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Nur A, Lai JY, Ch'ng ACW, Choong YS, Wan Isa WYH, Lim TS. A review of in vitro stochastic and non-stochastic affinity maturation strategies for phage display derived monoclonal antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134217. [PMID: 39069045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies identified using display technologies like phage display occasionally suffers from a lack of affinity making it unsuitable for application. This drawback is circumvented with the application of affinity maturation. Affinity maturation is an essential step in the natural evolution of antibodies in the immune system. The evolution of molecular based methods has seen the development of various mutagenesis approaches. This allows for the natural evolutionary process during somatic hypermutation to be replicated in the laboratories for affinity maturation to fine-tune the affinity and selectivity of antibodies. In this review, we will discuss affinity maturation strategies for mAbs generated through phage display systems. The review will highlight various in vitro stochastic and non-stochastic affinity maturation approaches that includes but are not limited to random mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, and gene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Nur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Angela Chiew Wen Ch'ng
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yus Haniff Wan Isa
- School of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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Abou-Elkacem L, Wang H, Chowdhury SM, Kimura RH, Bachawal SV, Gambhir SS, Tian L, Willmann JK. Thy1-Targeted Microbubbles for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1574-1585. [PMID: 29301827 PMCID: PMC5884723 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To engineer a dual human and murine Thy1-binding single-chain-antibody ligand (Thy1-scFv) for contrast microbubble-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Experimental Design: Thy1-scFv were engineered using yeast-surface-display techniques. Binding to soluble human and murine Thy1 and to Thy1-expressing cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Thy1-scFv was then attached to gas-filled microbubbles to create MBThy1-scFv Thy1 binding of MBThy1-scFv to Thy1-expressing cells was evaluated under flow shear stress conditions in flow-chamber experiments. MBscFv-scrambled and MBNon-targeted were used as negative controls. All microbubble types were tested in both orthotopic human PDAC xenografts and transgenic PDAC mice in vivoResults: Thy1-scFv had a KD of 3.4 ± 0.36 nmol/L for human and 9.2 ± 1.7 nmol/L for murine Thy1 and showed binding to both soluble and cellularly expressed Thy1. MBThy1-scFv was attached to Thy1 with high affinity compared with negative control microbubbles (P < 0.01) as assessed by flow cytometry. Similarly, flow-chamber studies showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher binding of MBThy1-scFv (3.0 ± 0.81 MB/cell) to Thy1-expressing cells than MBscFv-scrambled (0.57 ± 0.53) and MBNon-targeted (0.43 ± 0.53). In vivo ultrasound molecular imaging using MBThy1-scFv demonstrated significantly higher signal (P < 0.01) in both orthotopic (5.32 ± 1.59 a.u.) and transgenic PDAC (5.68 ± 2.5 a.u.) mice compared with chronic pancreatitis (0.84 ± 0.6 a.u.) and normal pancreas (0.67 ± 0.71 a.u.). Ex vivo immunofluorescence confirmed significantly (P < 0.01) increased Thy1 expression in PDAC compared with chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreas tissue.Conclusions: A dual human and murine Thy1-binding scFv was designed to generate contrast microbubbles to allow PDAC detection with ultrasound. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1574-85. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Abou-Elkacem
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California.
| | - Huaijun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sayan M Chowdhury
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Richard H Kimura
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sunitha V Bachawal
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health, Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jürgen K Willmann
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
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Dong S, Bo Z, Zhang C, Feng J, Liu X. Screening for single-chain variable fragment antibodies against multiple Cry1 toxins from an immunized mouse phage display antibody library. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3363-3374. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liang MH, Zhou SS, Jiang JG. Construction, expression and characterization of a fusion protein HBscFv-IFNγ in Komagatella (Pichia) pastoris X33. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 102:74-81. [PMID: 28465064 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HBscFv-IFNγ, a fusion protein constructed by fusing γ-interferon (IFNγ) with an antibody fragment HBscFv for the purpose of targeted delivery of the cytokine IFNγ, was designed in order to enhance its therapeutic efficacy through increasing its hepatoma localization. HBscFv and IFNγ were connected into HBscFv-IFNγ by the linker (Gly4Ser)3, and then the multicopy recombinant plasmids pPICZαA/(HBscFv-IFNγ)1,2,4 were constructed and transformed into Komagatella (Pichia) pastoris X33. The engineering strain X4, which had much higher copy number and could secretively express HBscFv-IFNγ, was screened from transformed X33 by qPCR. Results from SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and ELISA indicated that HBscFv-IFNγ displayed an excellent immunoreaction against HBsAg. The culture supernatant of X4 was purified by 14F7 affinity chromatography to obtain the fusion protein HBscFv-IFNγ in a purity of 95-98%. The HBscFv-IFNγ was able to bind 27.9% HBsAg in the serum of HBV transgenic mice, showing that the antibody of HBscFv-IFNγ has high binding affinity against HBsAg. The expressing of the recombinant HBscFv-IFNγ in P. pastoris provides a promising and inexpensive diagnostic reagent for preventing HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Biological Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shi-Shui Zhou
- School of Biological Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Yang N, Yao N, Liao X, Xie X, Wu Y, Fan C, Zhao J, Li G. Effects of metal ions on the structure and activity of a human anti-cyclin D1 single-chain variable fragment AD5. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627625 PMCID: PMC5561975 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 has become a potential target for anti-tumor therapy. Recently, a novel human anti-cyclin D1 single-chain variable fragment (AD5) was identified, which demonstrated specific binding activity to cyclin D1 and exhibited anti-tumor effects. However, the detailed characteristics of AD5 remain unclear. In the present study, the structure and activity of AD5 in the presence of copper II (Cu2+) or iron III (Fe3+) metal ions was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cu2+ and Fe3+ were able to bind to AD5 and quench the fluorescence intensity of AD5 primarily by static quenching, which slightly altered the conformation of AD5 at temperatures of 293, 298 and 303 K; however, these temperatures demonstrated different effects on the activity of AD5. These results may be of value for the clinical application of anti-cyclin D1 single chain antibodies in the future.
