y, Chen F, Zheng F, Liu Y, Dai Y. Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous benzene with CdS-sensitized TiO2 film coated on fiberglass cloth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Occupational exposure to complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in ambient air: desorption from activated charcoal using accelerated solvent extraction can replace carbon disulfide? Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:961-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Kim KH, Ho DX, Park CG, Ma CJ, Pandey SK, Lee SC, Jeong HJ, Lee SH. Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air at Four Residential Locations in Seoul, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2012; 29:875-889. [PMID: 22969269 PMCID: PMC3430000 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2011.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the environmental behavior of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas, their concentrations were measured at four urban monitoring sites (namely, N, S, E, and W) in Seoul, Korea (February to December 2009). A total of 27 compounds were quantified that consist of four chemical groups: aromatic (AR), halogenated aromatic, halogenated paraffin, and halogenated olefin. Results were evaluated by focusing on these four functional groups just mentioned and their summation term as total VOC (TVOC) along with several individual species (mainly AR species, that is, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene). The highest concentration of chemical groups was found from AR (71.1±42.1 ppbC), while that for individual species confirmed the dominance of toluene (7.48±3.88 ppb). The analysis of spatial distribution indicated that high TVOC levels were recorded at sites N and W, while it was not so significant such as S and E in terms of TVOC budget. Seasonal variation of these VOCs was characterized by the peak values in December to reflect the combined effects of pronounced source activities and meteorological conditions. Analysis of spatial variations in VOC levels between the four urban sites indicated that their distributions are tightly affected by local source processes in each area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duy Xuan Ho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Goo Park
- Seoul Metropolitan Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Ma
- Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Sung Chun Lee
- Seoul Metropolitan Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Jeong
- Seoul Metropolitan Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Hee Lee
- Seoul Metropolitan Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Wang JL, Chang CC, Lee KZ. In-line sampling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to monitor ambient volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:161-8. [PMID: 22717034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An existing GC-MS/FID method coupling with the cryogenic trapping was improved to perform continuous field monitoring of 106 VOCs, covering a wide range of volatilities and polarities (C(2)-C(11) NMHCs, ≥C(1) halocarbons, toxic chlorinated compounds, ethers, some esters and ketones). Cryogenic enrichment was employed from the standpoints of higher signal-to-noise ratio, less carry-over and better protection of thermally labile compounds than chemical sorbent enrichment. However, cryogen consumption is large and creates a great logistical burden for field deployment. As a result, a new in-line sampling manifold was designed and incorporated into the system to separate the sampling from trapping during enrichment of ambient VOCs, which gave rise to two major advantages: (1) the sampling is performed by a pre-evacuated flask, which does not need cryogen when filling a sample, so that the sampling time can be extended to yield better sample representation (approximately one hour was chosen for the sampling time for hourly data resolution in this study) and (2) because the cryo-trapping only takes a short time period (3 min in this study), the consumption of cryogen is greatly reduced (4 L liquid nitrogen per sample for conventional cryo-trapping vs. 0.6L for the new method). The robustness of the automated GC-MS/FID coupling with in-line sampling for the 106 target compounds was assessed with a set of quality assurance criteria of system blank, wall effect, precision, linearity, detection limit and field test to support the field applicability of the method. The configuration of the proposed in-line sampling apparatus is simple and rugged, which can be easily built and connected with any GC or GC-MS and readily deployed in the field to perform high-quality continuous measurements of more than 106 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
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26
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Gallego E, Roca FJ, Perales JF, Guardino X. Evaluation of the effect of different sampling time periods and ambient air pollutant concentrations on the performance of the Radiello diffusive sampler for the analysis of VOCs by TD-GC/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2612-22. [PMID: 21829856 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different sampling exposure times and ambient air pollutant concentrations on the performance of Radiello® samplers for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is evaluated. Quadruplicate samples of Radiello® passive tubes were taken for 3, 4, 7 and 14 days. Samples were taken indoors during February and March 2010 and outdoors during July 2010 in La Canonja (Tarragona, Spain). The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detection (MS). The results show significant differences (t-test, p < 0.05) between the amounts of VOCs obtained from the sum of two short sampling periods and a single equivalent longer sampling period for 65% of all the data. 17% of the results show significantly larger amounts of pollutant in the sum of two short sampling periods. Back diffusion due to changes in concentrations together with saturation and competitive effects between the compounds during longer