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Wang X, Ingavat N, Liew JM, Dzulkiflie N, Loh HP, Kok YJ, Bi X, Yang Y, Zhang W. Effects of molecule hydrophobicity and structural flexibility of appended bispecific antibody on Protein A chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465206. [PMID: 39053253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Appended bispecific antibody (aBsAb) with two single chain variable fragments (scFv) linked at the c-terminus of its heavy chains is one of the promising formats in bispecific therapeutics. The presence of hydrophobic and flexible scFv fragments render aBsAb molecules higher molecule hydrophobicity and structural flexibility compared to monoclonal antibody (mAb), thus making its purification more challenging. We set out to investigate how the unique molecular properties of aBsAb affect its performance on Protein A chromatography. We showed that aBsAb has a high propensity for chromatography-induced aggregation due to its high molecule hydrophobicity, and this couldn't be improved by the addition of common chaotropic salts. Moreover, the presence of chaotropic salts, such as arginine hydrochloride (Arg-HCl), retarded aBsAb elution during Protein A chromatography rather than facilitating which was widely observed in mAb Protein A elution. Nevertheless, we were able to overcome the aggregation issue by optimizing elution condition and improved aBsAb purity from 29 % to 93 % in Protein A eluate with a high molecular weight (HMW) species of less than 5 %. We also showed that the high molecular flexibility of aBsAb leads to different hydrodynamic sizes of the aBsAb molecule post Protein A elution, neutralization, and re-acidification, which are pH dependent. This is different from mAbs where their sizes do not change post neutralization even with re-exposure to acid. The above unique observations of aBsAb in Protein A chromatography were clearly explained from the perspectives of its high molecular hydrophobicity and structural flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- Downstream Processing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Nattha Ingavat
- Downstream Processing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Jia Min Liew
- Downstream Processing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Nuruljannah Dzulkiflie
- Downstream Processing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Han Ping Loh
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Yee Jiun Kok
- Analytical Science & Technology (Protein Analytics), Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Analytical Science & Technology (Protein Analytics), Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Downstream Processing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
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2
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Sandeep, Shinde SH, Ahmed S, Sharma SS, Pande AH. Engineered polyspecific antibodies: A new frontier in the field of immunotherapeutics. Immunology 2024; 171:464-496. [PMID: 38140855 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The 21st-century beginning remarked with the huge success of monospecific MAbs, however, in the last couple of years, polyspecific MAbs (PsAbs) have been an interesting topic and show promise of being biobetter than monospecific MAbs. Polyspecificity, in which a single antibody serves multiple specific target binding, has been hypothesized to contribute to the development of a highly effective antibody repertoire for immune defence. This polyspecific MAb trend represents an explosion that is gripping the whole pharmaceutical industry. This review is concerned with the current development and quality enforcement of PsAbs. All provided literature on monospecific MAbs and polyspecific MAbs (PsAbs) were searched using various electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier, Springer, ACS, Google Patent and books via the keywords Antibody engineering, Polyspecific antibody, Conventional antibody, non-conventional antibody, and Single domain antibody. In the literature, there are more than 100 different formats to construct PsAb by quadroma technology, chemical conjugation and genetic engineering. Till March 2023, nine PsAb have been approved around the world, and around 330 are in advanced developmental stages, showing the dominancy of PsAb in the growing health sector. Recent advancements in protein engineering techniques and the fusion of non-conventional antibodies have made it possible to create complex PsAbs that demonstrate higher stability and enhanced potency. This marks the most significant achievement for cancer immunotherapy, in which PsAbs have immense promise. It is worth mentioning that seven out of the nine PsAbs have been approved as anti-cancer therapy. As PsAbs continue to acquire prominence, they could pave the way for the development of novel immunotherapies for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Suraj H Shinde
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
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3
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Moore BD, Ran Y, Goodwin MS, Komatineni K, McFarland KN, Dillon K, Charles C, Ryu D, Liu X, Prokop S, Giasson BI, Golde TE, Levites Y. A C1qTNF3 collagen domain fusion chaperones diverse secreted proteins and anti-Aβ scFvs: Applications for gene therapies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101146. [PMID: 38027063 PMCID: PMC10679951 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing production of protein cargoes delivered by gene therapies can improve efficacy by reducing the amount of vector or simply increasing transgene expression levels. We explored the utility of a 126-amino acid collagen domain (CD) derived from the C1qTNF3 protein as a fusion partner to chaperone secreted proteins, extracellular "decoy receptor" domains, and single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). Fusions to the CD domain result in multimerization and enhanced levels of secretion of numerous fusion proteins while maintaining functionality. Efficient creation of bifunctional proteins using the CD domain is also demonstrated. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vector delivery of the CD with a signal peptide resulted in high-level expression with minimal biological impact as assessed by whole-brain transcriptomics. As a proof-of-concept in vivo study, we evaluated three different anti-amyloid Aβ scFvs (anti-Aβ scFvs), alone or expressed as CD fusions, following viral delivery to neonatal CRND8 mice. The CD fusion increased half-life, expression levels, and improved efficacy for amyloid lowering of a weaker binding anti-Aβ scFv. These studies validate the potential utility of this small CD as a fusion partner for secretory cargoes delivered by gene therapy and demonstrate that it is feasible to use this CD fusion to create biotherapeutic molecules with enhanced avidity or bifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D. Moore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yong Ran
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marshall S. Goodwin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kavitha Komatineni
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karen N. McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kristy Dillon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caleb Charles
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Danny Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xuefei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benoit I. Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yona Levites
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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4
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Zeghal M, Matte K, Venes A, Patel S, Laroche G, Sarvan S, Joshi M, Rain JC, Couture JF, Giguère PM. Development of a V5-tag-directed nanobody and its implementation as an intracellular biosensor of GPCR signaling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105107. [PMID: 37517699 PMCID: PMC10470007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) form the foundation of any cell signaling network. Considering that PPIs are highly dynamic processes, cellular assays are often essential for their study because they closely mimic the biological complexities of cellular environments. However, incongruity may be observed across different PPI assays when investigating a protein partner of interest; these discrepancies can be partially attributed to the fusion of different large functional moieties, such as fluorescent proteins or enzymes, which can yield disparate perturbations to the protein's stability, subcellular localization, and interaction partners depending on the given cellular assay. Owing to their smaller size, epitope tags may exhibit a diminished susceptibility to instigate such perturbations. However, while they have been widely used for detecting or manipulating proteins in vitro, epitope tags lack the in vivo traceability and functionality needed for intracellular biosensors. Herein, we develop NbV5, an intracellular nanobody binding the V5-tag, which is suitable for use in cellular assays commonly used to study PPIs such as BRET, NanoBiT, and Tango. The NbV5:V5 tag system has been applied to interrogate G protein-coupled receptor signaling, specifically by replacing larger functional moieties attached to the protein interactors, such as fluorescent or luminescent proteins (∼30 kDa), by the significantly smaller V5-tag peptide (1.4 kDa), and for microscopy imaging which is successfully detected by NbV5-based biosensors. Therefore, the NbV5:V5 tag system presents itself as a versatile tool for live-cell imaging and a befitting adaptation to existing cellular assays dedicated to probing PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Zeghal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Matte
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelica Venes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivani Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabina Sarvan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monika Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean-François Couture
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick M Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Arslan M, Uluçay T, Kale S, Kalyoncu S. Engineering of conserved residues near antibody heavy chain complementary determining region 3 (HCDR3) improves both affinity and stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140915. [PMID: 37059314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Affinity and stability are crucial parameters in antibody development and engineering approaches. Although improvement in both metrics is desirable, trade-offs are almost unavoidable. Heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) is the best-known region for antibody affinity but its impact on stability is often neglected. Here, we present a mutagenesis study of conserved residues near HCDR3 to elicit the role of this region in the affinity-stability trade-off. These key residues are positioned around the conserved salt bridge between VH-K94 and VH-D101 which is crucial for HCDR3 integrity. We show that the additional salt bridge at the stem of HCDR3 (VH-K94:VH-D101:VH-D102) has an extensive impact on this loop's conformation, therefore simultaneous improvement in both affinity and stability. We find that the disruption of π-π stacking near HCDR3 (VH-Y100E:VL-Y49) at the VH-VL interface cause an irrecoverable loss in stability even if it improves the affinity. Molecular simulations of putative rescue mutants exhibit complex and often non-additive effects. We confirm that our experimental measurements agree with the molecular dynamic simulations providing detailed insights for the spatial orientation of HCDR3. VH-V102 right next to HCDR3 salt bridge might be an ideal candidate to overcome affinity-stability trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Arslan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balçova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Uluçay
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balçova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seyit Kale
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balçova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Kalyoncu
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balçova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey.
