1
|
Mukai A, Mano G, Des Marteaux L, Shinada T, Goto SG. Juvenile hormone as a causal factor for maternal regulation of diapause in a wasp. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 144:103758. [PMID: 35276333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most temperate multivoltine insects enter diapause, a hormonally controlled developmental suspension, in response to seasonal photoperiodic and/or thermal cues. Some insect species exhibit maternal regulation of diapause in which developmental trajectories of the offspring are determined by mothers in response to environmental cues that the mother received. Although maternally regulated diapause is common among insects, the maternal endocrinological mechanisms are largely veiled. To approach this issue, we used the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis, which produces non-diapause-destined offspring under long days and diapause-destined offspring under short days or low temperatures. Comparative transcriptomics of these wasps revealed possible involvement of the juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthetic cascade in maternal diapause regulation. The expression of juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase (jhamt) was typically downregulated in short-day wasps, and this was reflected by a reduction in haemolymph JH concentrations. RNAi targeted at jhamt reduced haemolymph JH concentration and induced wasps to produce diapause-destined offspring even under long days. In addition, topical application of JH suppressed the production of diapause-destined offspring under short days or low temperatures. These results indicate that diapause in N. vitripennis is determined by maternal jhamt expression and haemolymph JH concentration in response to day length. We therefore report a novel role for JH in insect seasonality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Mukai
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, 17-8 Ikeda-Nakamachi, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8508, Japan; Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-Cho, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Genyu Mano
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-Cho, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Lauren Des Marteaux
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2585 Essex County Rd 20, Harrow, Ontario, N0R 1G0, Canada
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-Cho, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shin G Goto
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-Cho, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cryoprotective Response as Part of the Adaptive Strategy of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, against Low Temperatures. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020134. [PMID: 35206708 PMCID: PMC8879650 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Low environmental temperature acts as a barrier that imposes limits on the geographic distribution of insects. However, due to Earth’s global warming, temperature might no longer be an impediment for insects to colonize some new areas. The spread of pest insects will depend on their adaptive response to cold periods and to thermal anomalies associated with climate change. In this study we analyzed whether the red palm weevil (RPW), one of the worst palm pests worldwide and native to warm areas, has physiological mechanisms that could configure an adaptive response to cold. We find that RPW is capable of rapidly producing substances that reduce chill injuries, primarily glucose as well as glycerol and several amino acids (mainly alanine). Therefore, this work shows for the first time that RPW is able to develop adaptive biochemical responses to deal with low temperatures, similar to those used by overwintering insects. Our results could be useful to improve models predicting the possible spread of RPW to new geographical areas, and also to try to prevent its adaptive response by disrupting the metabolic pathways regulating the involved substances. Abstract The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is one of the worst palm pests worldwide. In this work, we studied the physiological basis underlying its adaptive strategy against low temperatures. Specifically, we analyzed the main low-molecular-weight biochemical substances acting as possible endogenous cryoprotectants, as well as their efficiency in reducing cold injury by preserving K+/Na+ homeostasis. Wild pre-pupae were cold-treated (5.0 ± 0.5 °C) or non-treated (23 ± 1 °C) for 7 days. We then determined the levels of: (a) glucose, trehalose and glycerol, spectrophotometrically, (b) amino acids, by liquid chromatography and (c) potassium and sodium, by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Cold-treated larvae increased their potassium level, suggesting some degree of chill injury. However, part of the cold-exposed animals was able to develop an efficient overall cryoprotective response which primarily includes glucose, as well as glycerol and several amino acids (mainly alanine). Our study shows for the first time that RPW is capable of deploying effective physiological mechanisms for a rapid response to cold, which could be relevant to improving predictive models of geographic distribution, especially in a context of climate change. The knowledge of the specific molecules involved would allow future studies to try to prevent its adaptive strategy, either by natural or chemical methods.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaczmarek A, Boguś M. The metabolism and role of free fatty acids in key physiological processes in insects of medical, veterinary and forensic importance. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12563. [PMID: 35036124 PMCID: PMC8710053 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the most widespread group of organisms and more than one million species have been described. These animals have significant ecological functions, for example they are pollinators of many types of plants. However, they also have direct influence on human life in different manners. They have high medical and veterinary significance, stemming from their role as vectors of disease and infection of wounds and necrotic tissue; they are also plant pests, parasitoids and predators whose activities can influence agriculture. In addition, their use in medical treatments, such as maggot therapy of gangrene and wounds, has grown considerably. They also have many uses in forensic science to determine the minimum post-mortem interval and provide valuable information about the movement of the body, cause of the death, drug use, or poisoning. It has also been proposed that they may be used as model organisms to replace mammal systems in research. The present review describes the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in key physiological processes in insects. By focusing on insects of medical, veterinary significance, we have limited our description of the physiological processes to those most important from the point of view of insect control; the study examines their effects on insect reproduction and resistance to the adverse effects of abiotic (low temperature) and biotic (pathogens) factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao C, Zhang B, Liu Z, Zhang H, Li D. Effects of Cold Storage on Host Antheraea pernyi Egg Quality for the Egg Parasitoid Anastatus fulloi Sheng and Wang. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121057. [PMID: 34940144 PMCID: PMC8705945 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Producing and field releasing a large number of natural enemies within a short time for pest control helps biological control programs succeed. However, host eggs are often unsynchronized with pest occurrence. Storing host eggs can help synchronize the production of parasitoids with demands of the program. Anastatus fulloi is an egg parasitoid wasp that has been successfully used to control the Tessaratoma papillosa Drury populations in south China. Antheraea pernyi eggs are used as factitious hosts of Anastatus fulloi, and cold storage of these eggs is important for large-scale rearing and successful release of Anastatus in the field. We studied the effects of cold storage of A. pernyi eggs on host egg quality and the fitness of A. fulloi. Cold storage reduced host egg quality and the suitability of host eggs for A. fulloi. To minimize losses in the large-scale rearing of A. fulloi, A. pernyi eggs should be refrigerated in a 0–3 °C or −5 °C water bath. The storage period should not exceed 6 months. The results of this study provide technical support for mass rearing of A. fulloi in biological control programs. Abstract Chinese silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) eggs are used as factitious hosts of Anastatus fulloi, and refrigeration of these eggs is essential for large-scale rearing of A. fulloi. We studied the effects of cold storage of A. pernyi eggs on egg quality and the fitness of A. fulloi reared on the eggs. Four cold storage treatments and two cold storage periods were assessed. The 0–3 °C refrigerator treatment was unsuitable for long-term (>70 days) storage. Cold storage at −5 °C and −18 °C increased the loss rate of A. pernyi eggs, but there was no significant difference between the control and 0–3 °C water bath treatment. The parasitism rate of A. fulloi was reduced when A. pernyi eggs were refrigerated for 6 or 12 months. There were no obvious differences in eclosion rate and percentage of females between control and eggs subjected to 6-month storage in 0–3 °C, −5 °C, and −18 °C water bath treatments. However, the eclosion rate and percentage of females decreased sharply when the storage period was 12 months. The overall eclosion rate of A. fulloi was reduced at the prolonged refrigeration time. Cold storage reduced host egg quality and their fitness suitability for A. fulloi. To minimize losses in the large-scale rearing of A. fulloi, A. pernyi eggs should be refrigerated in a 0–3 °C or −5 °C water bath treatment, and the storage period should not exceed 6 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (C.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (C.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Zixin Liu
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 678000, China;
| | - Dunsong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (C.Z.); (B.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-87597447
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dittmer J, Brucker RM. When your host shuts down: larval diapause impacts host-microbiome interactions in Nasonia vitripennis. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:85. [PMID: 33836829 PMCID: PMC8035746 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The life cycles of many insect species include an obligatory or facultative diapause stage with arrested development and low metabolic activity as an overwintering strategy. Diapause is characterised by profound physiological changes in endocrine activity, cell proliferation and nutrient metabolism. However, little is known regarding host-microbiome interactions during diapause, despite the importance of bacterial symbionts for host nutrition and development. In this work, we investigated (i) the role of the microbiome for host nutrient allocation during diapause and (ii) the impact of larval diapause on microbiome dynamics in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis, a model organism for host-microbiome interactions. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that the microbiome is essential for host nutrient allocation during diapause in N. vitripennis, as axenic diapausing larvae had consistently lower glucose and glycerol levels than conventional diapausing larvae, especially when exposed to cold temperature. In turn, microbiome composition was altered in diapausing larvae, potentially due to changes in the surrounding temperature, host nutrient levels and a downregulation of host immune genes. Importantly, prolonged larval diapause had a transstadial effect on the adult microbiome, with unknown consequences for host fitness. Notably, the most dominant microbiome member, Providencia sp., was drastically reduced in adults after more than 4 months of larval diapause, while potential bacterial pathogens increased in abundance. CONCLUSION This work investigates host-microbiome interactions during a crucial developmental stage, which challenges both the insect host and its microbial associates. The impact of diapause on the microbiome is likely due to several factors, including altered host regulatory mechanisms and changes in the host environment. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dittmer