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Huang J, Li Y, Orza A, Lu Q, Guo P, Wang L, Yang L, Mao H. Magnetic Nanoparticle Facilitated Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy with Targeted and Image-Guided Approaches. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:3818-3836. [PMID: 27790080 PMCID: PMC5077153 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in nanomedicine, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as a promising theranostic tool in biomedical applications, including diagnostic imaging, drug delivery and novel therapeutics. Significant preclinical and clinical research has explored their functionalization, targeted delivery, controllable drug release and image-guided capabilities. To further develop MNPs for theranostic applications and clinical translation in the future, we attempt to provide an overview of the recent advances in the development and application of MNPs for drug delivery, specifically focusing on the topics concerning the importance of biomarker targeting for personalized therapy and the unique magnetic and contrast-enhancing properties of theranostic MNPs that enable image-guided delivery. The common strategies and considerations to produce theranostic MNPs and incorporate payload drugs into MNP carriers are described. The notable examples are presented to demonstrate the advantages of MNPs in specific targeting and delivering under image guidance. Furthermore, current understanding of delivery mechanisms and challenges to achieve efficient therapeutic efficacy or diagnostic capability using MNP-based nanomedicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anamaria Orza
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA. Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abbas Y, Azzazy HME, Tammam S, Lamprecht A, Ali ME, Schmidt A, Sollazzo S, Mathur S. Development of an inhalable, stimuli-responsive particulate system for delivery to deep lung tissue. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:19-30. [PMID: 27244047 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer, the deadliest solid tumor among all types of cancer, remains difficult to treat. This is a result of unavoidable exposure to carcinogens, poor diagnosis, the lack of targeted drug delivery platforms and limitations associated with delivery of drug to deep lung tissues. Development of a non-invasive, patient-convenient formula for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to cancer in deep lung tissue is the aim of this study. The formulation consisted of inhalable polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/maltodextrin (MD)-based microparticles (MPs) encapsulating chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with either drug only or drug and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Drug release from CS NPs was enhanced with the aid of MNPs by a factor of 1.7 in response to external magnetic field. Preferential toxicity by CS NPs was shown towards tumor cells (A549) in comparison to cultured fibroblasts (L929). The prepared spray freeze dried (SFD) powders for CS NPs and CS MNPs were of the same size at ∼6μm. They had a fine particle fraction (FPF≤5.2μm) of 40-42% w/w and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 5-6μm as determined by the Next Generation Impactor (NGI). SFD-MPs of CS MNPs possess higher MMAD due to the high density associated with encapsulated MNPs. The developed formulation demonstrates several capabilities including tissue targeting, controlled drug release, and the possible imaging and diagnostic values (due to its MNPs content) and therefore represents an improved therapeutic platform for drug delivery to cancer in deep lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Salma Tammam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Mohamed Ehab Ali
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silvio Sollazzo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Máthé D, Szigeti K, Hegedűs N, Horváth I, Veres DS, Kovács B, Szűcs Z. Production and in vivo imaging of (203)Pb as a surrogate isotope for in vivo (212)Pb internal absorbed dose studies. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 114:1-6. [PMID: 27156049 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
(212)Pb is a clinically relevant therapeutic alpha emitter isotope. A surrogate, (203)Pb, if prepared with sufficiently high specific activity could be used to estimate (212)Pb in vivo absorbed doses. An improved production procedure of (203)Pb with a simple, new separation method and high specific radioactivity for imaging is reported. We determined the in-vivo biodistribution of (203)Pb in mice by SPECT/CT. This highlights application possibilities of (203)Pb for further in vivo and clinical uses (radiolabeled (212)Pb-peptide co-injection, dosimetry calculation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Domokos Máthé
- CROmed Research Centers Ltd., Baross utca 91-95, H-1047 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Dept. of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nikolett Hegedűs
- Dept. of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Dept. of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dániel S Veres
- Dept. of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Kovács
- Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Szűcs
- Dept. of Cyclotron Application, MTA Atomki, Bem tér 18/c, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Jauset Rubio M, Svobodová M, Mairal T, Schubert T, Künne S, Mayer G, O'Sullivan CK. β-Conglutin dual aptamers binding distinct aptatopes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:875-84. [PMID: 26586159 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An aptamer was previously selected against the anaphylactic allergen β-conglutin (β-CBA I), which was subsequently truncated to an 11-mer and the affinity improved by two orders of magnitude. The work reported here details the selection and characterisation of a second aptamer (β-CBA II) selected against a second aptatope on the β-conglutin target. The affinity of this second aptamer was similar to that of the 11-mer, and its affinity was confirmed by three different techniques at three independent laboratories. This β-CBA II aptamer in combination with the previously selected β-CBA I was then exploited to a dual-aptamer approach. The specific and simultaneous binding of the dual aptamer (β-CBA I and β-CBA II) to different sites of β-conglutin was confirmed using both microscale thermophoresis and surface plasmon resonance where β-CBA II serves as the primary capturing aptamer and β-CBA I or the truncated β-CBA I (11-mer) as the secondary signalling aptamer, which can be further exploited in enzyme-linked aptamer assays and aptasensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Jauset Rubio
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Markéta Svobodová
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mairal
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Thomas Schubert
- 2bind GmbH, Josef Engert Strasse 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Künne
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avancats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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Molecular mechanism for the action of the anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody MEM-85. J Struct Biol 2015; 191:214-23. [PMID: 26066970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hyaluronate receptor CD44 plays role in cell adhesion and migration and is involved in tumor metastasis. The extracellular domain of CD44 comprises the hyaluronate-binding domain (HABD) and the membrane-proximal stem region; the short intracellular portion interacts with adaptor proteins and triggers signaling pathways. Binding of hyaluronate to CD44 HABD induces an allosteric conformational change, which results in CD44 shedding. A poorly characterized epitope in human CD44 HABD is recognized by the murine monoclonal antibody MEM-85, which cross-blocks hyaluronate binding to CD44 and also induces CD44 shedding. MEM-85 is of therapeutic interest, as it inhibits growth of lung cancer cells in murine models. In this work, we employed a combination of biophysical methods to determine the MEM-85 binding epitope in CD44 HABD and to provide detailed insight into the mechanism of MEM-85 action. In particular, we constructed a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of MEM-85 as a tool for detailed characterization of the CD44 HABD-antibody complex and identified residues within CD44 HABD involved in the interaction with scFv MEM-85 by NMR spectroscopy and mutational analysis. In addition, we built a rigid body model of the CD44 HABD-scFv MEM-85 complex using a low-resolution structure obtained by small-angle X-ray scattering. The MEM-85 epitope is situated in the C-terminal part of CD44 HABD, rather than the hyaluronate-binding groove, and the binding of MEM-85 induces a structural reorganization similar to that induced by hyaluronate. Therefore, the mechanism of MEM-85 cross-blocking of hyaluronate binding is likely of an allosteric, relay-like nature.
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Leelawattanachai J, Kwon KW, Michael P, Ting R, Kim JY, Jin MM. Side-by-Side Comparison of Commonly Used Biomolecules That Differ in Size and Affinity on Tumor Uptake and Internalization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124440. [PMID: 25901755 PMCID: PMC4406587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to use a systemically injected agent to image tumor is influenced by tumor characteristics such as permeability and vascularity, and the size, shape, and affinity of the imaging agent. In this study, six different imaging biomolecules, with or without specificity to tumor, were examined for tumor uptake and internalization at the whole body, ex-vivo tissue, and cellular levels: antibodies, antibody fragments (Fab), serum albumin, and streptavidin. The time of peak tumor uptake was dependent solely on the size of molecules, suggesting that molecular size is the major factor that influences tumor uptake by its effect on systemic clearance and diffusion into tumor. Affinity to tumor antigen failed to augment tumor uptake of Fab above non-specific accumulation, which suggests that Fab fragments of typical monoclonal antibodies may fall below an affinity threshold for use as molecular imaging agents. Despite abundant localization into the tumor, albumin and streptavidin were not found on cell surface or inside cells. By comparing biomolecules differing in size and affinity, our study highlights that while pharmacokinetics are a dominant factor in tumor uptake for biomolecules, affinity to tumor antigen is required for tumor binding and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeerapond Leelawattanachai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Keon-Woo Kwon
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Praveesuda Michael
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - Richard Ting
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, South Korea
| | - Moonsoo M. Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 100–715, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Johnson JL, Entzminger KC, Hyun J, Kalyoncu S, Heaner DP, Morales IA, Sheppard A, Gumbart JC, Maynard JA, Lieberman RL. Structural and biophysical characterization of an epitope-specific engineered Fab fragment and complexation with membrane proteins: implications for co-crystallization. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:896-906. [PMID: 25849400 PMCID: PMC4388267 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization chaperones are attracting increasing interest as a route to crystal growth and structure elucidation of difficult targets such as membrane proteins. While strategies to date have typically employed protein-specific chaperones, a peptide-specific chaperone to crystallize multiple cognate peptide epitope-containing client proteins is envisioned. This would eliminate the target-specific chaperone-production step and streamline the co-crystallization process. Previously, protein engineering and directed evolution were used to generate a single-chain variable (scFv) antibody fragment with affinity for the peptide sequence EYMPME (scFv/EE). This report details the conversion of scFv/EE to an anti-EE Fab format (Fab/EE) followed by its biophysical characterization. The addition of constant chains increased the overall stability and had a negligible impact on the antigen affinity. The 2.0 Å resolution crystal structure of Fab/EE reveals contacts with larger surface areas than those of scFv/EE. Surface plasmon resonance, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and size-exclusion chromatography were used to assess Fab/EE binding to EE-tagged soluble and membrane test proteins: namely, the β-barrel outer membrane protein intimin and α-helical A2a G protein-coupled receptor (A2aR). Molecular-dynamics simulation of the intimin constructs with and without Fab/EE provides insight into the energetic complexities of the co-crystallization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Johnson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kevin C. Entzminger
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, MC0400, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeongmin Hyun
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, MC0400, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sibel Kalyoncu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David P. Heaner
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ivan A. Morales
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Aly Sheppard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - James C. Gumbart
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Maynard
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, MC0400, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Yang E, Qian W, Cao Z, Wang L, Bozeman EN, Ward C, Yang B, Selvaraj P, Lipowska M, Wang YA, Mao H, Yang L. Theranostic nanoparticles carrying doxorubicin attenuate targeting ligand specific antibody responses following systemic delivery. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:43-61. [PMID: 25553097 PMCID: PMC4265747 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of immune responses on targeted delivery of nanoparticles is important for clinical translations of new cancer imaging and therapeutic nanoparticles. In this study, we found that repeated administrations of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) conjugated with mouse or human derived targeting ligands induced high levels of ligand specific antibody responses in normal and tumor bearing mice while injections of unconjugated mouse ligands were weakly immunogenic and induced a very low level of antibody response in mice. Mice that received intravenous injections of targeted and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated IONPs further increased the ligand specific antibody production due to differential uptake of PEG-coated nanoparticles by macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the production of ligand specific antibodies was markedly inhibited following systemic delivery of theranostic nanoparticles carrying a chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin. Targeted imaging and histological analysis revealed that lack of the ligand specific antibodies led to an increase in intratumoral delivery of targeted nanoparticles. Results of this study support the potential of further development of targeted theranostic nanoparticles for the treatment of human cancers.
