1
|
Amin R, Alam F, Dey BK, Mandhadi JR, Bin Emran T, Khandaker MU, Safi SZ. Multidimensional Chromatography and Its Applications in Food Products, Biological Samples and Toxin Products: A Comprehensive Review. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:326. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food, drugs, dyes, extracts, and minerals are all made up of complex elements, and utilizing unidimensional chromatography to separate them is inefficient and insensitive. This has sparked the invention of several linked chromatography methods, each of them with distinct separation principles and affinity for the analyte of interest. Multidimensional chromatography consists of the combination of multiple chromatography techniques, with great benefits at the level of efficiency, peak capacity, precision, and accuracy of the analysis, while reducing the time required for the analysis. Various coupled chromatography techniques have recently emerged, including liquid chromatography–gas chromatography (LC–GC), gas chromatography–gas chromatography (GC–GC), liquid chromatography–liquid chromatography (LC–LC), GCMS–MS, LCMS–MS, supercritical fluid techniques with chromatography techniques, and electro-driven multidimensional separation techniques. In this paper, the different coupled chromatography techniques will be discussed, along with their wide spectrum of applications for food, flavor, and environmental analysis, as well as their usefulness for the pharmaceutical, color, and dyes industries.
Collapse
|
2
|
Palagano R, Valli E, Tura M, Cevoli C, Pérez-Camino MDC, Moreda W, Bendini A, Gallina Toschi T. Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Virgin Olive Oils: In-House Validation of a Revised Method. Foods 2020; 9:E924. [PMID: 32674289 PMCID: PMC7404475 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The content of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) is one of the quality parameters to define if an olive oil can be classified as extra virgin as these compounds are considered markers for virgin olive oils obtained from poor-quality olives. In addition, FAEEs can also be indirect markers to detect soft deodorization treatment. In this study, an off-line HPLC-GC-FID method for determination of FAEEs is presented, revising the preparative step and the GC injector required by the official method (EU Reg. 61/2011). After optimization, the method was validated in-house by analyzing several parameters (linearity, limit of detection LOD, limit of quantification LOQ, robustness, recovery, precision, and accuracy) to determine its effectiveness. Linearity was measured in the 2.5-50 mg/L range; furthermore, intra-day and inter-day precision values were lower than 15%, while the LOD and LOQ were lower than 1 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively, for all compounds considered. The main advantages of this revised protocol are: (i) significant reduction in time and solvents needed for each analytical determination; (ii) application of HPLC as an alternative to traditional LC, carried with manually packed glass columns, thus simplifying the separation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Palagano
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (R.P.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Enrico Valli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (R.P.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Matilde Tura
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (R.P.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Chiara Cevoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (R.P.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| | | | - Wenceslao Moreda
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (M.d.C.P.-C.); (W.M.)
| | - Alessandra Bendini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (R.P.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Tullia Gallina Toschi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (R.P.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oxysterols in cosmetics-Determination by planar solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1473:10-18. [PMID: 28314390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sterol oxidation products (SOPs) are linked to several toxicological effects. Therefore, investigation of potential dietary uptake sources particularly food of animal origin has been a key issue for these compounds. For the simultaneous determination of oxysterols from cholesterol, phytosterols, dihydrolanosterol and lanosterol in complex cosmetic matrices, planar solid phase extraction (pSPE) was applied as clean-up tool. SOPs were first separated from more non-polar and polar matrix constituents by normal phase thin-layer chromatography and then focussed into one target zone. Zone extraction was performed with the TLC-MS interface, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. pSPE showed to be effective for cleaning up cosmetic samples as sample extracts were free of interferences, and gas chromatographic columns did not show any signs of overloading. Recoveries were between 86 and 113% with relative standard deviations of below 10% (n=6). Results of our market survey in 2016 showed that some cosmetics with ingredients of plant origin contained phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) in the low ppm range and therefore in line with levels reported for food. In lanolin containing products, total SOPs levels (cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), lanosterol oxidation products (LOPs), dihydrolanosterol oxidation products (DOPs)) being in the low percent range exceeded reported levels for food by several orders of magnitudes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Purcaro G, Barp L, Conte L. Comparison of different injection modes in edible oil minor components analysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2278-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; Università di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Laura Barp
