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Tamele IJ, Silva M, Vasconcelos V. The Incidence of Marine Toxins and the Associated Seafood Poisoning Episodes in the African Countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E58. [PMID: 30669603 PMCID: PMC6357038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and bacteria can be one of the great threats to public health due to their ability to produce marine toxins (MTs). The most reported MTs include paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs), diarrheic shellfish toxins (DSTs), cyclic imines (CIs), ciguatoxins (CTXs), azaspiracids (AZTs), palytoxin (PlTXs), tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and their analogs, some of them leading to fatal outcomes. MTs have been reported in several marine organisms causing human poisoning incidents since these organisms constitute the food basis of coastal human populations. In African countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, to date, only South Africa has a specific monitoring program for MTs and some other countries count only with respect to centers of seafood poisoning control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the occurrence of MTs and associated poisoning episodes as a contribution to public health and monitoring programs as an MT risk assessment tool for this geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro José Tamele
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, n 3453, Campus Principal, Maputo 257, Mozambique.
| | - Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Cheng Y, Guo C, Zhao B, Yang L. Fast analysis of domoic acid using microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1583-1588. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Environment Monitoring Technology; Shandong Academy of Sciences Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation; Qing Dao China
| | - Cuilian Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Environment Monitoring Technology; Shandong Academy of Sciences Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation; Qing Dao China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Environment Monitoring Technology; Shandong Academy of Sciences Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation; Qing Dao China
| | - Li Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Environment Monitoring Technology; Shandong Academy of Sciences Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation; Qing Dao China
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3
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Li M, Chen X, Guo Y, Zhang B, Tang F, Wu X. Enhanced sensitivity and resolution for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in water using capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection and field-amplified sample injection. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:3109-3117. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
- Jinjiang Environmental Monitoring Centre; Jinjiang Fujian P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Fengxiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
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Abstract
The synthesis and usage of a wide range of organic compounds have shown a considerable increase in the past few decades. Many of these compounds are potential pollutants for the environment. They differ from each other in their chemical structure and properties. Correspondingly different separation strategies are required for their separation. There is need to assess the human exposure to these chemicals and to identify and develop analytical methods for their identification. In this chapter we have presented some methods for the separation and the analysis of the organic pollutants like dyes, phenolic pollutants, phthalates, endocrine disrupting chemicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, explosives, agricultural pesticides, and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147 002, India.
| | | | - Varinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Patiala, 160014, India
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5
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Burrell S, Crum S, Foley B, Turner AD. Proficiency testing of laboratories for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish by QUASIMEME: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Abdul Keyon AS, Guijt RM, Bolch CJ, Breadmore MC. Transient isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity and ultraviolet detection for the analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussel samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Keyon ASA, Guijt RM, Gaspar A, Kazarian AA, Nesterenko PN, Bolch CJ, Breadmore MC. Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish: Comparison of detection methods. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1496-503. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; Pharmacy School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability; Australian Maritime College; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; Pharmacy School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Andras Gaspar
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Artaches A. Kazarian
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Christopher J. Bolch
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability; Australian Maritime College; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
| | - Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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8
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Lian ZR, Wang JT. Study of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction of gonyautoxins 2,3 in the cultured dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:385-391. [PMID: 23974168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective sample cleanup procedure combined with molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) was developed for the isolation of gonyautoxins 2,3 (GTX2,3) from Alexandrium tamarense sample. The molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres (MIPMs) were prepared by suspension polymerization using caffeine as the dummy template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker and polyvinyl alcohol as the dispersive reagent. The polymer microspheres were used as a selective sorbent for the solid-phase extraction of gonyautoxins 2,3. An off-line MISPE method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection for the analysis of gonyautoxins 2,3 was established. Finally, the extract samples from Alexandrium tamarense were analyzed. The results showed the imprinted polymer microspheres exhibited high affinity and selectivity for gonyautoxins 2,3. The interference matrix in the extract were obviously cleaned by MISPE and the extraction efficiency of gonyautoxins 2,3 in the sample ranged from 81.74% to 85.86%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ru Lian
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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9
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Zhang XW, Zhang ZX. Quantification of domoic acid in shellfish samples by capillary electrophoresis-based enzyme immunoassay with electrochemical detection. Toxicon 2012; 59:626-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Perez S, Vale C, Botana AM, Alonso E, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Determination of Toxicity Equivalent Factors for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Electrophysiological Measurements in Cultured Neurons. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1153-7. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Perez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, USC, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, USC, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, USC, Lugo, Spain