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6
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Yao Y, Hu Y, Wang F. Trispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Immunology 2023. [PMID: 36855956 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical success of monoclonal and bispecific antibodies, there are still limitations in the therapeutic effect of malignant tumours, such as low response rate, treatment resistance, and so on, inspiring the exploration of trispecific antibodies (TsAbs). TsAbs further improve the safety and efficacy and has great clinical potential through three targets combination and formats optimization. This article reviews the development history and the target combination features of TsAbs. Although there are still great challenges in the clinical application of TsAbs, it is undeniable that TsAbs may be a breakthrough in the development of antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth People's Hospital of Gui Yang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiyin Hu
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Huang C, Huang J, Zhu S, Tang T, Chen Y, Qian F. Multivalent nanobodies with rationally optimized linker and valency for intravitreal VEGF neutralization. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.118521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Mazinani M, Rahbarizadeh F. CAR-T cell potency: from structural elements to vector backbone components. Biomark Res 2022; 10:70. [PMID: 36123710 PMCID: PMC9487061 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in which a patient’s own T lymphocytes are engineered to recognize and kill cancer cells, has achieved remarkable success in some hematological malignancies in preclinical and clinical trials, resulting in six FDA-approved CAR-T products currently available in the market. Once equipped with a CAR construct, T cells act as living drugs and recognize and eliminate the target tumor cells in an MHC-independent manner. In this review, we first described all structural modular of CAR in detail, focusing on more recent findings. We then pointed out behind-the-scene elements contributing to CAR expression and reviewed how CAR expression can be drastically affected by the elements embedded in the viral vector backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mazinani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran. .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Raeisi H, Azimirad M, Nabavi-Rad A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Yadegar A, Zali MR. Application of recombinant antibodies for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: Current status and future perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972930. [PMID: 36081500 PMCID: PMC9445313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), known as the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is regarded as one of the most common healthcare-associated bacterial infections worldwide. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains, development of new therapeutic methods for C. difficile infection (CDI) has become crucially important. In this context, antibodies have been introduced as valuable tools in the research and clinical environments, as far as the effectiveness of antibody therapy for CDI was reported in several clinical investigations. Hence, production of high-performance antibodies for treatment of CDI would be precious. Traditional approaches of antibody generation are based on hybridoma technology. Today, application of in vitro technologies for generating recombinant antibodies, like phage display, is considered as an appropriate alternative to hybridoma technology. These techniques can circumvent the limitations of the immune system and they can be exploited for production of antibodies against different types of biomolecules in particular active toxins. Additionally, DNA encoding antibodies is directly accessible in in vitro technologies, which enables the application of antibody engineering in order to increase their sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the application of antibodies for CDI treatment with an emphasis on recombinant fragment antibodies. Also, this review highlights the current and future prospects of the aforementioned approaches for antibody-mediated therapy of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nabavi-Rad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Abbas Yadegar, ;
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Wu SY, Wu FG, Chen X. Antibody-Incorporated Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109210. [PMID: 35142395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer therapy, one of the most significant therapeutic strategies, has achieved considerable success and progress over the past decades. Nevertheless, obstacles including limited tumor penetration, short circulation half-lives, undesired immunogenicity, and off-target side effects remain to be overcome for the antibody-based cancer treatment. Owing to the rapid development of nanotechnology, antibody-containing nanomedicines that have been extensively explored to overcome these obstacles have already demonstrated enhanced anticancer efficacy and clinical translation potential. This review intends to offer an overview of the advancements of antibody-incorporated nanoparticulate systems in cancer treatment, together with the nontrivial challenges faced by these next-generation nanomedicines. Diverse strategies of antibody immobilization, formats of antibodies, types of cancer-associated antigens, and anticancer mechanisms of antibody-containing nanomedicines are provided and discussed in this review, with an emphasis on the latest applications. The current limitations and future research directions on antibody-containing nanomedicines are also discussed from different perspectives to provide new insights into the construction of anticancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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11
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Effect of non-repetitive linker on in vitro and in vivo properties of an anti-VEGF scFv. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5449. [PMID: 35361822 PMCID: PMC8971466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Single chain antibody fragments (scFvs) are favored in diagnostic and therapeutic fields thanks to their small size and the availability of various engineering approaches. Linker between variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains of scFv covalently links these domains and it can affect scFv’s bio-physical/chemical properties and in vivo activity. Thus, scFv linker design is important for a successful scFv construction, and flexible linkers are preferred for a proper pairing of VH–VL. The flexibility of the linker is determined by length and sequence content and glycine-serine (GS) linkers are commonly preferred for scFvs based on their highly flexible profiles. Despite the advantage of this provided flexibility, GS linkers carry repeated sequences which can cause problems for PCR-based engineering approaches and immunogenicity. Here, two different linkers, a repetitive GS linker and an alternative non-repetitive linker with similar flexibility but lower immunogenicity are employed to generate anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor scFvs derived from bevacizumab. Our findings highlight a better in vitro profile of the non-repetitive linker such as a higher monomer ratio, higher thermal stability while there was no significant difference in in vivo efficacy in a zebrafish embryonic angiogenesis model. This is the first study to compare in vivo efficacy of scFvs with different linkers in a zebrafish model.
