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Ye L, Xu X, Qu A, Kuang H, Liu L, Xu C. Development of a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the rapid and quantitative detection of thymidine kinase 1 in human serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116146. [PMID: 38631069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a marker of cell proliferation that can be used for early screening, treatment monitoring, and evaluating the prognosis of patients with tumors. The main purpose of this study was to develop clinically applicable TK1 antibodies, establish an appropriate detection method, and provide material and technical support for the research and clinical application for different types of tumors. Experimental mice were immunized with the C-terminal 31 peptide of human TK1 to screen monoclonal cell lines capable of stably secreting specific antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies were then prepared, purified and screened for optimal pairing following the identification of purity and isotype. Finally, based on the principles adopted by the double-antibody sandwich detection method, we constructed a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) to quantify the concentration of TK1 in serum samples when using a gold nanoparticle-labeled anti-TK1 monoclonal antibody as a probe. The limit of detection for TK1 in serum was 0.31 pmol/L with a detection range of 0.31-50 pmol/L. The spiked recoveries ranged from 97.7% to 109.0% with an analytical precision of 5.7-8.2%; there was no cross-reactivity with common proteins in the serum. The established LFIA also exhibited good consistency with commercially available chemiluminescent immunoassay kits for the detection of clinical samples. The LFIA developed in this study has the advantages of high sensitivity, accuracy, reproducibility and strong specificity, and provides a new technical tool for the quantitative detection of TK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ye
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Qu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Sharif H, Saellström S, Kolli B, Jagarlamudi KK, Wang L, Rönnberg H, Eriksson S. A monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for measuring canine Thymidine kinase 1 protein and its role as biomarker in canine lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1243853. [PMID: 37808109 PMCID: PMC10557065 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1243853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dogs play an important role in society, which increased during the covid epidemics. This has led to a much higher workload for the veterinarians. Therefore, there is a need for efficient diagnostic tools to identify risk of malignant diseases. Here the development of a new test that can solve some of these problems is presented. It is based on serum Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1), which is a biomarker for cell proliferation and cell lysis. Methods Anti-TK1 monoclonal antibodies were produced against two different epitopes, the active site of the TK1 protein and the C-terminal region of canine TK1. The antibodies were developed with hybridoma technology and validated using dot blot, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technology, western blots, immunoprecipitation (IP), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical evaluation of Canine TK1 ELISA was done by using sera from 131 healthy dogs and 93 dogs with lymphoma. The two selected Anti-TK1 monoclonal antibodies have Kd values in the range of 10-9 M and further analysis with dot and western blots confirmed the high affinity binding of these antibodies. A sandwich Canine TK1 ELISA was developed using the anti-TK1 antibodies, and TK1 concentrations in serum samples were determined using dog recombinant TK1 as a standard. Results Serum TK1 protein levels were significantly higher in dogs with lymphoma compared to those in healthy dogs (p < 0.0001). Receiver operating curve analysis showed that the canine TK1-ELISA obtain a sensitivity of 0.80, at a specificity of 0.95. Moreover, the Canine TK1 ELISA has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 97%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) of 83%, reflecting the proportion of test results that are truly positive and negative. Furthermore, Canine TK1 ELISA had significantly higher capacity to differentiate dogs with T-cell lymphoma from those with B-cell lymphoma compared to earlier used TK1 activity assays. Discussion These results demonstrate that the Canine TK1 ELISA can serve as an efficient tool in the diagnosis and management of dogs with lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Sharif
- Alertix Veterinary Diagnostics AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Saellström
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bhavya Kolli
- Alertix Veterinary Diagnostics AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Rönnberg
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology (C3O), Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Alertix Veterinary Diagnostics AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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Development of a Novel Recombinant Full-Length IgY Monoclonal Antibody against Human Thymidine Kinase 1 for Automatic Chemiluminescence Analysis on a Sandwich Biotin-Streptavidin Platform for Early Tumour Discovery. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:7612566. [PMID: 36969497 PMCID: PMC10038734 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7612566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum thymidine kinase 1 protein (STK1p) concentration has been used successfully as a reliable proliferating serum biomarker in early tumour discovery and clinical settings. It is detected by an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) dot blot assay with the biotin-streptavidin (BSA) platform (a gold standard) based on chicken anti-human thymidine kinase 1 IgY polyclonal antibody (hTK1-IgY-pAb). However, ECL dot blotting is a semiautomatic method that has been limited to large-scale applications due to the differences among batches of antibodies from individual hens, and the skill level of operation technicians sometimes results in unstable STK1p values. Therefore, a highly stable recombinant chicken full-length IgY monoclonal antibody in combination with a fully automated sandwich biotin-streptavidin (sandwich-BSA) platform was developed. Hens were immunized with 31-peptide, a key sequence of human TK1 (hTK1), before constructing an immune phage display scFv library. Finally, a recombinant full-length IgY monoclonal antibody (hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5) with high-affinity binding with human recombinant TK1 (rhTK1) (
mol/L), high sensitivity with hTK1 calibrators (slope of linear curve: 89.98), and high specificity with low/elevated STK1p (
-0.963) was identified. hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5 showed a specific immune response with thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in TK1-positive/negative cell lysates by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in normal and cancer tissues. In particular, the detection of TK1 serum samples from health centres showed a high coincidence rate (
) between hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5 and hTK1-IgY-pAb and between the semiautomatic ECL dot blot BSA platform and the novel automatic chemiluminescence sandwich-BSA platform (
). hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5 is stable and highly sensitive for detecting the lowest STK1p value at 0.01 pmol/L (pM). The accuracy is high (
) between different batches. It is easy to use the novel hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5 on a new automatic chemiluminescence sandwich-BSA platform. It will be beneficial for large-scale health screenings.
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Jagarlamudi KK, L. S, M. Z, J. O, P. V, S. E. Analytical and clinical characterization of an optimized dual monoclonal sandwich ELISA for the quantification of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) protein in human blood samples. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275444. [PMID: 36201558 PMCID: PMC9536554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) plays an important role in DNA precursor synthesis and serum TK1 activity has been used as a biomarker for prognosis and therapy monitoring of different malignancies. AroCell has developed a dual monoclonal antibody ELISA for determination of TK1 protein in clinical samples. The purpose of the study is to validate the ELISA analytically in relation to the gold standard, [3H]-deoxythymidine (dThd) phosphorylation assay for TK1 activity using sera from patients with different malignancies. The colorimetric TK 210 ELISA was validated analytically by assessment of precision, linearity, interfering substances, and stability. For the clinical validation, serum samples from patients with hematological malignancies (n = 100), breast cancer (n = 56), prostate cancer (n = 70) and blood donors (n = 159) were analyzed using TK 210 ELISA and TK1 activity by [3H]-deoxythymidine (dThd) phosphorylation assay. The sandwich TK 210 ELISA was highly specific for TK1 protein having a detection limit of 0.12 ng/mL, with a functional sensitivity of 0.25 ng/mL. Within-run CVs ranged from 5.5% to 10% and between-run CVs ranged from 5% to 15%. The ratio of observed to expected dilutional parallelism of 5 serum samples was in the range of 80-120%. Samples exhibited stability through four freeze/thaw cycles and 5 days at 4°C. Further, the ROC curve analysis showed that TK 210 ELISA and [3H]-dThd phosphorylation assay had similar sensitivity (62% vs 59%) in hematological malignancies. However, in the case of breast and prostate cancer sera, TK 210 ELISA had higher sensitivity (59% and 44%) compared to [3H]-dThd phosphorylation assay (47% and 25%) at a specificity of 98%. These data demonstrate that the dual monoclonal antibody based AroCell TK 210 ELISA is a robust, accurate and precise tool for measuring TK1 protein in different malignancies that can improve the clinical applications of TK1 as a biomarker in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swinkels L.
- Future Diagnostics, Wijchen, The Netherlands
| | - Zupan M.
- Blood Transfusion Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Osredkar J.
- University Medical Centre, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Venge P.
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eriksson S.
