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Yao L, Ling B, Zhao S, Yu F, Liu H, Wang S, Xiao J. Versatile Self-Assembly of Triblock Peptides into Stable Collagen Mimetic Heterotrimers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6550. [PMID: 38928256 PMCID: PMC11203499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of peptides to mimic heterogeneous proteins such as type I collagen plays a pivotal role in deciphering their function and pathogenesis. However, progress in the field has been severely hampered by the lack of capability to create stable heterotrimers with desired functional sequences and without the effect of homotrimers. We have herein developed a set of triblock peptides that can assemble into collagen mimetic heterotrimers with desired amino acids and are free from the interference of homotrimers. The triblock peptides comprise a central collagen-like block and two oppositely charged N-/C-terminal blocks, which display inherent incompetency of homotrimer formation. The favorable electrostatic attraction between two paired triblock peptides with complementary terminal charged sequences promptly leads to stable heterotrimers with controlled chain composition. The independence of the collagen-like block from the two terminal blocks endows this system with the adaptability to incorporate desired amino acid sequences while maintaining the heterotrimer structure. The triblock peptides provide a versatile and robust tool to mimic the composition and function of heterotrimer collagen and may have great potential in the design of innovative peptides mimicking heterogeneous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Biyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fansen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shenlin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Dabbadie A, Salerno A, Perriman A, Lian LY, Hollander AP. Development of chimeric forms of the matrix metalloproteinase 2 collagen binding domain as artificial membrane binding proteins for targeting stem cells to cartilage lesions in osteoarthritic joints. Biomaterials 2022; 285:121547. [PMID: 35533445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting stem cells to cartilage lesions has the potential to enhance engraftment and chondrogenesis. Denatured type II collagen fibrils (gelatin) are exposed in lesions at the surface of osteoarthritic articular cartilage and are therefore ideal target sites. We have designed and investigated chimeric mutants of the three modules of the MMP-2 collagen binding domain (CBD) as potential ligands for stem cell targeting. We expressed full-length CBD for the first time and used it to identify the most important amino acid residues for binding to gelatin. Module 2 of CBD had the highest affinity binding to both Type I and Type II gelatin, whereas module 1 showed specificity for type II gelatin and module 3 for type I gelatin. We went on to generate chimeric forms of CBD consisting of three repeats of module 1 (111), module 2 (222) or module 3 (333). 111 lacked solubility and could not be further characterised. However 222 was found to bind to type II gelatin 14 times better than CBD, suggesting it would be optimal for attachment to cartilage lesions, whilst 333 was found to bind to type I gelatin 12 times better than CBD, suggesting it would be optimal for attachment to lesions in type I collagen-rich tissues. We coated 222 onto the external membrane of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and demonstrated higher attachment of the coated cells to type II gelatin than uncoated cells. We conclude that the three modules of CBD each have specific biological properties that can be exploited for targeting stem cells to cartilage lesions and other pathological sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Dabbadie
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, School of Biosciences, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Anna Salerno
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Adam Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lu-Yun Lian
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, School of Biosciences, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Anthony P Hollander
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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3
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Chiang CH, Horng JC. Cation-π Interaction Induced Folding of AAB-Type Collagen Heterotrimers. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1205-11. [PMID: 26821230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the most predominant component of the extracellular matrix. Natural collagens consist of all identical (AAA, homotrimer), two different (AAB, heterotrimer), or three different (ABC, heterotrimer) peptide chains. Many natural collagens are either AAB- or ABC-type heterotrimers, making heterotrimeric helices better mimics for studying collagen structures in nature. We prepared collagen-mimetic peptides containing cationic (Arg) or aromatic (Phe, Tyr) residues to explore collagen heterotrimer folding via cation-π interactions. Circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements showed that the interchain cation-π interactions between cationic and aromatic peptides could induce AAB-type heterotrimer formation. By controlling the mixing molar ratios of cationic and aromatic peptides in solution, we could obtain the heterotrimers with various compositions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of cation-π interactions as a force to fold collagen heterotrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Harn Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Cherng Horng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Science of Matters, National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
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4
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Parmar AS, Xu F, Pike DH, Belure SV, Hasan NF, Drzewiecki KE, Shreiber DI, Nanda V. Metal Stabilization of Collagen and de Novo Designed Mimetic Peptides. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4987-97. [PMID: 26225466 PMCID: PMC5335877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We explore the design of metal binding sites to modulate triple-helix stability of collagen and collagen-mimetic peptides. Globular proteins commonly utilize metals to connect tertiary structural elements that are well separated in sequence, constraining structure and enhancing stability. It is more challenging to engineer structural metals into fibrous protein scaffolds, which lack the extensive tertiary contacts seen in globular proteins. In the collagen triple helix, the structural adjacency of the carboxy-termini of the three chains makes this region an attractive target for introducing metal binding sites. We engineered His3 sites based on structural modeling constraints into a series of designed homotrimeric and heterotrimeric peptides, assessing the capacity of metal binding to improve stability and in the case of heterotrimers, affect specificity of assembly. Notable enhancements in stability for both homo- and heteromeric systems were observed upon addition of zinc(II) and several other metal ions only when all three histidine ligands were present. Metal binding affinities were consistent with the expected Irving-Williams series for imidazole. Unlike other metals tested, copper(II) also bound to peptides lacking histidine ligands. Acetylation of the peptide N-termini prevented copper binding, indicating proline backbone amide metal-coordination at this site. Copper similarly stabilized animal extracted Type I collagen in a metal-specific fashion, highlighting the potential importance of metal homeostasis within the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanish S. Parmar
