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Trypanosoma cruzi infection and endothelin-1 cooperatively activate pathogenic inflammatory pathways in cardiomyocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2034. [PMID: 23409199 PMCID: PMC3566987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, induces multiple responses in the heart, a critical organ of infection and pathology in the host. Among diverse factors, eicosanoids and the vasoactive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. In the present study, we found that T. cruzi infection in mice induces myocardial gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) and thromboxane synthase (Tbxas1) as well as endothelin-1 (Edn1) and atrial natriuretic peptide (Nppa). T. cruzi infection and ET-1 cooperatively activated the Ca2+/calcineurin (Cn)/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway in atrial myocytes, leading to COX-2 protein expression and increased eicosanoid (prostaglandins E2 and F2α, thromboxane A2) release. Moreover, T. cruzi infection of ET-1-stimulated cardiomyocytes resulted in significantly enhanced production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a prognostic marker for impairment in cardiac function of chagasic patients. Our findings support an important role for the Ca2+/Cn/NFAT cascade in T. cruzi-mediated myocardial production of inflammatory mediators and may help define novel therapeutic targets. Chronic cardiomyopathy is the most common and severe manifestation of human Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Among diverse inflammation-promoting moieties, eicosanoids and the vasoactive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the link between these two factors has not yet been identified. In the present study, we found that T. cruzi infection induces gene expression of ET-1 and eicosanoid-forming enzymes in the heart of infected mice. We also demonstrated that HL-1 atrial myocytes respond to ET-1 stimulus and T. cruzi infection by induction of cyclooxygenase-2 through activation of the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT intracellular signaling pathway. Moreover, the cooperation between T. cruzi and ET-1 leads to overproduction of eicosanoids (prostaglandins E2 and F2α, thromboxane A2) and the pro-hypertrophic atrial natriuretic peptide. Our results support an important role for NFAT in T. cruzi plus ET-1-dependent induction of key agents of pathogenesis in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Identification of the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT cascade as mediator of cardiovascular pathology in Chagas' disease advances our understanding of host-parasite interrelationship and may help define novel potential targets for therapeutic interventions to ameliorate or prevent cardiomyopathy during chronic T. cruzi infection.
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HB-EGF induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via an ERK5-MEF2A-COX2 signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Angiotensin II differentially modulates cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 and prostaglandin I2 synthase expression in adventitial fibroblasts exposed to inflammatory stimuli. J Hypertens 2011; 29:529-36. [PMID: 21169864 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328342b271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess whether angiotensin II (Ang II) modulates key enzymes of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2/prostanoid pathway, including prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) in rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts in the presence or absence of an inflammatory stimulus [interleukin (IL)-1β]. METHODS AND RESULTS Fibroblasts stimulated with IL-1β (10 ng/ml, 24 h) and/or Ang II (0.1 μmol/l, 24 h) were used. IL-1β up-regulated COX-2 and mPGES-1 (protein and mRNA) and increased PGI2 and PGE2 release, without altering PGIS protein expression. Ang II did modify neither COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression nor prostanoid levels, but it induced PGIS expression. Interestingly, Ang II further enhanced IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression and PGI2 release and concomitantly reduced IL-1β-induced mPGES-1 expression. The AT1 receptor antagonist losartan prevented the effects of Ang II on IL-1β-induced COX-2 or mPGES-1 expression. IL-1β activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathways, and coincubation with Ang II resulted in a higher and more sustained phosphorylation of both MAPK. Inhibition of either p38 MAPK (SB203580) or ERK1/2 (PD98059) reduced COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in cells treated with IL-1β or the combination of IL-1β and Ang II. Ang II did not modify COX-2 transcriptional activity but increased COX-2 mRNA stability in IL-1β-treated cells; by contrast, it increased PGIS mRNA levels through a transcriptional mechanism. CONCLUSION Ang II differentially modulates key enzymes involved in prostanoid biosynthesis thereby altering the balance between PGI2/PGE2 in vascular cells exposed to inflammatory stimuli.