sampling periods could be responsible for these differences. The other 48% of the results that are different show significantly larger amounts in the single equivalent longer sampling period. The remaining 35% of the results do not show significant differences. Although significant differences are observed in the amount of several VOCs collected over two shorter sampling intervals compared to the amount collected during a single equivalent longer sampling period, the ratios obtained are very close to unity (between 0.7 and 1.2 in 75% of cases). We conclude that Radiello® passive samplers are useful tools if their limitations are taken into account and the manufacturer's recommendations are followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Full-range analysis of ambient volatile organic compounds by a new trapping method and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5733-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Muñoz R, Sivret EC, Parcsi G, Lebrero R, Wang X, Suffet IHM, Stuetz RM. Monitoring techniques for odour abatement assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:5129-49. [PMID: 20696458 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Odorous emissions from sewers and wastewater treatment plants are a complex mixture of volatile chemicals that can cause annoyance to local populations, resulting in complaints to wastewater operators. Due to the variability in hedonic tone and chemical character of odorous emissions, no analytical technique can be applied universally for the assessment of odour abatement performance. Recent developments in analytical methodologies, specifically gas chromatography, odour assessment approaches (odour wheels, the odour profile method and dynamic olfactometry), and more recently combined gas chromatography-sensory analysis, have contributed to improvements in our ability to assesses odorous emissions in terms of odorant concentration and composition. This review collates existing knowledge with the aim of providing new insight into the effectiveness of sensorial and characterisation approaches to improve our understanding of the fate of odorous emissions during odour abatement. While research in non-specific sensor array (e-nose) technology has resulted in progress in the field of continuous odour monitoring, more successful long term case-studies are still needed to overcome the early overoptimistic performance expectations. Knowledge gaps still remain with regards to the decomposition of thermally unstable volatile compounds (especially sulfur compounds), the inability to predict synergistic, antagonistic, or additive interactions among odorants in combined chemical/sensorial analysis techniques, and the long term stability of chemical sensors due to sensor drift, aging, temperature/relative humidity effects, and temporal variations. Future odour abatement monitoring will require the identification of key odorants to facilitate improved process selection, design and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid University, Paseo del Prado de la Magdalena, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
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29
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Su YC, Kao HM, Wang JL. Mesoporous silicate MCM-48 as an enrichment medium for ambient volatile organic compound analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5643-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatographic Method for the Analysis of Methyl Chloride and Methyl Bromide in Seawater. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2010.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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On-line analysis of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in air by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3890-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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YANG GP, LU XL, SONG GS, WANG XM. Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatography Method for Analysis of Methyl Chloride and Methyl Bromide in Seawater. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Ras MR, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Volatile organic compounds in air at urban and industrial areas in the Tarragona region by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 161:389-402. [PMID: 19238572 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Annual trends of a group of 66 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), containing 20 ozone precursors, were the aim of a sampling campaign carried out for a year in air at urban and industrial areas from Tarragona region. VOCs were determined by active collection on multisorbent tubes, followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The analytical method was developed and validated, showing good levels of detection and quantification, recoveries, precision, and linearity for all the compounds in the range being studied. All the industrial and urban samples taken during the sampling campaign were similar in their qualitative composition. The most abundant compound in all urban and industrial sites was i-pentane, with concentrations between 15.2 and 202.1 microg m(-3) in urban sites and between 1.3 and 98.6 microg m(-3) in industrial sites. In urban sites, the following compounds in order of abundance were toluene, n-pentane, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene, with maximum levels of 150.6, 45.8, 42.3, and 31.7 microg m(-3), respectively. In industrial sites, the most abundant compounds depended on the sampled site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Ras
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel.lí Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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34