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Present Address: Dipartimento di Scienze agrarie e ambientali (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Robert M Brucker
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amiresmaeili N, Romeis J, Collatz J. Cold tolerance of the drosophila pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 125:104087. [PMID: 32634433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) is a pupal parasitoid of drosophila flies recorded from several parts of the world. It is currently considered for augmentative biological programs to control the severe agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Since D. suzukii has invaded regions that experience zero and sub-zero winter temperatures, cold tolerance of the parasitoid is an important aspect to consider. We characterized low temperature tolerance and overwintering capacity of a colony of T. drosophilae collected in Northern Switzerland. We used copper-constantan thermocouples to determine the supercooling point and pre-freeze mortality. Moreover, we subjected honey-fed and unfed adult T. drosophilae as well as developing stages within their drosophila host to short- and long-term acclimation conditions and assessed the duration of their survival at low temperatures. Finally, we exposed adult and sub-adult stages to winter conditions in a semi-field experiment and evaluated their survival. We found that T. drosophilae is chill susceptible like D. suzukii, but adults froze and survived at colder temperatures than those reported for D. suzukii. Adult parasitoids could tolerate several days of exposure to sub-zero temperatures and could reproduce afterwards, whereas sub-adult stages could survive longer periods under these conditions. The provision of honey and water enhanced the survival of adults and long-term acclimation led to longer survival in all stages. The semi-field experiment supported the results of the laboratory tests. Based on these results we suggest that in Central Europe, T. drosophilae survives winters mainly in developing stages but adults are likely able to tolerate short periods of low spring temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Amiresmaeili
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland; University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland; University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jana Collatz
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Q, Liu Y, Zheng Z, Deng Y, Jiao Y, Du X. Adaptive response of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii to low water temperature stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:310-315. [PMID: 29702238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii is a warm-water shellfish that is sensitive to cold environments. To investigate its potential adaptation to low-temperature stress, the selected line (SL) and based population (BP) were sampled to undergo transcriptome sequence. Results of transcriptome analysis showed 572 significant differentially expressed genes. The typical HSP70 and HSP40 exhibited the polar expression model in the two groups. Meanwhile, the related genes that involved in energy release mediated by oxidative phosphorylation and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid were increased in the SL. The apparent enrichment of different expressed genes in amino acid metabolism indicated that the small molecule system with amino acids was one of the main regulator for low-temperature stress. The different expressions of immune-related and lysosome protein encoding genes also reflected the variation of immunity in the two groups and indicated that it could affect the adaptation ability in different temperature. In addition, the similar trends of different expression of typical genes between two groups were obtained by using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. These results suggested that multi-system adjustments are involved in the processes of low water temperature stress in pearl oyster, providing insights into the response systems of shellfish to acclimatise with ambient environment change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingheng Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su H, Zou J, Zhou Q, Yu Q, Yang Y, Yang Y. Better cold tolerance of Bt-resistant Spodoptera exigua strain and the corresponding cold-tolerant mechanism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 140:51-57. [PMID: 28755694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera exigua is a secondary target pest of Bt cotton commercialized in China. With the continuous adoption of Bt cotton, populations of S. exigua have gradually increased. However, the cold tolerance ability of Bt-resistant S. exigua and the effect of continuous Bt diet on anti-cold materials are unknown. In our study, it was found that Bt-resistant S. exigua (Bt10) developed better with shorter larval and pupal duration and higher pupation rate compared to CK at the suboptimal low temperature. The supercooling points and freezing points of the Bt-resistant S. exigua strain were determined, and body water content and anti-cold materials such as total sugar, trehalose and glycogen, glycerol and fat were examined to explore the effect of Bt toxin on overwintering and on population increase. The results showed that the supercooling point and the freezing point of the Bt-resistant S. exigua pupae were both significantly lower than that of the Bt-susceptible strain. No difference was found in the body water content of pupae and adults between the two strains. Total sugar content of the Bt-resistant strain at both the pupal and adult stages was higher than that of the