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; Università di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Lanfranco Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; Università di Udine; Udine Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clavijo S, Avivar J, Suárez R, Cerdà V. Analytical strategies for coupling separation and flow-injection techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Alvear E, von Baer D, Mardones C, Hitschfeld A. Determination of cocaine and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine in several matrices obtained from deceased individuals with presumed drug consumption prior to death. J Forensic Leg Med 2014; 23:37-43. [PMID: 24661704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the field of forensic toxicology, femoral blood is the most useful sample for the determination and quantification of drugs; however, cases in which blood is unavailable are common. In such cases, validated methodologies for drug determination in alternative matrices can be decisive in the investigation of a case. In particular, when femoral blood is unavailable for analysis for the presence of systemic exposure to cocaine and its principal metabolite, benzoylecgonine, validated methodologies from matrices other than blood that can be obtained in the autopsy room would be useful to the forensic toxicologist in the evaluation of a specific forensic case. To address this issue, we implemented and compared in our study the systematic evaluation of extraction, chromatographic separation, and quantification of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in different biological matrices (right and left cardiac blood, femoral arterial and venous blood, urine, vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, brain accumbens nucleus, brain ventral tegmental area, and liver). The studied matrices were those most likely to be obtained from different autopsy rooms at the time of forensic testing in deceased individuals who are presumed of antemortem drug consumption. Solid phase extraction of analytes from the different matrices was performed using C-8/SCX mixed-phase columns, and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry separation was performed using detection in single-ion monitoring mode. The methodological validation was performed for all the studied matrices, and the results showed similar sensitivity and recoveries without statistical differences between the studied matrices. The methods were applied to evaluate a thanatological case using all the study matrices, showing unequal postmortem distribution of cocaine and benzoylecgonine throughout the different matrices tested. The present work opens the option of applying appropriate methodologies in the analysis of matrices, other than the usual blood, to obtain reliable results that may help clarify a forensic case. In addition, we present findings from different studies. This work affirms not only the potentiality of obtaining reliable data but also reaffirms the challenge of applying these data and taking into account the complexity of interpreting results in matrices other than blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alvear
- Servicio Médico Legal de Concepción, Laboratorio, Camino a Penco 4018, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dietrich von Baer
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Farmacia - Depto de Análisis Instrumental, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Claudia Mardones
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Farmacia - Depto de Análisis Instrumental, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Antonieta Hitschfeld
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Farmacia - Depto de Análisis Instrumental, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beser MI, Beltrán J, Yusà V. Design of experiment approach for the optimization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers determination in fine airborne particulate matter by microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1323:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
8
|
Šánek L, Pecha J, Kolomazník K. Simultaneous determination of main reaction components in the reaction mixture during biodiesel production. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1029-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Šánek
- Faculty of Applied Informatics; Tomas Bata University; Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pecha
- Faculty of Applied Informatics; Tomas Bata University; Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kolomazník
- Faculty of Applied Informatics; Tomas Bata University; Zlín Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Development of a manual method for the determination of mineral oil in foods and paperboard. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Analysis of linear and cyclic methylsiloxanes in sewage sludges and urban soils by concurrent solvent recondensation – large volume injection – gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Hung CH, Ho HP, Lin MT, Chen CY, Shu YY, Lee MR. Purge-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of trace nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
12
|