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Sato R, Obonai T, Tsumura R, Tsumoto K, Koga Y, Yasunaga M, Matsumura Y. Preparation and characterization of anti-tissue factor single-chain variable fragment antibody for cancer diagnosis. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1631-7. [PMID: 25311092 PMCID: PMC4317963 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), which serves as the initiator of the extrinsic blood coagulation cascade, has been found to be overexpressed in various solid tumors, especially brain tumors, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer. Overexpression of TF is considered to contribute to the high incidence of thrombotic complications and poor prognosis in patients with such cancers. Therefore, detection or targeting of TF may be a promising approach for the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumors that are known to overexpress the protein. Here, we used the recombinant DNA technology to develop an anti-TF single-chain Fv (scFv) of small size and high affinity for its target. The biochemical characteristics of the anti-TF scFv were evaluated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing and flow cytometry. The data obtained showed that the affinity of the anti-TF scFv was 2.04 × 10−8 (KD), and that the protein showed significant binding to the cancer cells. Then, Alexa 647-labeled anti-TF scFv and anti-TF IgG were administered to mice bearing chemically induced spontaneous tumors. The maximum tumor to background ratios of anti-TF scFv and anti-TF IgG were obtained 3 and 24 h after the injections, respectively. This study indicates anti-TF scFv may be suitable as an imaging probe for the diagnosis of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Sato
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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Hagemann UB, Gunnarsson L, Géraudie S, Scheffler U, Griep RA, Reiersen H, Duncan AR, Kiprijanov SM. Fully human antagonistic antibodies against CCR4 potently inhibit cell signaling and chemotaxis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103776. [PMID: 25080123 PMCID: PMC4117600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) represents a potentially important target for cancer immunotherapy due to its expression on tumor infiltrating immune cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and on tumor cells in several cancer types and its role in metastasis. METHODOLOGY Using phage display, human antibody library, affinity maturation and a cell-based antibody selection strategy, the antibody variants against human CCR4 were generated. These antibodies effectively competed with ligand binding, were able to block ligand-induced signaling and cell migration, and demonstrated efficient killing of CCR4-positive tumor cells via ADCC and phagocytosis. In a mouse model of human T-cell lymphoma, significant survival benefit was demonstrated for animals treated with the newly selected anti-CCR4 antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, successful generation of anti- G-protein coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) antibodies using human non-immune library and phage display on GPCR-expressing cells was demonstrated. The generated anti-CCR4 antibodies possess a dual mode of action (inhibition of ligand-induced signaling and antibody-directed tumor cell killing). The data demonstrate that the anti-tumor activity in vivo is mediated, at least in part, through Fc-receptor dependent effector mechanisms, such as ADCC and phagocytosis. Anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibodies inhibiting receptor signaling have potential as immunomodulatory antibodies for cancer.
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Kang S, Hah SS. Improved ligand binding by antibody-aptamer pincers. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1421-7. [PMID: 25010569 DOI: 10.1021/bc500269y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To increase the affinities of antibodies or aptamers for their targets, we designed antibody-aptamer pincers (AAPs) or heterodimers for thrombin or human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) as a model system. For this purpose, we first conjugated a 15-mer or 29-mer anti-thrombin aptamer, which are well-known to bind to thrombin in two specific epitopes, with an anti-thrombin antibody to enable each binding part of the AAP to simultaneously recognize a different part of the thrombin molecule. The AAP comprising a 15-mer aptamer and an anti-thrombin antibody has an apparent dissociation constant (Kd(app)) value of 567 pM, and this value is approximately 1/100 of that of the antibody alone or 1/35 of that of the aptamer monomer alone. The AAP comprising a 29-mer aptamer and an anti-thrombin antibody has a much lower Kd(app) value than that of 15-mer aptamer-conjugated antibody. Furthermore, this concept of the AAP system was employed to HER2-targeted drug delivery system (DDS) based on both antibody and drug-loaded aptamer. Anti-HER2 aptamer was conjugated with anti-HER2 antibody and loaded with doxorubicin, and the resulting AAP-HER2-Dox was found to have approximately 3- and 6-fold higher cytotoxicity than drug alone and antibody alone, respectively. Therefore, this novel AAP system constructed by conjugation of the antibody with the aptamer can effectively improve the affinities of the resulting AAPs for their target molecules and the drug-loaded AAP system can possibly serve as a platform for targeted DDS against many malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmuk Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University , 1 Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 131-701, South Korea
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Shen DY, Ning BT, Tang YM, Li SS. Construction and expression of a novel anti-CD14 human-mouse chimeric antibody Hm2F9. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:599-604. [PMID: 24905979 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD14 antibody can inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome in case of bacteremia or endotoxemia. To obtain chimeric anti-CD14 antibody, we constructed and expressed a novel chimeric antibody Hm2F9 composed of anti-CD14 single-chain fragment variable (scFv) and the Fc region (the hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) of human IgG1 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells based on our previous study of scFv2F9. The Hm2F9 antibody, sized 150 kDa, retained the strong specific antigen-binding ability to the CD14 antigen with a comparable activity (the percentage of positive cells 99.07%) to its parental murine antibody 2F9 (the percentage of positive cells 98.86%). At the same time, Hm2F9 could manifestly block the binding of LPS to CD14, whose positive-cell percentage drops significantly with percentage of 98.63% (from 98.37% to 1.35%). The chimeric antibody Hm2F9 expressed in CHO cells retained high affinity to human CD14 and biological function to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Ying Shen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
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High scFv-receptor affinity does not enhance the antitumor activity of HER2-retargeted measles virus. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:256-60. [PMID: 24874841 PMCID: PMC4096840 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between ligand-receptor affinity and antitumor potency of an oncolytic virus was investigated using a panel of six HER2/neu (HER2) targeted measles viruses (MV) displaying single-chain antibodies (scFv) that bind to the same epitope on HER2, but with affinities ranging from 10−6 to 10−11 M. All viruses were able to infect SKOV3ip.1 human ovarian cancer cells in vitro, but only the high affinity MV (Kd > 10−8 M) induced cytopathic effects of syncytia formation in the cell monolayers. In contrast, all six viruses were therapeutically active in vivo against orthotopic human ovarian SKOV3ip.1 tumor xenografts in athymic mice compared to saline treated controls. The oncolytic activities of MV displaying the high affinity scFv (Kd=10−9, 10−10, 10−11 M) were not significantly superior to MV displaying scFv with Kd of 10−8 M or less. Results from this study suggest that increasing the receptor affinity of the attachment protein of an oncolytic measles virus has minimal impact on its in vivo efficacy against a tumor that expresses the targeted receptor.