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Su Q, Jia RP, Lin J, Xu LW, Wang ZZ, Li WC, Wang SK. Effect of endothelin-1 on cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human hormone refractory prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:495-499. [PMID: 22966331 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects and possible mechanisms of recombinant human endothelin (ET)-1 on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in human hormone refractory prostate cancer PC3 cells. PC3 cells were treated with 100 nmol/l ET-1 for the indicated times (3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h) and concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 nmol/l) for 24 h. Moreover, 100 nmol/l ET-1 was used to treat PC3 cells alone or in combination with endothelin A receptor (ET(A)R) antagonist BQ123 (1 μmol/l), endothelin B receptor (ET(B)R) antagonist BQ788 (1 μmol/l), MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)-selective inhibitor, PD98059 (10 μmol/l), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) antagonist SB203580 (5 μmol/l) or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist AG1478 (0.1 μmol/l) for 24 h. COX-2 mRNA and protein expression was detected in the PC3 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. ET-1 induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in the mRNA and protein expression of COX-2 in the PC3 cells. BQ123, LY294002, SC203580 and AG1478 prevented the expression of COX-2 in the PC3 cells (P<0.05), while BQ788 did not. ET-1 induced the up-regulation of COX-2 in the PC3 cells. ET(A)R may be involved in the process. Several signaling pathways, including p42/44 MAPK, p38 MAPK and EGFR, are therefore implicated in the regulation of COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, P.R. China
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p38 MAPK contributes to angiotensin II-induced COX-2 expression in aortic fibroblasts from normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2009; 27:142-54. [PMID: 19145780 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328317a730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of angiotensin II on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in aortic adventitial fibroblasts from normotensive [Wistar-Kyoto (WKY)] rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS Protein expression was determined by western blot, mRNA levels by real-time PCR, transcriptional activity by luciferase assays, superoxide anion (O2*-) production by dihydroethidine fluorescence and prostaglandin E2 by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Angiotensin II (0.1 micromol/l, 0.5-6 h) time dependently induced COX-2 protein expression, this effect being transient in fibroblasts from WKY rats and maintained over time in SHRs. Angiotensin II effect was abolished by valsartan (1 micromol/l), an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. Angiotensin II-induced prostaglandin E2 production was reduced by valsartan and the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 (1 micromol/l). Angiotensin II increased O2*- production more in SHR than WKY rats. This increase was reduced by apocynin (30 micromol/l) and allopurinol (10 micromol/l), respective nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and xanthine oxidase inhibitors. However, angiotensin II-induced COX-2 expression was unaffected by apocynin, allopurinol, tempol (1 mmol/l) or catalase (1000 U/ml). Angiotensin II (2-30 min) induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, transiently in WKY rats but sustained in SHRs. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 (10 micromol/l) reduced angiotensin II-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA levels. The angiotensin II effect was not prevented by inhibition of mRNA synthesis, and angiotensin II was unable to modulate COX-2 transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin II increases COX-2 expression in aortic fibroblasts through mechanisms including p38 MAPK pathway, independent of reactive oxygen species production and nonmediated by COX-2 transcriptional activity modulation. The sustained angiotensin-induced p38 MAPK activation in SHR cells might be related to the maintained COX-2 expression in this strain.
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Kim DY, Song HJ, Jeong JH, Suh JS, Sohn UD. Regulation of lysophosphatidic acid-induced COX-2 expression by ERK1/2 activation in cultured feline esophageal epithelial Cells. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:1331-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-2114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Drelicharz L, Kozlovski V, Skorka T, Heinze-Paluchowska S, Jasinski A, Gebska A, Guzik T, Olszanecki R, Wojnar L, Mende U, Csanyi G, Chlopicki S. NO and PGI(2) in coronary endothelial dysfunction in transgenic mice with dilated cardiomyopathy. Basic Res Cardiol 2008; 103:417-30. [PMID: 18431525 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-008-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work was to analyze coronary endothelial function in the transgenic mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy (Tgalphaq*44 mice). METHODS Coronary vasodilatation, both NO-dependent (induced by bradykinin) and PGI(2)-dependent (induced by acetylcholine), was assessed in the isolated hearts of Tgalphaq*44 and FVB