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12
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Davydova EK. Protein Engineering: Advances in Phage Display for Basic Science and Medical Research. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:S146-S110. [PMID: 35501993 PMCID: PMC8802281 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922140127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Functional Protein Engineering became the hallmark in biomolecule manipulation in the new millennium, building on and surpassing the underlying structural DNA manipulation and recombination techniques developed and employed in the last decades of 20th century. Because of their prominence in almost all biological processes, proteins represent extremely important targets for engineering enhanced or altered properties that can lead to improvements exploitable in healthcare, medicine, research, biotechnology, and industry. Synthetic protein structures and functions can now be designed on a computer and/or evolved using molecular display or directed evolution methods in the laboratory. This review will focus on the recent trends in protein engineering and the impact of this technology on recent progress in science, cancer- and immunotherapies, with the emphasis on the current achievements in basic protein research using synthetic antibody (sABs) produced by phage display pipeline in the Kossiakoff laboratory at the University of Chicago (KossLab). Finally, engineering of the highly specific binding modules, such as variants of Streptococcal protein G with ultra-high orthogonal affinity for natural and engineered antibody scaffolds, and their possible applications as a plug-and-play platform for research and immunotherapy will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K Davydova
- The University of Chicago, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations have been used for several decades for treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and for treatment of some infections and intoxications. This has demonstrated the importance of Igs, also called antibodies (Abs) for prevention and elimination of infections. Moreover, elucidation of the structure and functions of Abs has suggested that they might be useful for targeted treatment of several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The development of technologies for production of specific monoclonal Abs (MAbs) in large amounts has led to the production of highly effective therapeutic antibodies (TAbs), a collective term for MAbs (MAbs) with demonstrated clinical efficacy in one or more diseases. The number of approved TAbs is currently around hundred, and an even larger number is under development, including several engineered and modified Ab formats. The use of TAbs has provided new treatment options for many severe diseases, but prediction of clinical effect is difficult, and many patients eventually lose effect, possibly due to development of Abs to the TAbs or to other reasons. The therapeutic efficacy of TAbs can be ascribed to one or more effects, including binding and neutralization of targets, direct cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or others. The therapeutic options for TAbs have been expanded by development of several new formats of TAbs, including bispecific Abs, single domain Abs, TAb-drug conjugates, and the use of TAbs for targeted activation of immune cells. Most promisingly, current research and development can be expected to increase the number of clinical conditions, which may benefit from TAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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14
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Antigen-independent activation enhances the efficacy of 4-1BB-costimulated CD22 CAR T cells. Nat Med 2021; 27:842-850. [PMID: 33888899 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can induce remission in patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a large subset relapse with CD19- disease. Like CD19, CD22 is broadly expressed by B-lineage cells and thus serves as an alternative immunotherapy target in ALL. Here we present the composite outcomes of two pilot clinical trials ( NCT02588456 and NCT02650414 ) of T cells bearing a 4-1BB-based, CD22-targeting CAR in patients with relapsed or refractory ALL. The primary end point of these studies was to assess safety, and the secondary end point was antileukemic efficacy. We observed unexpectedly low response rates, prompting us to perform detailed interrogation of the responsible CAR biology. We found that shortening of the amino acid linker connecting the variable heavy and light chains of the CAR antigen-binding domain drove receptor homodimerization and antigen-independent signaling. In contrast to CD28-based CARs, autonomously signaling 4-1BB-based CARs demonstrated enhanced immune synapse formation, activation of pro-inflammatory genes and superior effector function. We validated this association between autonomous signaling and enhanced function in several CAR constructs and, on the basis of these observations, designed a new short-linker CD22 single-chain variable fragment for clinical evaluation. Our findings both suggest that tonic 4-1BB-based signaling is beneficial to CAR function and demonstrate the utility of bedside-to-bench-to-bedside translation in the design and implementation of CAR T cell therapies.
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15
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Velappan N, Close D, Hung LW, Naranjo L, Hemez C, DeVore N, McCullough DK, Lillo AM, Waldo GS, Bradbury ARM. Construction, characterization and crystal structure of a fluorescent single-chain Fv chimera. Protein Eng Des Sel 2021; 34:gzaa029. [PMID: 33586761 PMCID: PMC7901706 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro display technologies based on phage and yeast have a successful history of selecting single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies against various targets. However, single-chain antibodies are often unstable and poorly expressed in Escherichia coli. Here, we explore the feasibility of converting scFv antibodies to an intrinsically fluorescent format by inserting the monomeric, stable fluorescent protein named thermal green, between the light- and heavy-chain variable regions. Our results show that the scTGP format maintains the affinity and specificity of the antibodies, improves expression levels, allows one-step fluorescent assay for detection of binding and is a suitable reagent for epitope binning. We also report the crystal structure of an scTGP construct that recognizes phosphorylated tyrosine on FcεR1 receptor of the allergy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileena Velappan
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Devin Close
- ARUP Laboratories, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Li-Wei Hung
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Leslie Naranjo
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Specifica Inc., Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA
| | - Colin Hemez
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Natasha DeVore
- Chemistry Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Donna K McCullough
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Antonietta M Lillo
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Waldo
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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16
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Urquiza M, Guevara V, Diaz-Sana E, Mora F. The Role of αvβ6 Integrin Binding Molecules in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200528124936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidic and non-peptidic αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules have been used in
the clinic for detection and treatment of tumors expressing αvβ6 integrin, because this protein
is expressed in malignant epithelial cells of the oral cavity, pancreas, breast, ovary,
colon and stomach carcinomas but it is not expressed in healthy adult tissue except during
wound healing and inflammation. This review focuses on the landscape of αvβ6 integrinbinding
molecules and their use in cancer treatment and detection, and discusses recent
designs for tumor detection, treatment, and immunotherapy. In the last ten years, several
reviews abamp;#945;vβ6 integrin-binding molecules and their role in cancer detection and treatment.
Firstly, this review describes the role of the αvβ6 integrin in normal tissues, how the expression
of this protein is correlated with cancer severity and its role in cancer development. Taking into account
the potential of αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules in detection and treatment of specific tumors, special
attention is given to several high-affinity αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides used for tumor imaging; particularly,
the αvβ6-binding peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART [A20FMDV2], derived from the foot and mouth
disease virus. This peptide labeled with either 18F, 111In or with 68Ga has been used for PET imaging of αvβ6
integrin-positive tumors. Moreover, αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides have been used for photoacoustic and fluorescence
imaging and could potentially be used in clinical application in cancer diagnosis and intraoperative
imaging of αvβ6-integrin positive tumors. Additionally, non-peptidic αvβ6-binding molecules have been designed
and used in the clinic for the detection and treatment of αvβ6-expressing tumors. Anti-αvβ6 integrin antibodies
are another useful tool for selective identification and treatment of αvβ6 (+) tumors. The utility of
these αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules as a tool for tumor detection and treatment is discussed, considering
specificity, sensitivity and serum stability. Another use of the αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides is to modify the
Ad5 cell tropism for inducing oncolytic activity of αvβ6-integrin positive tumor cells by expressing
A20FMDV2 peptide within the fiber knob protein (Ad5NULL-A20). The newly designed oncolytic
Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapy is promising for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers. Finally,
new evidence has emerged, indicating that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing the αvβ6 integrin-
binding peptide on top of CD28+CD3 endodomain displays a potent therapeutic activity in a diverse
repertoire of solid tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Urquiza
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Valentina Guevara
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Erika Diaz-Sana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Felipe Mora
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
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17