susceptible strain at the corresponding stages, and glycogen content of the Bt-resistant strain at the larval stage was higher than that of the susceptible larval S. exigua. Fat content of the Bt-resistant larvae, pupae and adults was for each higher than that of the susceptible strain, but the difference was not significant except for that of the 3rd instar larvae. Glycerol content of the Bt-resistant strain at larval, pupal and adult stages was for each higher than that of the corresponding life stages of the susceptible strain. It can be seen that more glycerol was accumulated in Bt-resistant S. exigua. The results indicate that Bt-resistant S. exigua has better cold tolerance. The contents of the anti-freeze substances of progeny, especially glycerol, were increased after previous generations were continuously fed on Bt protein, which means that the Bt-resistant secondary target pests could more easily overcome the overwinter season and become a source of crop damage the following year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Su
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jincheng Zou
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuxia Zhou
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Yu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Fan H, Xiong KC, Liu YH. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae), along with pupal development provide insight into diapause program. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181033. [PMID: 28704500 PMCID: PMC5507520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), is a devastating citrus pest in Asia. This univoltine insect enters obligatory pupal diapause in each generation, while little is known about the course and the molecular mechanisms of diapause. In this study, the course of diapause was determined by measuring the respiratory rate throughout the pupal stage. In addition, the variation of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of pupae at five developmental stages (pre-, early-, middle-, late-, and post-diapause) were evaluated by next-generation sequencing technology and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), respectively. A total of 4,808 genes were significantly altered in ten pairwise comparisons, representing major shifts in metabolism and signal transduction as well as endocrine system and digestive system. Gene expression profiles were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. In addition, 48 metabolites were identified and quantified by 1H NMR. Nine of which significantly contributed to the variation in the metabolomic profiles, especially proline and trehalose. Moreover, the samples collected within diapause maintenance (early-, middle-, and late-diapause) only exhibited marginal transcriptomic and metabolomic variation with each other. These findings greatly improve our understanding of B. minax diapause and lay the foundation for further pertinent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Fan
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke-Cai Xiong
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying-Hong Liu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alford L, Androdias A, Franco T, Pierre JS, Burel F, van Baaren J. Potential Host Manipulation by the Aphid Parasitoid Aphidius avenae to Enhance Cold Tolerance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168693. [PMID: 28006018 PMCID: PMC5179110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During parasitoid development, the immature parasitoid is confined to the host species. As a result, any potential to modify the physiology or behaviour of the host could play an important role in parasitoid fitness. The potential for host manipulation by the aphid parasitoid Aphidius avenae to increase cold thermotolerance was investigated using the aphid host species Metopolophium dirhodum and Sitobion avenae. Aphids were parasitized at L3/L4 instar stage (5 d old) and allowed to develop into pre-reproductive adults (10 d old) containing a 5 d old parasitoid larva. A control group was created of non-parasitized pre-reproductive adults (10 d old). The inherent physiological thermotolerance (LT50) and potential behavioural thermoregulation (behaviour in a declining temperature regime) of parasitized and non-parasitized aphids were investigated. Results revealed no effect of parasitism on the physiological thermotolerance of S. avenae and M. dirhodum. Significant differences in the behaviour of parasitized and non-parasitized aphids were observed, in addition to differences between host species, and such behaviours are discussed in view of the potential for host manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Alford
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Annabelle Androdias
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Franco
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Pierre
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Burel
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Koštál V, Simek P, Moos M, Denlinger DL. Shifts in metabolomic profiles of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis associated with elevated cold tolerance induced by the parasitoid's diapause, host diapause and host diet augmented with proline. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 63:34-46. [PMID: 26005120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis can enhance its cold tolerance by exploiting a maternally-induced larval diapause. A simple manipulation of the fly host diapause status and supplementation of the host diet with proline also dramatically increase cold tolerance in the parasitoid. In this study, we used a metabolomics approach to define alterations in metabolite profiles of N. vitripennis caused by diapause in the parasitoid, diapause of the host, and augmentation of the host's diet with proline. Metabolic profiles of diapausing and nondiapausing parasitoid were significantly differentiated, with pronounced distinctions in levels of multiple cryoprotectants, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The dynamic nature of diapause was underscored by a shift in the wasp's metabolomic profile as the duration of diapause increased, a feature especially evident for increased concentrations of a suite of cryoprotectants. Metabolic pathways involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were distinctly enriched during diapause in the parasitoid. Host diapause status also elicited a pronounced effect on metabolic signatures of the parasitoid, noted by higher cryoprotectants and elevated compounds derived from glycolysis. Proline supplementation of the host diet did not translate directly into elevated proline in the parasitoid but resulted in an alteration in the abundance of many other metabolites, including elevated concentrations of essential amino acids, and reduction in metabolites linked to energy utilization, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Thus, the enhanced cold tolerance of N. vitripennis associated with proline augmentation of the host diet appears to be an indirect effect caused by the metabolic perturbations associated with diet supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hongyin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Vladimir Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Simek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Chen H, Denlinger DL. Host diapause status and host diets augmented with cryoprotectants enhance cold hardiness in the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 70:8-14. [PMID: 25158026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Boosting cold hardiness in parasitoids is a goal that is particularly attractive for increasing shelf life and shipment of biological control agents. In the experiments reported here we use the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis as a model to evaluate manipulations that may be capable of enhancing the wasp's cold tolerance. We altered the parasitoid's cold tolerance by manipulating the wasp's diapause status, the diapause status of the host fly (Sarcophaga crassipalpis), and the diet of the host. Larval diapause in N. vitripennis dramatically increased cold tolerance and the diapause status of the host also exerted a positive, although less dramatic, effect. Augmenting the host fly's diet with supplements of putative cryoprotectants (alanine, proline and glycerol) enhanced cold tolerance in parasitoids that fed on the flies, thus indicating a tri-trophic effect on parasitoid cold tolerance. The most pronounced improvement in cold tolerance was noted in parasitoids fed on fly hosts that had received a diet augmented with proline. These results suggest mechanisms that could be exploited for enhancement of cold tolerance in parasitoids of commercial interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; USDA-ARS Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; USDA-ARS Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qirui Zhang
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hongyin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; USDA-ARS Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Andreadis SS, Spanoudis CG, Athanassiou CG, Savopoulou-Soultani M. Factors influencing supercooling capacity of the koinobiont endoparasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:814-818. [PMID: 23913517 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venturia canescens is a parthenogenetic koinobiont endoparasitoid of several pyralid moth larvae that are major pests of stored products. Low temperatures have been extensively used to control stored-product insects as an alternative to the application of traditional pesticides. However, most studies have focused on the cold hardiness profile of the major stored-product pests. The objective of this study was to investigate how factors such as age, food, host availability and acclimation affect the cold tolerance of V. canescens by determining its supercooling capacity. RESULTS Young adults displayed significantly lower supercooling points (SCPs) than older adults, irrespective of the availability of a host. Host availability had a moderate effect on supercooling, whereas food consumption resulted in a significant enhancement of SCP. Acclimation to low temperatures increased the supercooling capacity considerably. Furthermore, an increase in the duration of exposure to acclimation temperature resulted in lower SCPs. CONCLUSION Adults of V. canescens displayed an enhanced ability to supercool, however, they appear to be less cold tolerant than their respective hosts. This information would be useful in determining the potential of using V. canescens as a biological agent in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, taking into consideration the adverse effects of low temperatures on its survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos S Andreadis
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Silva RJ, Cividanes FJ, Pedroso EC, Barbosa JC, Matta DH, Correia ET, Otuka AK. Effect of Low-Temperature Storage on Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:527-533. [PMID: 23949982 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-013-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of constant low-temperature storage on Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Diaeretiella rapae mummies were stored at 5 ± 1°C for 0-36 days. The percentage of D. rapae emergence varied (100-83%) after 0-32 days of storage. After 32 days, emergence reduced to 55%. According to our Probit analysis, 50% mortality (LT50) of the population of D. rapae was reached after 40 days of storage at 5°C. Storage for up to 32 days did not negatively affect emergence and survival. Cold exposure of D. rapae for 36 days did not influence morphological malformations, sex ratio, and emergence of the F1 generation. After 4-36 days of storage, D. rapae showed a gradual decrease in emergence, longevity, reproductive capacity, and F1 sex ratio. Diaeretiella rapae can be stored for up to 24 days at 5°C, at which time the percentage of parasitism and the F1 sex ratio remain above 38% and at 0.50, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Silva
- Lab Ecologia de Insetos, Depto Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.