mice. Cardiac function was analyzed in vivo (MRI). RESULTS In Tgalphaq*44 mice at the age of 2-4 months cardiac function was preserved and there were no alterations in endothelial function. By contrast, in Tgalphaq*44 mice at the age of 14-16 months cardiac function was significantly impaired and NO, but not PGI(2)-dependent coronary function was altered. Interestingly, the basal level of PGI(2) in coronary circulation increased fourfold as compared to FVB mice. Cardiac O(2) (-) production increased 1.5-fold and 3-fold in Tgalphaq*44 vs. FVB mice at the age of 2-6 and 14-16 months, respectively, and was inhibited by apocynin. Interestingly, inhibition of NADPH oxidase or NOS-3 normalized augmented PGI(2) production in Tgalphaq*44 mice. There was also an increased expression of gp91phox in Tgalphaq*44 vs. FVB hearts, without evident alterations in the expression of COX-1, COX-2, NOS-3 and PGI(2)-synthase. CONCLUSIONS In the mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy, endothelial dysfunction in coronary circulation is present in the late but not the early stage of heart failure pathology and is characterized by a decrease in NO bioavailability and a compensatory increase in PGI(2). Both the decrease in NO activity and the increase in PGI(2) activity may result from excessive O(2) (-) production by cardiac NADPH oxidase in Tgalphaq*44 hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Drelicharz
- Dept. of Experimental Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, Krakow, 31-531, Poland
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Song HJ, Kim JS, Lee MJ, Nam YS, Sohn UD. Reactive oxygen species mediate ET-1-induced activation of ERK1/2 signaling in cultured feline esophageal smooth muscle cells. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:1080-7. [PMID: 17958324 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to play a critical role in propagating the signals of several growth factors, peptide hormones, and cytokines, such as epidermal growth factor, insulin, and interleukin-1. We investigated a possible role for ROS generation in mediating the action of ET-1 on activation of ERK1/2 in cultured feline esophageal smooth muscle cells (ESMC). Confluent layers of ESMC were stimulated by 10nM ET-1; activation of ERK was examined by western blot analysis with phospho-specific antibodies of ERKs. ET-1 induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose- and time- dependent manner. ERK1/2 activation by ET-1 reached the maximal levels at 5min showing slight activation up to 20min, and then slowly declined. It was confirmed that the activation of ERK1/2 was reduced by MEK inhibitor PD98059. We observed the dose-dependent inhibitory effect of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase on the ET-1-enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in ESMC. Pretreatment of ESMC with N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, also attenuated the ET-1-induced ERK1/2 activation. In addition, DPI significantly inhibited the ET-1- induced ROS production when ROS was measured as a function of DCF fluorescence. The results suggest that ROS might be critical mediators of the ET-1-induced ERK1/2 signaling events in ESMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Birkenmeier K, Staudt A, Schunck WH, Janke I, Labitzke C, Prange T, Trimpert C, Krieg T, Landsberger M, Stangl V, Felix SB. COX-2-dependent and potentially cardioprotective effects of negative inotropic substances released after ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2148-54. [PMID: 17660401 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00074.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During reperfusion, cardiodepressive factors are released from isolated rat hearts after ischemia. The present study analyzes the mechanisms by which these substances mediate their cardiodepressive effect. After 10 min of global stop-flow ischemia, rat hearts were reperfused and coronary effluent was collected over a period of 30 s. We tested the effect of this postischemic effluent on systolic cell shortening and Ca(2+) metabolism by application of fluorescence microscopy of field-stimulated rat cardiomyocytes stained with fura-2 AM. Cells were preincubated with various inhibitors, e.g., the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin, the COX-2 inhibitors NS-398 and lumiracoxib, the COX-1 inhibitor SC-560, and the potassium (ATP) channel blocker glibenclamide. Lysates of cardiomyocytes and extracts from whole rat hearts were tested for expression of COX-2 with Western blot analysis. As a result, in contrast to nonischemic effluent (control), postischemic effluent induced a reduction of Ca(2+) transient and systolic cell shortening in the rat cardiomyocytes (P < 0.001 vs. control). After preincubation of cells with indomethacin, NS-398, and lumiracoxib, the negative inotropic effect was attenuated. SC-560 did not influence the effect of postischemic effluent. The inducibly expressed COX-2 was detected in cardiomyocytes prepared for fluorescence microscopy. The effect of postischemic effluent was eliminated with applications of glibenclamide. Furthermore, postischemic effluent significantly reduced the intracellular diastolic and systolic Ca(2+) increase (P < 0.01 vs. control). In conclusion, the cardiodepressive effect of postischemic effluent is COX-2 dependent and protective against Ca(2+) overload in the cells.