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Escher B, Köhler A, Job L, Worek F, Skerra A. Translating the Concept of Bispecific Antibodies to Engineering Heterodimeric Phosphotriesterases with Broad Organophosphate Substrate Recognition. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4395-4406. [PMID: 33146522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have adopted the concept of bispecific antibodies, which can simultaneously block or cross-link two different biomolecular targets, to create bispecific enzymes by exploiting the homodimeric quaternary structure of bacterial phosphotriesterases (PTEs). The PTEs from Brevundimonas diminuta and Agrobacterium radiobacter, whose engineered variants can efficiently hydrolyze organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides, respectively, have attracted considerable interest for the treatment of the corresponding intoxications. OP nerve agents and pesticides still pose a severe toxicological threat in military conflicts, including acts of terrorism, as well as in agriculture, leading to >100000 deaths per year. In principle, engineered conventional homodimeric PTEs may provoke hydrolytic inactivation of individual OPs in vivo, and their application as catalytic bioscavengers via administration into the bloodstream has been proposed. However, their narrow substrate specificity would necessitate therapeutic application of a set or mixture of different enzymes, which complicates biopharmaceutical development. We succeeded in combining subunits from both enzymes and to stabilize their heterodimerization by rationally designing electrostatic steering mutations, thus breaking the natural C2 symmetry. The resulting bispecific enzyme from two PTEs with different bacterial origin exhibits an ultrabroad OP substrate profile and allows the efficient detoxification of both nerve agents and pesticides. Our approach of combining two active sites with distinct substrate specificities within one artificial dimeric biocatalyst-retaining the size and general properties of the original enzyme without utilizing protein mixtures or much larger fusion proteins-not only should facilitate biological drug development but also may be applicable to oligomeric enzymes with other catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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18
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Scott AM, Akhurst T, Lee FT, Ciprotti M, Davis ID, Weickhardt AJ, Gan HK, Hicks RJ, Lee ST, Kocovski P, Guo N, Oh M, Mileshkin L, Williams S, Murphy D, Pathmaraj K, O'Keefe GJ, Gong SJ, Pedersen JS, Scott FE, Wheatcroft MP, Hudson PJ. First clinical study of a pegylated diabody 124I-labeled PEG-AVP0458 in patients with tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 positive cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11404-11415. [PMID: 33052222 PMCID: PMC7545991 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Through protein engineering and a novel pegylation strategy, a diabody specific to tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) (PEG-AVP0458) has been created to optimize pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to tumor. We report the preclinical and clinical translation of PEG-AVP0458 to a first-in-human clinical trial of a diabody. Methods: Clinical translation followed characterization of PEG-AVP0458 drug product and preclinical biodistribution and imaging assessments of Iodine-124 trace labeled PEG-AVP0458 (124I-PEG-AVP0458). The primary study objective of the first-in-human study was the safety of a single protein dose of 1.0 or 10 mg/m2 124I-PEG-AVP0458 in patients with TAG-72 positive relapsed/ metastatic prostate or ovarian cancer. Secondary study objectives were evaluation of the biodistribution, tumor uptake, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity. Patients were infused with a single-dose of 124I labeled PEG-AVP0458 (3-5 mCi (111-185 MBq) for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, performed sequentially over a one-week period. Safety, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and immunogenicity were assessed up to 28 days after infusion. Results: PEG-AVP0458 was radiolabeled with 124I and shown to retain high TAG-72 affinity and excellent targeting of TAG-72 positive xenografts by biodistribution analysis and PET imaging. In the first-in-human trial, no adverse events or toxicity attributable to 124I-PEG-AVP0458 were observed. Imaging was evaluable in 5 patients, with rapid and highly specific targeting of tumor and minimal normal organ uptake, leading to high tumor:blood ratios. Serum concentration values of 124I-PEG-AVP0458 showed consistent values between patients, and there was no significant difference in T½α and T½β between dose levels with mean (± SD) results of T½α = 5.10 ± 4.58 hours, T½β = 46.19 ± 13.06 hours. Conclusions: These data demonstrates the safety and feasibility of using pegylated diabodies for selective tumor imaging and potential delivery of therapeutic payloads in cancer patients.
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19
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Biswas M, Yamazaki T, Chiba J, Akashi-Takamura S. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Influenza: Passive Immunotherapy and Intranasal Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030424. [PMID: 32751206 PMCID: PMC7565570 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. The high diversity of viral envelope proteins permits viruses to escape host immunity. Therefore, the development of a universal vaccine and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is essential for controlling various mutant viruses. Here, we review some potentially valuable bnAbs for influenza; one is a novel passive immunotherapy using a variable domain of heavy chain-only antibody (VHH), and the other is polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) induced by intranasal vaccination. Recently, it was reported that a tetravalent multidomain antibody (MDAb) was developed by genetic fusion of four VHHs, which are bnAbs against the influenza A or B viruses. The transfer of a gene encoding the MDAb–Fc fusion protein provided cross-protection against both influenza A and B viruses in vivo. An intranasal universal influenza vaccine, which can induce neutralizing pIgAs in the upper respiratory tract, is currently undergoing clinical studies. A recent study has revealed that tetrameric IgAs formed in nasal mucosa are more broadly protective against influenza than the monomeric and dimeric forms. These broadly neutralizing antibodies have high potential to control the currently circulating influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjoy Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.B.); (S.A.-T.)
| | - Tatsuya Yamazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.B.); (S.A.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-56-162-3311
| | - Joe Chiba
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Akashi-Takamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.B.); (S.A.-T.)
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20
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Kafil V, Saei AA, Tohidkia MR, Barar J, Omidi Y. Immunotargeting and therapy of cancer by advanced multivalence antibody scaffolds. J Drug Target 2020; 28:1018-1033. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1772796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vala Kafil
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Buchman A, Gamez S, Li M, Antoshechkin I, Li HH, Wang HW, Chen CH, Klein MJ, Duchemin JB, Crowe JE, Paradkar PN, Akbari OS. Broad dengue neutralization in mosquitoes expressing an engineered antibody. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008103. [PMID: 31945137 PMCID: PMC6964813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With dengue virus (DENV) becoming endemic in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, there is a pressing global demand for effective strategies to control the mosquitoes that spread this disease. Recent advances in genetic engineering technologies have made it possible to create mosquitoes with reduced vector competence, limiting their ability to acquire and transmit pathogens. Here we describe the development of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes synthetically engineered to impede vector competence to DENV. These mosquitoes express a gene encoding an engineered single-chain variable fragment derived from a broadly neutralizing DENV human monoclonal antibody and have significantly reduced viral infection, dissemination, and transmission rates for all four major antigenically distinct DENV serotypes. Importantly, this is the first engineered approach that targets all DENV serotypes, which is crucial for effective disease suppression. These results provide a compelling route for developing effective genetic-based DENV control strategies, which could be extended to curtail other arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buchman
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Gamez
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Li
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Hsing-Han Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Melissa J. Klein
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Prasad N. Paradkar
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Omar S. Akbari
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society-UCSD, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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22
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Manochehry S, McConnell EM, Li Y. Unraveling Determinants of Affinity Enhancement in Dimeric Aptamers for a Dimeric Protein. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17824. [PMID: 31780794 PMCID: PMC6883073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-affinity aptamers can be derived de novo by using stringent conditions in SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) experiments or can be engineered post SELEX via dimerization of selected aptamers. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we studied a series of heterodimeric and homodimeric aptamers, constructed from two DNA aptamers with distinct primary sequences and secondary structures, previously isolated for VEGF-165, a homodimeric protein. We investigated four factors envisaged to impact the affinity of a dimeric aptamer to a dimeric protein: (1) length of the linker between two aptamer domains, (2) linking orientation, (3) binding-site compatibility of two component aptamers in a heterodimeric aptamer, and (4) steric acceptability of the two identical aptamers in a homodimeric aptamer. All heterodimeric aptamers for VEGF-165 were found to exhibit monomeric aptamer-like affinity and the lack of affinity enhancement was attributed to binding-site overlap by the constituent aptamers. The best homodimeric aptamer showed 2.8-fold better affinity than its monomeric unit (Kd = 13.6 ± 2.7 nM compared to 37.9 ± 14 nM), however the barrier to further affinity enhancement was ascribed to steric interference of the constituent aptamers. Our findings point to the need to consider the issues of binding-site compatibility and spatial requirement of aptamers for the development of dimeric aptamers capable of bivalent recognition. Thus, determinants highlighted herein should be assessed in future multimerization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Manochehry
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Erin M McConnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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23
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Distinguishing Between Monomeric scFv and Diabody in Solution Using Light and Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040048. [PMID: 31548495 PMCID: PMC6963988 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the linker length between the VH and the VL domain, single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments form monomers, dimers (diabodies) or higher oligomers. We aimed at generating a diabody of the anti-MET antibody 3H3 to use it as crystallization chaperone to promote crystallization of the MET ectodomain through the introduction of a pre-formed twofold axis of symmetry. Size exclusion chromatography, however, suggested the protein to be monomeric. Hence, we used scattering techniques applied to solutions to further investigate its oligomerization state. The small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curve measured for our protein nicely fits to the scattering curve calculated from the known crystal structure of a diabody. In addition, concentration-dependent photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements revealed a hydrodynamic radius of 3.4 nm at infinite dilution and a negative interaction parameter kD, indicating attractive interactions that are beneficial for crystallization. Both SAXS and PCS measurements clearly suggest our antibody fragment to be a diabody in solution. Chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and cell motility assays confirmed this conclusion.
