1
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Shang HB, Zhang JM, An Z, Li XQ, Li X, Wu L, Li D. Reversible polarity-switch of thin-layer chromatography by photo-induction with multi-regulation in spatial dimension. Talanta 2024; 271:125654. [PMID: 38224659 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Generally, thin-layer chromatography always undertakes the indispensable role in rapid screening and identification of specific compounds. Stationary phase is the core part of thin-layer chromatography with fixed property, which leading to the limitations of separation mode of only regulating the composition of mobile phase. This work was an attempt to fabricate the unique photosensitive thin-layer chromatography to make up the above major drawback. 4-[3-(Triethoxysilyl)propoxy]azobenzene (azo-PTES) was synthesized as photosensitive modifier to fabricate the photosensitive stationary phase, and the transformation of cis-trans structure of azo-PTES proceeds along with polarity difference under 365 nm and 473 nm irradiation. Based on this, the proposed photosensitive thin-layer chromatography shows the reversible switch of polarity of stationary phase by photoinduction, followed by the deserved reversible separation behavior. Furthermore, multi-regulation in spatial dimension was achieved based on the high freedom of spatial regulation of photoinduction, which brings about the integration of stationary phase with different polarity, just by photoinduction. The concept of photosensitive thin-layer chromatography provides new idea for improving separation efficiency and developing multi-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on the one plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Shang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin Province, China; Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie-Min Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhengjiu An
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin-Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xia Li
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Donghao Li
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin Province, China; Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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2
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Poole CF. Sample preparation for planar chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300071. [PMID: 36965178 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography has favorable properties for high-throughput separations with a high matrix tolerance. Sample preparation, however, is sometimes required to control specific matrix interferences and to enhance the detectability of target compounds. Trends in contemporary applications have shifted from absorbance and fluorescence detection to methods employing bioassays and mass spectrometry. Traditional methods (shake-flask, heat at reflux, Soxhlet, and hydrodistillation) are being challenged by automated instrumental approaches (ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction) and the quick, easy cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe extraction method for faster and streamlined sample processing. Liquid-liquid extraction remains the most widely used approach for sample clean-up with increasing competition from solid-phase extraction. On-layer sample, clean-up by planar solid-phase extraction is increasingly used for complex samples and in combination with heart-cut multimodal systems. The automated spray-on sample applicator, the elution head interface, biological detection of target and non-target compounds, and straightforward mass spectrometric detection are highlighted as the main factors directing current interest toward faster and simpler sample workflows, analysis of more complex samples, and the determination of minor contaminants requiring high concentration factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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3
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Wilson ID, Poole CF. Planar chromatography - Current practice and future prospects. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1214:123553. [PMID: 36495686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Planar chromatography, in the form of thin-layer or high-performance thin-layer chromatography (TLC, HPTLC), continues to provide a robust and widely used separation technique. It is unrivaled as a simple and rapid qualitative method for mixture analysis, or for finding bioactive components in mixtures. The format of TLC/HPTLC also provides a unique method for preserving the separation, enabling further investigation of components of interest (including quantification/structure determination) separated in both time and space from the original analysis. The current practice of planar chromatography and areas of development of the technology are reviewed and promising future directions in the use of TLC/HPTLC are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Wilson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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4
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Niamlang P, Supaphol P, Morlock GE. Performance of Electropun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibrous Phases, Shown for the Separation of Water-Soluble Food Dyes via UTLC-Vis-ESI-MS. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7080218. [PMID: 28796185 PMCID: PMC5575700 DOI: 10.3390/nano7080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research in the miniaturization of planar chromatography led to various approaches in manufacturing ultrathin-layer chromatography (UTLC) layers of reduced thickness (<50 µm) along with smaller instrumentation, as targeted in Office Chromatography. This novel concept merges 3D print & media technologies with miniaturized planar chromatography to realize an all-in-one instrument, in which all steps of UTLC are automated and integrated in the same tiny device. In this context, the development of electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber phases was investigated as well as its performance. A nanofibrous stationary phase with fiber diameters of 150–225 nm and a thickness of ca. 25 µm was manufactured. Mixtures of water-soluble food dyes were printed on it using a modified office printer, and successfully separated to illustrate the capabilities of such UTLC media. The separation took 8 min for 30 mm and was faster (up to a factor of 2) than on particulate layers. The mean hRF values ranging from 25 to 90 for the five food dyes were well spread over the migration distance, with an overall reproducibility of 7% (mean %RSD over 5 different plates for 5 dyes). The individual mean plate numbers over 5 plates ranged between 8286 and 22,885 (mean of 11,722 over all 5 dyes). The single mean resolutions RS were between 1.7 and 6.5 (for the 5 food dyes over 5 plates), with highly satisfying reproducibilities (0.3 as mean deviation of RS). Using videodensitometry, different amounts separated in parallel led to reliable linear calibrations for each dye (sdv of 3.1–9.1% for peak heights and 2.4–9.3% for peak areas). Coupling to mass spectrometry via an elution head-based interface was successfully demonstrated for such ultrathin layers, showing several advantages such as a reduced cleaning process and a minimum zone distance. All these results underline the potential of electrospun nanofibrous phases to succeed as affordable stationary phase for quantitative UTLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimolpun Niamlang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, 96 Mu 3 Phutthamonthon Sai 5 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand.