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Alvarez Y, Pérez-Girón JV, Hernanz R, Briones AM, García-Redondo A, Beltrán A, Alonso MJ, Salaices M. Losartan Reduces the Increased Participation of Cyclooxygenase-2-Derived Products in Vascular Responses of Hypertensive Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:381-8. [PMID: 17244722 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.115287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the role of angiotensin II (Ang II), via AT1) receptors, in the involvement of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived prostanoids in phenylephrine responses in normotensive rats (Wistar Kyoto; WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Aorta from rats untreated or treated for 12 weeks with losartan (15 mg/kg . day) or hydralazine plus hydrochlorothiazide (44 and 9.4 mg/kg . day, respectively) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from SHR were used. Vascular reactivity was analyzed by isometric recording; COX-2 expression by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; prostaglandin (PG)I2, PGF(2alpha), 8-isoprostane, and total antioxidant status (TAS) by commercial kits; superoxide anion (O2*-) by lucigenin chemiluminescence; and plasmatic malondialdehyde (MDA) by thiobarbituric acid assay. The COX-2 inhibitor N-[2-(cyclohexyloxyl)-4-nitrophenyl]-methane sulfonamide (NS-398) at 1 microM reduced phenylephrine responses more in SHR than in WKY rats. COX-2 protein and mRNA expressions, PGF(2alpha), PGI2, 8-isoprostane, and O2*- production, and MDA levels were higher in SHR, but TAS was similar in both strains. Losartan, but not hydralazine-hydrochlorothiazide treatment, reduced COX-2 expression and the effect of NS-398 on phenylephrine responses in SHR. Losartan also increased TAS and reduced PGF(2alpha), PGI2, 8-isoprostane, and O2*- production and MDA levels in SHR. Ang II (0.1 microM) induced COX-2 expression in VSMC from SHR that was reduced by 30 microM apocynin and 100 microM allopurinol, NADPH oxidase, and xanthine oxidase inhibitors, respectively. In conclusion, AT1 receptor activation by Ang II could be involved in the increased participation of COX-2-derived contractile prostanoids in vasoconstriction to phenylephrine with hypertension, probably through COX-2 expression regulation. The increased oxidative stress seems to be one of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Alvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Singh P. Role of Annexin-II in GI cancers: interaction with gastrins/progastrins. Cancer Lett 2006; 252:19-35. [PMID: 17188424 PMCID: PMC1941619 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the gastrin peptide hormones (G17, G34) and their precursors (progastrins, PG; gly-extended gastrin, G-gly), in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers has been extensively reviewed in recent years [W. Rengifo-Cam, P. Singh, Role of progastrins and gastrins and their receptors in GI and pancreatic cancers: targets for treatment, Curr. Pharm. Des. 10 (19) (2004) 2345-2358; M. Dufresne, C. Seva, D. Fourmy, Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors, Physiol. Rev. 86 (3) (2006) 805-847; A. Ferrand, T.C. Wang, Gastrin and cancer: a review, Cancer Lett. 238 (1) (2006) 15-29]. A possible important role of progastrin peptides in colon carcinogenesis has become evident from experiments with transgenic mouse models [W. Rengifo-Cam, P. Singh, (2004); A. Ferrand, T.C. Wang, (2006)]. It is now known that growth stimulatory and co-carcinogenic effects of gastrin/PG peptides are mediated by both proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of the peptides on target cells [H. Wu, G.N. Rao, B. Dai, P. Singh, Autocrine gastrins in colon cancer cells Up-regulate cytochrome c oxidase Vb and down-regulate efflux of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3, J. Biol. Chem. 275 (42) (2000) 32491-32498; H. Wu, A. Owlia, P. Singh, Precursor peptide progastrin(1-80) reduces apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and upregulates cytochrome c oxidase Vb levels and synthesis of ATP, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 285 (6) (2003) G1097-G1110]. Several receptor subtypes have been described that mediate growth effects of gastrin peptides [W. Rengifo-Cam, P. Singh (2004); M. Dufresne, C. Seva, D. Fourmy, (2006)]. Recently, we identified Annexin II as a high affinity binding protein for gastrin/PG peptides [P. Singh, H. Wu, C. Clark, A. Owlia, Annexin II binds progastrin and gastrin-like peptides, and mediates growth factor effects of autocrine and exogenous gastrins on colon cancer and intestinal epithelial cells, Oncogene (2006), doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209798]. Importantly, the expression of Annexin II was required for mediating growth stimulatory effects of gastrin and PG peptides on intestinal epithelial and colon cancer cells [P. Singh, H. Wu, C. Clark, A. Owlia, Annexin II binds progastrin and gastrin-like peptides, and mediates growth factor effects of autocrine and exogenous gastrins on colon cancer and intestinal epithelial cells, Oncogene (2006), doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209798], suggesting that Annexin-II may represent the elusive novel receptor for gastrin/PG peptides. The importance of this finding in relation to the structure and function of Annexin-II, especially in GI cancers, is described below. Since this surprising finding represents a new front in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in mediating growth effects of gastrin/PG peptides in GI cancers, our current understanding of the role of Annexin-II in proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells is additionally reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 10.104 Medical Research Building, Route 1043, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301University Blvd., Mail Route 1043, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA.
