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Allen BC, Vincent MJ, Liska D, Haber LT. Meta-regression analysis of the effect of trans fatty acids on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:295-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mode-of-action evaluation for the effect of trans fatty acids on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:282-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Trans fatty acids and cholesterol levels: An evidence map of the available science. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:269-281. [PMID: 27394654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High intakes of industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) increase circulating low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, which has implicated iTFA in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Published data on iTFA and LDL-C, however, represent higher intake levels than the U.S. population currently consume. This study used state-of-the-art evidence mapping approaches to characterize the full body of literature on LDL-C and iTFA at low intake levels. A total of 32 independent clinical trials that included at least one intervention or control group with iTFA at ≤3%en were found. Findings indicated that a wide range of oils and interventions were used, limiting the ability to determine an isolated effect of iTFA intake. Few data points were found for iTFA at <3%en, with the majority of low-level exposures actually representing control group interventions containing non-partially hydrogenated (PHO) oils. Further, it appears that few dose-response data points are available to assess the relationship of low levels of iTFA, particularly from PHO exposure, and LDL-C. Therefore, limited evidence is available to determine the effect of iTFA at current consumption levels on CHD risk.
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Kwon Y. Effect oftrans–fatty acids on lipid metabolism: Mechanisms for their adverse health effects. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1075214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Coronary heart disease is becoming a worldwide epidemic and diet and lifestyle are well known contributing factors. Identifying the kinds of foods that may have a cardioprotective or cardiotoxic effect and understanding their molecular mechanisms of action has become of increasing importance. Through largely epidemiological evidence, trans fatty acid (TFA) intake has been associated with a variety of cardiovascular complications including atherosclerosis. Traditionally, industrial TFAs (iTFAs) have been associated with these deleterious cardiovascular effects. However, there is a current body of research that suggests that ruminant trans fats (rTFAs) may have a cardioprotective role within the heart. The molecular mechanisms whereby TFAs are delivering their effects are largely unknown. In the following review, we discuss recent in vitro, animal and epidemiological research to better understand the effect of TFAs in the diet on cardiovascular disease, particularly atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Ganguly
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Labonté MÈ, Couture P, Paquin P, Chouinard Y, Lemieux S, Lamarche B. Comparison of the impact of trans fatty acids from ruminant and industrial sources on surrogate markers of cholesterol homeostasis in healthy men. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 2:S241-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Effects of Partially Hydrogenated, Semi-Saturated, and High Oleate Vegetable Oils on Inflammatory Markers and Lipids. Lipids 2010; 45:385-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Matthan NR, Dillard A, Lecker JL, Ip B, Lichtenstein AH. Effects of dietary palmitoleic acid on plasma lipoprotein profile and aortic cholesterol accumulation are similar to those of other unsaturated fatty acids in the F1B golden Syrian hamster. J Nutr 2009; 139:215-21. [PMID: 19106316 PMCID: PMC4274120 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.099804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower susceptibility of palmitoleic acid (16:1) to oxidation compared to PUFA may confer functional advantages with respect to finding acceptable alternatives to partially hydrogenated fats, but limited data are available on its effect on cardiovascular risk factors. This study investigated the effect of diets (10% fat, 0.1% cholesterol, wt:wt) enriched with macadamia [monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)16:1], palm (SFA,16:0), canola (MUFA,18:1), or safflower (PUFA,18:2) oils on lipoprotein profiles and aortic cholesterol accumulation in F1B Golden Syrian hamsters (n = 16/group). After 12 wk, 8 hamsters in each group were killed (phase 1). The remaining hamsters fed palm oil were changed to a diet containing coconut oil, while hamsters in the other diet groups continued on their original diets for an additional 6 wk (phase 2). With minor exceptions, the time course and dietary SFA source did not alter the study outcomes. Macadamia oil-fed hamsters had lower non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations compared with the palm and coconut oil-fed hamsters and higher HDL-cholesterol compared with the coconut, canola, and safflower oil-fed hamsters. The aortic cholesterol concentration was not affected by dietary fat type. The hepatic cholesterol concentration was higher in the unsaturated compared with the saturated oil-fed hamsters. RBC membrane and aortic cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, and phospholipid fatty acid profiles reflected that of the dietary oil. These data suggest that an oil relatively high in palmitoleic acid does not adversely affect plasma lipoprotein profiles or aortic cholesterol accumulation and was similar to other unsaturated fatty acid-rich oils.