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Dobrzyńska E, Pośniak M, Szewczyńska M, Buszewski B. Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds—Old, However, Actual Analytical and Toxicological Problem. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903547054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Wang CH, Chiang SW, Wang JL. Simultaneous analysis of atmospheric halocarbons and non-methane hydrocarbons using two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:353-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Caro J, Gallego M. Environmental and biological monitoring of volatile organic compounds in the workplace. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:426-433. [PMID: 19635627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of workers to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the workplace has been evaluated in four different occupations, namely: house painters, varnishing workers, car painters and petrol station workers. The study was carried out by analyzing the ambient air within the workers' breathing zone as well as the alveolar air of these workers, which was selected as the biomarker of exposure. Twenty six VOCs were measured in the air samples. Nearly all target VOCs were found in the ambient air of the workplaces assessed, usually involving in the most abundant compounds, toluene, o-xylene and N-butyl acetate, concentrations between 60 and 51,110 microg m(-3). The same VOCs were found in the alveolar air of workers after their work shift, at concentrations whose amount depended on the compound and occupation involved. Toluene, at concentrations between 90 and 29,840 microg m(-3), o-xylene, between 30 and 12,285 microg m(-3), and N-butyl acetate, between 10 and 8045 microg m(-3), were also the most abundant compounds found in the alveolar air of workers after exposure. The post-work concentrations of VOCs in alveolar air correlated significantly with ambient air concentrations, obtaining correlation coefficients over 0.9 for the compounds studied. Furthermore, a general trend towards greater absorption of benzene derivatives by the human body (the average percentage of absorption is 50%) than that of esters (average percentage of 20%) has been observed in the data obtained throughout the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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37
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Alonso M, Castellanos M, Martín J, Sanchez JM. Capillary thermal desorption unit for near real-time analysis of VOCs at sub-trace levels. Application to the analysis of environmental air contamination and breath samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1472-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Juarez-Galan JM, Valor I. New universal, portable and cryogenic sampler for time weighted average monitoring of H2S, NH3, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and dimethylethylamine. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3003-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Jakubowska N, Zygmunt B, Polkowska Ż, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Sample preparation for gas chromatographic determination of halogenated volatile organic compounds in environmental and biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:422-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air: Part 1. Volatile organic compounds, carbonyl compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:540-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Su YC, Chang CC, Wang JL. Construction of an automated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system for the analysis of ambient volatile organic compounds with on-line internal standard calibration. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1201:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Nian HC, Liu HW, Wu BZ, Chang CC, Chiu KH, Lo JG. Impact of inclement weather on the characteristics of volatile organic compounds in ambient air at the Hsinchu Science Park in Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 399:41-49. [PMID: 18479737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study describes continuous monitoring of the volatile organic air pollutants, acetone and toluene, in Hsinchu Science Park (HSP) during an occurrence of inclement weather, i.e., a typhoon. Using a lab-designed sampling system coupled with a continuous automated GC-MS analysis system, a total of 53 polar and nonpolar compounds were identified and quantified. The concentration of polar compounds dropped sharply from 41.4 ppbv before the typhoon to the stage of no detection during the storm, but rose again after the typhoon. The amount of nonpolar compounds remained unaffected during the storm. The polar compounds were more affected by both the rainfall and wind than were the nonpolar compounds. The severity of air pollution strongly correlates with the concentration of acetone released into the atmosphere by a wastewater treatment facility. The system used in this study has been proved reliable while working in inclement weather condition; in addition, the results can probably be applied in the monitoring of the environment during the typhoon season in high-tech research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Nian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
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43
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Beghi S, Guillot JM. Use of poly(ethylene terephtalate) film bag to sample and remove humidity from atmosphere containing volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Elbir T, Cetin B, Cetin E, Bayram A, Odabasi M. Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their sources in the air of Izmir, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 133:149-60. [PMID: 17180406 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected in Izmir, Turkey at two (suburban and urban) sites during three sampling programs in 2002 and 2004 to determine the ambient concentrations of several monoaromatic, chlorinated and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Samples were analyzed for 60 VOCs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 28 compounds were detected in most samples. On the average, urban air VOC concentrations were about four times higher than those measured at the suburban site. Toluene (40.6%) was the most abundant compound in suburban site and was followed by benzene (7.4%), o,m-xylene (6.5%), and 1,2-dichloroethane (5.1%). In urban site, toluene (30.5%), p-xylene (14.9%), o,m-xylene (11.4%), and ethyl benzene (7.2%) were the dominating compounds in summer. In winter, toluene (31.1%), benzene (23.9%), 1,2-dichloroethane (9.5%), and o,m-xylene (8.2%) were the most abundant compounds. Receptor modeling (positive matrix factorization) has been performed to estimate the contribution of specific source types to ambient concentrations. Six source factors (gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust+residential heating, paint production/application, degreasing, dry cleaning, and an undefined source) were extracted from the samples collected in the urban site. Three source factors (gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, and paint production/application) were identified for the suburban site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Kaynaklar Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
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Abstract
The analysis of carbonyls in ambient air has received a great deal of scientific attention with the advancement of analytical techniques and increased demand for the build-up of its data base. In this review article, we have attempted to provide some insight into the relative performance of different instrumental approaches available for the analysis of ambient carbonyls with a major emphasis on high performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic methods. Reported in several international standard procedures, derivatization of carbonyls with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) with either an impinger or cartridges is the most commonly used method of HPLC detection. In this respect, a number of alternative hydrazine reagents have also been discussed for use with HPLC. In contrast, GC methods based on the combined application of adsorptive enrichment on solid sorbents and thermal desorption are examined with regard to their suitability for carbonyl analysis in air. Particular emphasis has been directed towards the advantages and drawbacks of these different instrumental techniques for ambient carbonyls. Based on this comparative approach, we discuss the suitability for each method for carbonyl analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Pal
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Atmospheric Environment Laboratory, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
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Wang CH, Chang CC, Wang JL. Devising an adjustable splitter for dual-column gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1163:298-303. [PMID: 17651745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A flow controlled adjustable splitter was configured from a Deans switch and employed in an automated dual column gas chromatographic (GC) system for analyzing mono-aromatic compounds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), thermally desorbed from the sorbent trap, were split by the adjustable splitter onto two columns of different phases for separation and then detection by flame ionization detection (FID). Unlike regular splitters in which the split ratio is passively determined by the diameter and/or length of the connecting columns or tubing, the split ratio in our adjustable splitter is controlled by the auxiliary flow in the Deans switch. The auxiliary flow serves as a gas plug on either side of the column for decreasing the sample flow in one transfer line, but increasing the flow in the other. By adjusting the auxiliary flow and therefore the size of the gas plug, the split ratio can be easily varied and favorable to the side of no auxiliary gas. As an illustration, two columns, DB-1 and Cyclodex-B, were employed in this study for separating benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, denoted as BTEX, in particular the structural isomers of o-, m-, p-xylenes. This configuration demonstrates that BTEX cannot be fully separated with either column, but can be deconvoluted by simple algebra if dual columns are used with a splitter. The applicability of the proposed concept was tested by analyzing a gas standard containing BTEX at different split ratios and with various sample sizes, all leading to a constant ratio of m-xylene versus p-xylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Heng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
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Larreta J, Vallejo A, Bilbao U, Usobiaga A, Arana G, Zuloaga O. Headspace-solid-phase microextraction preconcentration of phenols, indoles and on-fibre derivatised volatile fatty acids in liquid and gas samples from cow slurries. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2293-304. [PMID: 17683038 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Odorous organic compounds from liquid and gas samples of animal wastes were studied by headspace (HS)-solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-GC-MS. 1-Pirenyldiazomethane (PDAM) was adsorbed/absorbed on the SPME fibre in order to obtain the corresponding ester derivatives during the preconcentration step. The SPME fibre was immersed into a PDAM solution. Then, the SPME fibre was withdrawn and exposed to the HS of the liquid cow slurry. This way derivatisation of VFAs took place in the SPME fibre together with the preconcentration of the rest of the analytes of interest. The analytes were desorbed in the hot injection port (300 degrees C) of a GC-MS for 3 min. Four different fibre types and different immersion periods of the fibre in the PDAM solution were studied in order to obtain the best sensitivity with the selected fibre. Accuracy, precision and the LODs were calculated using spiked liquid and gas samples. The possibility of storing liquid samples after sampling by preconcentration on the fibre was also considered. Storage time and temperature were studied. The optimised method was applied to the determination of the analytes in liquid and gas samples from cow slurries from an intensive production farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Larreta
- Kimika Analitikoa Saila, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain.