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Derbyshire ZE, Halfter UM, Heimark RL, Sy TH, Vaillancourt RR. Angiotensin II stimulated transcription of cyclooxygenase II is regulated by a novel kinase cascade involving Pyk2, MEKK4 and annexin II. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 271:77-90. [PMID: 15881658 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-5386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that MEKK4 regulates MKK6, and p38 MAP kinase, extracellular stimuli that activate the serine/threonine kinase, MEKK4, are unknown. The aim of this study was then to identify stimuli that regulate MEKK4. By using recombinant MEKK4, as bait to attract interacting proteins, the calcium binding protein, annexin II, was identified by mass spectrometry as interacting with MEKK4, suggesting that MEKK4 might be regulated by calcium. A calcium-dependent interaction between MEKK4 and annexin II was observed when MEKK4 was immunoprecipitated from rat aortic smooth muscle cells that were treated with angiotensin II. Additional studies using recombinant MEKK4 in a Far-Western immunoblot identified a protein of 120 kDa as interacting directly with MEKK4. Prior studies indicated that MEKK4 was phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo, and in fact, Pyk2 interacts with MEKK4 in an angiotensin II dependent manner in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Pyk2 phosphorylates MEKK4 in vitro and Pyk2-dependent phosphorylation further regulates MEKK4-dependent phosphorylation of MKK6. Finally, dominant-negative MEKK4 inhibits angiotensin II mediated transcription of a luciferase reporter construct containing the cyclooxygenase II promoter, demonstrating that MEKK4 functions in a calcium-dependent manner as a substrate for Pyk2 and regulates transcription of cyclooxygenase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Derbyshire
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Wang TL, Yang YH, Chang H, Hung CR. Angiotensin II signals mechanical stretch-induced cardiac matrix metalloproteinase expression via JAK-STAT pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005; 37:785-94. [PMID: 15350851 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical stress induces many pathophysiological effects in cardiomyocytes. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that angiotensin II is a potential mediator of stretch-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). METHODS Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes grown on a flexible membrane were cyclically stretched achieving up to 20% elongation at 60 cycles/min (using a vacuum). We explored the signaling pathways involved in cyclical stretch-induced expression of MMP-14 and MMP-2. RESULTS Cyclical mechanical stretch significantly increased mRNA expression and protein synthesis for MMP-14 and MMP-2 from the 6(th) to 24(th) h. The increase in MMP-14 and -2 proteins after stretch was completely blocked after the pretreatment with losartan (an angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist, 200 nM) and AG-490 (a Janus kinase 2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, 100 nM) but not with PD 98059 (an inhibitor of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase, 50 microM) or wortmannin (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 30 nM). By zymography, MMP-2 activity was increased by cyclical stretch that was significantly attenuated by losartan and AG-490. The mechanical strain also increased the immunohistochemical labeling of MMP-14 and -2 that was attenuated by adding losartan. Cyclical stretch increased the expression of STAT-1 that was abolished by pretreating with losartan or AG-490 (50 microM and 100 microM). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that cyclical stretch induces MMP-14 and -2 expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and that the induction is mediated by the angiotensin II-JAK-STAT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Luen Wang
- Department of Emergency Department, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Spinella F, Rosanò L, Di Castro V, Nicotra MR, Natali PG, Bagnato A. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 expression by targeting the endothelin a receptor in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:4670-9. [PMID: 15269139 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN New therapies against cancer are based on targeting cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Activation of the endothelin A receptor (ET(A)R) by endothelin (ET)-1 is biologically relevant in several malignancies, including ovarian carcinoma. In this tumor, the ET-1/ET(A)R autocrine pathway promotes mitogenesis, apoptosis protection, invasion, and neoangiogenesis. Because COX-1 and COX-2 are involved in ovarian carcinoma progression, we investigated whether ET-1 induced COX-1 and COX-2 expression through the ET(A)R at the mRNA and protein level in HEY and OVCA 433 ovarian carcinoma cell lines by Northern blot, reverse transcription-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry; we also investigated the activity of the COX-2 promoter by luciferase assay and the release of prostaglandin (PG) E(2) by ELISA. RESULTS ET-1 significantly increases the expression of COX-1 and COX-2, COX-2 promoter activity, and PGE(2) production. These effects depend on ET(A)R activation and involve multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, including p42/44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. COX-2 inhibitors and, in part, COX-1 inhibitor blocked ET-1-induced PGE(2) and vascular endothelial growth factor release, indicating that both enzymes participate in PGE(2) production to a different extent. Moreover, inhibition of human ovarian tumor growth in nude mice after treatment with the potent ET(A)R-selective antagonist ABT-627 is associated with reduced COX-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that impairing COX-1 and COX-2 and their downstream effect by targeting ET(A)R can be therapeutically advantageous in ovarian carcinoma treatment. Pharmacological blockade of the ET(A)R is an attractive strategy to control COX-2 induction, which has been associated with ovarian carcinoma progression and chemoresistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atrasentan