- R&D Division, AroCell AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Zhou J, Li H, Fang C, Gao P, Jin C, Liu S, Zou R, Li J, Liu Y, He E, Skog S. Concentration of human thymidine kinase 1 discover invisible malignant human tumours. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151280. [PMID: 36334559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early discover of risk progression of invisible carcinomas is important for a prerequisite successful treatment. Here, we investigated whether concentration of human thymidine kinase 1 (HTK1) discover invisible malignant human tumours. The HTK1 concentration of tumour cellular based on HTK1 IgY-polyclonal-antibody (HTK1-IgY-pAb) was determined by using a novel automatic chemiluminescence analyser with sandwich biotin-streptavidin (SBSA) platform. Minimum number of cells able to be detected by this technology used cells with low and high concentration of HTK1. The limit visibility by tumour imaging is approximately 1 mm in diameter, corresponding to approximately 109 cells with a cell diameter of 1 µm. Based on a HTK1 standard curve and a molecular weight of HTK1 of 96 kD, the HTK1protein (HTK1p) concentration per cell was calculated to be 0.021 pg. Assuming 200 pg in total protein/cell, approximately 50 × 106 growing malignant cells in the body were calculated to releases HTK1 into 5-liter blood. A HTK1 values of 3.914, 0.435 and 0.009 pmol/L corresponds to 10 × 105, 2 × 105 and 1 × 105 growing malignant cells, respectively. The lowest detectable sensitivity of HTK1 is 0.009 pmol/L in 1 × 105 growing malignant cells and 0.01 pmol/L in blood serum, detectable in health screening. Comparing the novel automatic chemiluminescence analyser with the original ECL dot-blot assay using serum HTK1p (health screening, n = 265) showed high correlation (r = 0.8743, P < .000). In conclusion, the novel automatic chemiluminescence analyser with SBSA platform is a reliable method with high accuracy to determine carcinoma invisible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Cong Fang
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Cuicui Jin
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Sonbo Liu
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Rougu Zou
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China; Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Tumour Hospital Affiliated with Suzhou University, Changzhou 213002, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Yougping Liu
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Tumour Hospital Affiliated with Suzhou University, Changzhou 213002, China.
| | - Ellen He
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Sven Skog
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China.
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6
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Qiu CG, Shen B, Sun XQ. Significant Biomarkers Identification Associated with Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2347-2360. [PMID: 35264873 PMCID: PMC8901050 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s357022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Qiu
- Department of Burn, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Burn, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiao-Qi Sun, Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 728 Yucai North Road, Chengxiang Town, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311200, People’s Republic of China, Email
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7
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Bitter EE, Townsend MH, Erickson R, Allen C, O'Neill KL. Thymidine kinase 1 through the ages: a comprehensive review. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:138. [PMID: 33292474 PMCID: PMC7694900 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation markers, such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), have potential as diagnostic tools and as prognostic factors in assessing cancer treatment and disease progression. TK1 is involved in cellular proliferation through the recovery of the nucleotide thymidine in the DNA salvage pathway. TK1 upregulation has been found to be an early event in cancer development. In addition, serum levels of TK1 have been shown to be tied to cancer stage, so that higher levels of TK1 indicate a more serious prognosis. As a result of these findings and others, TK1 is not only a potentially viable biomarker for cancer recurrence, treatment monitoring, and survival, but is potentially more advantageous than current biomarkers. Compared to other proliferation markers, TK1 levels during S phase more accurately determine the rate of DNA synthesis in actively dividing tumors. Several reviews of TK1 elaborate on various assays that have been developed to measure levels in the serum of cancer patients in clinical settings. In this review, we include a brief history of important TK1 discoveries and findings, a comprehensive overview of TK1 regulation at DNA to protein levels, and recent findings that indicate TK1’s potential role in cancer pathogenesis and its growing potential as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza E Bitter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Michelle H Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Rachel Erickson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Carolyn Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Kim L O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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8
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AroCell TK 210 ELISA for determination of TK1 protein: age-related reference ranges and comparison with other TK1 assays. Biotechniques 2020; 68:334-341. [PMID: 32336110 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an enzyme involved in DNA precursor synthesis that has been used as a biomarker for prognosis and monitoring of different malignancies. In this study, we compared two immunoassays for measuring TK1 protein concentrations: the TK 210 ELISA (AroCell AB) and TK1 ELISA from Abcam. Overall, the TK 210 ELISA showed higher sensitivity than the Abcam TK1 ELISA for differentiating hematological malignancies (sensitivity of 0.77 vs 0.45) as well as for distinguishing sera of patients with solid tumors from those of apparently healthy individuals (0.61 vs 0.20). There was no significant difference in the TK1 protein levels determined with the TK 210 ELISA between different age groups from apparently healthy individuals. These results strongly indicate that the AroCell TK 210 ELISA is accurate and sensitive enough to be a valuable tool in cancer management.
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9
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Jagarlamudi KK, Zupan M, Kumer K, Fabjan T, Hlebič G, Eriksson S, Osredkar J, Smrkolj T. The combination of AroCell TK 210 ELISA with Prostate Health Index or prostate-specific antigen density can improve the ability to differentiate prostate cancer from noncancerous conditions. Prostate 2019; 79:856-863. [PMID: 30889628 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an established tumour marker for prostate cancer (PCa). Serum thymidine kinase 1 is a possible new marker for the detection of PCa. The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic value of the AroCell TK 210 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) together with free PSA, [-2]proPSA, and Prostate Health Index (PHI) in differentiating PCa from benign urological conditions. METHODS Serum samples from 140 patients with PSA values in the range between 2 and 10 µg/L were collected at the Ljubljana University Medical Centre and the Maribor University Medical Centre. Thymidine kinase (TK1) protein levels were determined using the AroCell TK 210 ELISA and PSA-related parameters analysed with commercial assays. RESULTS Serum TK1 protein, total and free PSA, proPSA, PSA density (PSAD), and PHI levels in patients with confirmed PCa were significantly higher than in patients with benign urological conditions (P < 0.05). Overall, the AroCell TK 210 ELISA results showed a significant correlation with PHI ( r = 0.25, P = 0.0031). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses were used to compare the area under the curve (AUC) of TK 210 ELISA, PHI, and PSA density. For PHI, the AUC was 0.73, comparable to those of TK 210 ELISA (0.67) and PSAD (0.66), with no significant differences in pairwise comparisons (PHI vs TK 210 ELISA P = 0.32, PHI vs PSAD P = 0.24, and TK 210 ELISA vs PSAD P = 0.95). The AUC for the combination of TK1 plus PSAD was significantly higher than those for the individual PSA-related biomarkers and marginally PHI, while the AUC for the combination of TK1 plus PHI was significantly higher than those for the individual PSA-related biomarkers except for PHI and marginally for PSAD. Total PSA concentration was the only marker, that was significantly higher in patients with an increasing Gleason grade. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TK1 protein determinations together with PHI or PSAD could be a valuable additional tool in PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mojca Zupan
- Department of Immunohematology, Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Blood transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Kumer
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Teja Fabjan
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Hlebič
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joško Osredkar
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Smrkolj
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Jagarlamudi KK, Wang L, Eriksson S. Doxorubicin effects on leukemia and breast cancer cells in culture on the TK1 protein levels using AroCell TK 210 ELISA: a tool for drug development. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:679-686. [PMID: 30520339 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1478094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study changes in thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) levels after 24 hours of Doxorubicin (Dox) exposure of CEM and MDA MB-231 cells were determined using the commercially available AroCell TK 210 ELISA test. In cell extracts, TK1 levels increased twofold with 1 µM Dox in both cell lines, while the TK1 levels in the culture media increased with 5 and 10 µM of Dox only in case of CEM cells. In conclusion, this study reveals that the TK 210 ELISA can measure changes in intra- and extracellular TK1 levels apparently related to the mechanism of cytotoxicity of anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Jagarlamudi
- a Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , VHC , Uppsala , Sweden.,b AroCell AB, Virdings allé 32B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Wang
- a Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , VHC , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - S Eriksson
- a Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , VHC , Uppsala , Sweden.,b AroCell AB, Virdings allé 32B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Łupicka-Słowik A, Psurski M, Grzywa R, Bobrek K, Smok P, Walczak M, Gaweł A, Stefaniak T, Oleksyszyn J, Sieńczyk M. Development of Adenosine Deaminase-Specific IgY Antibodies: Diagnostic and Inhibitory Application. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1358-1374. [PMID: 29043661 PMCID: PMC5889419 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is currently used as a diagnostic marker for tuberculous pleuritis. Although ADA has been suggested as a potential marker for several types of cancer, the importance of each of ADA isoforms as well as their levels and enzymatic activities in tumors need to be further investigated. Herein we developed avian immunoglobulin Y highly specific to human ADA via hens immunization with calf adenosine deaminase. The obtained antibodies were used for the development of a sensitive double-egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) sandwich ELISA assay with an ADA detection limit of 0.5 ng/ml and a linearity range of up to 10 ng/ml. Specific, affinity-purified IgYs were able to recognize human recombinant ADA and ADA present in human cancer cell lines. In addition, antigen-specific IgY antibodies were able to inhibit catalytic activity of calf ADA with an IC50 value of 47.48 nM. We showed that generated IgY antibodies may be useful for ADA detection, thus acting as a diagnostic agent in immunoenzymatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Laboratory of Experimental Anticancer Therapy, Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Renata Grzywa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Patrycja Smok
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Walczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gaweł
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Józef Oleksyszyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