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, INDIA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Fei Xu
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Douglas H. Pike
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Sandeep V. Belure
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Nida F. Hasan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Drzewiecki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - David I. Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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5
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Xiao J, Sun X, Madhan B, Brodsky B, Baum J. NMR studies demonstrate a unique AAB composition and chain register for a heterotrimeric type IV collagen model peptide containing a natural interruption site. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26209635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All non-fibrillar collagens contain interruptions in the (Gly-X-Y)n repeating sequence, such as the more than 20 interruptions found in chains of basement membrane type IV collagen. Two selectively doubly labeled peptides are designed to model a site in type IV collagen with a GVG interruption in the α1(IV) and a corresponding GISLK sequence within the α2(IV) chain. CD and NMR studies on a 2:1 mixture of these two peptides support the formation of a single-component heterotrimer that maintains the one-residue staggering in the triple-helix, has a unique chain register, and contains hydrogen bonds at the interruption site. Formation of hydrogen bonds at interruption sites may provide a driving force for self-assembly and chain register in type IV and other non-fibrillar collagens. This study illustrates the potential role of interruptions in the structure, dynamics, and folding of natural collagen heterotrimers and forms a basis for understanding their biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxi Xiao
- the Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Xiuxia Sun
- the Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Balaraman Madhan
- the Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai-600020, India
| | - Barbara Brodsky
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02446, and
| | - Jean Baum
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
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6
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Velmurugan P, Jonnalagadda RR, Unni Nair B. Engineering D-Amino Acid Containing Collagen Like Peptide at the Cleavage Site of Clostridium histolyticum Collagenase for Its Inhibition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124398. [PMID: 25973613 PMCID: PMC4431724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagenase is an important enzyme which plays an important role in degradation of collagen in wound healing, cancer metastasis and even in embryonic development. However, the mechanism of this degradation has not yet been completely understood. In the field of biomedical and protein engineering, the design and development of new peptide based materials is of main concern. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the effect of DAla in collagen like peptide (imino-poor region of type I collagen) on the structure and stability of peptide against enzyme hydrolysis. Effect of replacement of DAla in the collagen like peptide has been studied using circular dichroic spectroscopy (CD). Our findings suggest that, DAla substitution leads to conformational changes in the secondary structure and favours the formation of polyproline II conformation than its L-counterpart in the imino-poor region of collagen like peptides. Change in the chirality of alanine at the cleavage site of collagenase in the imino-poor region inhibits collagenolytic activity. This may find application in design of peptides and peptidomimics for enzyme-substrate interaction, specifically with reference to collagen and other extra cellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punitha Velmurugan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Leather Research Institute, Chemical Laboratory, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Raghava Rao Jonnalagadda
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Leather Research Institute, Chemical Laboratory, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Balachandran Unni Nair
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Leather Research Institute, Chemical Laboratory, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
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7
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Ma W, Ma H, Fogerty FJ, Mosher DF. Bivalent ligation of the collagen-binding modules of fibronectin by SFS, a non-anchored bacterial protein of Streptococcus equi. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4866-4876. [PMID: 25525266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SFS is a non-anchored protein of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi that causes upper respiratory infection in horses. SFS has been shown to bind to fibronectin (FN) and block interaction of FN with type I collagen. We have characterized interactions of a recombinant 60-mer polypeptide, R1R2, with FN. R1R2 contains two copies of collagen-like 19-residue repeats. Experiments utilizing various FN fragments and epitope-mapped anti-FN monoclonal antibodies located the binding site to (8-9)FNI modules of the gelatin-binding domain. Fluorescence polarization and competitive enzyme-linked assays demonstrated that R1R2 binds preferentially to compact dimeric FN rather than monomeric constructs containing (8-9)FNI or a large dimeric FN construct that is constitutively in an extended conformation. In contrast to bacterial peptides that bind (2-5)FNI in addition to (8-9)FNI, R1R2 did not cause conformational extension of FN as assessed by a conformationally sensitive antibody. Equilibrium and stopped-flow binding assays and size exclusion chromatography were compatible with a two-step binding reaction in which each of the repeats of R1R2 interacts with one of the subunits of dimeric FN, resulting in a stable complex with a slow koff. In addition to not binding to type I collagen, the R1R2·FN complex incorporated less efficiently into extracellular matrix than free FN. Thus, R1R2 binds to FN utilizing features of compact soluble FN and in doing so interferes with the organization of the extracellular matrix. A similar bivalent binding strategy may underlie the collagen-FN interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiang Ma
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Hanqing Ma
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Frances J Fogerty
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Deane F Mosher
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.