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24
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Matz H, Dooley H. Shark IgNAR-derived binding domains as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:100-107. [PMID: 30236879 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most successful drugs generated in recent years are based upon monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, for some therapeutic and diagnostic applications mAbs are far from ideal; for example, while their relatively large size and inherent receptor binding aids their longevity in vivo it can also limit their tissue penetration. Further, their structural complexity makes them expensive to produce and prone to denaturation in non-physiological environments. Thus, researchers have been searching for alternative antigen-binding molecules that can be utilized in situations where mAbs are suboptimal tools. One potential source currently being explored are the shark-derived binding domains known as VNARs. Despite their small size VNARs can bind antigens with high specificity and high affinity. Combined with their propensity to bind epitopes that are inaccessible to conventional mAbs, and their ability to resist denaturation, VNARs are an emerging prospect for use in therapeutic, diagnostic, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanover Matz
- Dept. Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Helen Dooley
- Dept. Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
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Ravasco JMJM, Faustino H, Trindade A, Gois PMP. Bioconjugation with Maleimides: A Useful Tool for Chemical Biology. Chemistry 2018; 25:43-59. [PMID: 30095185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maleimide chemistry stands out in the bioconjugation toolbox by virtue of its synthetic accessibility, excellent reactivity, and practicability. The second-generation of clinically approved antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) and much of the current ADC pipeline in clinical trials contain the maleimide linkage. However, thiosuccinimide linkages are now known to be less robust than once thought, and ergo, are correlated with suboptimal pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles in some ADC constructs. Rational design of novel generations of maleimides and maleimide-type reagents have been reported to address the shortcomings of classical maleimides, allowing for the formation of robust bioconjugate linkages. This review highlights the main strategies for rational reagent design that have allowed irreversible bioconjugations in cysteines, reversible labelling strategies and disulfide re-bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M J M Ravasco
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Research Institute for Medicines, (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hélio Faustino
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Research Institute for Medicines, (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Trindade
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Research Institute for Medicines, (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Research Institute for Medicines, (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
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Forte N, Livanos M, Miranda E, Morais M, Yang X, Rajkumar VS, Chester KA, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Tuning the Hydrolytic Stability of Next Generation Maleimide Cross-Linkers Enables Access to Albumin-Antibody Fragment Conjugates and tri-scFvs. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:486-492. [PMID: 29384367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe investigations to expand the scope of next generation maleimide cross-linkers for the construction of homogeneous protein-protein conjugates. Diiodomaleimides are shown to offer the ideal properties of rapid bioconjugation with reduced hydrolysis, allowing the cross-linking of even sterically hindered systems. The optimized linkers are exploited to link human serum albumin to antibody fragments (Fab or scFv) as a prospective half-life extension platform, with retention of antigen binding and robust serum stability. Finally, a triprotein conjugate is formed, by linking scFv antibody fragments targeting carcinoembryonic antigen. This tri-scFv is shown to infer a combination of greater antigen avidity and increased in vivo half-life, representing a promising platform for antibody therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafsika Forte
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Livanos
- Cancer Institute, University College London , 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Miranda
- Cancer Institute, University College London , 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Maurício Morais
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Vineeth S Rajkumar
- Cancer Institute, University College London , 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A Chester
- Cancer Institute, University College London , 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom.,Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
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Brinkmann U, Kontermann RE. The making of bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:182-212. [PMID: 28071970 PMCID: PMC5297537 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1268307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades we have seen a phenomenal evolution of bispecific antibodies for therapeutic applications. The 'zoo' of bispecific antibodies is populated by many different species, comprising around 100 different formats, including small molecules composed solely of the antigen-binding sites of two antibodies, molecules with an IgG structure, and large complex molecules composed of different antigen-binding moieties often combined with dimerization modules. The application of sophisticated molecular design and genetic engineering has solved many of the technical problems associated with the formation of bispecific antibodies such as stability, solubility and other parameters that confer drug properties. These parameters may be summarized under the term 'developability'. In addition, different 'target product profiles', i.e., desired features of the bispecific antibody to be generated, mandates the need for access to a diverse panel of formats. These may vary in size, arrangement, valencies, flexibility and geometry of their binding modules, as well as in their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. There is not 'one best format' for generating bispecific antibodies, and no single format is suitable for all, or even most of, the desired applications. Instead, the bispecific formats collectively serve as a valuable source of diversity that can be applied to the development of therapeutics for various indications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the different bispecific antibody formats is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Im Nonnenwald, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
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Richman SA, Nunez-Cruz S, Moghimi B, Li LZ, Gershenson ZT, Mourelatos Z, Barrett DM, Grupp SA, Milone MC. High-Affinity GD2-Specific CAR T Cells Induce Fatal Encephalitis in a Preclinical Neuroblastoma Model. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 6:36-46. [PMID: 29180536 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The GD2 ganglioside, which is abundant on the surface of neuroblastoma cells, is targeted by an FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody and is an attractive tumor-associated antigen for cellular immunotherapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells can have potent antitumor activity in B-cell malignancies, and trials to harness this cytolytic activity toward GD2 in neuroblastoma are under way. In an effort to enhance the antitumor activity of CAR T cells that target GD2, we generated variant CAR constructs predicted to improve the stability and the affinity of the GD2-binding, 14G2a-based, single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the CAR and compared their properties in vivo We included the E101K mutation of GD2 scFv (GD2-E101K) that has enhanced antitumor activity against a GD2+ human neuroblastoma xenograft in vivo However, this enhanced antitumor efficacy in vivo was concomitantly associated with lethal central nervous system (CNS) toxicity comprised of extensive CAR T-cell infiltration and proliferation within the brain and neuronal destruction. The encephalitis was localized to the cerebellum and basal regions of the brain that display low amounts of GD2. Our results highlight the challenges associated with target antigens that exhibit shared expression on critical normal tissues. Despite the success of GD2-specific antibody therapies in the treatment of neuroblastoma, the fatal neurotoxicity of GD2-specific CAR T-cell therapy observed in our studies suggests that GD2 may be a difficult target antigen for CAR T-cell therapy without additional strategies that can control CAR T-cell function within the CNS. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(1); 36-46. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Richman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Babak Moghimi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucy Z Li
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary T Gershenson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zissimos Mourelatos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Barrett
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Milone
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Koch J, Tesar M. Recombinant Antibodies to Arm Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunotherapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2017; 44:337-350. [PMID: 29070979 PMCID: PMC5649249 DOI: 10.1159/000479981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has the potential to support and expand the body's own armamentarium of immune effector functions, which have been circumvented during malignant transformation and establishment of cancer and is presently considered to be the most promising treatment option for cancer patients. Recombinant antibody technologies have led to a multitude of novel antibody formats, which are in clinical development and hold great promise for future therapies. Among these formats, bispecific antibodies are extremely versatile due to their high efficacy to recruit and activate anti-tumoral immune effector cells, their excellent safety profile, and the opportunity for use in combination with cellular therapies. This review article summarizes the latest developments in cancer immunotherapy using immuno-engagers for recruiting T cells and NK cells to the tumor site. In addition to antibody formats, malignant cell targets, and immune cell targets, opportunities for combination therapies, including check point inhibitors, cytokines and adoptive transfer of immune cells, will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Koch