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12
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Lou X, Zhou J, Ma H, Xu S, He E, Skog S, Wang H. The Half-Life of Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 Concentration Is an Important Tool for Monitoring Surgical Response in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:471-478. [PMID: 28817340 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the usefulness of serum thymidine kinase 1 concentration (STK1c) for monitoring the outcome of extensive open surgery in patients with lung cancer. We also compared STK1c between a healthy population and patients with benign and malignant lung tumors to assess its potential value for early detection of lung cancer and for distinguishing between benign lung disease and malignant cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related studies were retrieved from publications in PubMed, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang databases, and Internet searches. Correlation was evaluated using weighted mean difference. Fixed or random effect models were selected for data analyses based on heterogeneity tested with the chi-square test. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test. RESULTS Twenty studies were selected for analysis, which showed that STK1c was significantly (p < 0.00001) reduced by 41.7% 1 month after extensive open surgery, approximately corresponding to an STK1c half-life of 1 month. STK1c levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in healthy persons (p < 0.00001) or in patients with benign lung disease (p < 0.00001). There was also a significant difference in STK1c between patients with benign and malignant lung disease (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The half-life of STK1c may be an important tool in the clinical evaluation of surgical response in patients with lung cancer. STK1c may also be beneficial in the early detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Lou
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- 2 Sino-Swed TongKang Bio-Tech, Inc. , Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
| | - Ellen He
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
| | - Sven Skog
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , Shanghai, China .,3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
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13
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Dong S, Shen J, Yu H, Zhou J, Li J, Ma H, He E, Skog S. Serum TK1 is a more reliable marker than CEA and AFP for cancer screening in a study of 56,286 people. Cancer Biomark 2017; 16:529-36. [PMID: 27002755 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that the number of cancer patients will increase by about 70% during the next 25 years world-wide. To deal with this problem, WHO has suggested a focus on prevention of tumor incidence and health screening for early detection of people with tumors. OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), CEA and AFP in serum to discover people with malignant tumors through health cancer screening. METHODS Of a cohort in 486,085 people of a routine health screening at the Health Centre, Fujun 180 Hospital, Quanzhou city, China, 56,286 people were investigated according to the presence of cancer during 2009-2014. The concentration of CEA and AFP were determined by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay from Roche Diagnostics e601GmbH and STK1 by a commercial kit based on an enhanced chemiluminescent dot blot assay. RESULTS The cancer incident rate increased from 0.048/100,000 to 0.220/100,000. The most common types of tumors were those of the liver, cervix and lung. STK1 correlated to tumor growth rate, was more sensitive than CEA and AFP for discovering people with malignant tumors and more sensitive among people who had diagnosis of malignant tumor. STK1 was also a prognostic biomarker for death at 10-40 months follow-up, while CEA and AFP were not. A combination of these markers increased the sensitivity by about 30%. CONCLUSION STK1 is a reliable biomarker for discovering people with malignant tumors in cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Health Management Center of PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaorong Jiang
- Health Management Center of PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shaoliang Dong
- Medicine Management Department, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankun Shen
- Medicine Management Department, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Haixia Yu
- Health Management Center of PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ellen He
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Sven Skog
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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14
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Cao X, Zhou J, Chen Z. Standardized Centile Curves and Reference Intervals of Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 Levels in a Normal Chinese Population Using the LMS Method. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:445-50. [PMID: 27337028 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to re-establish a set of normative data for serum thymidine kinase 1 (STK1) for the Chinese population. METHODS The study included 14,960 Chinese subjects (9586 males and 5374 females) from 20 to 79 years old. Subjects suffering from diseases that could affect STK1 levels were excluded. STK1 was measured by a sensitive chemiluminescence dot blot assay. The reference intervals were calculated using the LMS method. RESULTS Peak thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) serum levels were observed at 20 years of age for both genders. After the age of 20 years, serum TK1 levels decreased slowly from 0.51 to 0.36 pM, reaching a plateau to a mean of 0.35 pM in late adulthood. The mean pretreatment STK1 Z-scores in patients with solid malignant tumors obtained from related studies for cancers were 0.01 ± 0.99 (males, -0.07 ± 0.97; females, 0.09 ± 1.02). CONCLUSIONS The present study established age- and gender-specific normative STK1 data for the Chinese population and showed the utility of these references for screening patients with solid malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- 1 Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- 2 Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiheng Chen
- 1 Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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15
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Walczak M, Grzywa R, Łupicka-Słowik A, Skoreński M, Bobrek K, Nowak D, Boivin S, Brown EL, Oleksyszyn J, Sieńczyk M. Method for generation of peptide-specific IgY antibodies directed to Staphylococcus aureus extracellular fibrinogen binding protein epitope. Biopolymers 2016; 104:552-9. [PMID: 26095000 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The IgY antibodies offer an attractive alternative to mammalian IgGs in research, diagnosis and medicine. The isolation of immunoglobulin Y from the egg yolks is efficient and economical, causing minimal suffering to animals. Here we present the methodology for the production of IgY antibodies specific to Staphylococcus aureus fibrinogen binding protein (Efb) and its peptidyl epitope (spanning residues 127-140). The Efb is an extracellular, adhesion protein which binds both human fibrinogen and complement C3 protein thus contributing to the high infectious potential of this pathogen. The selected epitope of Efb protein is responsible for the interaction with C3. The immunochemical characterization of both anti-Efb and epitope-specific IgY antibodies revealed their similar avidity, titer, and reactivity profile, although some differences in the hen's immune response to administered antigens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Walczak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Renata Grzywa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Skoreński
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Nowak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stephane Boivin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric L Brown
- Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Józef Oleksyszyn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Kumar JK, Aronsson AC, Pilko G, Zupan M, Kumer K, Fabjan T, Osredkar J, Eriksson S. A clinical evaluation of the TK 210 ELISA in sera from breast cancer patients demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in all stages of disease. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11937-11945. [PMID: 27079872 PMCID: PMC5080325 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase (TK1) is an enzyme involved in DNA synthesis that leaks into the blood as a result of high cell turnover, particularly in the case of cancer. Serum TK1 activity has been used for prognosis and monitoring of leukemia and lymphoma patients for many years. Here, we describe the first clinical results with the newly developed TK 210 ELISA from AroCell AB. Sera from 124 breast cancer patients with known TNM classification along with sera from 53 healthy females were analyzed by TK 210 ELISA for TK1 protein and TK1 activity levels by the 3[H]-deoxythymidine (dThd) phosphorylation assay. The limit of detection for the TK 210 ELISA was 0.17 ng/ml, and 60 % of the sera from female blood donors were below this value. The median TK1 levels found in sera from breast cancer patients with T1 to T4 stage disease were 0.31, 0.46, 0.47, and 0.55 ng/ml, and these levels significantly differed from healthy controls. The median values of the biomarker CA 15-3 were also increased in patient sera from T1 to T4 patients (16, 34, 36, 40 U/ml, respectively). TK 210 ELISA showed significantly higher sensitivity for the T1 and T2 breast cancer patients compared to the TK activity assay. The combination of the TK1 ELISA and CA 15-3 biomarkers demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity up to 15 % compared to each marker alone. This evaluation of the TK 210 ELISA strongly suggests that it can provide independent and complementary information for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kiran Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, PO Box 7011, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden. .,AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A C Aronsson
- AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Pilko
- Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Zupan
- Blood transfusion Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K Kumer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T Fabjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Osredkar
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, PO Box 7011, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.,AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Volumetric comparison of positron emission tomography/computed tomography using 4'-[methyl-¹¹C]-thiothymidine with 2-deoxy-2-¹⁸F-fluoro-D-glucose in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 36:219-25. [PMID: 25369751 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We prospectively compared the diagnostic value of PET/computed tomography (CT) findings using the tracers 4'-[methyl-11C]-thiothymidine (11C-4DST) and 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients with advanced HNSCC underwent 11C-4DST PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT before treatment. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were measured for both PET/CT studies; in addition, total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of 18F-FDG PET/CT and total lesion proliferation (TLP) of 11C-4DST PET/CT were measured. Absolute TLG and TLP values as well as values with various SUV thresholds were measured. All patients were followed up for 13.5±7.5 months (mean±SD) to monitor recurrence. RESULTS A statistically significant correlation was observed between the primary tumor SUVmax for 11C-4DST PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT (r=0.46, P<0.01). TLP values with SUV thresholds strongly correlated with TLG values relative to the same thresholds (r=0.60-0.92, P<0.001). Nine of the 38 patients with post-treatment recurrence were identified. Receiver operating characteristic curves for TLG3.0 and TLP2.5 showed the highest prognostic ability for recurrence; the sensitivity and specificity of TLG3.0 were 89 and 72%, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity of TLP2.5 were 89 and 55%, respectively. CONCLUSION In patients with advanced HNSCC, the TLP of 11C-4DST PET/CT strongly correlated with the TLG of 18F-FDG PET/CT. Although there were no large differences between these values, the receiver operating characteristic curves of the absolute TLG had slightly better prognostic ability for recurrence.