| | - F J Cividanes
- Lab Ecologia de Insetos, Depto Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - E C Pedroso
- Lab de Entomologia, Depto Agricultura, UNIFENAS, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | - J C Barbosa
- Depto Ciências Exatas, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - D H Matta
- Lab Ecologia de Insetos, Depto Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - E T Correia
- Lab Ecologia de Insetos, Depto Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - A K Otuka
- Lab Ecologia de Insetos, Depto Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cold temperatures increase cold hardiness in the next generation Ophraella communa beetles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74760. [PMID: 24098666 PMCID: PMC3787003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf beetle, Ophraella communa, has been introduced to control the spread of the common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, in China. We hypothesized that the beetle, to be able to track host-range expansion into colder climates, can phenotypically adapt to cold temperatures across generations. Therefore, we questioned whether parental experience of colder temperatures increases cold tolerance of the progeny. Specifically, we studied the demography, including development, fecundity, and survival, as well as physiological traits, including supercooling point (SCP), water content, and glycerol content of O. communa progeny whose parents were maintained at different temperature regimes. Overall, the entire immature stage decreased survival of about 0.2%-4.2% when parents experienced cold temperatures compared to control individuals obtained from parents raised at room temperature. However, intrinsic capacity for increase (r), net reproductive rate (R 0) and finite rate of increase (λ) of progeny O. communa were maximum when parents experienced cold temperatures. Glycerol contents of both female and male in progeny was significantly higher when maternal and paternal adults were cold acclimated as compared to other treatments. This resulted in the supercooling point of the progeny adults being significantly lower compared to beetles emerging from parents that experienced room temperatures. These results suggest that cold hardiness of O. communa can be promoted by cold acclimation in previous generation, and it might counter-balance reduced survival in the next generation, especially when insects are tracking their host-plants into colder climates.
Collapse
|
16
|
Variation in cold hardiness among geographic populations of the ragweed beetle, Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asterales: Asteraceae), in China. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Wolschin F, Gadau J. Deciphering proteomic signatures of early diapause in Nasonia. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6394. [PMID: 19636376 PMCID: PMC2712079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect diapause is an alternative life-history strategy used to increase longevity and survival in harsh environmental conditions. Even though some aspects of diapause are well investigated, broader scale studies that elucidate the global metabolic adjustments required for this remarkable trait, are rare. In order to better understand the metabolic changes during early insect diapause, we used a shotgun proteomics approach on early diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of the recently sequenced hymenopteran model organism Nasonia vitripennis. Our results deliver insights into the molecular underpinnings of diapause in Nasonia and corroborate previously reported diapause-associated features for invertebrates, such as a diapause-dependent abundance change for heat shock and storage proteins. Furthermore, we observed a diapause-dependent switch in enzymes involved in glycerol synthesis and a vastly changed capacity for protein synthesis and degradation. The abundance of structural proteins and proteins involved in protein synthesis decreased with increasing diapause duration, while the abundance of proteins likely involved in diapause maintenance (e.g. ferritins) increased. Only few potentially diapause-specific proteins were identified suggesting that diapause in Nasonia relies to a large extent on a modulation of pre-existing pathways. Studying a diapause syndrome on a proteomic level rather than isolated pathways or physiological networks, has proven to be an efficient and successful avenue to understand molecular mechanisms involved in diapause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wolschin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Robert Michaud M, Benoit JB, Lopez-Martinez G, Elnitsky MA, Lee RE, Denlinger DL. Metabolomics reveals unique and shared metabolic changes in response to heat shock, freezing and desiccation in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:645-655. [PMID: 18313070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The midge, Belgica antarctica Jacobs, is subjected to numerous environmental stressors during its 2-year life cycle on the Antarctic Peninsula, and in response it has evolved a suite of behavioral, physiological, and life-cycle modifications to counter these stressors, but thus far only a limited number of biochemical adaptations have been identified. In this study, we use a metabolomics approach to obtain a broad overview of changes in energy metabolism, amino acids, and polyols in response to three of the midge's major stresses: heat, freezing, and desiccation. Using GC-MS analysis, a total of 75 compounds were identified. Desiccation (50% water loss) elicited the greatest physiological response (as determined by principal components analysis) when compared to untreated controls, with many elevated metabolites from pathways of central carbohydrate metabolism and a decrease in free amino acids. When larvae were frozen (6h at -10 degrees C), alanine and aspartate increased as well as urea. Freezing also increased three polyols (glycerol, mannitol, erythritol), while desiccation increased only two polyols (glycerol, erythritol). Heating the midges for 1h at 30 degrees C elevated alpha-ketoglutarate and putrescine while suppressing glycerol, glucose, and serine levels. Freezing and desiccation elicited elevation of four shared metabolites, whereas no shared metabolites were elevated by heat. All three treatments resulted in a reduction in serine, potentially identifying this amino acid as a marker for stress in this species. A number of metabolic changes, especially those in the sugar and polyol pools, are adaptations that have potential to enhance survival during both cold and desiccation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Robert Michaud