- Affimed GmbH, Technologiepark, Heidelberg, Germany
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Dapkunas Z, Baranauskas A, Mickiene G, Pleckaityte M, Zvirblis G. Generation of dimeric single-chain antibodies neutralizing the cytolytic activity of vaginolysin. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Weber J, Peng H, Rader C. From rabbit antibody repertoires to rabbit monoclonal antibodies. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e305. [PMID: 28336958 PMCID: PMC5382564 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explain why and how rabbit monoclonal antibodies have become outstanding reagents for laboratory research and increasingly for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Starting with the unique ontogeny of rabbit B cells that affords highly distinctive antibody repertoires rich in in vivo pruned binders of high diversity, affinity and specificity, we describe the generation of rabbit monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology, phage display and alternative methods, along with an account of successful humanization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Abstract
The in vitro antibody discovery technologies revolutionized the generation of target-specific antibodies that traditionally relied on the humoral response of immunized animals. An antibody library, a large collection of diverse, pre-constructed antibodies, can be rapidly screened using in vitro display technologies such as phage display. One of the keys to successful in vitro antibody discovery is the quality of the library diversity. Antibody diversity can be obtained either from natural B-cell sources or by the synthetic methods that combinatorially generate random nucleotide sequences. While the functionality of a natural antibody library depends largely upon the library size, various other factors can affect the quality of a synthetic antibody library, making the design and construction of synthetic antibody libraries complicated and challenging. In this review, we present various library designs and diversification methods for synthetic antibody library. From simple degenerate oligonucleotide synthesis to trinucleotide synthesis to physicochemically optimized library design, the synthetic approach is evolving beyond the simple emulation of natural antibodies, into a highly sophisticated method that is capable of producing high quality antibodies suitable for therapeutic, diagnostic, and other demanding applications. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(9): 489-494]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbo Shim
- Departments of Bioinspired Science and Life Science, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Asano R, Koyama N, Hagiwara Y, Masakari Y, Orimo R, Arai K, Ogata H, Furumoto S, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Anti-EGFR scFv tetramer (tetrabody) with a stable monodisperse structure, strong anticancer effect, and a long in vivo half-life. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:594-602. [PMID: 27419062 PMCID: PMC4887975 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) as therapeutic agents has the potential to reduce the high cost of antibody production, but the development process often impairs scFv functions such as binding affinity and pharmacokinetics. Multimerization is one strategy for recovering or enhancing these lost functions. Previously, we constructed several antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) scFv multimers by modifying linker length and domain order. Antitumor effects comparable with those of the currently approved anti-EGFR therapeutic antibodies were observed for scFv trimers. In the present study, we fractionated an anti-EGFR scFv tetramer from the intracellular soluble fraction of an Escherichia coli transformant. Compared with the trimer, the tetramer showed higher affinity, greater cancer cell growth inhibition, and prolonged blood retention time. Furthermore, the tetramer did not dissociate into the trimer or other smaller species during long-term storage (up to 33 weeks). Thus, our developed scFv tetramer is an attractive candidate next-generation anti-EGFR therapeutic antibody that can be produced via a low-cost bacterial expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan; Present address: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Noriaki Koyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuyo Hagiwara
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Yosuke Masakari
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Ryota Orimo
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Kyoko Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
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Vauquelin G, Van Liefde I, Swinney DC. On the different experimental manifestations of two-state 'induced-fit' binding of drugs to their cellular targets. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1268-85. [PMID: 26808227 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
'Induced-fit' binding of drugs to a target may lead to high affinity, selectivity and a long residence time, and this mechanism has been proposed to apply to many drugs with high clinical efficacy. It is a multistep process that initially involves the binding of a drug to its target to form a loose RL complex and a subsequent isomerization/conformational change to yield a tighter binding R'L state. Equations with the same mathematical form may also describe the binding of bivalent antibodies and related synthetic drugs. Based on a selected range of 'microscopic' rate constants and variables such as the ligand concentration and incubation time, we have simulated the experimental manifestations that may go along with induced-fit binding. Overall, they validate different experimental procedures that have been used over the years to identify such binding mechanisms. However, they also reveal that each of these manifestations only becomes perceptible at particular combinations of rate constants. The simulations also show that the durable nature of R'L and the propensity of R'L to be formed repeatedly before the ligand dissociates will increase the residence time. This review may help pharmacologists and medicinal chemists obtain preliminary indications for identifying an induced-fit mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Van Liefde
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David C Swinney
- Institute for Rare and Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Mountain View, CA, USA
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Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Davani D, Golkar M, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Abolhassani M, Shokrgozar MA. Soluble Expression and Characterization of a New scFv Directed to Human CD123. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 178:1390-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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White JB, Boucher DL, Zettlitz KA, Wu AM, Sutcliffe JL. Development and characterization of an αvβ6-specific diabody and a disulfide-stabilized αvβ6-specific cys-diabody. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:945-57. [PMID: 26341848 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This work describes the development and characterization of two antibody fragments that specifically target the α(v)β(6) integrin, a non-covalent diabody and a disulfide-stabilized cys-diabody. The diabodies were analyzed for their ability to bind both immobilized and cell surface-bound α(v)β(6). Radiolabeling was done using non-site-specific and site-specific conjugation approaches with N-succinimidyl 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoate ([(18)F]-SFB) and the bifunctional chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid maleimide (NOTA-maleimide) and copper-64 ([(64)Cu]), respectively. The affects of each radiolabeling method on RCY, RCP, and immunoreactivity were analyzed for the [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) diabody, [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody, and the [(64)Cu]-NOTA-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody. METHODS Diabodies were constructed from the variable domains of the humanized 6.3G9 anti-α(v)β(6) intact antibody. The anti-α(v(β(6) cys-diabody was engineered with C-terminal cysteines to enable covalent dimerization and site-specific modification. Biochemical characterization included SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and electrospray ionization to confirm MW, and flow cytometry and ELISA experiments were used to determine binding affinity and specificity to α(v)β(6). The diabodies were radiolabeled with [(18)F]-SFB and in addition, the anti-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody was also radiolabeled site-specifically using NOTA-maleimide and [(64)Cu]. Immunoreactivities were confirmed using in vitro cell binding to DX3Puroβ(6) (α(v)β(6)+) and DX3Puro (α(v)β(6)-)cell lines. RESULTS The diabodies were purified from cell culture supernatants with purities >98%. Subnanomolar binding affinity towards αvβ6 was confirmed by ELISA (diabody IC(50)=0.8 nM, cys-diabody IC(50)=0.6 nM) and flow cytometry revealed high specificity only to the DX3Puroβ(6) cell line for both diabodies. RCYs were 22.6%±3.6% for the [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) diabody, 8.3%±1.7% for the [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody and 43.5%±5.5% for the [(64)Cu]-NOTA-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody. In vitro cell binding assays revealed excellent specificity and retention of immunoreactivity ([(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) diabody=58.7%±6.7%, [(18)F]-FB-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody=80.4%±4.4%, [(64)Cu]-NOTA-α(v)β(6) cys-diabody=59.4%±0.6%) regardless of the radiolabeling method used. CONCLUSIONS Two novel diabodies with excellent binding affinity and specificity for the α(v)β(6) integrin in vitro were developed. Radiolabeling of the diabodies with fluorine-18 ([(18)F]) and [(64)Cu] revealed advantages and disadvantages with regards to methodologies and RCYs, however immunoreactivities were well preserved regardless of radiolabeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - David L Boucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Julie L Sutcliffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA; Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; Radiochemistry Research and Training Facility, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.