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Koduvayur SP, Gussin HA, Parthasarathy R, Hao Z, Kay BK, Pepperberg DR. Generation of recombinant antibodies to rat GABAA receptor subunits by affinity selection on synthetic peptides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87964. [PMID: 24586298 PMCID: PMC3929611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance and physiological importance of GABAA receptors in the central nervous system make this neurotransmitter receptor an attractive target for localizing diagnostic and therapeutic biomolecules. GABAA receptors are expressed within the retina and mediate synaptic signaling at multiple stages of the visual process. To generate monoclonal affinity reagents that can specifically recognize GABAA receptor subunits, we screened two bacteriophage M13 libraries, which displayed human scFvs, by affinity selection with synthetic peptides predicted to correspond to extracellular regions of the rat α1 and β2 GABAA subunits. We isolated three anti-β2 and one anti-α1 subunit specific scFvs. Fluorescence polarization measurements revealed all four scFvs to have low micromolar affinities with their cognate peptide targets. The scFvs were capable of detecting fully folded GABAA receptors heterologously expressed by Xenopus laevis oocytes, while preserving ligand-gated channel activity. Moreover, A10, the anti-α1 subunit-specific scFv, was capable of detecting native GABAA receptors in the mouse retina, as observed by immunofluorescence staining. In order to improve their apparent affinity via avidity, we dimerized the A10 scFv by fusing it to the Fc portion of the IgG. The resulting scFv-Fc construct had a Kd of ∼26 nM, which corresponds to an approximately 135-fold improvement in binding, and a lower detection limit in dot blots, compared to the monomeric scFv. These results strongly support the use of peptides as targets for generating affinity reagents to membrane proteins and encourage investigation of molecular conjugates that use scFvs as anchoring components to localize reagents of interest at GABAA receptors of retina and other neural tissues, for studies of receptor activation and subunit structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha P. Koduvayur
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hélène A. Gussin
- Lions of Illinois Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rajni Parthasarathy
- Lions of Illinois Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zengping Hao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brian K. Kay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David R. Pepperberg
- Lions of Illinois Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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WU YAN, ZOU DESHENG, CAO YUHUA, YAO NANNAN, WANG JUNYE, WANG WENHAN, JIANG HONGYU, LI GUIYING. Expression and purification of a human anti-cyclin D1 single-chain variable fragment antibody AD5 and its characterization. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1451-7. [PMID: 24127128 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Selection of potential therapeutic human single-chain Fv antibodies against cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor by phage display technology. BioDrugs 2013; 27:55-67. [PMID: 23344946 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-012-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gastric/gastrointestinal cancers are associated with high mortality worldwide. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily members such as gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR) are involved in progression of gastric tumors, thus CCK-BR is considered as a potential target for immunotherapy. However, production of functional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against GPCR seems to be very challenging, in part due to its integration in cell membranes and inaccessibility for selection. To tackle this problem, we implemented phage display technology and a solution-phase biopanning (SPB) scheme for production of mAbs specific to the native conformation of CCK-BR. METHODS To perform the SPB process, we utilized a synthetic biotinylated peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of CCK-BR and a semi-synthetic phage antibody library. After enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening, the CCK-BR specificity of the selected single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) were further examined using immunoblotting, whole-cell ELISA, and flow cytometry assays. RESULTS After performing four rounds of selection, we identified nine antibody clones which showed positive reactivity with the CCK-BR peptide in an ELISA assay. Of these, eight clones were unique scFv antibodies and one was a V(L) single domain antibody. Specificity analysis of the selected scFvs revealed that five of the selected scFvs recognized a denatured form of CCK-BR, while the majority of the selected scFvs were able to recognize the native conformation of CCK-BR on the surface of human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. CONCLUSION For the first time, we report on the establishment of a diverse panel of scFv antibody fragments that are specific to the native conformation of CCK-BR. Based on these results, we suggest the selected scFv antibody fragments as potential agents for diagnosis, imaging, targeting, and/or immunotherapy of cancers that overexpress CCK-BR.
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Wu Q, Zhang J, Luo C, Zhang T, Wang T, Wang M. Expression and characterization of recombinant interleukin-21 receptor and its targeting single-chain variable fragment antibodies selected from a human phage display library. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1541-8. [PMID: 22849297 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21R) is widely expressed in lymphocytes, and plays an important role in immunological cell proliferation and cytokine production. The present study aims to express a recombinant extracellular domain of human IL-21R (rhIL-21R-ECD) with high yield, and to screen the anti-IL-21R single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) from a synthetic human phage display library. The rhIL-21R-ECD, being expressed mainly as insoluble inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), was purified and refolded. ELISA analysis showed that the refolded rhIL-21R-ECD bound to its ligand IL-21 in a concentration-dependent manner. Using a phage display technique, anti-IL-21R scFvs were screened from a naïve human phage display library by biopanning. After four rounds of panning, positive clones were isolated, sequenced, and characterized. The clone with highest activity was designated as C2. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the scFv C2 could recognize IL-21R on Jurkat cells. Furthermore, proliferation assay revealed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of C2 on the Jurkat cell, with fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 78 nM. A human scFv antibody C2 with a high binding specificity to IL-21R was isolated and characterized. The antibody showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on Jurkat cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhang Wu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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23
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Miersch S, Sidhu SS. Synthetic antibodies: concepts, potential and practical considerations. Methods 2012; 57:486-98. [PMID: 22750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The last 100 years of enquiry into the fundamental basis of humoral immunity has resulted in the identification of antibodies as key molecular sentinels responsible for the in vivo surveillance, neutralization and clearance of foreign substances. Intense efforts aimed at understanding and exploiting their exquisite molecular specificity have positioned antibodies as a cornerstone supporting basic research, diagnostics and therapeutic applications [1]. More recently, efforts have aimed to circumvent the limitations of developing antibodies in animals by developing wholly in vitro techniques for designing antibodies of tailored specificity. This has been realized with the advent of synthetic antibody libraries that possess diversity outside the scope of natural immune repertoires and are thus capable of yielding specificities not otherwise attainable. This review examines the convergence of technologies that have contributed to the development of combinatorial phage-displayed antibody libraries. It further explores the practical concepts that underlie phage display, antibody diversity and the methods used in the generation of and selection from phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries, highlighting specific applications in which design approaches gave rise to specificities that could not easily be obtained with libraries based upon natural immune repertories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miersch
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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24