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1242, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Matsukura K, Tsumuki H, Izumi Y, Wada T. Changes in chemical components in the freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), in relation to the development of its cold hardiness. Cryobiology 2007; 56:131-7. [PMID: 18190902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is an invasive freshwater snail. It increases its cold hardiness before winter. However, the physiological mechanism of cold hardiness in molluscs is poorly understood, especially in freshwater molluscs. In this study, we examined the changes in low molecular weight compounds, glycogen and lipids, in the body of P. canaliculata in association with the development of cold hardiness. When snails without cold hardiness were experimentally cold-acclimated, the amount of glycerol, glutamine, and carnosine increased, while glycogen and phenylalanine decreased. Overwintering cold-tolerant snails collected from a drained paddy field in November also showed increased glycerol in their bodies with decreasing glycogen concentration, compared to summer snails collected from a submerged field. Water content also decreased during the cold acclimation, although the water loss was minimal. These results indicate that the freshwater snail, P. canaliculata enhances cold hardiness by accumulation of some kinds of low molecular weight compounds in its body as some insects do. However, the actual function of each low molecular compound is still unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Matsukura
- Research Team for Insect and Nematode Management, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lacoume S, Bressac C, Chevrier C. Sperm production and mating potential of males after a cold shock on pupae of the parasitoid wasp Dinarmus basalis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:1008-15. [PMID: 17604049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
For ectothermic species, temperature is a key environmental factor influencing several aspects of their physiology and ecology, acting particularly on reproduction. To measure the consequences of a severe thermal stress during development on male reproduction, a cold shock (1h at -18 degrees C) was tested on Dinarmus basalis pupae. D. basalis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a parasitoid wasp in which sperm management in both male and female is of prime importance. After a cold shock, developmental success was reduced, with a quarter of cold-shocked males not emerging correctly. The stress effects were estimated at the level of sperm stock in seminal vesicles of males at different ages and on the ability of 2-day-old males to access females in single and multiple mating and in male-male competition. Cold-shocked males had a reduced sperm stock compared to control males and this difference persisted with age. The rate of sperm production was similar in both groups. The consequences of a cold shock on male reproductive ability were perceptible in multiple mating and male-male competition but not in single mating. Cold-shocked males were at a disadvantage, inseminating fewer females and copulating less frequently. Finally, male pupae of D. basalis were able to withstand severe temperature stresses and their reproductive functions were partially preserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lacoume
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Michaud MR, Denlinger DL. Shifts in the carbohydrate, polyol, and amino acid pools during rapid cold-hardening and diapause-associated cold-hardening in flesh flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis): a metabolomic comparison. J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:753-63. [PMID: 17576567 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-007-0172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flesh flies can enhance their cold hardiness by entering a photoperiod-induced pupal diapause or by a temperature-induced rapid cold-hardening process. To determine whether the same or different metabolites are involved in these two responses, derivatized polar extracts from flesh flies subjected to these treatments were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). This metabolomic approach demonstrated that levels of metabolites involved in glycolysis (glycerol, glucose, alanine, pyruvate) were elevated by both treatments. Metabolites elevated uniquely in response to rapid cold-hardening include glutamine, cystathionine, sorbitol, and urea while levels of beta-alanine, ornithine, trehalose, and mannose levels were reduced. Rapid cold-hardening also uniquely perturbed the urea cycle. In addition to the elevated metabolites shared with rapid cold-hardening, leucine concentrations were uniquely elevated during diapause while levels of a number of other amino acids were reduced. Pools of two aerobic metabolic intermediates, fumarate and citrate, were reduced during diapause, indicating a reduction of Krebs cycle activity. Principal component analysis demonstrated that rapid cold-hardening and diapause are metabolically distinct from their untreated, non-diapausing counterparts. We discuss the possible contribution of each altered metabolite in enhancing the overall cold hardiness of the organism, as well as the efficacy of GC-MS metabolomics for investigating insect physiological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Robert Michaud