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18
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Jagarlamudi KK, Moreau L, Westberg S, Rönnberg H, Eriksson S. A New Sandwich ELISA for Quantification of Thymidine Kinase 1 Protein Levels in Sera from Dogs with Different Malignancies Can Aid in Disease Management. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137871. [PMID: 26366881 PMCID: PMC4569288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a DNA precursor enzyme whose expression is closely correlated with cell proliferation and cell turnover. Sensitive serum TK1 activity assays have been used for monitoring and prognosis of hematological malignancies in both humans and dogs. Here we describe the development of a specific sandwich TK1-ELISA for the quantification of TK1 protein levels in sera from dogs with different malignancies. A combination of rabbit polyclonal anti-dog TK1 antibody and a mouse monoclonal anti-human TK1 antibody was used. Different concentrations of recombinant canine TK1 was used as standard. Clinical evaluation of the ELISA was done by using sera from 42 healthy dogs, 43 dogs with hematological tumors and 55 with solid tumors. An established [3H]-dThd phosphorylation assay was used to determine the TK1 activity levels in the same sera. The mean TK1 activities in dogs with hematological tumors were significantly higher than those found in healthy dogs. In agreement with earlier studies, no significant difference was observed in serum TK1 activities between healthy dogs and dogs with solid tumors. However, the mean TK1 protein levels determined by new TK1-ELISA were significantly higher not only in hematological tumors but also in solid tumors compared to healthy dogs (mean ± SD = 1.30 ± 1.16, 0.67 ± 0.55 and 0.27± 0.10 ng/mL, respectively). Moreover, TK1-ELISA had significantly higher ability to distinguish lymphoma cases from healthy based on receiver operating characteristic analyses (area under the curve, AUC, of 0.96) to that of the activity assay (AUC, 0.84). Furthermore, fluctuations in TK1 protein levels during the course of chemotherapy in dogs with lymphoma closely associated with clinical outcome. Overall, the TK1-ELISA showed significant linear correlation with the TK1 activity assay (rs = 0.6, p<0.0001). Thus, the new TK1-ELISA has sufficient sensitivity and specificity for routine clinical use in veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Moreau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Westberg
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Rönnberg
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology (C3O), Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Rausch S, Hennenlotter J, Teepe K, Kuehs U, Aufderklamm S, Bier S, Mischinger J, Gakis G, Stenzl A, Schwentner C, Todenhöfer T. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is characterized by overexpression of thymidine kinase 1. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:426.e21-9. [PMID: 26231311 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thymidine kinases have an important role in the synthesis of DNA and exhibit high activity in rapidly proliferating cells. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity has been shown to be increased in various cancer types and proposed as a prognostic parameter. Aim of the present study was to investigate TK1 in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC). METHODS Corresponding UC and benign samples from paraffin embedded tissue of 111 patients treated with cystectomy for invasive UC from 1996 to 2006 were immunohistochemically (IHC) assessed for TK1. IHC expression patterns were evaluated in a semiquantitative fashion by 2 independent reviewers. Localization of staining was categorized into pure nuclear and additional cytoplasmic localization. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to assess differential expression in normal and UC tissue and to evaluate the diagnostic and predictive capability of TK1 by correlation to clinical data. To correlate TK1 expression with molecular subtypes of UC, analysis of TK1 RNA expression levels of the Cancer Genome Atlas UC cohort was performed. RESULTS TK1 was significantly overexpressed in invasive UC, compared to benign urothelium (P<0.0001), and cytoplasmic expression was more often found in cancer tissue than in benign tissue (P = 0.0001). No correlations of TK1 protein expression patterns to standard histopathological determinants were detected. In univariate analysis, TK1 nuclear and cytoplasmic expression was associated with improved cancer-specific survival (P = 0.0119). However, only metastasis status and histologic grade were identified as independent predictors of cancer-specific survival in multivariate analysis. TK1 expression was merely found in the basal layers of benign urothelium. RNA overexpression of TK1 could be correlated to the biologically more aggressive basal UC subtype. CONCLUSIONS TK1 expression is significantly different in invasive UC and benign urothelium, which underlines its potential as a diagnostic marker. Although TK1 is considered to be a marker of proliferation, and TK1 RNA overexpression is associated with an aggressive UC subtype, its capability as a predictive IHC biomarker for invasive UC remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Joerg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Teepe
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kuehs
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Aufderklamm
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simone Bier
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Mischinger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schwentner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany; Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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20
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Grzywa R, Walczak M, Łupicka-Słowik A, Bobrek K, Boivin S, Brown EL, Gaweł A, Stefaniak T, Oleksyszyn J, Sieńczyk M. Adjuvant-dependent immunogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus Efb and Map proteins in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:50-6. [PMID: 26004944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The avian IgY antibodies generated in hens and isolated from egg yolk have gained in popularity as they present an alternative source of antibodies for diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications. One of the advantages of IgY technology are the large amounts of produced antibodies from a single animal combined with their high reactivity representing an attractive alternative for mammalian antibodies. Despite many known protocols for the immunization of chickens, the administration of new antigens often requires additional modification such as antigen dose or use of an adjuvant in order to elicit a significant immune response. We investigated the immunogenicity of three Staphylococcus aureus antigens including two extracellular proteins Map and Efb and one selected Efb105-124 epitope conjugated to KLH that were administered to the animals. Additionally, the immunization protocol included two adjuvant systems: Freund's complete adjuvant and Emulsigen-D. The results demonstrated a high immunostimulatory potency of Freund's complete adjuvant, especially in case of Efb compared to the immune response elicited by Emulsigen-D. However, after immunization with the KLH-Efb105-124 conjugate, the obtained antibodies showed similar reactivity regardless of adjuvant system used with the only exception being their avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Grzywa
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Walczak
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stephane Boivin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Notkestraße 85 c/o DESY, Building 25A, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric L Brown
- Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrzej Gaweł
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Józef Oleksyszyn
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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21
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Chen Z, Guan H, Yuan H, Cao X, Liu Y, Zhou JI, He E, Skog S. Serum thymidine kinase 1 is a reliable maker for the assessment of the risk of developing malignancy: A case report. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1669-1673. [PMID: 26622729 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With regard to different types of malignancies, thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a useful prognostic marker in clinical oncology, both as a serum proliferation marker and in immunohistochemistry. The present study investigated the use of serum TK1 protein (STK1p) for the identification of multiple proliferating diseases linked to the risk of developing cancer, by following one patient during the period of 2003-2014. The patient presented with adenomatous polyps in the stomach in 2003, follicular cervicitis in 2007 and hyperplasia of the breast/fibrocystic breasts in 2010. The breast cysts increased from 4×5 mm in size in 2010 to 8×7 mm in size in 2013, and were assessed as a suspicious malignancy at the end of this period. In parallel, the STK1p values increased from 2.0 to 7.6 pM. Based on this information, a minimally invasive surgery using the Mammotome® Biopsy System was performed. Immunohistochemistry on the cyst tissue showed strong staining of TK1 in the ductal epithelial cells and thus confirmed the abnormal proliferation in the lesion. One week after the surgery, the STK1p value had decreased to almost normal values (1.6 pM), but then fluctuated above 2.0 pM for the next 7 months. After the surgery, the patient was re-examined and small foci with squamous cell hyperplasia and a suspected ulcerated cervix, as well as flat gastric erosive, were identified, but not treated; this may explain why the STK1 P-values did not return to within normal values. The patient is currently being followed up using STK1p analysis combined with imaging/pathology in order to begin therapeutic intervention as early as possible to avoid the risk of developing cancer. Overall, STK1p is useful in health screening to identify individuals at risk of developing premalignancy/malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Chen
- Health Management Centre, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hong Guan
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 322000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Research Center of Sub-Health's Diagnose and Intervention Technology and Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xia Cao
- Health Management Centre, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Liu
- Health Management Centre, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - J I Zhou
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Ellen He
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Sven Skog