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Lin X, Xie J, Chen X. Protein-based tumor molecular imaging probes. Amino Acids 2011; 41:1013-36. [PMID: 20232092 PMCID: PMC3617487 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an emerging discipline which plays critical roles in diagnosis and therapeutics. It visualizes and quantifies markers that are aberrantly expressed during the disease origin and development. Protein molecules remain to be one major class of imaging probes, and the option has been widely diversified due to the recent advances in protein engineering techniques. Antibodies are part of the immunosystem which interact with target antigens with high specificity and affinity. They have long been investigated as imaging probes and were coupled with imaging motifs such as radioisotopes for that purpose. However, the relatively large size of antibodies leads to a half-life that is too long for common imaging purposes. Besides, it may also cause a poor tissue penetration rate and thus compromise some medical applications. It is under this context that various engineered protein probes, essentially antibody fragments, protein scaffolds, and natural ligands have been developed. Compared to intact antibodies, they possess more compact size, shorter clearance time, and better tumor penetration. One major challenge of using protein probes in molecular imaging is the affected biological activity resulted from random labeling. Site-specific modification, however, allows conjugation happening in a stoichiometric fashion with little perturbation of protein activity. The present review will discuss protein-based probes with focus on their application and related site-specific conjugation strategies in tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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25
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Stockmann TJ, Lu Y, Zhang J, Girault HH, Ding Z. Interfacial Complexation Reactions of Sr2+ with Octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine Oxide for Understanding Its Extraction in Reprocessing Spent Nuclear Fuels. Chemistry 2011; 17:13206-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yong K, Brechbiel MW. Towards translation of 212Pb as a clinical therapeutic; getting the lead in! Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6068-76. [PMID: 21380408 PMCID: PMC3109156 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted α-particle therapy offers the potential for more specific tumor cell killing with less damage to surrounding normal tissue than β-emitters because of the combination of short path length (50-80 μm) with the high linear energy transfer (100 keV μm(-1)) of this emission. These physical properties offer the real possibility of targeted (pre-targeted) α-therapy suitable for the elimination of minimal residual or micrometastatic disease. Targeted and pre-targeted radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using α-emitters such as (212)Bi (T(1/2) = 1.01 h) and (212)Pb (T(1/2) = 10.6 h) has demonstrated significant utility in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. (212)Pb, a promising α-particle emitting source, is the longer-lived parent nuclide of (212)Bi, and serves as an in vivo generator of (212)Bi. The radionuclide has been successfully used in RIT and pre-targeted RIT and demonstrated an enhanced therapeutic efficacy in combination with chemotherapeutics, such as gemcitabine and paclitaxel. The following perspective addresses the modes of radionuclide production, radiolabelling and chelation chemistry, as well as the application of (212)Pb to targeted and pre-targeted radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Yong
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1088
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1088
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Rajawat R, Narkar A, Damle A, Kumar GS, Mishra K. A Single-Chain Antibody Fragment Against Human Thyroglobulin: Construction and Evaluation of Immunoreactivity. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 30:253-9. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Rajawat
- Radiation Medicine Centre, BARC, Tata Memorial Hospital Annex, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Archana Narkar
- Radiation Medicine Centre, BARC, Tata Memorial Hospital Annex, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Archana Damle
- Radiation Medicine Centre, BARC, Tata Memorial Hospital Annex, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | | | - K.P. Mishra
- RB & HSD, BARC, Trombay, Mumbai, India; currently, United Research Center, Allahabad, India
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Jafari R, Holm P, Piercecchi M, Sundström BE. Construction of divalent anti-keratin 8 single-chain antibodies (sc(Fv)(2)), expression in Pichia pastoris and their reactivity with multicellular tumor spheroids. J Immunol Methods 2010; 364:65-76. [PMID: 21093447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are small monovalent recombinant antibody fragments that retain the specificity of their parent immunoglobulins. ScFvs are excellent building blocks for new and improved immunodiagnostic and therapeutic proteins. However, the monovalency and the rapid renal elimination of scFvs result in poor tumor accumulation and retention. Engineering divalent antibody fragments is an excellent way to address these shortcomings. In this study, covalent divalent single-chain variable fragments (sc(Fv)(2)s), were constructed from the monovalent anti-keratin 8 scFvs, TS1-218 and its mutant, HE1-Q. The scFvs and sc(Fv)(2)s were expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, utilizing the alpha-factor secretion signal (α-factor) for extracellular secretion. The immunoreactivity and specificity of the antibody fragments were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the uptake and retention of the (125)I labeled antibody fragments were evaluated using HeLa HEp-2 multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs). Analysis of the antibody fragments demonstrated that parts of the α-factor remained at the N-terminal of the antibody fragments. Despite incomplete processing of the α-factor, the antibody fragments were functional where the sc(Fv)(2)s gave a three-fold stronger signal in ELISA compared to their scFv counterparts and the mutant antibodies demonstrated a stronger signal than their initial wild types. In addition, the sc(Fv)(2)s DiTS1-218 and DiHE1-Q displayed an approximately two-fold higher uptake and were retained to a larger extent in the MCTS, demonstrating a 3.9 and 9.4-fold increase in half-life respectively compared to their corresponding scFvs. In conclusion, expression in P. pastoris improved the yield 20-fold and facilitated the purification of the antibody fragments. Furthermore, the sc(Fv)(2)s presented a higher functional affinity to K 8 both in ELISA and MCTS compared to the scFvs with DiHE1-Q being the best candidate for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozbeh Jafari
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Karlstad University, S-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
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29
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Lee RJ, Wu JS, Juang RH, Wu YJ, Lin CY, Wu SY, Huang PR, Chu CH, Chin LT, Chen HM. Increasing hybridoma viability and antibody repertoire after the cell fusion by the use of human plasma as an alternative supplement. J Immunol Methods 2010; 361:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Liu Y, Yu X, Liu X. Construction of scFv phage display library with hapten-specific repertories and characterization of anti-ivermectin fragment isolated from the library. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Asano R, Ikoma K, Sone Y, Kawaguchi H, Taki S, Hayashi H, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Highly enhanced cytotoxicity of a dimeric bispecific diabody, the hEx3 tetrabody. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20844-9. [PMID: 20444691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the utility for cancer immunotherapy of a humanized bispecific diabody (hEx3) that targets epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3. Here, we used dynamic and static light scattering measurements to show that the multimer fraction observed in hEx3 in solution is a monodisperse tetramer. The multimerization into tetramers increased the inhibition of cancer cell growth by the hEx3 diabody. Furthermore, 1:2 stoichiometric binding for both antigens was observed in a thermodynamic analysis, indicating that the tetramer has bivalent binding activity for each target, and the structure may be in a circular configuration, as is the case for the single-chain Fv tetrabody. In addition to enhanced cytotoxicity, the functional affinity and stability of the hEx3 tetrabody were superior to those of the hEx3 diabody. The increase in molecular weight is also expected to improve the pharmacokinetics of the bispecific diabody, making the hEx3 tetrabody attractive as a therapeutic antibody fragment for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Construction and characterization of a novel fusion protein MG7-scFv/SEB against gastric cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:121094. [PMID: 20339532 PMCID: PMC2843864 DOI: 10.1155/2010/121094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-targeted superantigen has been developed into a new strategy to treat many malignant tumors. In this study, for specific targeting to gastric cancer cell, superantigen SEB (Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B) was genetically fused to the single-chain variable fragment of gastric carcinoma-associated antibody MG7(MG7-scFv) that recognizes the MG7 antigen frequently expressed in gastric cancer cell. The recombinant MG7-scFv/SEB fusion proteins are expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, and the purified MG7-scFv/SEB retains high binding affinity with gastric cancer cell SGC-7901 (positive MG7 antigen expression). When incubated with effector cell-peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), MG7-scFv/SEB could effectively inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of SGC-7901. After being treated with MG7-scFv/SEB, PBMCs remarkably increased the production of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2), and slightly increased the production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) in vitro. It was observed that gastric-tumor-bearing rats administrated with MG7-scFv/SEB showed more inflammatory cell infiltration, more significant tumor inhibition, and longer survival time than those of rats treated with SEB or NS (Normal Saline). The data indicated that MG7-scFv/SEB fusion protein could specifically target gastric cancer cell, enhance the activity of T cells and induce tumor cell apoptosis to exert the antitumor effect on gastric cancer.