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclooxygenase 1
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Nitrobenzenes/pharmacology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/enzymology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spinella
- Laboratories of Molecular Pathology and Ultrastructure and Immunology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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15
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Neagoe PE, Lemieux C, Sirois MG. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A165-induced prostacyclin synthesis requires the activation of VEGF receptor-1 and -2 heterodimer. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:9904-12. [PMID: 15637071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412017200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A(165) inflammatory effect is mediated by acute platelet-activating factor synthesis from endothelial cells upon the activation of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and its coreceptor, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1). In addition, VEGF-A(165) promotes the release of other endothelial mediators including nitric oxide and prostacyclin (PGI(2)). However, it is unknown whether VEGF-A(165) is mediating PGI(2) synthesis through VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) and/or VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) activation and whether the coreceptor NRP-1 potentiates VEGF-A(165) activity. In this study, PGI(2) synthesis in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) was assessed by quantifying its stable metabolite (6-keto prostaglandin F(1alpha), 6-keto PGF(1alpha)) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment of BAEC with VEGF analogs, VEGF-A(165) (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 agonist) and VEGF-A(121) (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 agonist) (up to 10(-9) m), increased PGI(2) synthesis by 70- and 40-fold within 15 min. Treatment with VEGFR-1 (placental growth factor and VEGF-B) or VEGFR-2 (VEGF-C) agonist did not increase PGI(2) synthesis. The combination of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 agonists did not increase PGI(2) release. Pretreatment with a VEGFR-2 inhibitor abrogated PGI(2) release mediated by VEGF-A(165) and VEGF-A(121), and pretreatment of BAEC with antisense oligomers targeting VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2 mRNA reduced PGI(2) synthesis mediated by VEGF-A(165) and VEGF-A(121) up to 79%. In summary, our data demonstrate that the activation of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 heterodimer (VEGFR-1/R-2) is essential for PGI(2) synthesis mediated by VEGF-A(165) and VEGF-A(121), which cannot be reproduced by the parallel activation of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 homodimers with corresponding agonists. In addition, the binding of VEGF-A(165) to NRP-1 potentiates its capacity to promote PGI(2) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Eduard Neagoe
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St., Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
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Slice LW, Chiu T, Rozengurt E. Angiotensin II and epidermal growth factor induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells through small GTPases using distinct signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:1582-93. [PMID: 15525649 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408172200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving genetic mutations and alterations in rigorously controlled signaling pathways and gene expression that control intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is aberrantly expressed in premalignant adenomatous polyps and colorectal carcinomas and is associated with increased epithelial cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and increased cell invasiveness. Currently, knowledge of the regulation of expression of COX-2 by endogenous cell-surface receptors is inadequate. Recently, in a non-transformed rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-18), we showed induction of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis by angiotensin II (Ang II) via the endogenous Ang II type 1 receptor (Chiu, T., Santiskulvong, C., and Rozengurt, E. (2003) Am. J. Physiol. 285, G1-G11). We report that Ang II potently stimulated expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein as an immediate-early gene response through the Ang II type 1 receptor, correlating with an increase in prostaglandin I2 production. Ang II induced Cdc42 activation and filopodial formation. COX-2 expression was induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF), which activated Rac with lamellipodial formation. Inhibition of small GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin B blocked COX-2 expression by Ang II and EGF. Inhibition of ERK activation by U0126 or PD98059 significantly decreased EGF-dependent COX-2 expression, but did not affect Ang II-dependent COX-2 expression. Conversely, inhibition of p38MAPK by SB202190 or PD169316 inhibited COX-2 expression by Ang II, but did not block COX-2 induction by EGF. Ang II caused Ca2+ mobilization. Inhibition of Ca2+ signaling by 2-aminobiphenyl borate blocked Ang II-dependent COX-2 expression. EGF did not induce Ca2+ mobilization, and 2-aminobiphenyl borate did not inhibit EGF-dependent COX-2 expression. Inhibition of COX-2 expression correlated with inhibition of prostaglandin I2 production. Luciferase promoter assays showed that Ang II-dependent transcriptional activation of the COX-2 promoter was dependent on activation of small GTPases and p38(MAPK) and on Ca2+ signaling via the cAMP-responsive element/activating transcription factor cis-acting element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Slice
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, the CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, the Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1786, USA.