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
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Hagag AA, Saad MA, Mohamed SA. Clinical significance of thymidine kinase in Egyptian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. South Asian J Cancer 2015; 4:72-4. [PMID: 25992345 PMCID: PMC4418086 DOI: 10.4103/2278-330x.155675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy, representing one-third of pediatric cancers. Thymidine kinase-1 (TK-1) is expressed in proliferating cells so elevated TK-1 indicates active tumor growth. OBJECTIVE To study the clinical significance of TK-1 in children with ALL. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was carried out on 40 children with newly diagnosed ALL who were admitted to Oncology Unit, Pediatric department, Tanta University (26 males and 14 females) with their ages ranged from 4 to 10 years and 30 healthy children of matched age and sex as a control group. For all patients the following were done: Complete blood picture, bone marrow examination, immunophenotyping and TK-1 serum levels. RESULTS Mean TK-1 level was significantly higher in patients at diagnosis than controls and significantly higher in patients with unfavorable outcome than patients with favorable outcome. Mean TK-1 level was significantly higher in patients in relapse than patients in remission and controls. No significant differences in mean TK-1 level between patients in remission and controls. There were statistically significant differences in disease free survival and overall survival between patients with favorable and unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSION From this study we concluded that TK is a helpful marker in diagnosis and follow-up of patients with ALL. RECOMMENDATIONS Thymidine kinase-1 should be routinely assessed at diagnosis and during follow-up in ALL patients for better diagnostic and prognostic assessment and should be taken in consideration in designing future therapeutic strategies based on patients-specific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Hagag
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Saad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sohair A Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Jagarlamudi KK, Hansson LO, Eriksson S. Breast and prostate cancer patients differ significantly in their serum Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) specific activities compared with those hematological malignancies and blood donors: implications of using serum TK1 as a biomarker. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:66. [PMID: 25881026 PMCID: PMC4336758 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a cellular enzyme involved in DNA precursor synthesis, and its activity has been used as a proliferation marker for monitoring malignant diseases. Here, for the first time, we evaluated both TK1 activity and protein levels in sera from patients with different malignancies. Methods Serum samples from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS, n = 22), breast cancer (n = 42), prostate cancer (n = 47) and blood donors (n = 30) were analyzed for TK1 protein and activity levels, using a serum TK1 (STK1) protein assay based on antibodies and an activity assay that measured [3H]-deoxythymidine (dThd) phosphorylation. The molecular forms of TK1 in sera from some of these patients were analyzed using size-exclusion chromatography. Results Mean STK1 activities in sera from MDS, breast and prostate cancer were 11 ± 17.5, 6.7 ± 19 and 1.8 ± 1.4 pmol/min/mL, differing significantly from blood donors (mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 1.1 ± 0.9 pmol/min/mL). Serum TK1 protein (25 kDa polypeptide) levels were also significantly higher in MDS, breast, prostate cancer compared to blood donors (mean ± SD = 19 ± 9, 22 ± 11, 20 ± 12, and 5 ± 3.5 ng/mL, respectively). The STK1 specific activities of sera from patients with MDS and blood donors were significantly higher when compared with activities in sera from breast and prostate cancer patients. Size-exclusion analysis of sera from breast and prostate cancer showed that the detected active TK1 was primarily a high molecular weight complex, similar to the forms found in sera from MDS patients and blood donors. However, Western blotting demonstrated high TK1 25 kDa protein levels in fractions lacking TK1 activity in sera from cases with breast and prostate cancer. Conclusions These results demonstrate that there are differences in the specific activities and the subunit compositions of STK1 in hematological malignancies compared with breast and prostate cancer. This fact has several important implications for the use of STK1 as a tumor biomarker. One is that STK1 protein assays may differentiate early-stage tumor development in breast and prostate cancer more effectively than STK1 activity assays. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1073-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, , S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Olof Hansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, , S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Szánthó E, Bhattoa HP, Csobán M, Antal-Szalmás P, Újfalusi A, Kappelmayer J, Hevessy Z. Serum thymidine kinase activity: analytical performance, age-related reference ranges and validation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91647. [PMID: 24621590 PMCID: PMC3951402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date no age-related reference ranges are available for serum thymidine kinase (TK1) activity. Being a proliferation marker, it may be used as a prognostic marker in malignant diseases, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Our aim was to establish age-specific reference ranges for TK1 and examine its utility as a screening marker in CLL, a disease of the elderly. Methods Serum TK1 activity was measured by a competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay in 369 healthy adults and 115 de novo CLL patients. Results We observed a statistically significant decline in TK1 activity from young (18–35 years) to middle-aged (36–60 years) and further on to elderly (60–86 years) healthy individuals. Age-related reference range was: <30 U/L for young, <25 U/L for middle-aged and <19 U/L for elderly. There was no difference in TK1 activity between the studied healthy men and women. In CLL patients, TK1 activity was the highest in the advanced Rai stages. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) for TK1 was 0.840 (95% CI: 0.787–0.892), for differentiating CLL patients from age and sex matched healthy controls, with a cut-off value of 10.5 U/L (sensitivity: 80.9%, specificity: 73.4%). TK1 was significantly elevated in CD38+/Zap70+ CLL patients, and showed significant correlation with WBC and absolute B-cell count. Conclusion In the healthy, serum TK1 activity does not differ in the two sexes but declines significantly with age. As such, use of age-related reference ranges is warranted, especially when evaluating CLL patients who generally belong to the elderly age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szánthó
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Harjit Pal Bhattoa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mária Csobán
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Antal-Szalmás
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Újfalusi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Kappelmayer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Hevessy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Chen F, Tang L, Xia T, He E, Hu G, Li Y, Zhang M, Zhou J, Eriksson S, Skog S. Serum thymidine kinase 1 levels predict cancer-free survival following neoadjuvant, surgical and adjuvant treatment of patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:894-902. [PMID: 24649267 PMCID: PMC3915673 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the use of serum thymidine kinase 1 protein (STK1p) concentration for the prognosis of the overall survival of patients with locally advanced breast cancer (n=51) following routine treatment (neoadjuvant treatment, surgery and chemotherapy) was investigated. The patients were followed up for 44 months and the STK1p values were determined by a high-sensitivity enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) dot blot assay. The variables investigated in relation to metastasis and survival were STK1p, clinical stage, tumor size and age, by the Kaplan-Meier method, the log-rank test and Cox uni- and multivariate analyses. Patients with high STK1p values (≥2.0 pM) 3–6 months after surgery exhibited a positive correlation to clinical stage, tumor size, occurrence of metastasis and survival. The hazard risk for the development of metastatic disease and mortality among breast cancer patients was 11–12 times higher in patients with high compared to those with low STK1p values (<2.0 pM). Notably, patients with stage III/IV disease and low STK1p values exhibited statistically significantly improved survival compared to patients with high STK1p values. A multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that the STK1p levels 6 months after surgery was the only independent prognostic factor for metastasis and survival. In conclusion, STK1p is a prognostic marker in patients with locally advanced breast cancer and it may help identify a subgroup of stage III/IV patients with improved cancer-free survival expectancy, enabling personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xia
- Department of Breast Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ellen He
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guozhu Hu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Breast Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Uppland, Sweden
| | - Sven Skog