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Cassagno N, Palos-Pinto A, Costet P, Breilh D, Darmon M, Bérard AM. Low amounts oftrans18 : 1 fatty acids elevate plasma triacylglycerols but not cholesterol and alter the cellular defence to oxidative stress in mice. Br J Nutr 2007; 94:346-52. [PMID: 16176604 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transfatty acids are found mainly in processed foods. It has been shown that when their intake is high, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols are elevated, while HDL-cholesterol decreases. To evaluate a possible effect of these compounds, even in low amounts, C57Bl/6J mice were fed for 7 weeks a diet containing 13·6 % energy as partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil-enriched diet (Trans diet). The Trans diet contained 3 % energy astrans18 : 1 fatty acid (elaidic acid). Control mice were on an isologous diet containing native rapeseed oil (Rapeseed diet) in whichtransfatty acids were undetectable. Total, free and HDL-cholesterol as well as reverse cholesterol transport did not change. However, plasma triacylglycerol and VLDL levels increased. Hepatic gene expression in the Transv.Rapeseed diet were compared using quantitative RT–PCR. The Trans diet produced a 2–3-fold elevation in mRNA of fatty acid synthase and microsomal transfer protein mRNA, explaining (at least in part) the observed increase in triacylglycerols and VLDL. In addition, mice on the Trans diet developed a deficiency in plasma vitamin E accompanied by a higher concentration of F2-isoprostanes, indicative of increased oxidative stress. The 78 kDa glucose-related protein (GRP78) mRNA expression increased 3–4-fold in liver, suggesting that a response against apoptosis was provoked by lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Cassagno
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, EA no 3670, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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Lock AL, Horne CAM, Bauman DE, Salter AM. Butter naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid alters tissue fatty acids and improves the plasma lipoprotein profile in cholesterol-fed hamsters. J Nutr 2005; 135:1934-9. [PMID: 16046719 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.8.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Butter, which is naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (rumenic acid; RA) and vaccenic acid (VA), has been shown to be an effective anticarcinogen in studies with animal models; however, there has been no examination of the effects of a naturally derived source of VA and RA on atherosclerosis-related biomarkers. The current study was designed to determine the effect of a diet containing VA/RA-enriched butter on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid profiles in cholesterol-fed hamsters. Male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing 0.2% cholesterol and 20% added fat as: 1) Control, 20% standard butter (CT); 2) 5% standard butter + 15% VA/RA-enriched butter (EB); 3) 15% standard butter + 5% partially-hydrogenated vegetable oil (VO). After 4 wk, plasma lipoproteins were isolated, cholesterol quantified, and tissue fatty acid profiles determined. Tissue concentrations of VA and RA were increased by consumption of the EB diet compared with both the CT and VO diets, whereas the VO diet increased their concentration compared with the CT diet only. Total and LDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced in hamsters fed EB and VO compared with CT, whereas VLDL cholesterol concentrations were reduced in hamsters fed EB compared with those fed CT and VO. HDL cholesterol concentrations did not differ among treatments. The ratio of potentially atherogenic lipoproteins [VLDL + intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) + LDL] to antiatherogenic HDL was significantly lower in hamsters fed VA/RA-enriched butter (0.60) than in those fed either control diet (1.70) or the diet containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (1.04). Thus, increasing the VA/RA concentration of butter results in a plasma lipoprotein cholesterol profile that is associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Matthan NR, Welty FK, Barrett PHR, Harausz C, Dolnikowski GG, Parks JS, Eckel RH, Schaefer EJ, Lichtenstein AH. Dietary Hydrogenated Fat Increases High-Density Lipoprotein apoA-I Catabolism and Decreases Low-Density Lipoprotein apoB-100 Catabolism in Hypercholesterolemic Women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1092-7. [PMID: 15087307 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000128410.23161.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine mechanisms contributing to decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations associated with hydrogenated fat intake, kinetic studies of apoA-I, apoB-100, and apoB-48 were conducted using stable isotopes. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women were provided in random order with 3 diets for 5-week periods. Two-thirds of the fat was soybean oil (unsaturated fat), stick margarine (hydrogenated fat), or butter (saturated fat). Total and LDL-C levels were highest after the saturated diet (P<0.05; saturated versus unsaturated) whereas HDL-C levels were lowest after the hydrogenated diet (P<0.05; hydrogenated versus saturated). Plasma apoA-I levels and pool size (PS) were lower, whereas apoA-I fractional catabolic rate (FCR) was higher after the hydrogenated relative to the saturated diet (P<0.05). LDL apoB-100 levels and PS were significantly higher, whereas LDL apoB-100 FCR was lower with the saturated and hydrogenated relative to the unsaturated diet. There was no significant difference among diets in apoA-I or B-100 production rates or apoB-48 kinetic parameters. HDL-C concentrations were negatively associated with apoA-I FCR (r=-0.56, P=0.03) and LDL-C concentrations were negatively correlated with LDL apoB-100 FCR (r=-0.48, P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS The mechanism for the adverse lipoprotein profile observed with hydrogenated fat intake is determined in part by increased apoA-I and decreased LDL apoB-100 catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupa R Matthan
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston Mass 02111, USA.