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8
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Lauer JL, Bhowmick M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Lin Y, Van Doren SR, Fields GB. The role of collagen charge clusters in the modulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:1981-92. [PMID: 24297171 PMCID: PMC3900948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.513408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family selectively cleave collagens in vivo. Several substrate structural features that direct MMP collagenolysis have been identified. The present study evaluated the role of charged residue clusters in the regulation of MMP collagenolysis. A series of 10 triple-helical peptide (THP) substrates were constructed in which either Lys-Gly-Asp or Gly-Asp-Lys motifs replaced Gly-Pro-Hyp (where Hyp is 4-hydroxy-L-proline) repeats. The stabilities of THPs containing the two different motifs were analyzed, and kinetic parameters for substrate hydrolysis by six MMPs were determined. A general trend for virtually all enzymes was that, as Gly-Asp-Lys motifs were moved from the extreme N and C termini to the interior next to the cleavage site sequence, kcat/Km values increased. Additionally, all Gly-Asp-Lys THPs were as good or better substrates than the parent THP in which Gly-Asp-Lys was not present. In turn, the Lys-Gly-Asp THPs were also always better substrates than the parent THP, but the magnitude of the difference was considerably less compared with the Gly-Asp-Lys series. Of the MMPs tested, MMP-2 and MMP-9 most greatly favored the presence of charged residues with preference for the Gly-Asp-Lys series. Lys-Gly-(Asp/Glu) motifs are more commonly found near potential MMP cleavage sites than Gly-(Asp/Glu)-Lys motifs. As Lys-Gly-Asp is not as favored by MMPs as Gly-Asp-Lys, the Lys-Gly-Asp motif appears advantageous over the Gly-Asp-Lys motif by preventing unwanted MMP hydrolysis. More specifically, the lack of Gly-Asp-Lys clusters may diminish potential MMP-2 and MMP-9 collagenolytic activity. The present study indicates that MMPs have interactions spanning the P23-P23' subsites of collagenous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L. Lauer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manishabrata Bhowmick
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
| | - Yan Lin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Steven R. Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
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9
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Díaz N, Suárez D, Valdés H. Unraveling the molecular structure of the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in complex with a triple-helical peptide by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8556-69. [PMID: 24164447 DOI: 10.1021/bi401144p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the results of a computational study that employed various simulation methodologies to build and validate a series of molecular models of a synthetic triple-helical peptide (fTHP-5) both in its native state and in a prereactive complex with the catalytic domain of the MMP-2 enzyme. First, the structure and dynamical properties of the fTHP-5 substrate are investigated by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Then, the propensity of each of the three peptide chains in fTHP-5 to be distorted around the scissile peptide bond is assessed by carrying out potential of mean force calculations. Subsequently, the distorted geometries of fTHP-5 are docked within the MMP-2 active site following a semirigid protocol, and the most stable docked structures are fully relaxed and characterized by extensive MD simulations in explicit solvent. Following a similar approach, we also investigate a hypothetical ternary complex formed between two MMP-2 catalytic units and a single fTHP-5 molecule. Overall, our models for the MMP-2/fTHP-5 complexes unveil the extent to which the triple helix is distorted to allow the accommodation of an individual peptide chain within the MMP active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo (Asturias) 33006, Spain
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10
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Erat MC, Sladek B, Campbell ID, Vakonakis I. Structural analysis of collagen type I interactions with human fibronectin reveals a cooperative binding mode. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17441-50. [PMID: 23653354 PMCID: PMC3682544 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its biological importance, the interaction between fibronectin (FN) and collagen, two abundant and crucial tissue components, has not been well characterized on a structural level. Here, we analyzed the four interactions formed between epitopes of collagen type I and the collagen-binding fragment (gelatin-binding domain (GBD)) of human FN using solution NMR, fluorescence, and small angle x-ray scattering methods. Collagen association with FN modules 8–9FnI occurs through a conserved structural mechanism but exhibits a 400-fold disparity in affinity between collagen sites. This disparity is reduced in the full-length GBD, as 6FnI1–2FnII7FnI binds a specific collagen epitope next to the weakest 8–9FnI-binding site. The cooperative engagement of all GBD modules with collagen results in four broadly equipotent FN-collagen interaction sites. Collagen association stabilizes a distinct monomeric GBD conformation in solution, giving further evidence to the view that FN fragments form well defined functional and structural units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle C Erat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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11