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11
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He Y, Fekete A, Chen G, Harir M, Zhang L, Tong P, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Analytical approaches for an important shellfish poisoning agent: domoic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11525-11533. [PMID: 20964434 DOI: 10.1021/jf1031789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxic amino acid produced by some strains of phytoplankton, is responsible for the human toxic syndrome amnesic shellfish poisoning. This exocitotoxin results in neuronal degeneration and necrosis in specific regions of the hippocampus. Because DA accumulates mostly in shellfish, causing outbreaks in different countries, screening for DA has been carried out with various assays. Although bioassays and immunoassays have been developed, several liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of DA in different matrices such as shellfish, algae, or seawater have been reported. Additionally, other alternative methods such as capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography have been described. This paper summaries the toxicology, the chemistry, and the developed determination methods of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
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12
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Lefebvre KA, Robertson A. Domoic acid and human exposure risks: A review. Toxicon 2010; 56:218-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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14
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Wu W, Wu X, Lin X, Xie Z, Giesy JP. Quantification of domoic acid in shellfish tissues by pressurized capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2117-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Vale C, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Romarís XM, Arévalo F, Botana AM, Botana LM. In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Potency and the Influence of the pH of Extraction. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1770-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac7022266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Xosé Manuel Romarís
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Abstract
Environmental pollutants comprise a variety of compounds from inorganic anions, cations, ionizable organic compounds and moderately hydrophobic organic compounds to highly hydrophobic organic compounds. Correspondingly different separation strategies are required for their separation. In this chapter, we have presented some methods for the separation and the analysis of the organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenoxy acids, dithiocarbamates, paraquat and diquat, endocrine disruptors, toxins and explosives.
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17
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García-Cañas V, Cifuentes A. Detection of microbial food contaminants and their products by capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4013-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang Z, King KL, Ramsdell JS, Doucette GJ. Determination of domoic acid in seawater and phytoplankton by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1163:169-76. [PMID: 17640654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is an algal neurotoxin produced by diatoms primarily of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia and is responsible for the human intoxication syndrome known as amnesic shellfish poisoning. A method has been developed to determine DA in seawater and phytoplankton matrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for both quantitation and confirmation purposes. Sample extraction and clean-up was achieved on a C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. An acidic condition is critical for retaining hydrophilic DA on the cartridge. Direct injection of SPE eluate for analysis is recommended in order to avoid loss of DA by drying with heat prior to resuspension and injection. DA was quantified using the fragments produced from the protonated DA ion through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Recoveries exceeded 90% for all seawater samples spiked with DA and approximated 98% of toxin standard added to cultured phytoplankton material. Acceptable reproducibility (ca. 5% or less) was obtained for all intra-day and inter-day samples. The detection limit was 30 pg/ml level with a 20 microl injection volume, which demonstrated the value of this method for not only confirming DA production by minimally toxic phytoplankton species, but also for investigating the potentially important role of dissolved DA in marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Wang
- Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, NOAA/National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Marák J, Mikus P, Maráková K, Kaniansky D, Valásková I, Havránek E. Enantioselective analysis of pheniramine in urine by charged CD-mediated CZE provided with a fiber-based DAD and an on-line sample pretreatment by capillary ITP. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2738-47. [PMID: 17600843 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Application potentialities of CZE on-line coupled with capillary ITP and DAD to the identification and determination of trace concentration levels (microg/L) of pheniramine (PHM) enantiomers and their metabolites present in complex ionic matrices of biological origin (urine) are shown. An enhanced (enantio)selectivity of the CZE separation system obtained by the addition of carboxyethyl-beta-CD (CE-beta-CD) to the carrier electrolyte provided CZE conditions for a reliable identification of similar/identical DAD spectra of structurally related compounds (PHM enantiomers and their metabolites) in clinical urine samples differing in qualitative and quantitative composition of sample matrix constituents. A high sample loadability (a 30 microL sample injection volume), partial sample clean-up (removing macroconstituents from the sample), and preconcentration of the analytes in ITP stage resulted in the decrease of concentration LOD for PHM enantiomers in urine to 5.2 and 6.8 microg/L (2.2 x 10(-8) and 2.8 x 10(-8) mol/L), without using any sample pretreatment technique. The background correction and smoothing procedure applied to the raw DAD spectra provided analytically relevant DAD spectra of PHM enantiomers and their metabolites also when they were present in urine sample (30 microL injection volumes of ten-times diluted urine sample) at a 9 x 10(-) (8) mol/L concentration. DAD spectra of PHM enantiomers present in urine samples matched their reference spectra with reasonable certainties. DAD spectra of PHM metabolites were compared with the reference spectra of PHM enantiomers and a good match was found which indicates the similarities in the structures of enantiomers and their metabolites detected in the urine samples. This fact allows performing the quantitative analyses of PHM metabolites in the urine samples by applying the calibration parameters of PHM enantiomers also for PHM metabolites and the results show the possibilities of using the ITP-CZE-DAD combination for the direct analysis of PHM enantiomers and/or their metabolites in urine without any sample pretreatment. ITP-CZE-DAD method with oppositely charged selector is suggested to use in clinical research as it provides favorable performance parameters including sensitivity, linearity, precision, recovery, and robustness with minimal demands on sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Marák