Toledano RM, Cortés JM, Andini JC, Villén J, Vázquez A. Large volume injection of water in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using the Through Oven Transfer Adsorption Desorption interface: Application to multiresidue analysis of pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4738-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Determination of suspected allergens in cosmetic products by headspace-programmed temperature vaporization–fast gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2579-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Critical evaluation of the determination of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, phenolic endocrine disrupters and faecal steroids by GC/MS and PTV-GC/MS in environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 658:32-40. [PMID: 20082771 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method is described for the determination of a broad range of emerging and priority pollutants, together with sewage molecular markers in environmental waters. The step-by-step study of the GC/MS analyses focuses on the effects of experimental variables using a large volume injection (LVI) technique [a programmed temperature-vaporising (PTV) inlet], the evaluation of a clean-up step using classical and newer sorbents (i.e. Al-N, Fl, NH(2), PSA, Si, CN and DIOL), and the revision of how organic matter [i.e. humic acids (HA) content] affects method performance. Reproducibility and recoveries from spiked coastal water samples at different analyte concentrations (100, 250 and 500 ng L(-1)) as well as with different levels of spiked humic acids (2, 10 and 20 mg L(-1)) are reported indicating a good performance of the extraction procedure with low levels of HA (<10 mg L(-1)). The presence of HA is a critical parameter during the solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures. Of the clean-up sorbents tested, CN and DIOL proved most efficient in cleaning-up the extracts with recoveries in the range of 66-77% and 100-114%, respectively for the selected analytes. Both GC/MS and PTV-GC/MS instrumental configurations were tested using final sewage effluents, riverine, estuarine and coastal water samples. However, limited applicability of the PTV inlet is reported for environmental applications, affording only a modest improvement in chromatographic signal-to-noise ratios.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Whitaker JS, McCarty CL. New Advances in Large-Volume Injection Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- a Underwriters Laboratories Inc. , South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pérez Pavón JL, del Nogal Sánchez M, Fernández Laespada ME, Moreno Cordero B. Determination of filbertone in spiked olive oil samples using headspace-programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1463-70. [PMID: 19396589 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the fast analysis of filbertone in spiked olive oil samples is presented. The applicability of a headspace (HS) autosampler in combination with a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) and a mass spectrometric (MS) detector is explored. A modular accelerated column heater (MACH) was used to control the temperature of the capillary gas chromatography column. This module can be heated and cooled very rapidly, shortening total analysis cycle times to a considerable extent. The proposed method does not require any previous analyte extraction, filtration and preconcentration step, as in most methods described to date. Sample preparation is reduced to placing the olive oil sample in the vial. This reduces the analysis time and the experimental errors associated with this step of the analytical process. By using headspace generation, the volatiles of the sample are analysed without interference by the non-volatile matrix, and by using injection in solvent-vent mode at the PTV inlet, most of the compounds that are more volatile than filbertone are purged and the matrix effect is minimised. Use of a liner packed with Tenax-TA allowed the compound of interest to be retained during the venting process. The limits of detection and quantification were as low as 0.27 and 0.83 microg/L, respectively, and precision (measured as the relative standard deviation) was 5.7%. The method was applied to the determination of filbertone in spiked olive oil samples and the results revealed the good accuracy obtained with the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Determination of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline using programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1202:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Hoh E, Mastovska K. Large volume injection techniques in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Hu R, Zhang L, Yang Z. Picogram determination of estrogens in water using large volume injection gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:349-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Saito K, Ohmura A, Takekuma M, Sasano R, Matsuki Y, Nakazawa H. Application of a Novel Large-Volume Injection Method Using a Stomach-Shaped Inlet Liner in Capillary Gas Chromatographic Trace Analysis of Dioxins in Human Milk and Plasma. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:661-6. [PMID: 17575348 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed large-volume injection (LVI) technique that employs a unique stomach-shaped inlet liner (SSIL) inside of a programmable temperature vaporizer was used for the determination of trace amounts of dioxins in human milk and plasma. The initial temperature and the initial dwelling time of the inlet and the kind of solvent used were found to be critical in determining the analytical sensitivity of dioxins due to the loss of these relatively volatile compounds during solvent vaporization. Human milk and plasma were purified and fractionated by pre-packed multi-layered silica-gel chromatography and activated carbon silica-gel column chromatography. A 20-microL aliquot of the fraction collected from the chromatography with toluene was directly applied to the LVI system in high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Excellent correlation (r > 0.97) between the values obtained by the LVI method using the SSIL device and those by the conventional regular-volume splitless injection method was obtained for PCDDs, PCDFs and non-ortho PCBs in human milk and plasma samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Saito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang L, Hu R, Yang Z. Routine analysis of off-flavor compounds in water at sub-part-per-trillion level by large-volume injection GC/MS with programmable temperature vaporizing inlet. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:699-709. [PMID: 16458343 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