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Adhikari AS, Glassey E, Dunn AR. Conformational dynamics accompanying the proteolytic degradation of trimeric collagen I by collagenases. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13259-65. [PMID: 22720833 PMCID: PMC4800024 DOI: 10.1021/ja212170b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Collagenases are the principal enzymes responsible for the degradation of collagens during embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. However, the mechanism by which these enzymes disrupt the highly chemically and structurally stable collagen triple helix remains incompletely understood. We used a single-molecule magnetic tweezers assay to characterize the cleavage of heterotrimeric collagen I by both the human collagenase matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum. We observe that the application of 16 pN of force causes an 8-fold increase in collagen proteolysis rates by MMP-1 but does not affect cleavage rates by Clostridium collagenase. Quantitative analysis of these data allows us to infer the structural changes in collagen associated with proteolytic cleavage by both enzymes. Our data support a model in which MMP-1 cuts a transient, stretched conformation of its recognition site. In contrast, our findings suggest that Clostridium collagenase is able to cleave the fully wound collagen triple helix, accounting for its lack of force sensitivity and low sequence specificity. We observe that the cleavage of heterotrimeric collagen is less force sensitive than the proteolysis of a homotrimeric collagen model peptide, consistent with studies suggesting that the MMP-1 recognition site in heterotrimeric collagen I is partially unwound at equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander R. Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA - 94305
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12
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Wei F, Fallas JA, Hartgerink JD. Sequence Position and Side Chain Length Dependence of Charge Pair Interactions in Collagen Triple Helices. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1445-52. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Structural insights into triple-helical collagen cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12461-6. [PMID: 22761315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204991109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagenases of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family play major roles in morphogenesis, tissue repair, and human diseases, but how they recognize and cleave the collagen triple helix is not fully understood. Here, we report temperature-dependent binding of a catalytically inactive MMP-1 mutant (E200A) to collagen through the cooperative action of its catalytic and hemopexin domains. Contact between the two molecules was mapped by screening the Collagen Toolkit peptide library and by hydrogen/deuterium exchange. The crystal structure of MMP-1(E200A) bound to a triple-helical collagen peptide revealed extensive interactions of the 115-Å-long triple helix with both MMP-1 domains. An exosite in the hemopexin domain, which binds the leucine 10 residues C-terminal to the scissile bond, is critical for collagenolysis and represents a unique target for inhibitor development. The scissile bond is not correctly positioned for hydrolysis in the crystallized complex. A productive binding mode is readily modeled, without altering the MMP-1 structure or the exosite interactions, by axial rotation of the collagen homotrimer. Interdomain flexing of the enzyme and a localized excursion of the collagen chain closest to the active site, facilitated by thermal loosening of the substrate, may lead to the first transition state of collagenolysis.
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14
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Kawahara K, Nemoto N, Motooka D, Nishi Y, Doi M, Uchiyama S, Nakazawa T, Nishiuchi Y, Yoshida T, Ohkubo T, Kobayashi Y. Polymorphism of Collagen Triple Helix Revealed by 19F NMR of Model Peptide [Pro-4(R)-Hydroxyprolyl-Gly]3-[Pro-4(R)-Fluoroprolyl-Gly]-[Pro-4(R)-Hydroxyprolyl-Gly]3. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:6908-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212631q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kawahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Motooka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094,
Japan
| | - Masamitsu Doi
- Department of Materials
Science, Wakayama National College of Technology, Gobo, Wakayama
644-0023, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Kobayashi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094,
Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Kushner AM, Guan Z. Modulares Design in natürlichen und biomimetischen elastischen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Kushner AM, Guan Z. Modular design in natural and biomimetic soft materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9026-57. [PMID: 21898722 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Under eons of evolutionary and environmental pressure, biological systems have developed strong and lightweight peptide-based polymeric materials by using the 20 naturally occurring amino acids as principal monomeric units. These materials outperform their man-made counterparts in the following ways: 1) multifunctionality/tunability, 2) adaptability/stimuli-responsiveness, 3) synthesis and processing under ambient and aqueous conditions, and 4) recyclability and biodegradability. The universal design strategy that affords these advanced properties involves "bottom-up" synthesis and modular, hierarchical organization both within and across multiple length-scales. The field of "biomimicry"-elucidating and co-opting nature's basic material design principles and molecular building blocks-is rapidly evolving. This Review describes what has been discovered about the structure and molecular mechanisms of natural polymeric materials, as well as the progress towards synthetic "mimics" of these remarkable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Kushner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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17
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Abstract
The ability to engineer novel proteins using the principles of molecular structure and energetics is a stringent test of our basic understanding of how proteins fold and maintain structure. The design of protein self-assembly has the potential to impact many fields of biology from molecular recognition to cell signaling to biomaterials. Most progress in computational design of protein self-assembly has focused on α-helical systems, exploring ways to concurrently optimize the stability and specificity of a target state. Applying these methods to collagen self-assembly is very challenging, due to fundamental differences in folding and structure of α- versus triple-helices. Here, we explore various computational methods for designing stable and specific oligomeric systems, with a focus on α-helix and collagen self-assembly.