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Pitt Supaphol
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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5
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Sereshti H, Poursorkh Z, Aliakbarzadeh G, Zarre S, Ataolahi S. An image analysis of TLC patterns for quality control of saffron based on soil salinity effect: A strategy for data (pre)-processing. Food Chem 2017; 239:831-839. [PMID: 28873641 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quality of saffron, a valuable food additive, could considerably affect the consumers' health. In this work, a novel preprocessing strategy for image analysis of saffron thin layer chromatographic (TLC) patterns was introduced. This includes performing a series of image pre-processing techniques on TLC images such as compression, inversion, elimination of general baseline (using asymmetric least squares (AsLS)), removing spots shift and concavity (by correlation optimization warping (COW)), and finally conversion to RGB chromatograms. Subsequently, an unsupervised multivariate data analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering was utilized to investigate the soil salinity effect, as a cultivation parameter, on saffron TLC patterns. This method was used as a rapid and simple technique to obtain the chemical fingerprints of saffron TLC images. Finally, the separated TLC spots were chemically identified using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Accordingly, the saffron quality from different areas of Iran was evaluated and classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sereshti
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Poursorkh
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Zarre
- Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, and Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ataolahi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Strickhouser RB, Hatab NA, Lavrik NV, Sepaniak MJ. Centrifugal-driven, reduced-dimension, planar chromatography. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:438-444. [PMID: 28504823 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental problem with efficiency in capillary action driven planar chromatography results from diminishing flow rates as development proceeds, giving rise to molecular diffusion related band dispersion for most sample types. Overpressure and electrokinetic means to speed flow have been used successfully in TLC. We explore the use of centrifugal force (CF) to drive flow for reduced-dimension planar platforms (ultra-TLC, low micrometer features, and nano-TLC, nanoscale features). The silicon wafer platforms have two forms of continuous 2D arrays created by either photolithography or metal dewetting followed by deep reactive ion etching and coated with porous SiO2 . The flow pattern is unusual with co-planar flows above and within the arrays. The effects of parameters such as spin rate, solvent type, and surface character on flow rates is established and can be substantially greater than capillary action flow. Using fluorescent dyes, we investigate retardation factors and chromatographic plate height; the latter falls in the low to sub-micrometer range. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate the first analytical separations performed in pillar arrays using CF to augment solvent flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahla A Hatab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nickolay V Lavrik
- Center of Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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7
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Weiss SC, Egetenmeyer N, Schulz W. Coupling of In Vitro Bioassays with Planar Chromatography in Effect-Directed Analysis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 157:187-224. [PMID: 27757476 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical test methods increasingly detect anthropogenic organic substances and their transformation products in water samples and in the environment. The presence of these compounds might pose a risk to the aquatic environment. To determine a possible (eco)toxicological risk, aquatic samples are tested using various bioassays, including sub-organismic assays such as the luminescent bacteria inhibition test, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test, and the umu-test. The effect-directed analysis (EDA) combines physicochemical separation methods with biological (in vitro) tests. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) has proved to be particularly well suited for the separation of organic compounds and the subsequent analysis of effects by the application of the biotests directly on the surface of the HPTLC plate. The advantage of using HPTLC in comparison to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for EDA is that the solvent which is used as a mobile phase during chromatography is completely evaporated after the separation and therefore can no longer influence the applied bioassays.A prioritization during the complex identification process can be achieved when observed effects are associated with the separated zones in HPTLC. This increases the probability of identifying the substance responsible for an adverse effect from the multitude of organic trace substances in environmental samples. Furthermore, by comparing the pattern of biological effects of a separated sample, it is possible to track and assess changes in biological activity over time, over space, or in the course of a process, even without identifying the substance. HPTLC has already been coupled with various bioassays.Because HPTLC is a very flexible system, various detection techniques can be used and combined. In addition to the UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence measurements, TLC can also be coupled with a mass spectrometer (MS) for compound identification. In addition, detection of functional groups by means of derivatization reagents can support this identification. It is also possible to combine derivatization and HPLC-MS.Two case studies are used to illustrate the significance of HPTLC-EDA in investigating water quality: Study on a wastewater treatment plant Possible influence of an artificial turf surface on ground water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C Weiss
- Betriebs und Forschungslaboratorium, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung (LW), Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129, Langenau, Germany.