"Earthy-musty" off-flavor problem in water samples are due to organic compounds present at the sub-part-per-trillion level. Most of the developments in the analysis of tastes and odorous compounds focus on the extraction pre-concentration technique, with detection at picogram per liter level of the earthy-musty off-flavor compounds difficult to be achieved. The objective of this study is to develop a new method involving the large-volume injection (LVI) GC/MS via programmable temperature vaporizing (PTV) inlet and continuous liquid-liquid extraction, to attain analytical sensitivity equal to or better than olfactory sensitivity. Six "earthy-musty" organic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), geosmin, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, 2,3,6-trichloroanisole, 2,3,4-trichloroanisole and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole, were used as probes for this study. It was found that LVI via PTV could greatly improve system sensitivity towards off-flavor compound detection. Variable instrument conditions and sample preparation conditions were studied in detail. This reliable and efficient method has been optimized and validated. The method detection limit were found to be from 35 to 70 pg/L for haloanisoles, 50 pg/L for geosmin and 0.34 ng/L for MIB, with relative standard deviation of calibration curve ranging from 4.7% to 15.1% and recovery ranging from 58% to 96%. This method has been successfully applied to test off-flavor compounds in different types of water samples with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Water Technology, Singapore Utilities International, Singapore 637723.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yusà V, Pardo O, Pastor A, de la Guardia M. Optimization of a microwave-assisted extraction large-volume injection and gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry procedure for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
Zhang L, Hu R, Yang Z. Simultaneous picogram determination of “earthy-musty” odorous compounds in water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled with initial cool programmable temperature vaporizer inlet. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1098:7-13. [PMID: 16314155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
"Earthy-musty" off-flavor problem in water samples are due to organic compounds present at the sub-part-per-trillion level. Most of the developments in the analysis of tastes and odorous compounds focus on the extraction pre-concentration technique, with detection at picogram per liter level of the earthy-musty off-flavor compounds difficult to be achieved. In this study, a simple, efficient and sensitive method for the analysis of odorous compounds has been developed by the application of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with initial cool programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) inlet for the first time. Compared with initial hot PTV inlet, the initial cool inlet could greatly improve the system sensitivity, especially for the compounds with good volatility, e.g. 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). StableFlex divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber was found to possess the best extraction efficiency towards these odorous compounds in water. Various SPME and PTV conditions have been studied and optimized in detail. The optimized method has been validated with good linearity, precision and accuracy. The method detection limits (MDL) of the targeted odorous compounds were found to be 0.32ng/L for 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA), 0.14ng/L for 2,3,6-trichloroanisole (2,3,6-TCA), 0.16ng/L for 2,3,4-trichloroanisole (2,3,4-TCA), 0.38ng/L for 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TBA), 0.16ng/L for gesomin and 0.15ng/L for MIB. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the best sensitivity achieved for analysis of gesomin and MIB in water via the simple and efficient SPME method. The current method has been successfully applied in the analyses of different water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Water Technology, Singapore Utilities International, Innovation Centre (NTU), Block 2, Unit 241, 18 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637723.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Siouffi A. Instruments and Techniques. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/b11081-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC-GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC-GC technique and representative applications are noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Goodpaster JV, Bishop JJ, Benner BA. Forensic analysis of hair surface components using off-line supercritical fluid extraction and large volume injection. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200390005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Teske J, Putzbach K, Engewald W, Müller RK. Determination of cannabinoids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and large-volume programmed-temperature vaporiser injection using 25 microl of biological fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 772:299-306. [PMID: 12007775 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a GC-MS confirmation method, based on large-volume programmed-temperature vaporisation (PTV) injection, for the determination of cannabinoids in plasma samples (or whole blood) with deuterium-labelled internal standards using only 25 microl of biological fluid. The analytes, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), were enriched by means of solid-phase extraction cartridges containing octadecyl-bonded silica and were, subsequently, methylated. A 20 microl aliquot of an extract in hexane was injected into a PTV in solvent split mode. Method development and the results of the analyses of standard reference material and real samples are presented and discussed. This micro-method is precise and sensitive enough to assess relevant cannabinoid levels in human blood for forensic investigations as well as for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Teske