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Venkataramana M, Rashmi R, Uppalapati SR, Chandranayaka S, Balakrishna K, Radhika M, Gupta VK, Batra HV. Development of sandwich dot-ELISA for specific detection of Ochratoxin A and its application on to contaminated cereal grains originating from India. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:511. [PMID: 26074899 PMCID: PMC4443250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, generation and characterization of a highly specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Ochratoxin A (OTA) was undertaken. The generated mAb was further used to develop a simple, fast, and sensitive sandwich dot-ELISA (s-dot ELISA) method for detection of OTA from contaminated food grain samples. The limit of detection (LOD) of the developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was determined as 5.0 ng/mL of OTA. Developed method was more specific toward OTA and no cross reactivity was observed with the other tested mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, or aflatoxin B1. To assess the utility and reliability of the developed method, several field samples of maize, wheat and rice (n = 195) collected from different geographical regions of southern Karnataka region of India were evaluated for the OTA occurrence. Seventy two out of 195 samples (19 maize, 38 wheat, and 15 rice) were found to be contaminated by OTA by s-dot ELISA. The assay results were further co-evaluated with conventional analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results of the s-dot ELISA are in concordance with HPLC except for three samples that were negative for OTA presence by s-dot ELISA but found positive by HPLC. Although positive by HPLC, the amount of OTA in the three samples was found to be lesser than the accepted levels (>5 μg/kg) of OTA presence in cereals. Therefore, in conclusion, the developed s-dot ELISA is a better alternative for routine cereal based food and feed analysis in diagnostic labs to check the presence of OTA over existing conventional culture based, tedious analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Venkataramana
- Division of Toxicology and Immunology, DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, CoimbatoreIndia
| | - R. Rashmi
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, MysoreIndia
| | | | - S. Chandranayaka
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of MysoreMysore, India
| | - K. Balakrishna
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, MysoreIndia
| | - M. Radhika
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, MysoreIndia
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - H. V. Batra
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, MysoreIndia
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Li K, Zettlitz KA, Lipianskaya J, Zhou Y, Marks JD, Mallick P, Reiter RE, Wu AM. A fully human scFv phage display library for rapid antibody fragment reformatting. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:307-16. [PMID: 25991864 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display libraries of human single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are a reliable source of fully human antibodies for scientific and clinical applications. Frequently, scFvs form the basis of larger, bivalent formats to increase valency and avidity. A small and versatile bivalent antibody fragment is the diabody, a cross-paired scFv dimer (∼55 kDa). However, generation of diabodies from selected scFvs requires decreasing the length of the interdomain scFv linker, typically by overlap PCR. To simplify this process, we designed two scFv linkers with integrated restriction sites for easy linker length reduction (17-residue to 7-residue or 18-residue to 5-residue, respectively) and generated two fully human scFv phage display libraries. The larger library (9 × 10(9) functional members) was employed for selection against a model antigen, human N-cadherin, yielding novel scFv clones with low nanomolar monovalent affinities. ScFv clones from both libraries were reformatted into diabodies by restriction enzyme digestion and re-ligation. Size-exclusion chromatography analysis confirmed the proper dimerization of most of the diabodies. In conclusion, these specially designed scFv phage display libraries allow us to rapidly reformat the selected scFvs into diabodies, which can greatly accelerate early stage antibody development when bivalent fragments are needed for candidate screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Li
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julia Lipianskaya
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, Rm 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, Rm 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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39
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Vauquelin G, Hall D, Charlton SJ. 'Partial' competition of heterobivalent ligand binding may be mistaken for allosteric interactions: a comparison of different target interaction models. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2300-15. [PMID: 25537684 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Non-competitive drugs that confer allosteric modulation of orthosteric ligand binding are of increasing interest as therapeutic agents. Sought-after advantages include a ceiling level to drug effect and greater receptor-subtype selectivity. It is thus important to determine the mode of interaction of newly identified receptor ligands early in the drug discovery process and binding studies with labelled orthosteric ligands constitute a traditional approach for this. According to the general allosteric ternary complex model, allosteric ligands that exhibit negative cooperativity may generate distinctive 'competition' curves: they will not reach baseline levels and their nadir will increase in par with the orthosteric ligand concentration. This behaviour is often considered a key hallmark of allosteric interactions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The present study is based on differential equation-based simulations. KEY RESULTS The differential equation-based simulations revealed that the same 'competition binding' pattern was also obtained when a monovalent ligand binds to one of the target sites of a heterobivalent ligand, even if this process is exempt of allosteric interactions. This pattern was not strictly reciprocal when the binding of each of the ligands was recorded. The prominence of this phenomenon may vary from one heterobivalent ligand to another and we suggest that this phenomenon may take place with ligands that have been proposed to bind according to 'two-domain' and 'charnière' models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The present findings indicate a familiar experimental situation where bivalency may give rise to observations that could inadvertently be interpreted as allosteric binding. Yet, both mechanisms could be differentiated based on alternative experiments and structural considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Alkaline cation-exchange chromatography for the reduction of aggregate and a mis-formed disulfide variant in a bispecific antibody purification process. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 975:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Antibody drugs have become an increasingly significant component of the therapeutic landscape. Their success has been driven by some of their unique properties, in particular their very high specificity and selectivity, in contrast to the off-target liabilities of small molecules (SMs). Antibodies can bring additional functionality to the table with their ability to interact with the immune system, and this can be further manipulated with advances in antibody engineering. This review summarizes what antibody therapeutics have achieved to date and what opportunities and challenges lie ahead. The target landscape for large molecules (LMs) versus SMs and some of the challenges for antibody drug development are discussed. Effective penetration of membrane barriers and intracellular targeting is one challenge, particularly across the highly resistant blood-brain barrier. The expanding pipeline of antibody-drug conjugates offers the potential to combine SM and LM modalities in a variety of creative ways, and antibodies also offer exciting potential to build bi- and multispecific molecules. The ability to pursue more challenging targets can also be further exploited but highlights the need for earlier screening in functional cell-based assays. I discuss how this might be addressed given the practical constraints imposed by high-throughput screening sample type and process differences in antibody primary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Smith
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
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42