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Kiran Kumar J, Sharif H, Westberg S, von Euler H, Eriksson S. High levels of inactive thymidine kinase 1 polypeptide detected in sera from dogs with solid tumours by immunoaffinity methods: implications for in vitro diagnostics. Vet J 2013; 197:854-60. [PMID: 23831216 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of serum thymidine kinase 1 (STK1) activity has been used as a proliferation marker for neoplastic diseases in both human and veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine STK1 activity and enzyme levels in different dog tumours. Serum samples from three dogs with leukaemia, five with lymphoma, 21 with solid tumours and 18 healthy dogs were analyzed for STK1 activity, using an optimized [(3)H]-deoxythymidine (dThd) phosphorylation assay, and for STK1 protein levels using an immunoaffinity/western blot assay. STK1 activity in dogs with haematological tumours was significantly higher than in the solid tumour and healthy dog groups (mean ± standard deviation [SD] = 65 ± 79, 1.1 ± 0.5, and 1.0 ± 0.4 pmol/min/mL, respectively). Serum samples were analyzed after immunoaffinity isolation by western blot and the TK1 26 kDa band intensities quantified revealing that concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with haematological tumours and solid tumours compared to healthy dogs (mean ± SD=33 ± 12, 30 ± 13, and 10 ± 5 ng/mL, respectively). Pre-incubation with the reducing agent dithioerythritol (DTE) showed a decrease in STK1 activity and protein levels in most samples, but an increase of about 20% in sera from healthy dogs and from those with haematological malignancies. Compared to animals with solid tumours, the specific STK1 activity (nmol [(3)H]-deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)/min/mg of TK1 protein of 26 kDa) was 30-fold higher in haematological malignancies and 2.5-fold higher in healthy dogs, respectively. The results demonstrate that there is a large fraction of inactive TK1 protein, particularly in sera from dogs with solid tumours. The findings are important in the use of STK1 as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kiran Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 575, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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ZHOU JI, HE ELLEN, SKOG SVEN. The proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 in clinical use. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:18-28. [PMID: 24649117 PMCID: PMC3956229 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-related biomarkers are used for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of treatments and follow-up of cancer patients, although only a few are fully accepted for the detection of invisible/visible tumors in health screening. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), a cell cycle-dependent and thus a proliferation-related marker, has been extensively studied during the last decades, using both biochemical and immunological techniques. Therefore, TK1 is an emerging potential proliferating biomarker in oncology that may be used for the prognosis and monitoring of tumor therapy, relapse and survival. In addition, TK1 concentration in serum (STK1p) is a useful biomarker in healthy screening for the detection of potential malignancy development as well as the identification of early-stage tumors, with a few false-positive cases (ROC value, 0.96; tumor proliferation sensitivity, 0.80; specificity, 0.99). In this review, we examine results regarding the expression of STK1p and TK1 in relation to cancer patients and STK1p in health screening published between 2000 and 2012. The use of tumor-related markers recommended by international cancer organizations is also discussed. This review provides valuable information for applications in tumor patients, in health screening and for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- JI ZHOU
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - ELLEN HE
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - SVEN SKOG
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
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Wu BJ, Li WP, Qian C, Ding W, Zhou ZW, Jiang H. Increased serum level of thymidine kinase 1 correlates with metastatic site in patients with malignant melanoma. Tumour Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Serological thymidine kinase 1 is a biomarker for early detection of tumours--a health screening study on 35,365 people, using a sensitive chemiluminescent dot blot assay. SENSORS 2011; 11:11064-80. [PMID: 22247653 PMCID: PMC3251970 DOI: 10.3390/s111211064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serological thymidine kinase 1 (STK1) is a reliable proliferation marker for prognosis, monitoring tumour therapy, and relapse. Here we investigated the use of STK1 in health screening for early detection of pre-malignant and malignant diseases. The investigation was based on 35,365 participants in four independent health screening studies in China between 2005–2011. All participants were clinically examined. The concentration of STK1 was determined by a sensitive chemiluminescent dot blot ECL assay. The ROCvalue of the STK1 assay was 0.96. At a cut-off STK1 value of 2.0 pM, the likelihood (+) value was 236.5, and the sensitivity and the specificity were 0.78 and 0.99, respectively. The relative number of city-dwelling people with elevated STK1 values (≥2.0 pM) was 0.8% (198/26,484), while the corresponding value for the group of oil-field workers was 5.8% (514/8,355). The latter group expressed significantly higher frequency of refractory anaemia, fatty liver, and obesity, compared to the city dwellers, but no cases of breast hyperplasia or prostate hyperplasia. Furthermore, people working in oil drilling/oil transportation showed higher STK1 values and higher frequency of pre-malignancies and benign diseases than people working in the oil-field administration. In the STK1 elevated group of the city-dwelling people, a statistically significantly higher number of people were found to have malignancies, pre-malignancies of all types, moderate/severe type of hyperplasia of breast or prostate, or refractory anaemia, or to be at high risk for hepatitis B, compared to people with normal STK1 values (<2.0 pM). No malignancies were found in the normal STK1 group. In the elevated STK1 group 85.4% showed diseases linked to a higher risk for pre-/early cancerous progression, compared to 52.4% of those with normal STK1 values. Among participants with elevated STK1 values, 8.8% developed new malignancies or progress in their pre-malignancies within 5 to 72 months, compared to 0.2% among people with normal STK1 values. People who showed elevated STK1 values were at about three to five times higher risk to develop malignancies compared to a calculated risk based on a cancer incidence rate of 0.2–0.3%. We conclude that serological TK1 protein concentration is a reliable marker for risk assessment of pre/early cancerous progression.
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Huang ZH, Tian XS, Li R, Wang XM, Wen W, Guan H, Yang YJ. Elevated thymidine kinase 1 in serum following neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts poor outcome for patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:331-335. [PMID: 22969891 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) commonly have an unfavorable prognosis. A molecular predictor for the identification of at-risk patients is urgently required. Thymidine kinase 1 in serum (S-TK1) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of DNA precursors. In studies using immunohistochemistry, it was reported to be a more useful proliferation marker than Ki-67 in breast, lung and colorectal carcinoma. In the present study, we extended the research of prior breast carcinoma studies by postulating that in patients with LABC, overexpression of S-TK1 following neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts cancer outcome. An experimental design consisting of 48 patients with LABC was prospectively constructed and analyzed. All patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and definitive surgical therapy. Study homogeneity was maintained by standardized treatment, surveillance and compliance protocols. The S-TK1 concentration was detected using the anti-TK1 chicken IgY antibody, using a dot-blot immuno-assay. After a median follow-up of 30 months, the results indicated a statistically significant trend (unadjusted). Patients with high S-TK1 overexpression had a significantly higher incidence of recurrence (P=0.006) and cancer death (P= 0.0128) than those with low S-TK1 overexpression. A multivariate analysis provided identical results. The hazards ratio for developing recurrence in patients with higher S-TK1 expression was 6-7 times higher than the hazards ratio in patients with lower expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that a high S-TK1 concentration in sera from LABC patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy is predictive of cancer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Heng Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shandong Province Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012
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Aufderklamm S, Todenhöfer T, Gakis G, Kruck S, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Schwentner C. Thymidine kinase and cancer monitoring. Cancer Lett 2011; 316:6-10. [PMID: 22068047 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinases (TK) have a key function in the synthesis of DNA. Two isoenzymes have been characterized: TK1 is cell cycle-dependent and present in the cytoplasm whereas TK2--located in mitochondria--is cell cycle-independent. The diagnostic and prognostic role of TK1 has recently been investigated. TK1 might be helpful for screening and monitoring of human malignancies. TK1 may also serve as a prognostic factor for progression. Herein, we summarize the status of TK1 for cancer monitoring and point out its use as a proliferation marker. A comprehensive overview about the association of TK-1 with various entities is given.
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XPA-210: a new proliferation marker determines locally advanced prostate cancer and is a predictor of biochemical recurrence. World J Urol 2011; 30:547-52. [PMID: 21969130 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-011-0768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE XPA-210 is a proliferation marker derived from Thymidine kinase-1. It is of clinical significance in kidney, breast, and bladder cancer. There are no data available for XPA-210 in prostate cancer (PC). Herein, we aim to determine the clinical usefulness of XPA-210 in PC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a retrospective study, cancer and benign tissue samples of 103 patients (median age 65 years, median PSA 9.04 ng/ml, median Gleason score 6) who underwent prostatectomy were constructed to a tissue micro array and stained for XPA-210. Semi-quantitative results were correlated with pathological and clinical data by Wilcoxon-Kruskall-Wallis and linear regression analysis. Expression levels in PC were correlated between the time of biochemical recurrence and the time to development of metastasis by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was done to correlate those with the resection status. RESULTS Mean staining score was 0.51-0.14 for tumor and benign tissue (P < 0.0001). Tumor staining score was significantly associated with Gleason score <6/≥6 (P < 0.0001) and T2/T >2 (P = 0.0007). When dividing the tumor score by the mean value, higher expression of XPA-210 was associated with a shorter time to biochemical recurrence (P = 0.003) and time to development of metastasis (P = 0.0061). Tumor staining (P = 0.0371) was an independent prognostic factor for biochemical relapse regardless of resection status. CONCLUSIONS XPA-210 is a new tissue-based prognostic marker for prostate cancer histopathology. It reliably differentiates tumor and normal prostatic tissue predicting biochemical relapse and onset of metastatic disease. XPA-210 might be clinically useful for individual decision-making in PC-treatment.