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18
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Erat MC, Schwarz-Linek U, Pickford AR, Farndale RW, Campbell ID, Vakonakis I. Implications for collagen binding from the crystallographic structure of fibronectin 6FnI1-2FnII7FnI. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33764-70. [PMID: 20739283 PMCID: PMC2962475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.139394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen and fibronectin (FN) are two abundant and essential components of the vertebrate extracellular matrix; they interact directly with cellular receptors and affect cell adhesion and migration. Past studies identified a FN fragment comprising six modules, 6FnI1–2FnII7–9FnI, and termed the gelatin binding domain (GBD) as responsible for collagen interaction. Recently, we showed that the GBD binds tightly to a specific site within type I collagen and determined the structure of domains 8–9FnI in complex with a peptide from that site. Here, we present the crystallographic structure of domains 6FnI1–2FnII7FnI, which form a compact, globular unit through interdomain interactions. Analysis of NMR titrations with single-stranded collagen peptides reveals a dominant collagen interaction surface on domains 2FnII and 7FnI; a similar surface appears involved in interactions with triple-helical peptides. Models of the complete GBD, based on the new structure and the 8–9FnI·collagen complex show a continuous putative collagen binding surface. We explore the implications of this model using long collagen peptides and discuss our findings in the context of FN interactions with collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle C Erat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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19
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Xiao J, Addabbo RM, Lauer JL, Fields GB, Baum J. Local conformation and dynamics of isoleucine in the collagenase cleavage site provide a recognition signal for matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34181-90. [PMID: 20679339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.128355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which enzymes recognize the "uniform" collagen triple helix is not well understood. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave collagen after the Gly residue of the triplet sequence Gly∼[Ile/Leu]-[Ala/Leu] at a single, unique, position along the peptide chain. Sequence analysis of types I-III collagen has revealed a 5-triplet sequence pattern in which the natural cleavage triplets are always flanked by a specific distribution of imino acids. NMR and MMP kinetic studies of a series of homotrimer peptides that model type III collagen have been performed to correlate conformation and dynamics at, and near, the cleavage site to collagenolytic activity. A peptide that models the natural cleavage site is significantly more active than a peptide that models a potential but non-cleavable site just 2-triplets away and NMR studies show clearly that the Ile in the leading chain of the cleavage peptide is more exposed to solvent and less locally stable than the Ile in the middle and lagging chains. We propose that the unique local instability of Ile at the cleavage site in part arises from the placement of the conserved Pro at the P(3) subsite. NMR studies of peptides with Pro substitutions indicate that the local dynamics of the three chains are directly modulated by their proximity to Pro. Correlation of peptide activity to NMR data shows that a single locally unstable chain at the cleavage site, rather than two or three labile chains, is more favorable for cleavage by MMP-1 and may be the determining factor for collagen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxi Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, BIOMAPS Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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20
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Fallas JA, O'Leary LER, Hartgerink JD. Synthetic collagen mimics: self-assembly of homotrimers, heterotrimers and higher order structures. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:3510-27. [PMID: 20676409 DOI: 10.1039/b919455j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is a fascinating system of proteins that undergo a multi-step, hierarchical self-assembly which starts from individual peptide chains that assemble into a canonical triple helix. These triple helices then assemble into higher order structures which are often, but not always, fibrous in nature. While collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, the details of its structure and mechanism of assembly are surprisingly poorly understood. This critical review will focus on small peptide systems, commonly referred to as collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) which have been used successfully to help unravel some of the mystery of this complex structure. We will discuss homotrimeric CMPs, which are the most commonly researched subject in this field, and the structure of the collagen triple helix in detail and the factors that contribute to its stabilization. We will also cover how CMPs have been used to study breaks in triple helical domains as models for connective tissue diseases and, finally, how they have been used to understand the interactions of collagenous proteins with cell-surface receptors. Additionally, we will focus on heterotrimeric CMPs, a relatively new area of collagen research. Finally, we will deal with CMPs used as models for higher level self-assembly and also as materials that are designed to mimic the function of collagens in the extracellular matrix (178 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Fallas
- Rice University, Department of Chemistry, 6100 Main Street, Mail Stop 60, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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21
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Salsas-Escat R, Nerenberg PS, Stultz CM. Cleavage site specificity and conformational selection in type I collagen degradation. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4147-58. [PMID: 20394413 DOI: 10.1021/bi9021473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excessive degradation of type I collagen is associated with a variety of human diseases such as arthritis, tumor metastasis, and atherosclerosis. Methods that further our understanding of collagenolysis may therefore provide insights into the mechanism of several important disorders. Prior experiments suggest that cleavage of collagen in vitro requires intact full-length collagenase, a multidomain protein containing both a catalytic and a hemopexin-like domain. In this work we demonstrate that type I collagen can be degraded at room temperature, a temperature well below the melting temperature of type I collagen, by collagenase deletion mutants that only contain the catalytic domain of the enzyme. Furthermore, these mutant enzymes hydrolyze the same peptide bond that is recognized by the corresponding full-length enzymes. Hence enzyme specificity at room temperature is achieved without the hemopexin-like domain. We demonstrate that these findings can be explained in light of a conformational selection mechanism that dictates that collagenases preferentially recognize and cleave preformed partially unfolded states of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Salsas-Escat