| | - Nicole Egetenmeyer
- Betriebs und Forschungslaboratorium, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung (LW), Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129, Langenau, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Betriebs und Forschungslaboratorium, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung (LW), Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129, Langenau, Germany
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8
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Bernard-Savary P, Poole CF. Instrument platforms for thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Yan N, Zhu Z, Jin L, Guo W, Gan Y, Hu S. Quantitative Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles by Coupling Thin Layer Chromatography with Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6079-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neng Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Zhenli Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Lanlan Jin
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Wei Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Yiqun Gan
- School
of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Shenghong Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, 430074
- Faculty
of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, 430074
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10
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Newsome TE, Olesik SV. Planar Electrochromatography Using an Electrospun Polymer Nanofiber Layer. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10961-9. [PMID: 25333999 DOI: 10.1021/ac503568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toni E. Newsome
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Susan V. Olesik
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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11
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Grace P, Morton D. Evaluation of high-performance thin-layer chromatography for the quantification of phenylpropanoids in commercial Echinaceaproducts. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.27.2014.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Dołowy M, Maryszczak J, Pyka A. COMPARISON OF THE DETECTION AND QUANTITATIVE LIMITS OF HYDROCORTISONE ACETATE IN DIFFERENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN TLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.907113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Dołowy
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Joanna Maryszczak
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Alina Pyka
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
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13
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Tang TX, Xu XJ, Wang DM, Zhao ZM, Zhu LP, Yang DP. A Rapid and Green Limit Test Method for Five Synthetic Colorants in Foods Using Polyamide Thin-layer Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Hemmateenejad B, Farzam SF, Mobaraki N. Simultaneous measurement of leucine and isoleucine by multivariate image analysis-thin layer chromatography (MIA-TLC). JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-014-0433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Detection progress of selected drugs in TLC. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:732078. [PMID: 24551853 PMCID: PMC3914296 DOI: 10.1155/2014/732078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This entry describes applications of known indicators and dyes as new visualizing reagents and various visualizing systems as well as photocatalytic reactions and bioautography method for the detection of bioactive compounds including drugs and compounds isolated from herbal extracts. Broadening index, detection index, characteristics of densitometric band, modified contrast index, limit of detection, densitometric visualizing index, and linearity range of detected compounds were used for the evaluation of visualizing effects of applied visualizing reagents. It was shown that visualizing effect depends on the chemical structure of the visualizing reagent, the structure of the substance detected, and the chromatographic adsorbent applied. The usefulness of densitometry to direct detection of some drugs was also shown. Quoted papers indicate the detection progress of selected drugs investigated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
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16
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Preparation of porous styrenics-based monolithic layers for thin layer chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1316:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Liquid Chromatography on Plane Surfaces. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9780471980582.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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19
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20
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Hawrył M, Nowak R, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic determination of phenolic antioxidants fromEupatorium cannabinumextracts on cyano-bonded polar stationary phases. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Dillon JT, Aponte JC, Tsai YJ, Huang Y. Thin layer chromatography in the separation of unsaturated organic compounds using silver-thiolate chromatographic material. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:240-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Skorupa A, Gierak A. Detection and visualization methods used in thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.24.2011.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Urbanova I, Svec F. Monolithic polymer layer with gradient of hydrophobicity for separation of peptides using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography and MALDI-TOF-MS detection. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2345-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Komsta Ł, Cieśla Ł, Bogucka-Kocka A, Józefczyk A, Kryszeń J, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. The start-to-end chemometric image processing of 2D thin-layer videoscans. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2820-5. [PMID: 21183184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Komsta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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25