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Kruck S, Hennenlotter J, Vogel U, Schilling D, Gakis G, Hevler J, Kuehs U, Stenzl A, Schwentner C. Exposed proliferation antigen 210 (XPA-210) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and oncocytoma: clinical utility and biological implications. BJU Int 2011; 109:634-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Serological thymidine kinase 1 is a prognostic factor in oesophageal, cardial and lung carcinomas. Eur J Cancer Prev 2011; 19:313-8. [PMID: 20479645 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e32833ad320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examine the use of the concentration of thymidine kinase 1 in serum (STK1) as a prognostic factor in routine clinical settings. For this purpose we used sera from patients with oesophageal (n=101) and cardial (n=39) carcinomas and nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) (n=157). Sera from healthy individuals (n=95) were used as controls. STK1 was analysed by a chemiluminiscence dot blot assay. The mean STK1 concentrations and the STK1 positive rates of the patients with oesophageal and cardial carcinomas and with NSCLC were significantly higher as compared with healthy controls (P=0.01). The mean STK1 value of oesophageal carcinoma patients correlated with T-values (P=0.021) and with stage (P<0.005), but not with grade. The mean STK1 value of cardial carcinoma patients did not correlate with grade. No data on stage and T-values were available for these patients, due to advanced disease. The mean STK1 value of NSCLC patients with squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher as compared with adenocarcinoma type (P=0.024). The mean STK1 value of the NSCLC patients correlated with clinical grade (P=0.006), T-values (P=0.001), stage (P=0.035) and to size of the tumour (P=0.030). The mean STK1 value and the number of STK1 positive patients were also higher in recurrent NSCLC patients. There was a tendency that stage I-II NSCLC patients with an STK1 level above 2 pmol/l showed a higher frequency of recurrence/death than patients below 1 pmol/l. Our results show that STK1 is a useful marker for prognosis in patients with oesophageal, cardial and lung carcinomas.
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Gakis G, Hennenlotter J, Scharpf M, Hevler J, Schilling D, Kuehs U, Stenzl A, Schwentner C. XPA-210: a new proliferation marker to characterize tumor biology and progression of renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 2010; 29:801-6. [PMID: 21113600 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-010-0621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent lung cancer data have shown an association of XPA-210, a key peptide of thymidine kinase, with advanced disease. We thus assessed its proliferation status in primary (M0) and metastatic (M1) renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Paraffin slides from 30 patients (mean age: 61.2 years; range: 42-84) with clear-cell RCC (M0 in 10; non-osseous M1 in 10; osseous M1 in 10) were T-matched for pT1/pT3. Corresponding malignant and benign renal parenchyma were immunohistochemically stained against XPA-210. Staining density was determined by a semi-quantitative score of positive cell shares. Staining intensity included the precise cellular location. RESULTS XPA-210 occurred predominantly in the nucleus, with a minor cytoplasmatic component. RCC tissue showed higher density and stronger intensity than did benign renal tissue in both nucleus (P = 0.005) and cytoplasm (P = 0.01). Density and intensity were positively associated with tumor diameters ≤7 cm, whereas they tended to correlate inversely in tumors >7 cm (P 0.07). Density of stained cells was significantly higher in metastatic than in localized RCC in both nucleus and cytoplasm (P < 0.04). Non-osseous M1 tissue showed significantly higher nuclear and cytoplasmatic expression than did M0 tissue (P < 0.05), whereas osseous M1 tissue did not. CONCLUSIONS In all RCC tissues, XPA-210 staining was significantly higher in the nucleus than in cytoplasm, potentially owing to large cytoplasmatic spaces as a characteristic histologic feature of clear-cell component. XPA-210 expression gradually increased from localized to metastatic disease, peaking in patients without bone involvement. Therefore, XPA-210 might aid the selection of appropriate adjuvant treatment in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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He E, Xu XH, Guan H, Chen Y, Chen ZH, Pan ZL, Tang LL, Hu GZ, Li Y, Zhang M, Zhou J, Eriksson S, Fornander T, Skog S. Thymidine kinase 1 is a potential marker for prognosis and monitoring the response to treatment of patients with breast, lung, and esophageal cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:352-8. [PMID: 20544519 DOI: 10.1080/15257771003738535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is converting thymidine to thymidine monophosphate, and is related to DNA replication and cell proliferation. The use of the TK1 protein levels as a proliferation marker in malignancies is here summarized. TK1 protein in serum (STK1p) and TK1 expression in tissues were determined by a chemoluminescent dot blot assay and by immunohistochemistry staining, respectively. The expression of TK1 in tumor tissues correlated to pathological stages and clinical grades of carcinomas (ca) of esophagus, lung and in premalignancy of breast ductal ca. STK1p could monitor the out-come of tumor therapy by being correlated to remission [breast ca, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma], relapse [breast ca] and to survival [non-Hodgkin's lymphoma] of patients. In a health screening study of 12,641 persons, STK1p seemed to predict the risk of development of neoplasia related diseases at early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E He
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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von Euler H, Eriksson S. Comparative aspects of the proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 in human and canine tumour diseases. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 9:1-15. [PMID: 21303450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As cell proliferation is one of the hallmarks of cancer, various types of proliferation markers are used as important tools in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment decision-making and follow-up in clinical oncology. The S phase-specific protein thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) can be used in immunohistochemistry for RNA/protein expression in tissue specimens and for activity or protein/peptide levels in serum from patients. TK1 has been used mainly in haematologic malignancies in humans, but also found beneficial in canine malignancies. As the protein sequence homology is high between humans and dogs, findings in canine models will have a high comparative value in further human research as well. In the present review, we will focus on the recent results concerning TK1's S phase-correlated expression, increased serum levels of TK1 in patients with malignancies and the relevance for veterinary and comparative oncology. Finally, the benefit of recently developed specific anti-TK1 antibodies suitable for immunologic assay is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H von Euler
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology (C3O), Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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Chen Y, Ying M, Chen Y, Hu M, Lin Y, Chen D, Li X, Zhang M, Yun X, Zhou J, He E, Skog S. Serum thymidine kinase 1 correlates to clinical stages and clinical reactions and monitors the outcome of therapy of 1,247 cancer patients in routine clinical settings. Int J Clin Oncol 2010; 15:359-68. [PMID: 20354751 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-010-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidine kinase 1 in serum (STK1) has been found to be a reliable proliferation marker in clinical trials. In this study, we examined the significance of STK1 in routine clinical settings. METHODS The concentration of STK1 was determined by a sensitive dot blot ECL assay. The STK1 value was correlated to clinical stage and reactions and used for monitoring the outcome of surgery and/or multidrug chemotherapy of 1,247 patients with five different types of carcinomas (lung, esophagus, gastric, head and neck, and thyroid) in routine clinical settings. RESULTS The STK1 values correlated with the clinical stage in patients with lung, esophagus, thyroid, and gastric carcinomas. After treatment, STK1 declined in all tumor groups after treatments (P < 0.01). The STK1 was low (<2 pM) or decreasing during treatment in patients with clinical reactions of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), but high (>2 pM) or increasing in patients with stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD), some of them showing metastasis. STK1 also reflected the differences in clinical reactions when surgery and chemotherapy were compared. CONCLUSION We concluded that the concentration of TK1 in serum correlates to clinical stages and clinical reactions and monitors the effect of tumor therapies, not only in controlled clinical trials, but also in routine clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research, Fujian Cancer Hospital of Fujian Medical University Teaching Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
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Serum thymidine kinase 1 concentration as a prognostic factor of chemotherapy-treated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1193-9. [PMID: 20140744 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was performed to examine possible use of thymidine kinase 1 concentration in serum (STK1) for prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients following chemotherapy treatment. METHODS The STK1 levels of 37 patients were determined by enhanced chemiluminescent dot-blot assay on the day before chemotherapy, and on day 1 and day 28 after start of the treatment. The specificity and sensitivity was evaluated by Western blot with anti-TK1 IgY antibody and by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Western blot and ROC analysis of TK1 in serum showed high specificity and sensitivity. The mean STK1 level of the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients was significantly higher compared to healthy persons (p < 0.001). The mean STK1 level increased significantly (p < 0.001) on day 1 and then declined, reaching on day 28 values corresponding to those of healthy persons. The mean STK1 values before treatment and at 1 and 28 days after start of the treatment also correlated significantly with the clinical response (CR, PR and NR) and five-year survival. CONCLUSION Although the number of patients was limited in this study, TK1 in serum might possess an important reference value in the evaluation of treatment and prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma following chemotherapy.