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Yang L, Mao H, Wang YA, Cao Z, Peng X, Wang X, Duan H, Ni C, Yuan Q, Adams G, Smith MQ, Wood WC, Gao X, Nie S. Single chain epidermal growth factor receptor antibody conjugated nanoparticles for in vivo tumor targeting and imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:235-43. [PMID: 19089838 PMCID: PMC3626261 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted nanoparticle are developed by conjugating a single-chain anti-EGFR antibody (ScFvEGFR) to surface functionalized quantum dots (QDs) or magnetic iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles. The results show that ScFvEGFR can be successfully conjugated to the nanoparticles, resulting in compact ScFvEGFR nanoparticles that specifically bind to and are internalized by EGFR-expressing cancer cells, thereby producing a fluorescent signal or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast. In vivo tumor targeting and uptake of the nanoparticles in human cancer cells is demonstrated after systemic delivery of ScFvEGFR-QDs or ScFvEGFR-IO nanoparticles into an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model. Therefore, ScFvEGFR nanoparticles have potential to be used as a molecular-targeted in vivo tumor imaging agent. Efficient internalization of ScFvEGFR nanoparticles into tumor cells after systemic delivery suggests that the EGFR-targeted nanoparticles can also be used for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 C Clifton Road NE Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA),
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, EUH AG11, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | | | - Zehong Cao
- Department of Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 C Clifton Road NE Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Xianghong Peng
- Department of Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 C Clifton Road NE Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, EUH AG11, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Hongwei Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 2007B, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Chunchun Ni
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, EUH AG11, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Qingan Yuan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111 (USA)
| | - Gregory Adams
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111 (USA)
| | - Mark Q. Smith
- Department of Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 C Clifton Road NE Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - William C. Wood
- Department of Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 C Clifton Road NE Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 (USA)
| | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 2007B, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
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Petrenko V. Evolution of phage display: from bioactive peptides to bioselective nanomaterials. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:825-36. [PMID: 18712993 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.8.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New phage-derived biorecognition nanomaterials have emerged recently as a result of the in-depth study of the genetics and structure of filamentous phage and the evolution of phage display technology. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the progress made in the development of these new nanomaterials and discusses the prospects of using phage as a bioselectable molecular recognition interface in medical and technical devices. METHODS The author used data obtained both in his research group and sourced using Science Citation Index (Web of Science) search resources. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The merging of phage display technologies with nanotechnology over the past few years has proved promising and has already shown its vitality and productivity by contributing vigorously to different areas of medicine and technology, such as medical diagnostics and monitoring, molecular imaging, targeted drug and gene delivery, vaccine development, as well as bone and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Va Petrenko
- Auburn University, Department of Pathobiology, AL 36849, USA.
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Zhou C, Przedborski S. Intrabody and Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1792:634-42. [PMID: 18834937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The intrabody technology has become a promising therapeutic avenue for a variety of incurable diseases. This technology is an intracellular application of gene-engineered antibodies, aimed at ablating the abnormal function of intracellular molecules. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with no cure. Recent studies have explored possible intrabody applications against alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn), whose misfolding is believed to cause a familial form of PD. Here, we review the origin, production, and therapeutic mechanisms of intrabodies and the potential of intrabody protection against alpha-syn toxicity. Furthermore, we propose possible intrabody applications against leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), whose mutations are the most frequent known cause of familial and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Kelly MP, Lee FT, Tahtis K, Power BE, Smyth FE, Brechbiel MW, Hudson PJ, Scott AM. Tumor targeting by a multivalent single-chain Fv (scFv) anti-Lewis Y antibody construct. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2008; 23:411-23. [PMID: 18771345 PMCID: PMC2663784 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) constructs has been investigated in cancer radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and radioimmunodetection, as these molecules permit rapid tumor penetration and clearance from the serum relative to whole IgG. Multimerization of scFv constructs has demonstrated improvements in functional affinity (i.e., avidity) and maximal tumor uptake. In this paper, we report the first biodistribution and pharmacokinetics studies of a noncovalent, direct-linked scFv (V(L)-0-V(H)) trimeric/tetrameric "multimer" of the anti-Lewis Y monoclonal antibody, hu3S193. The in vitro binding and in vivo biodistribution of the hu3S193 multimer was characterized alongside the hu3S193 F(ab')(2) following radiolabeling with the Indium-111 ((111)In) radioisotope. Immunoreactivities of the radiolabeled multimer and F(ab')(2) were 73% and 53.2%, and binding affinities (K(a)) were 1.58 x 10(7) M(1) and 4.31 x 10(6) M (1) for the multimer and F(ab')(2), respectively. Maximal tumor uptake in Le(y)-positive MCF-7 breast cancer xenografted BALB/c nude mice was 12.6 +/- 2.5 percent injected dose/per gram (%ID/g) at 6 hours postinjection for the multimer and 15.7 +/- 2.1 %ID/g at 24 hours postinjection for the F(ab')(2). However, limited in vitro stability and high renal localization of radiolabeled constructs were observed, which, despite the observed tumor targeting of the hu3S193 multimer, most likely preclude its use in RIT and imaging modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Area Under Curve
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, Gel
- Drug Stability
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/blood
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Indium Radioisotopes
- Lewis Blood Group Antigens/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Recombinant Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Tissue Distribution
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P. Kelly
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - F.-T. Lee
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kiki Tahtis
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara E. Power
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona E. Smyth
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Galili N, Devemy E, Raza A. Isolation of specific and biologically active peptides that bind cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). J Hematol Oncol 2008; 1:8. [PMID: 18616802 PMCID: PMC2494998 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In a departure from conventional strategies to improve treatment outcome for myeloid malignancies, we report the isolation of leukemia-specific peptides using a phage display library screened with freshly obtained human myeloid leukemia cells. Results A phage display library was screened by 5 rounds of biopanning with freshly isolated human AML cells. Individual colonies were randomly picked and after purification, biologic activity (growth and differentiation) on fresh AML cells was profiled. Ten peptides were synthesized for further biological studies. Multiple peptides were found to selectively bind to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. The peptides bound to leukemia cells, were internalized and could induce proliferation and/or differentiation in the target patient cells. Two of the peptides, HP-A2 and HP-G7, appeared to have a novel mechanism of inducing differentiation since they did not cause G1 arrest in cycling cells even as the expression of the differentiation marker CD11b increased. Conclusion Peptide induced differentiation of leukemia cells offers a novel treatment strategy for myeloid malignancies, whereas their ability to induce proliferation could be harnessed to make cells more sensitive to chemotherapy. Conceptually, these leukemia specific peptides can also be used to refine diagnosis, document minimal residual disease, and selectively deliver toxins to malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Galili
- Saint Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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38
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Improvement of Aptamer Affinity by Dimerization. SENSORS 2008; 8:1090-1098. [PMID: 27879754 PMCID: PMC3927496 DOI: 10.3390/s8021090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To increase the affinities of aptamers for their targets, we designed an aptamer dimer for thrombin and VEGF. This design is based on the avidity of the antibody, which enables the aptamer to connect easily since it is a single-strand nucleic acid. In this study, we connected a 15-mer thrombin-binding aptamer with a 29-mer thrombin-binding aptamer. Each aptamer recognizes a different part of the thrombin molecule, and the aptamer dimer has a Kd value which is 1/10 of that of the monomers from which it is composed. Also, the designed aptamer dimer has higher inhibitory activity than the reported (15-mer) thrombin-inhibiting aptamer. Additionally, we connected together two identical aptamers against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165), which is a homodimeric protein. As in the case of the anti-thrombin aptamer, the dimeric anti-VEGF aptamer had a much lower Kd value than that of the monomer. This study demonstrated that the dimerization of aptamers effectively improves the affinities of those aptamers for their targets.