- Computational and Systems Biology Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, USA
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22
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De novo self-assembling collagen heterotrimers using explicit positive and negative design. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2307-16. [PMID: 20170197 DOI: 10.1021/bi902077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to computationally design model collagen peptides that specifically associate as heterotrimers. Computational design has been successfully applied to the creation of new protein folds and functions. Despite the high abundance of collagen and its key role in numerous biological processes, fibrous proteins have received little attention as computational design targets. Collagens are composed of three polypeptide chains that wind into triple helices. We developed a discrete computational model to design heterotrimer-forming collagen-like peptides. Stability and specificity of oligomerization were concurrently targeted using a combined positive and negative design approach. The sequences of three 30-residue peptides, A, B, and C, were optimized to favor charge-pair interactions in an ABC heterotrimer, while disfavoring the 26 competing oligomers (i.e., AAA, ABB, BCA). Peptides were synthesized and characterized for thermal stability and triple-helical structure by circular dichroism and NMR. A unique A:B:C-type species was not achieved. Negative design was partially successful, with only A + B and B + C competing mixtures formed. Analysis of computed versus experimental stabilities helps to clarify the role of electrostatics and secondary-structure propensities determining collagen stability and to provide important insight into how subsequent designs can be improved.
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23
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Abstract
Triple-helical peptides (THPs) have been utilized as collagen models since the 1960s. The original focus for THP-based research was to unravel the structural determinants of collagen. In the last two decades, virtually all aspects of collagen structural biochemistry have been explored with THP models. More specifically, secondary amino acid analogs have been incorporated into THPs to more fully understand the forces that stabilize triple-helical structure. Heterotrimeric THPs have been utilized to better appreciate the contributions of chain sequence diversity on collagen function. The role of collagen as a cell signaling protein has been dissected using THPs that represent ligands for specific receptors. The mechanisms of collagenolysis have been investigated using THP substrates and inhibitors. Finally, THPs have been developed for biomaterial applications. These aspects of THP-based research are overviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Biochemistry, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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24
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Salsas-Escat R, Stultz CM. Conformational selection and collagenolysis in type III collagen. Proteins 2010; 78:325-35. [PMID: 19731369 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) cleave native collagen at a single site despite the fact that collagen contains more than one scissile bond that can, in principle, be cleaved. For peptide bond hydrolysis to occur at one specific site, MMPs must (1) localize to a region near the unique scissile bond, (2) bind residues at the catalytic site that form the scissile bond, and (3) hydrolyze the corresponding peptide bond. Prior studies suggest that for some types of collagen, binding of noncatalytic MMP domains to amino acid sequences in the vicinity of the true cleavage site facilitates the localization of collagenases. In the present study, our goal was to determine whether binding to the catalytic site also plays a role in determining MMP specificity. To investigate this, we computed the conformational free energy landscape of Type III collagen at each potential cleavage site. The free energy profiles suggest that although all potential cleavage sites sample unfolded states at relatively low temperatures, the true cleavage site samples structures that are complementary to the catalytic site. By contrast, potential cleavage sites that are not cleaved sample states that are relatively incompatible with the MMP active site. Furthermore, our findings point to a specific role for arginine residues in modulating the structural stability of collagen near the collagenase cleavage site. These data imply that locally unfolded potential cleavage sites in Type III collagen sample distinct unfolded ensembles, and that the region about the true collagenase cleavage site samples states that are most complementary to the MMP active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Salsas-Escat
- Computational and Systems Biology Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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25
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Fallas JA, Gauba V, Hartgerink JD. Solution structure of an ABC collagen heterotrimer reveals a single-register helix stabilized by electrostatic interactions. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26851-9. [PMID: 19625247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen, known for its structural role in tissues and also for its participation in the regulation of homeostatic and pathological processes in mammals, is assembled from triple helices that can be either homotrimers or heterotrimers. High resolution structural information for natural collagens has been difficult to obtain because of their size and the heterogeneity of their native environment. For this reason, peptides that self-assemble into collagen-like triple helices are used to gain insight into the structure, stability, and biochemistry of this important protein family. Although many of the most common collagens in humans are heterotrimers, almost all studies of collagen helices have been on homotrimers. Here we report the first structure of a collagen heterotrimer. Our structure, obtained by solution NMR, highlights the role of electrostatic interactions as stabilizing factors within the triple helical folding motif. This addresses an issue that has been actively researched because of the predominance of charged residues in the collagen family. We also find that it is possible to selectively form a collagen heterotrimer with a well defined composition and register of the peptide chains within the helix, based on information encoded solely in the collagenous domain. Globular domains are implicated in determining the composition of several collagen types, but it is unclear what their role in controlling register may be. We show that is possible to design peptides that not only selectively choose a composition but also a specific register without the assistance of other protein constructs. This mechanism may be used in nature as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Fallas
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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26