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Mauger JF, Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Jalbert SM, Jauhiainen M, Ehnholm C, Lamarche B. Effect of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on LDL particle size. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:370-5. [PMID: 12936917 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary trans fatty acids (FAs), which are formed during the process of hydrogenating vegetable oil, are known to increase plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations. However, their effect on LDL particle size has yet to be investigated. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of trans FA consumption on the electrophoretic characteristics of LDL particles. DESIGN Eighteen women and 18 men each consumed 5 experimental diets in random order for 35-d periods. Fat represented 30% of total energy intake in each diet, with two-thirds of the fat in the form of semiliquid margarine (0.6 g trans FAs/100 g fat), soft margarine (9.4 g trans FAs/100 g fat), shortening (13.6 g trans FAs/100 g fat), stick margarine (26.1 g trans FAs/100 g fat), or butter, which was low in trans FAs (2.6 g trans FAs/100 g fat) but rich in saturated fat. LDL particle size and distribution were characterized by nondenaturing, 2-16% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Relative to the LDL particle size observed after consumption of the butter-enriched diet, LDL particle size decreased significantly and in a dose-dependent fashion with increasing amounts of dietary trans FAs (P < 0.001). Cholesterol concentrations in large (> 260 A) and medium-sized (255-260 A) LDL particles also increased proportionately to the amount of trans FAs in the diet. CONCLUSION Consumption of dietary trans FAs is associated with a deleterious increase in small, dense LDL, which further reinforces the importance of promoting diets low in trans FAs to favorably affect the lipoprotein profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Mauger
- Institute on Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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French MA, Sundram K, Clandinin MT. Cholesterolaemic effect of palmitic acid in relation to other dietary fatty acids. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003; 11 Suppl 7:S401-7. [PMID: 12492626 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s.7.3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary intake of high palmitic acid levels in combination with other fatty acids in normal subjects was assessed. Palmitic acid (10% of energy) was fed in conjunction with decreasing levels of linoleic acid to determine if a threshold level of linoleic acid prevented palmitic acid from being hypercholesterolaemic. Healthy subjects received each of the diet treatments for 21 days, followed by washout periods of 7 days. In a second experiment, the effect of exchanging palmitic acid for trans fatty acids on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol levels and on rates for endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in normal subjects was investigated. Diet treatment lasted for 30 days. On day 30 of each diet treatment, a priming dose of deuterium was consumed, followed by a subsequent blood sample at 24 h. Blood cholesterol fractions were isolated and analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry to measure cholesterol fractional synthetic rates. In the first experiment, total plasma cholesterol levels increased as the percentage of linoleic acid decreased. The data indicated that high levels of palmitic acid were not hypercholesterolaemic if intake of linoleic acid was greater than 4.5% of energy. When the diet contained trans fatty acids plasma total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased and cholesterol synthesis increased with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A French
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hydrogenated fat consumption affects acylation-stimulating protein levels and cholesterol esterification rates in moderately hypercholesterolemic women. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Matthan NR, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Jones PJ. Deuterium uptake and plasma cholesterol precursor levels correspond as methods for measurement of endogenous cholesterol synthesis in hypercholesterolemic women. Lipids 2000; 35:1037-44. [PMID: 11026626 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess the validity of two techniques used to measure human cholesterol synthesis, the rate of uptake of deuterium (D) into plasma free cholesterol (FC), and plasma cholesterol precursor (squalene, lanosterol, desmosterol and lathosterol) levels were compared in 14 women [65-71 yr with low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) > or = 3.36 mmol x L(-1)]. Subjects consumed each of six diets for 5-wk periods according to a randomized crossover design. The experimental diets included a baseline diet (39% energy as fat, 164 mg chol x 4.2 MJ(-1)) and five reduced-fat diets (30% of energy as fat), where two-thirds of the fat was either soybean oil; squeeze, tub or stick margarines; or butter. Fractional and absolute synthesis rates (FSR and ASR) of FC were determined using the deuterium incorporation (DI) method, while cholesterol precursor levels were measured using gas-liquid chromatography. Data were pooled across diets for each variable and correlation coefficients were calculated to determine if associations were present. There was good agreement among levels of the various cholesterol precursors. In addition, FSR in pools/d (p x d(-1)) and ASR in grams/d (g x d(-1)) were strongly associated with lathosterol (r= 0.72 and 0.71, P= 0.0001), desmosterol (r= 0.75 and 0.75, P = 0.0001), lanosterol (r = 0.67 and 0.67), and squalene (r = 0.69 and 0.68) when levels of the precursors were expressed as micromol x mmol(-1) C. Significant but lower correlations were observed between the D uptake and plasma cholesterol precursor levels when the latter were expressed in absolute amounts (micromol x L(-1)). The wide range of fatty acid profiles of the experimental diets did not influence the degree of association between methods. In conclusion, the DI method and levels of some cholesterol precursors correspond as methods for shortterm measurement of cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Matthan
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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