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Luo P, Wang N, He E, Eriksson S, Zhou J, Hu G, Zhang J, Skog S. The proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 level is high in normal kidney tubule cells compared to other normal and malignant renal cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2009; 16:277-83. [PMID: 19957115 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the proliferation related enzyme thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) was reported to be 3-fold higher in extracts from normal kidney tissue as compare to renal carcinoma extracts [3]. To verify these unexpected results, determinations of the protein levels of TK1 in normal kidney and in samples from different types of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were done with immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Two anti-TK1 peptide antibodies reacting with different TK1 epitops were used. TK1 levels were high in tubule cells as compared to glomerulus cells and connective tissue cells, while an intermediary TK1 was observed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated high levels of TK1 in extract from normal kidney, and lower levels of TK1 in the RCC extracts. The specificity of TK1 staining was demonstrated in competition experiments with excess TK1 antigen. The high TK1 levels in normal kidney tubule cells suggest that they are in a form of activated G1-state. The relatively low TK1 level in RCC, representing TK1 expression in S-phase cells, is in accordance with the low overall proliferation rate of these tumors. These results suggest that cell cycle regulation of TK1 in normal tubule cells differ from that in other type of normal and malignant renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Thymidine kinase 1 expression defines an activated G1 state of the cell cycle as revealed with site-specific antibodies and ArrayScan assays. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:779-85. [PMID: 19726104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a DNA salvage enzyme involved in the synthesis of thymidine triphosphate needed during S phase. Although TK1 has been utilized as a cell proliferation marker for many years no well-characterized antibodies are available. The preparation and properties of two types of poly- and monoclonal anti-TK1 peptide antibodies are described and they are used to determine the levels of TK1 in intact cells. Expression of TK1, c-fos, cyclin B1, Ki67, phosphorylated histone H3, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6, as well as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in human normal dermal fibroblast cultures were studied with high-content ArrayScan fluorescence microscopy. The levels of TK1 increased 6-7h after serum re-addition to starved cells as they passed through G1, S and G2/M phases, which was earlier than the increase in Ki67 protein levels and before BrdU incorporation was detected. Thus, a population of activated G1 cells with high TK1 and low Ki67 expression could be identified and their role in cell proliferation can now be clarified.
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Thymidine kinase activity in serum of renal cell carcinoma patients is a useful prognostic marker. Eur J Cancer Prev 2009; 18:220-4. [PMID: 19282758 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e328329d817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the concentration and activity of the DNA precursor enzyme thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in serum is significantly elevated in patients with malignancies, as compared with levels in patients with benign tumours and those in healthy individuals. For the first time, the use of serum TK1 as a prognostic marker for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was examined. Serum TK1 protein (STK1p) concentration and serum TK1 activity (STK1a) were determined by a dot blot chemoluminescence assay and a radio enzyme assay, respectively. There was no correlation between STK1p and STK1a in the same sera from 27 RCC patients. Only one STK1p value as compared with 15 STK1a values was clearly above the cut-off values (2 pmol/l and 6 U/l, respectively) for healthy individuals. STK1a values did not correlate with the level of TK1 expression in tumour sections from the RCC patients, estimated by immunohistochemistry staining. However, there was a significant correlation between STK1a levels and the grade, stage and size of the RCC tumours. The discrepancy between the STK1p and the STK1a results is likely to be because of reduced ability of the TK1 antibody to recognize the STK1 in sera from RCC patients. We conclude that the activity of STK1 is a useful tool for evaluating the prognosis of patients with RCC.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thymidine kinase (TK) has an important role in DNA synthesis and is thus related to cell proliferation and turn-over. Traditionally, TK has been measured by enzymatic activity or radioimmunoassays. These assays are difficult to adapt to random access instruments. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new immunological sandwich assay for detection of TK peptides in serum from breast cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum samples were collected from patients with breast cancer and stored frozen at -70 degrees C. The samples were collected after surgery, after metastatic tumor recurrence and after chemotherapy due to tumour recurrence. Patients' serum samples were analysed by the TK enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses of TK1 for diagnosis of breast cancer, the area under the curve (AUC) collected four weeks after surgery was 0.56 (95% CI 0.47-0.65), for samples collected postsurgically after tumour recurrence 0.73 (95% CI 0.65-0.80), and after chemotherapy 0.64 (95% CI 0.56-0.72). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the tumour proliferation marker TK has a potential as a serum marker in breast cancer. Further studies are warranted to verify this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Carlsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ye CL, Yang ZB, Huang W, Mao XQ, Zhang SL, Huang J. Preparation of egg yolk immunoglubin against recombinant vacuolating cytotoxin A- Helicobacter pylori adhesin A in Helicobacter pylori. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2186-2191. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i22.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To prepare a highly specific and efficient egg yolk immunoglubin (IgY) against recombinant vacuolating cytotoxin A-Helicobacter pylori adhesin A (VacA-HpaA) from the yolk of hen's eggs.
METHODS: Recombinant bacteria of pQE30-VacA-HpaA-DH5α was cultured in large numbers to get VacA-HpaA fusion protein. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni2+-NTA column chromatography and used to immunize the hens. The VacA-HpaA IgY was extracted from the yolk of hen's eggs by water-dilution methods. In order to evaluate the relationship between IgY titer and immune time, the titer of IgY was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgY was purified and concentrated by deposition technique with ammonium sulfate. The purity of IgY was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and protein content of IgY was checked by Bradford method. The specificities of VacA-HpaA IgY to the antigens of VacA and HpaA were identified by Western blotting.
RESULTS: The recombinant protein was mainly expressed as inclusion body. The content of fusion protein was 0.72 g/L. VacA-HpaA IgY from eggs' yolk of hens immunized with the fusion protein could react with the fusion protein. The titer of VacA-HpaA IgY was increased with the immune time. After purification and concentration, the purity of VacA-HpaA IgY was about 60%; the titer was 1∶128 000; And the concentration of IgY was 22 g/L. Western blot exhibited the protein bands with molecular weight of 27 000 and 30 `000. The titer of VacA-HpaA IgY to VacA and HpaA were 1∶3200 and 1∶6400 (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: VacA-HpaA-IgY with high concentration, purity, and specificity is successfully prepared.
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Jintaridth P, Srisomsap C, Vichittumaros K, Kalpravidh RW, Winichagoon P, Fucharoen S, Jisnuson Svasti MR, Kasinrerk W. Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies Specific for the γ Chain of Human Hemoglobin for Diagnosis of Thalassemia. Int J Hematol 2006; 83:408-414. [PMID: 16787871 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.a20515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) technology was used to generate anti-hemoglobin Bart's (Hb Bart's) IgY antibodies (Abs) for development into an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for thalassemia diagnosis. Hb Bart's purified from the hemolysate of a patient with Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis (homozygous alpha-thalassemia) was used to immunize a chicken via the pectoralis muscle. After water dilution and sodium sulfate precipitation, 40 to 70 mg of IgY could be extracted from an egg. IgY, first detected in sera 2 weeks after immunization, reached the highest titer at week 4, and the titer remained stable for at least 2 weeks before declining. The pattern of Ab response in the yolk was the same as in the serum but was somewhat delayed. The IgY Abs produced reacted with gamma globin, Hb Bart's, Hb F, normal cord hemolysate (Hbs F plus A), and Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis (Hbs Bart's plus Portland) and to a lesser degree with beta globin, Hb A, Hb A2 and adult hemolysate (Hbs A plus A2), but the Abs did not react with alpha globin. Immunoaffinity purification with Hb A coupled to Sepharose was used to isolate an unbound IgY that reacted with Hb F, Hb Bart's, and gamma globin, and this IgY was used to develop an ELISA test for thalassemia diagnosis. The results of direct ELISA analyses of 336 hemolysate samples from individuals with various known thalassemia genotypes and phenotypes and from healthy individuals confirmed the specificity of the polyclonal Abs for Hbs containing Hb F and Hb Bart's. This specificity, which was due to the Abs' strong reactivity in cases of pathologic thalassemic diseases and weak reactivity in cases of nonpathologic thalassemic diseases, depended on the levels of Hb Bart's and Hb F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornrutsami Jintaridth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Shimamoto T, Nishibori N, Aosasa M, Horiuchi H, Furusawa S, Matsuda H. Stable production of recombinant chicken antibody in CHO-K1 cell line. Biologicals 2006; 33:169-74. [PMID: 16084107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When compared with mammalian IgG, chicken IgY is advantageous in terms of cross-reactivity. In this study, two plasmids were constructed for expression of recombinant chicken IgY derived from a chicken hybridoma. The first was for expression of the light (L) chain, and the other was for the heavy (H) chain with a histidine (His) tag at the carboxy-terminal. After transfection of recombinant chicken IgY gene into Chinese hamster ovary cells, a transfectant designated HF33 that secreted the specific antibody was selected. HF33 cells produced recombinant IgY with His tag at 10-15 microg/10(6) cells/24 h. On Western blotting analysis, the recombinant IgY was detected as one band for the H chain and two bands for the L chain. The recombinant IgY was successfully purified in a one-step procedure using a nickel-affinity resin. These results indicate that the present recombinant chicken IgY is useful for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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