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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20
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Chan IOM, Tsang VWH, Chu KK, Leung SK, Lam MHW, Lau TC, Lam PKS, Wu RSS. Solid-phase extraction-fluorimetric high performance liquid chromatographic determination of domoic acid in natural seawater mediated by an amorphous titania sorbent. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 583:111-7. [PMID: 17386534 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of using sol-gel amorphous titania (TiO2) as a solid-phase sorbent for the pre-concentration of domoic acid (DA), a potent amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin, directly from seawater was explored. The sol-gel titania material is able to adsorb DA from seawater, via the formation of ester-linkage between the carboxylic moieties of DA and the Ti-OH groups on the sorbent surface, at low pH and desorb it at high pH. The chemisorption process is not significantly interfered by the seawater matrix. The optimum pH values for the adsorption and desorption of DA were found to be pH 4 and 11, respectively. The optimal sorbent loading for the batch-type solid-phase extraction of DA was 0.67 mg-TiO2 ng-DA(-1) and adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 2 h at room temperature. The desorbed DA in 500 microL of 0.1 M alkaline borate buffer can be directly derviatized by 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) in aqueous media for fluorimetric HPLC quantification. Analyte recovery, repeatability and detection limit of this titania SPE-fluorimetric HPLC determination are 89%, 6.2% and 120 pg-DA mL(-1) (n=7, P<0.05), respectively, for a sample volume of 30 mL. This titania SPE technique should also be applicable to the pre-concentration of other polar carboxylate- and phosphonate-containing biomolecules and pharmaceuticals in complex and interfering environmental sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy O M Chan
- Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology & Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kubo T, Nomachi M, Nemoto K, Sano T, Hosoya K, Tanaka N, Kaya K. Chromatographic separation for domoic acid using a fragment imprinted polymer. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 577:1-7. [PMID: 17723646 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We prepared molecularly imprinted polymers for an amnesic shellfish poison, domoic acid. To prepare the polymer, we tested several commercial aromatic dicarboxylic compounds such as isomers of phthalic acid for templates of molecularly imprinted polymers. The highest selective recognition ability of the polymer for domoic acid in the tested compounds was found when o-phthalic acid was used as the template. The ability was due to the acidity of the carboxylic acids in the domoic acid and the similarity of the shape around the carboxylic acids of domoic acid and the templates. The effective chromatographic separation of domoic acid in the extract from blue mussels was achieved with a LC column packed with the fragment imprinted polymer using o-phthalic acid as the template. This polymer can be utilized for a clean up procedure of domoic acid in toxic shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Wu Y, Ho AYT, Qian PY, Leung KSY, Cai Z, Lin JM. Determination of paralytic shellfish toxins in dinoflagellateAlexandrium tamarense by using isotachophoresis/capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:399-404. [PMID: 16544882 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Baseline separation of seven paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), namely decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), gonyautoxin-2 (GTX-2), gonyautoxin-3 (GTX-3), gonyautoxin-1 (GTX-1), and gonyautoxin-4 (GTX-4), was achieved by using capillary ITP (CITP)/CE with UV detection. Separation parameters including duration time and voltage in CITP process, separation voltage, and pH and concentration of buffer were optimized. The developed method provided linear responses from 1.3 to 200 microM for the PSTs. The LOD ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 microM. PST extracts from two algal strains of Alexandrium tamarense were analyzed and the toxin concentrations in the samples were quantified with an internal standard method by using NEO as the internal standard. The algal extract of A. tamarense HK9301 contained 332 microM GTX-2 and 224 microM GTX-3, while the PSTs were not detected in the extract of A. tamarense CI01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Juan-García A, Font G, Picó Y. Determination of organic contaminants in food by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:793-812. [PMID: 16013808 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses recent advances in the analysis of organic contaminants, such as antibiotics, pesticides, biological toxins, and food-borne pathogens, in foods by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Special attention is paid to those aspects that increase sensitivity and/or selectivity, such as sample extraction and concentration, on-line preconcentration techniques (stacking), affinity capillaries or/and specific detectors (laser induced fluorescence (LIF), mass spectrometry (MS)). The various CE modes used to separate the compounds and the quantification strategies are also examined. As a result, this work presents an updated overview on the principal applications of CE, together with a discussion of their main advantages and drawbacks, and an outline of future trends in the analysis of organic contaminants in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicología, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, València, Spain
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24
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Jeffery B, Barlow T, Moizer K, Paul S, Boyle C. Amnesic shellfish poison. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:545-57. [PMID: 15019178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2002] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is caused by consumption of shellfish that have accumulated domoic acid, a neurotoxin produced by some strains of phytoplankton. The neurotoxic properties of domoic acid result in neuronal degeneration and necrosis in specific regions of the hippocampus. A serious outbreak of ASP occurred in Canada in 1987 and involved 150 reported cases, 19 hospitalisations and 4 deaths after consumption of contaminated mussels. Symptoms ranged from gastrointestinal disturbances, to neurotoxic effects such as hallucinations, memory loss and coma. Monitoring programmes are in place in numerous countries worldwide and closures of shellfish harvesting areas occur when domoic acid concentrations exceed regulatory limits. This paper reviews the chemistry, sources, metabolism and toxicology of domoic acid as well as human case reports of ASP and discusses a possible mechanism of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jeffery
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK.