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Homotrimeric collagen peptides as model systems for cell adhesion studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009. [PMID: 19400199 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Williams KE, Olsen DR. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 cleavage site recognition and binding in full-length human type III collagen. Matrix Biol 2009; 28:373-9. [PMID: 19398000 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are essential for normal collagen turnover, recovery from fibrosis, and vascular permeability. In fibrillar collagens, MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13 cleave a specific glycine-isoleucine or glycine-leucine bond, despite the presence of this sequence in other parts of the protein. This cut site specificity has been hypothesized to arise from a unique, relaxed super-secondary structure in this area due to local hydroxyproline poor character. In this study we examined the mechanism of interaction and cleavage of human type III collagen by fibroblast MMP-1 by using a panel of recombinant human type III collagens (rhCIIIs) containing engineered sequences in the vicinity of the cleavage site. Native and recombinant type III collagens had similar biochemical and structural characteristics, as indicated by transmission electron microscopy, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, melting temperature and hydroxyproline analysis. A single amino acid change at the I785 cleavage site to proline resulted in partial MMP-1 resistance, but cuts were found in novel sites in the original cleavage region. However, the replacement of five Y-position residues by proline in this region, regardless of I785 variation, conferred complete resistance to MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, trypsin, and elastase. MMP-1 had a decreased specific activity towards and reduced cleavage rate of rhCIII I785P but a K(m) similar to wild-type. Despite the reductions in protease sensitivity, MMP-1 bound to all of the engineered rhCIIIs with comparable affinity, indicating that MMP-1 binding is not sufficient for cleavage. The relaxed tertiary structure in the MMP cleavage region may permit local collagen unwinding by MMP-1 that enables site-specific proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Williams
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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28
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Identification and structural analysis of type I collagen sites in complex with fibronectin fragments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4195-200. [PMID: 19251642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812516106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen and fibronectin are major components of vertebrate extracellular matrices. Their association and distribution control the development and properties of diverse tissues, but thus far no structural information has been available for the complex formed. Here, we report binding of a peptide, derived from the alpha(1) chain of type I collagen, to the gelatin-binding domain of human fibronectin and present the crystal structure of this peptide in complex with the (8-9)FnI domain pair. Both gelatin-binding domain subfragments, (6)FnI(1-2)FnII(7)FnI and (8-9)FnI, bind the same specific sequence on D-period 4 of collagen I alpha(1), adjacent to the MMP-1 cleavage site. (8-9)FnI also binds the equivalent sequence of the alpha(2) chain. The collagen peptide adopts an antiparallel beta-strand conformation, similar to structures of proteins from pathogenic bacteria bound to FnI domains. Analysis of the type I collagen sequence suggests multiple putative fibronectin-binding sites compatible with our structural model. We demonstrate, by kinetic unfolding experiments, that the triple-helical collagen state is destabilized by (8-9)FnI. This finding suggests a role for fibronectin in collagen proteolysis and tissue remodeling.
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29
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Madhan B, Xiao J, Thiagarajan G, Baum J, Brodsky B. NMR monitoring of chain-specific stability in heterotrimeric collagen peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13520-1. [PMID: 18798618 DOI: 10.1021/ja805496v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is used to investigate the heterotrimeric nature of a collagen model peptide. Two distinct peptide chains (A and B) were synthesized to model a site in heterotrimeric basement membrane type IV collagen. For NMR studies, four amino acids in the B chain were labeled with 15N/13C. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry thermal stability results on a solution with both A and B peptides (molar ratio 2A:1B) are consistent with the presence of one heterotrimeric triple-helical molecular species. Heteronuclear single quantum coherence experiments on homotrimers of the B peptide show trimer peaks which disappear at temperatures higher than 10 degrees C, while the 2A:1B mixture has trimer peaks with increased stability and altered chemical shifts. The reduction in the number of Leu trimer peaks from three to one and the increased stability of trimer resonances confirm the participation of B chains in an AAB heterotrimer molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Madhan
- Department of Biochemistry, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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30
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Application of topologically constrained mini-proteins as ligands, substrates, and inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 386:125-66. [PMID: 18604945 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-430-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are governed by a variety of structural features. The sequence specificities of such interactions are usually easier to establish than the "topological specificities," whereby interactions may be classified based on recognition of distinct three-dimensional structural motifs. Approaches to explore topological specificities have been based primarily on assembly of mini-proteins with well defined secondary, tertiary, and/or quarternary structures. The present chapter focuses on three approaches for constructing topologically well defined mini-proteins: template-assembled synthetic proteins (TASPs), disulfide-stabilized structures, and peptide-amphiphiles (PAs). Specific examples are given for applying each approach to explore topologically-dependent protein-protein interactions. TASPs are utilized to identify a metastatic melanoma receptor that binds to the alpha1(IV)1263-1277 region of basement membrane (type IV) collagen. A disulfide-stabilized structure incorporating a sarafotoxin (SRT) 6b model was examined as a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 inhibitor. PAs were developed as (a) fluorogenic triple-helical or polyPro II substrates for MMPs and aggrecanase members of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family and (b) glycosylated and nonglycosylated ligands for metastatic melanoma cells. Topologically constrained mini-proteins have proved to be quite versatile, helping to define critical primary, secondary, and tertiary structural elements that modulate enzyme and receptor functions.