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Lak P, Makeneni S, Woods RJ, Lowary TL. Specificity of furanoside-protein recognition through antibody engineering and molecular modeling. Chemistry 2014; 21:1138-48. [PMID: 25413161 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of furanosides (five-membered ring sugars) by proteins plays important roles in host-pathogen interactions. In comparison to their six-membered ring counterparts (pyranosides), detailed studies of the molecular motifs involved in the recognition of furanosides by proteins are scarce. Here the first in-depth molecular characterization of a furanoside-protein interaction system, between an antibody (CS-35) and cell wall polysaccharides of mycobacteria, including the organism responsible for tuberculosis is reported. The approach was centered on the generation of the single chain variable fragment of CS-35 and a rational library of its mutants. Investigating the interaction from various aspects revealed the structural motifs that govern the interaction, as well as the relative contribution of molecular forces involved in the recognition. The specificity of the recognition was shown to originate mainly from multiple CH-π interactions and, to a lesser degree, hydrogen bonds formed in critical distances and geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Lak
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2 (Canada)
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Hosseini H, Rajabibazl M, Ebrahimizadeh W, Dehbidi GR. Inhibiting angiogenesis with human single-chain variable fragment antibody targeting VEGF. Microvasc Res 2014; 97:13-8. [PMID: 25250517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a highly specific angiogenesis factor which has crucial roles in the angiogenesis of tumors. Anti-angiogenesis agents can inhibit growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Single-chain variable fragments (scFv) have the same affinity as whole antibodies and smaller size, thus result in more tissue permeability and higher production yield. In this research we aim to isolate a human scFv antibody against VEGF that inhibits angiogenesis. For that, we have used human scFv phage library to isolate a specific scFv antibody against binding site of VEGF. The human scFv phage library was amplified according to the manufacture protocol and panned against recombinant VEGF. ScFv antibody was isolated after five rounds of panning. Phage ELISA was used for detection of the highest affinity binder (HR6). Soluble HR6 scFv was expressed in non-suppressor strain of Escherichia coli HB2151 and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography. In vivo and in vitro function of the HR6 scFv was analyzed by chorioallantoic membrane assay and endothelial cell proliferation assay on VEGF stimulated HUVECs. Result of the cross reactivity showed that HR6 scFv specifically bounds to VEGF. The affinity was calculated to be 1.8×10(-7)M. HR6 could stop HUVEC proliferation in a dose dependent manner and anti-angiogenesis activity was observed using 10μg of HR6 in chorioallantoic membrane assay. In this work, we demonstrate that a HR6 scFv selected from human library phage display specifically blocks VEGF signaling, furthermore, this scFv has an anti-angiogenesis effect and because of its small size has more tissue diffusion. The HR6 antibody was isolated form a human library thus, it is not immunogenic for humans and could serve as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossien Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Walead Ebrahimizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rafiei Dehbidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Luo H, Hong H, Yang SP, Cai W. Design and applications of bispecific heterodimers: molecular imaging and beyond. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1750-61. [PMID: 24738564 PMCID: PMC4051252 DOI: 10.1021/mp500115x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-based molecular imaging probes have been designed with high affinity and specificity for monitoring biological process and responses. Single-target recognition by traditional probes can limit their applicability for disease detection and therapy because synergistic action between disease mediators and different receptors is often involved in disease progression. Consequently, probes that can recognize multiple targets should demonstrate higher targeting efficacy and specificity than their monospecific peers. This concept has been validated by multiple bispecific heterodimer-based imaging probes that have demonstrated promising results in several animal models. This review summarizes the design strategies for bispecific peptide- and antibody-based heterodimers and their applications in molecular targeting and imaging. The design and application of bispecific heterodimer-conjugated nanomaterials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Luo
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
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Peterson EC, Celikel R, Gokulan K, Varughese KI. Structural characterization of a therapeutic anti-methamphetamine antibody fragment: oligomerization and binding of active metabolites. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82690. [PMID: 24349338 PMCID: PMC3857803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for treatment of (+)-methamphetamine (METH) abuse are in late stage preclinical and early clinical trial phases, respectively. These immunotherapies work as pharmacokinetic antagonists, sequestering METH and its metabolites away from sites of action in the brain and reduce the rewarding and toxic effects of the drug. A key aspect of these immunotherapy strategies is the understanding of the subtle molecular interactions important for generating antibodies with high affinity and specificity for METH. We previously determined crystal structures of a high affinity anti-METH therapeutic single chain antibody fragment (scFv6H4, KD = 10 nM) in complex with METH and the (+) stereoisomer of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”). Here we report the crystal structure of scFv6H4 in homo-trimeric unbound (apo) form (2.60Å), as well as monomeric forms in complex with two active metabolites; (+)-amphetamine (AMP, 2.38Å) and (+)-4-hydroxy methamphetamine (p-OH-METH, 2.33Å). The apo structure forms a trimer in the crystal lattice and it results in the formation of an intermolecular composite beta-sheet with a three-fold symmetry. We were also able to structurally characterize the coordination of the His-tags with Ni2+. Two of the histidine residues of each C-terminal His-tag interact with Ni2+ in an octahedral geometry. In the apo state the CDR loops of scFv6H4 form an open conformation of the binding pocket. Upon ligand binding, the CDR loops adopt a closed formation, encasing the drug almost completely. The structural information reported here elucidates key molecular interactions important in anti-methamphetamine abuse immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Reha Celikel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kottayil I Varughese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
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Ayat H, Burrone OR, Sadghizadeh M, Jahanzad E, Rastgou N, Moghadasi S, Arbabi M. Isolation of scFv antibody fragments against HER2 and CEA tumor antigens from combinatorial antibody libraries derived from cancer patients. Biologicals 2013; 41:345-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Single-chain fragment variable passive immunotherapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19109-27. [PMID: 24048248 PMCID: PMC3794823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140919109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases including prion diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD). In the past decade, single-chain fragment variable (scFv) -based immunotherapies have been developed to target abnormal proteins or various forms of protein aggregates including Aβ, SNCA, Htt, and PrP proteins. The scFvs are produced by fusing the variable regions of the antibody heavy and light chains, creating a much smaller protein with unaltered specificity. Because of its small size and relative ease of production, scFvs are promising diagnostic and therapeutic reagents for protein misfolded diseases. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of scFvs in preventing amyloid protein aggregation in preclinical models. Herein, we discuss recent developments of these immunotherapeutics. We review efforts of our group and others using scFv in neurodegenerative disease models. We illustrate the advantages of scFvs, including engineering to enhance misfolded conformer specificity and subcellular targeting to optimize therapeutic action.
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48
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Asano R, Hagiwara Y, Koyama N, Masakari Y, Orimo R, Arai K, Ogata H, Furumoto S, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Multimerization of anti-(epidermal growth factor receptor) IgG fragments induces an antitumor effect: the case for humanized 528 scFv multimers. FEBS J 2013; 280:4816-26. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuyo Hagiwara
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Noriaki Koyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yosuke Masakari
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Ryota Orimo
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Kyoko Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Department of Pharmacology; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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50
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Vauquelin G. Simplified models for heterobivalent ligand binding: when are they applicable and which are the factors that affect their target residence time. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:949-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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