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Pawliczak R, Logun C, Madara P, Lawrence M, Woszczek G, Ptasinska A, Kowalski ML, Wu T, Shelhamer JH. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 Group IValpha but not secreted phospholipase A2 Group IIA, V, or X induces interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 gene and protein expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma 1 and 2 in human lung cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:48550-61. [PMID: 15331599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408926200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma synthetic ligands. We have shown previously that cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is able to activate gene expression through PPAR-gamma response elements (Pawliczak, R., Han, C., Huang, X. L., Demetris, A. J., Shelhamer, J. H., and Wu, T. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 33153-33163). In this study we investigated the influence of cPLA2 and secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) Group IIA, Group V, and Group X on IL-8 and COX-2 expression in human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells). We also studied the results of cPLA2 activation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and calcium ionophore (A23187) on IL-8 and COX-2 reporter gene activity, mRNA level, and protein synthesis. cPLA2 overexpression and activation increased both IL-8 and COX-2 reporter gene activity. Overexpression and activation of Group IIA, Group V, or Group X sPLA2s did not increase IL-8 and COX-2 reporter gene activity. Methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphate, a cPLA2 inhibitor, inhibited the effect of A23187 and of EGF on both IL-8 and COX-2 reporter gene activity, steady state levels of IL-8 and COX-2 mRNA, and IL-8 and COX-2 protein expression. Small inhibitory RNAs directed against PPAR-gamma1 and -gamma2 blunted the effect of A23187 and of EGF on IL-8 and COX-2 protein expression. Moreover small inhibitory RNAs directed against cPLA2 decreased the effect of A23187 and EGF on IL-8 and COX-2 protein expression. These results demonstrate that cPLA2 has an influence on IL-8 and COX 2 gene and protein expression at least in part through PPAR-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Pawliczak
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Drenjancevic-Peric I, Lombard JH. Introgression of chromosome 13 in Dahl salt-sensitive genetic background restores cerebral vascular relaxation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H957-62. [PMID: 15031125 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01087.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the potential role of impaired renin-angiotensin system (RAS) function in contributing to reduced vascular relaxation in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats, responses to ACh (10(-6) mol/l) and hypoxia (Po(2) reduction to 40-45 mmHg) were determined in isolated middle cerebral arteries of Dahl S rats, Brown Norway (BN) rats, and consomic rats having chromosome 13 (containing the renin gene) or chromosome 16 of the BN rat substituted into the Dahl S genetic background (SS-13(BN) and SS-16(BN), respectively). Arteries of BN rats on a low-salt (LS) diet (0.4% NaCl) dilated in response to ACh and hypoxia, whereas dilation in response to these stimuli was absent in Dahl S rats on LS diet. Vasodilation to ACh and hypoxia was restored in SS-13(BN) rats on an LS diet but not in SS-16(BN) rats. High-salt diet (4% NaCl), to suppress ANG II, eliminated vasodilation to hypoxia and ACh in BN and in SS-13(BN) rats. Treatment of SS-13(BN) rats with the AT(1) receptor antagonist losartan also eliminated the restored vasodilation in response to ACh and hypoxia. These studies suggest that restoration of normal RAS regulation in SS-13(BN) consomic rats restores vascular relaxation mechanisms that are impaired in Dahl S rats.
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