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 28, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zrostlíková J, Hajslová J, Godula M, Mastovská K. Performance of programmed temperature vaporizer, pulsed splitless and on-column injection techniques in analysis of pesticide residues in plant matrices. J Chromatogr A 2001; 937:73-86. [PMID: 11765087 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) injection technique has been recently implemented in our laboratory. In present paper its performance is compared with other GC injection techniques commonly used in trace analysis of organic contaminants. Twenty-six pesticides representing different chemical classes were selected for the study. This group comprised compounds typically subjected to discrimination in the injection port of the gas chromatograph, e.g., polar organophosphorus pesticides and thermolabile carbamates. In the first set of experiments standards in pure solvent were injected into GC systems employing different types of injection, i.e., (i) on-column, (ii) pulsed splitless, (iii) PTV solvent split, (iv) PTV splitless, and the responses of analytes were compared. Discrimination of troublesome compounds was significantly decreased with the application of PTV solvent split injection. In the second set of experiments repetitive injections of purified wheat samples were performed, with aims to evaluate the long-term stability of responses, as well as matrix effects in different stages of system contamination for each injection technique. The tolerance of the GC system to co-injected matrix components was increased in the order: on-column<pulsed splitless<PTV solvent split technique. As regards matrix effects, these were suppressed considerably with the PTV solvent split technique in comparison with pulsed splitless injection. With the latter technique after 66 injections of wheat samples relative responses (apparent recovery) reached as much as 450% for some compounds, while with the application of PTV matrix effects did not exceed 200% under the same conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zrostlíková
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
GC analysis of trichloroacetic acid in water samples by large-volume injection and thermal decarboxylation in a programmed-temperature vaporizer. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Abdel-Rehim M, Svensson KA, Askemark Y, Pettersson KJ. Direct injection of human plasma samples after ultrafiltration into programmed temperature vaporiser-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with packed liner. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 755:253-8. [PMID: 11393711 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The direct injection of plasma samples after ultrafiltration into a gas chromatograph using a packed injector liner was investigated. Ropivacaine, a local anaesthetic of the amide type and one of its metabolites (PPX) were used as model compounds in this evaluation. Phosphoric acid was added to the plasma to minimize the protein binding. After ultrafiltration, 50 microl of the sample was directly injected into the chromatographic system. No interfering peaks or damage to the GC or MS system were observed using ultrafiltration as a sample-preparation method. The validation of the method demonstrated good linearity and selectivity. The limits of quantification were 1.1 nM (301 pg/ml) and 1.4 nM (325 pg/ml) for ropivacaine and PPX, respectively. The liner had to be changed after 20 injections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Abdel-Rehim
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Combs MT, Noe O. Use of a PTV injector to achieve inverse-large volume injection: Injection of volatile analytes in a semi-volatile solvent. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010401)24:4<291::aid-jssc291>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
32
|
Malleret L, Bruchet A, Hennion MC. Picogram determination of "earthly-musty" odorous compounds in water using modified closed loop stripping analysis and large volume injection GC/MS. Anal Chem 2001; 73:1485-90. [PMID: 11321298 DOI: 10.1021/ac001010l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
"Earthy-musty" off-flavor problems in water samples are due to organic compounds present at the sub-part-per-trillion level. Numerous analytical methods such as purge and trap, liquid/liquid extraction, and closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) followed by GC/MS analysis have been used to determine these compounds. However, these methods offer poor sensitivity (detection limits of approximately 1 to 10 ng/L) when compared to the 20-30 pg/L of sensorial sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to develop a new method involving a modified CLSA preconcentration technique together with large volume injection GC/MS in order to attain analytical sensitivity equal to or better than olfactory sensitivity. For eight target compounds that cause taste and odor problems in water at trace levels, the method developed was linear in the 0.05-10 ng/L range and provided recoveries greater than 70% together with satisfactory repeatability. Detection limits as low as 15-30 pg/L were achieved, representing a 50-fold improvement in sensitivity as compared to current methods. The accuracy and sensitivity of the method were demonstrated in different aqueous matrixes, including raw surface water. The method was successfully applied to earthy-musty water samples that had remained unsolved by conventional techniques, thus proving its effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Malleret
- Lyonnaise des Eaux CIRSEE, Le Pecq, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zwiener C, Glauner T, Frimmel FH. Biodegradation of Pharmaceutical Residues Investigated by SPE-GC/ITD-MS and On-Line Derivatization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4168(20000801)23:7/8<474::aid-jhrc474>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|