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39
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Macor P, Tripodo C, Zorzet S, Piovan E, Bossi F, Marzari R, Amadori A, Tedesco F. In vivo targeting of human neutralizing antibodies against CD55 and CD59 to lymphoma cells increases the antitumor activity of rituximab. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10556-63. [PMID: 17975000 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo model of human CD20+ B-lymphoma was established in severe combined immunodeficiency mice to test the ability of human neutralizing miniantibodies to CD55 and CD59 (MB55 and MB59) to enhance the therapeutic effect of rituximab. The miniantibodies contained single-chain fragment variables and the hinge-CH2-CH3 domains of human IgG(1). LCL2 cells were selected for the in vivo study among six B-lymphoma cell lines for their high susceptibility to rituximab-dependent complement-mediated killing enhanced by MB55 and MB59. The cells injected i.p. primarily colonized the liver and spleen, leading to the death of the animals within 30 to 40 days. Thirty percent of mice receiving biotin-labeled rituximab (25 microg) i.p. on days 4 and 11 after cell injection survived to 120 days. Administration of biotin-labeled rituximab, followed by avidin (40 microg) and biotin-labeled MB55-MB59 (100 microg) at 4-h intervals after each injection resulted in the survival of 70% of mice. Surprisingly, 40% of mice survived after the sole injection of avidin and biotin-labeled MB55-MB59, an observation consistent with the in vitro data showing that the miniantibodies induced killing of approximately 25% cells through antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. In conclusion, MB55 and MB59 targeted to tumor cells represent a valuable tool to enhance the therapeutic effect of rituximab and other complement-fixing antitumor antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Macor
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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40
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Dahan S, Chevet E, Liu JF, Dominguez M. Antibody-based Proteomics: From bench to bedside. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:922-33. [PMID: 21136747 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 75 years, antibodies have gone from being recognized as disease biomarkers to being used as very powerful therapeutic tools. This evolution has been accelerated by the identification of mAb and the extensive use of immunological tools both at fundamental and clinical levels. In this review, we evaluate how antibodies can be used to assess the proteome of cells or tissues and their relevance for clinical applications. These antibody-based proteomics approaches also require analytical and technological pipelines as well as specific enabling tools which are described. Our first objective was to establish how large-scale datasets (provided by high-throughput studies such as proteomics and transcriptomics) can be integrated with literature searches and clinical data to identify potentially relevant markers against which antibodies should be raised. Then based on an extensive literature review and our experience, we compare the methodologies developed to produce specific antibodies either in vivo or in vitro. This is followed by the description of the validation tools currently available and it also includes the use of antibody-based approaches in the establishment of molecular signatures utilized at the bench and soon available for bedside use.
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41
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Sheedy C, MacKenzie CR, Hall JC. Isolation and affinity maturation of hapten-specific antibodies. Biotechnol Adv 2007; 25:333-52. [PMID: 17383141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
More and more recombinant antibodies specific for haptens such as drugs of abuse, dyes and pesticides are being isolated from antibody libraries. Thereby isolated antibodies tend to possess lower affinity than their parental, full-size counterparts, and therefore the isolation techniques must be optimized or the antibody genes must be affinity-matured in order to reach high affinities and specificities required for practical applications. Several strategies have been explored to obtain high-affinity recombinant antibodies from antibody libraries: At the selection level, biopanning optimization can be performed through elution with free hapten, analogue pre-incubation and subtractive panning. At the mutagenesis level, techniques such as random mutagenesis, bacterial mutator strains passaging, site-directed mutagenesis, mutational hotspots targeting, parsimonious mutagenesis, antibody shuffling (chain, DNA and staggered extension process) have been used with various degrees of success to affinity mature or modify hapten-specific antibodies. These techniques are reviewed, illustrated and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sheedy
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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42
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Macor P, Tedesco F. Complement as effector system in cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Lett 2007; 111:6-13. [PMID: 17572509 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the complement system to the control of tumour growth has been neglected for a long time as the major emphasis has been put mainly on cell-mediated immune response against cancer. With the introduction of monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy complement has come into play with a great potential as effector system. Complement has a number of advantages over other effector systems in that it is made of molecules that can easily penetrate the tumour tissue and a large majority, if not all, of the components of this system can be supplied locally by many cells at tissue site. Further advances are being made to increase the anti-tumour efficiency of the complements system using C-fixing antibodies that are modified in the Fc portion to be more active in complement activation. Another strategy currently investigated is essentially based on the use of a combination of two antibodies directed against different molecules or different epitopes of the same molecule expressed on the cell surface in order to increase the number of the binding sites for the antibodies on the tumor cells and the chance for them to activate complement more efficiently. One of the problems to solve in exploiting complement as an effector system in cancer immunotherapy is to neutralize the inhibitory effect of complement regulatory proteins which are often over-expressed on tumour cells and represent a mechanism of evasion of these cells from complement attack. This situation can be overcome using neutralizing antibodies to target onto tumour cells together with the specific antibodies directed against tumor specific antigens. This is an area of active investigation and the initial data that start to be available from animal models seem to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Macor
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, Trieste 34127, Italy
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Bogdanov A, Kang HW, Querol M, Pretorius PH, Yudina A. Synthesis and testing of a binary catalytic system for imaging of signal amplification in vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1123-30. [PMID: 17508710 DOI: 10.1021/bc060392k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a binary targeted enzymatic system that is composed of two covalent monoclonal antibody conjugates for specific labeling of cellular targets in vivo. The system utilizes low-molecular weight peroxidase-reducing substrates synthesized by linking 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) with DTPA (5HT-DTPA) for magnetic resonance and radionuclide imaging or with Cy5.5 for near-infrared optical imaging. Initially, the conjugation reaction conditions were optimized to achieve a low level of antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody (EMD 72000) modification with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 4-hydrazinonicotinate acetone hydrazone (SANH), yielding mAb-HNH conjugate. The resultant modified antibodies were incubated with the periodate-oxidized peroxidase (HRP) or 4-formylbenzoyl-conjugated glucose oxidase (GO), followed by the purification of the resultant mAb-enzyme conjugates by size-exclusion HPLC. The conjugates were further characterized by electrophoresis and were tested by cross-titration on A431 EGFR+ squamous carcinoma or SW620 adenocarcinoma cells (negative control). The conjugates at the optimized concentration ratios were further tested using near-infrared fluorescence microscopy in the presence of Cy5.5 monocarboxy-5-hydroxytryptamide. Further in vitro experiments demonstrated that (1) antibody binding was specific and could be inhibited by free antibody; (2) both antibody conjugates exhibited high enzymatic activity after the binding to the cells; (3) 111In-labeled 5-HT-DTPA was avidly binding to EGFR-positive cells only if both HRP- and GO-conjugates were bound to the cells. The conjugates were tested in vivo using a SPECT imaging experiment, which demonstrated the accumulation of 111In-labeled 5-HT-DTPA substrate at the site containing both conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Bogdanov
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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Dennis MS, Jin H, Dugger D, Yang R, McFarland L, Ogasawara A, Williams S, Cole MJ, Ross S, Schwall R. Imaging tumors with an albumin-binding Fab, a novel tumor-targeting agent. Cancer Res 2007; 67:254-61. [PMID: 17210705 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Association with albumin as a means to improve biodistribution and tumor deposition of a Fab was investigated using AB.Fab4D5, a bifunctional molecule derived from trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN) capable of binding albumin and tumor antigen HER2 (erbB2) simultaneously. AB.Fab4D5 was compared with trastuzumab and a trastuzumab-derived Fab (Fab4D5) for the ability to target tumors overexpressing HER2 in mouse mammary tumor virus/HER2 allograft models. Biodistribution was monitored using intravital microscopy, histology, and integrated single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography analysis. Fab4D5 tumor deposition was characterized by rapid but transient appearance in tumor at 2 h with little retention, followed by rapid accumulation in kidney by 6 h. Trastuzumab was slow to accumulate in tumors and slow to clear from normal tissues, although significant tumor deposition was achieved by 24 h. In contrast, AB.Fab4D5 was observed at 2 h in tumor and its presence was sustained beyond 24 h similar to trastuzumab. Intravital microscopy revealed that at peak tumor accumulation, tumor cell staining by AB.Fab4D5 was more uniform than for Fab4D5 or trastuzumab. Similar tumor deposition was achieved for both AB.Fab4D5 and trastuzumab at 48 h (35.9 +/- 1.8% and 38.2 +/- 3.1% injected dose/g); however, AB.Fab4D5 targeted tumors more rapidly and quickly cleared from blood, leading to a lower overall normal tissue exposure. Importantly, unlike Fab4D5, AB.Fab4D5 did not accumulate in kidney, suggesting that association with albumin leads to an altered route of clearance and metabolism. Rapid targeting, excellent tumor deposition and retention, coupled with high tumor to blood ratios may make AB.Fab an exceptional molecule for imaging and cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Albumins/chemistry
- Albumins/pharmacokinetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Female
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dennis
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Ciavardelli D, D'Anniballe G, Nano G, Martin F, Federici G, Sacchetta P, Di Ilio C, Urbani A. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for the quantification of yttrium-antibody based drugs using stable isotope tracing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:2343-50. [PMID: 17590870 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Targeted radioimmunotherapy has been recently clinically validated and approved for the treatment of cancer by the US Food and Drug Administration. This therapeutic approach employs monoclonal antibodies directed to cancer-related, cell-surface antigens coupled to beta-emitting nuclides. 90Y is one of the most useful radioisotopes in the development of antibody based radioimmunotherapy and evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile for 90Y-radiopharmaceuticals is usually performed by radiochemical methods. In this work we have developed an alternative radioactive-free approach to evaluate pharmacokinetic profiles based on the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) quantification of 89Y. A highly sensitive and rapid method for the determination of yttrium in urine is described and applied to evaluate the urinary clearance of antibody-based drugs labeled with the stable isotope of yttrium, 89Y. This approach overcomes some important limitations for pre-clinical radioanalytical methods such as radiation hazards and radioactive waste disposal. Method development was performed by determining detection and quantification limits, and precision as repeatability and trueness. These performance parameters fulfilled the acceptance criteria for bioanalytical methods.