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1242, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Colinet H, Hance T, Vernon P, Bouchereau A, Renault D. Does fluctuating thermal regime trigger free amino acid production in the parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae)? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:484-92. [PMID: 17347005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When stressful cold-exposure is interrupted by short warm intervals, physiological recovery is possible, and this improves markedly the survival of insects. Fluctuating thermal regime (FTR) may act as a cue triggering the initiation of a metabolic response involving synthesis of cryoprotective compounds, such as free amino acids (FAA). Since specific changes in FAA levels can provide a good indication of the overall response of an organism to stressful conditions, we investigated temporal changes in FAA body contents of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck during exposure to FTR (4 degrees C: 20 degrees C for 22 h: 2 h per day) versus constant low temperature (4 degrees C). Physiological response during cold-exposure was clearly dissimilar between thermal treatments. Under constant cold-exposure FAA pool increased, whereas it decreased with cold-exposure duration in FTR. No single FAA accumulation could explain the higher survival under FTR. We propose that instead of considering FAA as a part of cryoprotective arsenal, FAA accumulation should rather be regarded as a symptom of a cold-induced physiological response. This is much less manifest under FTR, as the warm intervals likely allow a periodic reactivation of normal metabolic activities and a recovery of developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Colinet
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Biogéographie, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hance T, van Baaren J, Vernon P, Boivin G. Impact of extreme temperatures on parasitoids in a climate change perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 52:107-26. [PMID: 16846383 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids depend on a series of adaptations to the ecology and physiology of their hosts and host plants for survival and are thus likely highly susceptible to changes in environmental conditions. We analyze the effects of global warming and extreme temperatures on the life-history traits of parasitoids and interactions with their hosts. Adaptations of parasitoids to low temperatures are similar to those of most ectotherms, but these adaptations are constrained by the responses of their hosts. Life-history traits are affected by cold exposure, and extreme temperatures can reduce endosymbiont populations inside a parasitoid, eventually eliminating populations of endosymbionts that are susceptible to high temperatures. In several cases, divergences between the thermal preferences of the host and those of the parasitoid lead to a disruption of the temporal or geographical synchronization, increasing the risk of host outbreaks. A careful analysis on how host-parasitoid systems react to changes in temperature is needed so that researchers may predict and manage the consequences of global change at the ecosystem level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Hance
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Biogéographie, Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carrillo MA, Heimpel GE, Moon RD, Cannon CA, Hutchison WD. Cold hardiness of Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of pyralid moths. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 51:759-68. [PMID: 15885701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) attacks stored-product infesting pyralid moths that are able to overwinter under extremely cold conditions. The extent to which H. hebetor can withstand these conditions is not known, but has important implications for the ability of H. hebetor to provide long-term suppression of these pests in temperate climates. We investigated basic cold hardiness aspects of a mutant eye-color strain of H. hebetor. Feeding larvae and adults of H. hebetor had supercooling points (SCPs) at temperatures higher than those of eggs and pupae. Mean SCPs of females and males were equivalent, as were those of naked and silk-encased pupae. Feeding on honey prior to being subjected to low temperatures significantly increased the SCP of adult females by approximately 8 degrees C. Mortality of pupae and adults increased significantly whenever the temperature dropped below the mean SCP, indicating that H. hebetor does not tolerate freezing. For pupae and adults exposed to -12 and -5 degrees C, the hourly mortality rate increased with time of exposure. Pupae and adults exposed to -12 degrees C for different time intervals showed high mortality after only 1d of exposure. At -5 degrees C, none survived 12d of exposure. A better understanding of how well this parasitoid tolerates low temperatures will be useful in evaluating its potential as a biological control agent of stored-product moths in temperate regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Carrillo
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Klok CJ, Chown SL, Gaston KJ. The geographical range structure of the Holly Leaf-miner. III. Cold hardiness physiology. Funct Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2003.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Grassberger M, Frank C. Temperature-related development of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis as forensic indicator. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 17:257-262. [PMID: 12941009 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Development times of the forensically significant parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from oviposition to pupation, and from oviposition to adult emergence, were studied in the laboratory at temperatures of 15-35 degrees C using host pupae of the blowfly Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Total developmental time of N. vitripennis from oviposition to adult emergence (mean+/-SD) was 43.5+/-2.4, 22.5+/-1.1, 14.8+/-1.7 and 11.3+/-0.9 days when reared at 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C, respectively. At 35 degrees C, N. vitripennis did not develop successfully. The rate of total immature development (1/days) increased with temperature. From linear regression of development rates, it was determined that the minimum threshold (tL) for total immature development was 9.8 degrees C (approximately 10 degrees C). Above this threshold, the overall thermal constant (K) for N. vitripennis was found to be 224.3+/-1.7 degree-days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Grassberger
- Institute for Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|