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25
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Gago-Martínez A, Piñeiro N, Aguete EC, Vaquero E, Nogueiras M, Leão JM, Rodríguez-Vázquez JA, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E. Further improvements in the application of high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography to the analysis of algal toxins in the aquatic environment. J Chromatogr A 2003; 992:159-68. [PMID: 12735472 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of algal toxins in the aquatic environment represents an important socioeconomic concern in many places worldwide, due to the toxicity that these compounds can induce in seafood or freshwater organisms at very low levels. Several analytical alternatives have been proposed over the last years for the control of these contaminants, which acute or chronic toxicity requires low detection levels and demands for the search of sensitive methods for their detection and determination. HPLC has been widely used for this purpose, although several alternatives such as CE or capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are being lately developed with this aim. In this work we report on the application of improved HPLC, as well as CE and CEC, for the analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins and microcystins (MCs) present in different matrices such as water, shellfish or algae. Improvements in sample preparation for increasing sensitivity and selectivity are also shown. While UV and fluorimetric detection are the detection methods generally used, mass spectrometric detection was also applied for ASP toxins and MCs, especially for confirmatory purposes. From the results obtained it can be concluded that both HPLC and CE offer a good potential for a sensitive and selective determination of these algal toxins in such complex matrices. The results obtained for CEC allow also to conclude that this technique can result in a promising technique for such application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gago-Martínez
- Universidad de Vigo, Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario, 36200 Vigo, Spain.
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26
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Martins JML, Gago-Martinez A, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Aranda-Rodriguez R, Lawrence JF. Preliminary results on the application of capillary electrochromatography to the analysis of domoic acid. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020401)25:5/6<342::aid-jssc342>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Aranda-Rodriguez R, Keppel-Jones K. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4262-80. [PMID: 11824642 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200111)22:19<4262::aid-elps4262>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An overview of major developments in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography systems in the environmental field is presented, covering relevant publications between the second half of 1999 and early 2001. Contributions are reviewed in relation to developments in detection, sample preparation/preconcentration, precision and applications. Many interesting examples are shown and the influence of important parameters on the performance of developed methods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.
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28
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Simultaneous determination of cyanobacterial hepato-and neurotoxins in water samples by ion-pair supported enrichment and HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Louzao MC, Vieytes MR, Baptista de Sousa JM, Leira F, Botana LM. A fluorimetric method based on changes in membrane potential for screening paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels. Anal Biochem 2001; 289:246-50. [PMID: 11161318 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To prevent the consumption of bivalves contaminated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), toxin levels in seafood products are estimated by using the official mouse bioassay. Because of the limitations of this bioassay other methods of monitoring toxins are clearly needed. We have developed a test to screen for PSP toxins based on its functional activity; the toxins bind to the voltage-gated Na+ channels and block their activity. The method is a fluorimetric assay that allows quantitation of the toxins by detecting changes in the membrane potential of human excitable cells. This assay gives an estimate of toxicity, since each toxin present in the sample binds to sodium channels with an affinity which is proportional to its intrinsic toxic potency. The detection limits for paralytic shellfish toxins were found to be 1 ng saxitoxin equivalents/ml compared to the regulatory limit threshold of 400 ng/ml (equivalent to 80 microg/100 g) used in most countries. Our results indicate that this fluorescent assay is a specific, very sensitive, rapid, and reliable method of monitoring PSP toxin levels in samples from seafood products and toxic algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria de Lugo Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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30
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Klampfl CW, Buchberger W, Haddad PR. Determination of organic acids in food samples by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 881:357-64. [PMID: 10905719 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of the use of capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of organic acids in food and beverage samples is presented. The analytes discussed in this paper include low-molecular-mass organic acids, amino acids, vitamin related compounds and free fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Klampfl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes-Kepler-University, Linz, Austria
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