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Abstract
Antibodies with infinite affinity were developed with the aim of improving targeted delivery of metal complexes to sites of disease. This is part of a series of chemical technology developments for biomedical imaging and therapy. Using a combination of genetics and chemical synthesis, it addresses challenges in developing proteins that specifically bind synthetic molecules and do not release them. The result is a set of reagents that promise to capture any of a large variety of metallic elements under physiological conditions and hold them for long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel G Butlin
- Chemistry Department, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kubetzko S, Balic E, Waibel R, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Plückthun A. PEGylation and multimerization of the anti-p185HER-2 single chain Fv fragment 4D5: effects on tumor targeting. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35186-201. [PMID: 16963450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604127200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal in antibody design for cancer therapy is to tailor the pharmacokinetic properties of the molecule according to specific treatment requirements. Key parameters determining the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic antibodies are target specificity, affinity, stability, and size. Using the p185HER-2 (HER-2)-specific scFv 4D5 as model system, we analyzed how changes in molecular weight and valency independently affect antigen binding and tumor localization. By employing multimerization and PEGylation, four different antibody formats were generated and compared with the scFv 4D5. First, dimeric and tetrameric miniantibodies were constructed by fusion of self-associating, disulfide-linked peptides to the scFv 4D5. Second, we attached a 20-kDa PEG moiety to the monovalent scFv and to the divalent miniantibody at the respective C terminus. In all formats, serum stability and full binding reactivity of the scFv 4D5 were retained. Functional affinity, however, did change. An avidity increase was achieved by multimerization, whereas PEGylation resulted in a 5-fold decreased affinity. Nevertheless, the PEGylated monomer showed an 8.5-fold, and the PEGylated dimer even a 14.5-fold higher tumor accumulation than the corresponding scFv, 48 h post-injection, because of a significantly longer serum half-life. In comparison, the non-PEGylated bivalent and tetravalent miniantibodies showed only a moderate increase in tumor localization compared with the scFv, which correlated with the degree of multimerization. However, these non-PEGylated formats resulted in higher tumor-to-blood ratios. Both multimerization and PEGylation represent thus useful strategies to tailor the pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic antibodies and their combined use can additively improve tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kubetzko
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Cheung LH, Niu T, Wu Q, Li C, Van Pelt CS, Rosenblum MG. The antimelanoma immunocytokine scFvMEL/TNF shows reduced toxicity and potent antitumor activity against human tumor xenografts. Neoplasia 2006; 8:384-93. [PMID: 16790087 PMCID: PMC1592449 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunocytokine scFvMEL/TNF, a fusion protein composed of human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and a single-chain Fv antibody (scFv) scFvMEL targeting the melanoma gp240 antigen, demonstrates impressive cytotoxic effects against human melanoma cell lines in vitro. Pharmacokinetic studies of 125I-scFvMEL/TNF in BALB/c mice showed that the construct clears from the circulation with a terminal-phase half-life of 17.6 hours after intravenous administration. The maximum tolerated dose of scFvMEL/TNF in nude mice was 4 mg/kg, i.v., on a daily x5 schedule. There were no changes in gross pathology, clinical chemistry, or hematologic parameters in mice treated at doses of up to 3 mg/kg. Therapeutic studies at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg on athymic mice bearing established (approximately 50 mm3) human melanoma A375GFP xenograft tumors transfected with green fluorescent protein demonstrated potent tumor suppression and complete tumor regression of all lesions. There was no subsequent outgrowth of tumors from mice rendered tumor-free. These data show that scFvMEL/TNF can target melanoma cells in vivo and can result in pronounced antimelanoma effects after systemic administration. Toxicology studies indicate the relative safety of this agent at doses that are therapeutically effective and provide guidance to projected phase I starting doses on patients at this schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wark KL, Hudson PJ. Latest technologies for the enhancement of antibody affinity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:657-70. [PMID: 16828920 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High affinity antibodies are crucial both for the discovery and validation of biomarkers for human health and disease and as clinical diagnostic and therapeutic reagents. This review describes some of the latest technologies for the design, mutation and selection of high affinity antibodies that provide a paradigm for molecular evolution of a far wider range of proteins including enzymes. Strategies include both in vivo and in vitro methods and embrace the latest concepts for antibody display and selection. Specifically, affinity enhancement can be tailored to the target-binding surface, typically the complementary determining region (CDR) loops in antibodies, whereas enhanced stability, expression or catalytic properties can be affected by selected changes to the core protein scaffold. Together, these technologies provide a rapid and powerful strategy to drive the next generation of protein-based reagents for numerous clinical, environmental and agribusiness applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Wark
- CRC for Diagnostics at CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia.
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50
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Huang BC, Davern S, Kennel SJ. Mono and bivalent binding of a scFv and covalent diabody to murine laminin-1 using radioiodinated proteins and SPR measurements: effects on tissue retention in vivo. J Immunol Methods 2006; 313:149-60. [PMID: 16750217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phage display techniques identified a scFv, 15-9, which binds to murine laminin-1 and accumulated selectively in tumors. In this study, a covalent diabody was constructed by changing the amino acid residues at positions VH44 and VL100 to cysteine residues so that the diabody form could be stabilized via a disulfide bond. The covalent diabody was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by affinity chromatography. The binding properties were measured by surface plasmon resonance and solid phase binding of (125)I diabody and scFv. Data from the plasmon resonance method yielded calculated K(D)s of 4.4 x 10(-10) M for the covalent diabody and 9.9 x 10(-8) M for the scFv. K(D)s calculated from solid phase binding of radioiodinated proteins were 1.7-2.1 x 10(-10) M and 2.1-2.4 x 10(-8) M respectively. The rate of dissociation of (125)I scFv from solid phase laminin was independent of laminin concentration; however, the dissociation of the (125)I diabody was dependent both on the concentration of laminin and on the concentration of the diabody. Specifically, high concentrations of laminin yielded very slow rates of diabody dissociation indicating that bivalent attachments had formed. When higher amounts of diabody were used that essentially saturated the laminin sites with univalent binding, the dissociation rate was similar to that for the scFv indicating univalent binding. Biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing SCID mice showed that the covalent diabody improved the ratio of tumor/muscle 2 fold over that obtained with the scFv, although the absolute amount of protein bound to the tumor site was not significantly different for the two forms. The data also showed that retention of the diabody in the tumor and kidney, sites where laminin is present in high concentration, was much longer compared to that of scFv. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that both scFv and diabody forms bind to available laminin in vivo with similar association kinetics, but that in situations of high target concentration, the diabody can bind bivalently and is thus retained at the binding site much longer than the scFv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-cheng Huang
- Life Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831-6101, USA
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