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High performance stationary phases for planar chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2648-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Hawrył MA, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of selected Polygonum sp. extracts on polar-bonded stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2812-9. [PMID: 21211801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław A Hawrył
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 St, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
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27
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Fuchs B, Süss R, Teuber K, Eibisch M, Schiller J. Lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography--a review of the current state. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:2754-74. [PMID: 21167493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a widely used, fast and relatively inexpensive method of separating complex mixtures. It is particularly useful for smaller, apolar compounds and offers some advantages over HPLC. This review gives an overview about the special features as well as the problems that have to be considered upon the HPTLC analysis of lipids. The term "lipids" is used here in a broad sense and comprises fatty acids and their derivatives as well as substances related biosynthetically or functionally to these compounds. After a short introduction regarding the stationary phases and the methods how lipids can be visualized on an HPTLC plate, the individual lipid classes will be discussed and the most suitable solvent systems for their separation indicated. The focus will be on lipids that are most abundant in biological systems, i.e. cholesterol and its derivates, glycerides, sphingo- and glycolipids as well as phospholipids. Finally, a nowadays very important topic, the combination between HPTLC and mass spectrometric (MS) detection methods will be discussed. It will be shown that this is a very powerful method to investigate the identities of the HPTLC spots in more detail than by the use of common staining methods. Future aspects of HPTLC in the lipid field will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Han Y, Levkin P, Abarientos I, Liu H, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Monolithic superhydrophobic polymer layer with photopatterned virtual channel for the separation of peptides using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography-desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2520-8. [PMID: 20151661 PMCID: PMC2921584 DOI: 10.1021/ac100010h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic monolithic porous polymer layers with a photopatterned hydrophilic channel have been prepared. These layers were used for two-dimensional thin layer chromatography of peptides. The 50 microm thin poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) layers supported onto 4.0 x 3.3 cm glass plates were prepared using UV-initiated polymerization in a simple glass mold. Photografting of a mixture of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate carried out through a mask afforded a 600 microm wide virtual channel along one side of the layer. This channel, which contains ionizable functionalities, enabled the first dimension separation in ion exchange mode. The aqueous mobile phase migrates only through the channel due to the large difference in surface tension at the interface of the hydrophilic channel and the superhydrophobic monolith. The unmodified part of the layer featuring hydrophobic chemistry was then used for the reversed phase separation in the orthogonal second dimension. Practical application of our technique was demonstrated with a rapid 2D separation of a mixture of model peptides differing in hydrophobicity and isoelectric point using a combination of ion-exchange and reversed phase modes. In the former mode, the peptides migrated 11 mm in less than 1 min. Detection of fluorescently labeled peptides was achieved through UV light visualization. Separation of the native peptides was monitored directly using a desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) source coupled to a mass spectrometer. Unidirectional surface scanning with the DESI source was found suitable to determine both the location of each separated peptide and its molecular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean M.J. Fréchet
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 510 643 3077. Fax: 510 643 3077.
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29
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Abia JA, Putnam J, Mriziq K, Guiochon GA. Design and implementation of an array of micro-electrochemical detectors for two-dimensional liquid chromatography—Proof of principle. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1695-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Hemmateenejad B, Mobaraki N, Shakerizadeh-Shirazi F, Miri R. Multivariate image analysis-thin layer chromatography (MIA-TLC) for simultaneous determination of co-eluting components. Analyst 2010; 135:1747-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Sumina EG, Shtykov SN, Berezkin VG, Zagniboroda DA, Atayan VZ. A new method of thin-layer chromatography with controlled vapor phase. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809120053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Zhang B, Bergström ET, Goodall DM, Myers P. Capillary action liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1831-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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A comparative study on several algorithms for denoising of thin layer densitograms. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 641:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Panich U, Kongtaphan K, Onkoksoong T, Jaemsak K, Phadungrakwittaya R, Thaworn A, Akarasereenont P, Wongkajornsilp A. Modulation of antioxidant defense by Alpinia galanga and Curcuma aromatica extracts correlates with their inhibition of UVA-induced melanogenesis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 26:103-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Komsta Ł. Suppressing the charged coupled device noise in univariate thin-layer videoscans: A comparison of several algorithms. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2548-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Gulla V, Banerjee T, Patil S. Quantitative TLC Analysis of Steroid Drug Intermediates Formed During Bioconversion of Soysterols. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Mriziq KS, Guiochon G. Column properties and flow profiles of a flat, wide column for high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1187:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Bezuidenhout LW, Brett MJ. Ultrathin layer chromatography on nanostructured thin films. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:179-85. [PMID: 18255081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Soponar F, Moţ AC, Sârbu C. Quantitative determination of some food dyes using digital processing of images obtained by thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:295-300. [PMID: 18353339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method combined with image processing of scanned chromatograms was developed for the determination of some food dyes (tartrazine, azorubine and Sunset Yellow) in different products. Porous silica gel with 3-aminopropyl functional groups attached to the matrix was used as stationary phase and a mixture of isopropanol, diethyl ether and ammonia (2:2:1, v/v/v) formed the mobile phase. Quantitative evaluation was performed using special-purpose software. The linearity of the analytical procedure was sustained by the numerical parameters such as correlation coefficient (0.9952-0.9980) and standard error of determination (0.03-0.20). The limits of detection were found to be within the range of 5.21-9.34 ng/spot, and the limits of quantification between 10.21 and 18.09 ng/spot. Recovery studies performed on two levels of concentration gave values between 96.39 and 102.76%. These results show that the regression approach provides rigorous and realistic detection and quantification limits and as a consequence can be routinely applied to other analytical systems. This method does not require expensive analytical instruments compared with classical densitometry and provides a reliable quantitative evaluation with minimum of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Soponar
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arany Janos Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj Napoca, Romania
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40
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Johnsson R, Träff G, Sundén M, Ellervik U. Evaluation of quantitative thin layer chromatography using staining reagents. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1164:298-305. [PMID: 17678935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) using staining reagents is a superior method for analyzing organic compounds without chromophores. It is fast, versatile and sometimes the only viable method. We have investigated quantitative TLC using staining reagents, in combination with modern image analysis software. Our results show that it is possible to get reliable measurements, suitable for high-throughput screening or physical organic investigations. The range of detection and the errors for the different parts of the process are illustrated. We show that the errors are largely due to the staining process and can be diminished by measuring ratios of compounds.
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41
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Caputo D, de Cesare G, Manetti C, Nascetti A, Scipinotti R. Smart thin layer chromatography plate. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:978-80. [PMID: 17653337 DOI: 10.1039/b709145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present an innovative thin layer chromatography plate, which integrates a linear array of amorphous silicon photodiodes for real-time qualitative and quantitative chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Caputo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy
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42
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Panchagnula V, Mikulskis A, Song L, Wang Y, Wang M, Knubovets T, Scrivener E, Golenko E, Krull IS, Schulz M, Patton WF. Phosphopeptide analysis by directly coupling two-dimensional planar electrochromatography/thin-layer chromatography with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1155:112-23. [PMID: 17481645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy is presented for the fractionation of complex peptide mixtures using two-dimensional planar electrochromatography/thin-layer chromatography (2D PEC/TLC). Phosphopeptides migrate more slowly in the first dimension, based upon their anionic phosphate residues, and certain predominantly acidic phosphopeptides even migrate in the opposite direction, relative to the bulk of the peptides. Phosphopeptides are further distinguished based upon hydrophilicity in the second dimension. This permits a restricted region of the plate to be directly interrogated for the presence of phosphopeptides by mass spectrometry (MS). Phosphopeptide analysis from the plates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)-MS and tandem MS enabled peptide sequencing and identification.
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43
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Lancaster M, Goodall DM, Bergström ET, McCrossen S, Myers P. Real-time image acquisition for absorbance detection and quantification in thin-layer chromatography. Anal Chem 2007; 78:905-11. [PMID: 16448067 DOI: 10.1021/ac051390g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the first quantitative study of real-time acquisition of images of spots on thin-layer chromatographic plates during development. Procedures are described for imaging using a CCD camera and for image processing, incorporating corrections for fixed pattern effects and compensation for the moving solvent front, to measure the absorbance of the analyte. Imaging of Sudan II was carried out in transmission mode, and peak areas were found to be time-independent. Quantification of the relationship between peak area and sample loading was established over the range 1-50 ng. After averaging 55 images obtained during a single chromatographic run, which attenuates noise contributions from local nonuniformities in the sorbent layer, precision and detection limits were found to be comparable with values obtained in previous work using offline measurements.