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Zhou L, Zeng Y, Hazlett PD, Matherne V. Ambient air monitoring with Auto-gas chromatography running in trigger mode. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:156-63. [PMID: 17616253 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Speciated volatile organic compounds (VOC), either as ozone precursors or air toxics in the air, are commonly monitored by triggered canister method or continuous ozone precursor analyzer (commonly known as Auto-gas chromatography (GC)) method. In the triggered canister method, a canister sample is collected when a total non-methane organic compound (TNMOC) concentration exceeds a pre-determined trigger level. The canister sample is then analyzed in a lab in a later time. In the Auto-GC method, an online GC runs in a "continuous" mode with a sampling and analysis cycle of 1 h. Within the cycle hour, samples are collected only during the first 40 min. A new approach of Auto-GC running in trigger mode is developed in this study. This new approach uses Auto-GC but operates it in a trigger mode similar to the triggered canister sampling method. Compared to the triggered canister sample method, this system provides near real-time speciated VOC data, which are critical for responding to a high VOC concentration episode. Although the canister system generally costs less, its cost advantage may diminish if trigger events are frequent and the monitoring duration is long. Compared to continuous Auto-GC, triggered GC has its niche--it is better for capturing transient plumes with a small footprint. The continuous GC either misses a transient plume if the plume does not arrive at the sampling site during the sampling cycle or flattens the plume concentration peak by dilution with non-plume air sample. Field experience with this system for fenceline VOC monitoring is presented. The sampling and calibration strategy for trigger mode operation is described. The chromatograph retention time drift issues are discussed. The system performance is evaluated, including the method detection limit, precision and accuracy. The trigger mode configuration for VOC fenceline or near source monitoring in this work proved effective for local and transient plume identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhou
- Providence Engineering and Environmental Group LLC, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, United States.
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Demeestere K, Dewulf J, De Witte B, Van Langenhove H. Sample preparation for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in air and water matrices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:130-44. [PMID: 17258752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes literature data from the past 5 years on new developments and/or applications of sample preparation methods for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC), mainly in air and water matrices. Novel trends in the optimization and application of well-established airborne VOC enrichment techniques are discussed, like the implementation of advanced cooling systems in cryogenic trapping and miniaturization in adsorptive enrichment techniques. Next, focus is put on current tendencies in integrated sampling-extraction-sample introduction methods such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) and novel in-needle trapping devices. Particular attention is paid to emerging membrane extraction techniques such as membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI). For VOC enrichment out of water, recent evolutions in direct aqueous injection (DAI) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) are highlighted, with main focus on miniaturized solvent extraction methods such as single drop microextraction (SDME) and liquid phase microextraction (LPME). Next, solvent-free sorptive enrichment receives major attention, with particular interest for innovative techniques such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE). Finally, recent trends in membrane extraction are reviewed. Applications in both immersion and headspace mode are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Liu JM, Li L, Fan HL, Ning ZW, Zhao P. Evaluation of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes as Novel Adsorbent for Volatile Organic Compounds. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(07)60058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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