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44
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Van Berkel GJ, Tomkins BA, Kertesz V. Thin-layer chromatography/desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: investigation of goldenseal alkaloids. Anal Chem 2007; 79:2778-89. [PMID: 17338504 DOI: 10.1021/ac0622330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was investigated as a means to qualitatively identify and to quantify analytes directly from developed normal-phase thin-layer chromatography plates. The atmospheric sampling capillary of a commercial ion trap mass spectrometer was extended to permit sampling and ionization of analytes in bands separated on intact TLC plates (up to 10 cmx10 cm). A surface positioning software package and the appropriate hardware enabled computer-controlled surface scanning along the length of development lanes or at fixed Rf value across the plates versus the stationary desorption electrospray emitter. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and related alkaloids and commercial dietary supplements were used as standards and samples. Alkaloid standards and samples were spotted and separated on aluminum- or glass-backed plates using established literature methods. The mass spectral signal levels as a function of desorption spray solvent were investigated with acetonitrile proving superior to methanol. The detection levels (approximately 5 ng each or 14-28 pmol) in mass spectral full-scan mode were determined statistically from the calibration curves (2.5-100 pmol) for the standards berberine, palmatine, and hydrastinine spotted as a mixture and separated on the plates. Qualitative screening of the major alkaloids present in six different over-the-counter "goldenseal" dietary supplements was accomplished by obtaining full-scan mass spectra during surface scans along the development lane in the direction of increasing Rf value. In one sample, alkaloids were detected that strongly suggested the presence of at least one additional herb undeclared on the product label. These same data indicated the misidentification of one of the alkaloids in the TLC literature. Quantities of the alkaloids present in two of the samples determined using the mass spectral data were in reasonable agreement with the label values, indicating the quantitative ability of the method. The advantage of mass spectral measurements in identifying and quantifying materials within overlapping bands and in providing positive identification for even minor species in a mixture was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Van Berkel
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, USA.
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45
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Hawrył MA, Waksmundzka‐Hajnos M, Inglot T. Retention Behavior of Some Phenolic Compounds in Two‐Dimensional Thin Layer Chromatography Systems Using a Diol Bonded Polar Stationary Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200064187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław A. Hawrył
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University in Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Waksmundzka‐Hajnos
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University in Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Inglot
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University in Lublin , Lublin, Poland
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46
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Patton WF, Panchagnula V, Rockney E, Krull IS. Taking a Walk on the Wild Side with Planar Electrochromatography and Thin‐Layer Electrophoresis: Of Peptides, Proteins, and Proteomics. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600574978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne F. Patton
- a PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Life Sciences Division , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Erin Rockney
- a PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Life Sciences Division , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ira S. Krull
- b Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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47
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Komsta Ł, Markowski W, Misztal G. A proposal for newRFequal-spread criteria with stable distribution as a random variable. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2007. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.20.2007.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Spangenberg B, Stroka J, Arranz I, Anklam E. A Simple and Reliable HPTLC Method for the Quantification of the Intense Sweetener Sucralose®. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120024543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Spangenberg
- a University of Applied Sciences Offenburg , Badstrasse 24, D‐77652 , Offenburg , Germany
| | - Jörg Stroka
- b European Commission, Joint Research Centre , Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements , Retieseweg , Belgium
| | - Isabel Arranz
- b European Commission, Joint Research Centre , Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements , Retieseweg , Belgium
| | - Elke Anklam
- b European Commission, Joint Research Centre , Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements , Retieseweg , Belgium
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49
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Berezkin VG, Sumina EG, Shtykov SN, Atayan VZ, Zagniboroda DA, Nekhoroshev GA. Effect of Chamber Gas Phase on Mobile Phase pH and on Separation Efficiency in TLC. A New Mode of Chromatography. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Apers S, Naessens T, Pieters L, Vlietinck A. Densitometric thin-layer chromatographic determination of aescin in a herbal medicinal product containing Aesculus and Vitis dry extracts. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112:165-70. [PMID: 16364347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method is developed to analyze the total saponin content, also referred to as the aescin content, in a herbal medicinal product (HMP) containing two dry extracts in capsules. The capsules contain 250 mg of Aesculus hippocastanum dry extract, 120 mg of Vitis vinifera dry extract and 50mg of excipients. After a purification step using C(18) solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, the samples are analyzed on a silica-gel HPTLC plate with the upper layer of a mixture of acetic acid/water/butanol (10/40/50 v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Spots are visualized by spraying with anisaldehyde reagent and heating the plate for 5-10 min (100-105 degrees C) and measured at a wavelength of 535 nm. This method, applicable for the quality control and stability investigation of both the Aesculus dry extract and HMP capsules thereof containing Vitis dry extract in combination with the Aesculus dry extract, is validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The proposed assay method is specific for aescin in the presence of Vitis dry extract and formulation excipients. Analysis of stressed samples in forced degradation tests proves the method to be applicable for stability evaluation. The standard aescin curve is linear (r > 0.99) over a concentration range of 0.16-0.80 microg/spot. Recovery from the HMP capsules is statistically equal to 100%. The precision of the method with respect to time and concentration is acceptable, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 1.28 and 1.49%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Apers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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