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31
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32
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Nerenberg PS, Stultz CM. Differential unfolding of alpha1 and alpha2 chains in type I collagen and collagenolysis. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:246-56. [PMID: 18644377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Collagenolysis plays a central role in many disease processes and a detailed understanding of the mechanism of collagen degradation is of immense interest. While a considerable body of information about collagenolysis exists, the details of the underlying molecular mechanism are unclear. Therefore, to further our understanding of the precise mechanism of collagen degradation, we used molecular dynamics simulations to explore the structure of human type I collagen in the vicinity of the collagenase cleavage site. Since post-translational proline hydroxylation is an important step in the synthesis of collagen chains, we used the DNA sequence for the alpha1 and alpha2 chains of human type I collagen, and the known amino acid sequences for bovine and chicken type I collagen, to infer which prolines are hydroxylated in the vicinity of the collagenase cleavage site. Simulations of type I collagen in this region suggest that partial unfolding of the alpha2 chain is energetically preferred relative to unfolding of alpha1 chains. Localized unfolding of the alpha2 chain leads to the formation of a structure that has disrupted hydrogen bonds N-terminal to the collagenase cleavage site. Our data suggest that this disruption in hydrogen bonding pattern leads to increased chain flexibility, thereby enabling the alpha2 chain to sample different partially unfolded states. Surprisingly, our data also imply that alpha2 chain unfolding is mediated by the non-hydroxylation of a proline residue that is N-terminal to the cleavage site in alpha1 chains. These results suggest that hydroxylation on one chain (alpha1) can affect the structure of another chain (alpha2), and point to a critical role for the non-hydroxylation of proline residues near the collagenase cleavage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Nerenberg
- Department of Physics, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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33
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Nerenberg PS, Salsas-Escat R, Stultz CM. Do collagenases unwind triple-helical collagen before peptide bond hydrolysis? Reinterpreting experimental observations with mathematical models. Proteins 2008; 70:1154-61. [PMID: 17932911 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that triple-helical collagen is actively unwound by collagenases before peptide bond hydrolysis--a supposition that explains the small catalytic rate constant associated with collagenolysis. We propose an alternate model of collagen degradation that does not require active unwinding by collagenases, but instead suggests that the regions of collagen near the collagenase cleavage site can adopt either a native triple-helical or a partially unfolded conformation. In this model, collagenases preferentially bind to and stabilize partially unfolded conformers before cleaving the scissile bond. Existing experimental observations (which were previously taken to support active unwinding models) are reinterpreted using corroborative evidence from numerical simulations and found to be consistent with this framework. These data support the notion that collagen, like all other biological heteropolymers, undergoes thermal fluctuations that cause it to sample distinct structures in the neighborhood of the native state, and collagenolysis occurs when collagenases recognize the appropriate unwound conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Nerenberg
- Department of Physics, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Boulègue C, Musiol HJ, Götz MG, Renner C, Moroder L. Natural and artificial cystine knots for assembly of homo- and heterotrimeric collagen models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:113-25. [PMID: 17961005 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Native collagens are molecules that are difficult to handle because of their high tendency towards aggregation and denaturation. It was discovered early on that synthetic collagenous peptides are more amenable to conformational characterization and thus can serve as useful models for structural and functional studies. Single-stranded collagenous peptides of high propensity to self-associate into triple-helical trimers were used for this purpose as well as interchain-crosslinked homotrimers assembled on synthetic scaffolds. With the growing knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways of natural collagens and the importance of their interchain disulfide crosslinks, which stabilize the triple-helical structure, native as well as de novo designed cystine knots have gained increasing attention in the assembly of triple-stranded collagen peptides. In addition, natural sequences of collagens were incorporated in order to biophysically characterize their functional epitopes. This review is focused on the methods developed over the years, and future perspectives for the production of collagen-mimicking synthetic and recombinant triple-helical homo- and heterotrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Boulègue
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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35
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Kusebauch U, Cadamuro SA, Musiol HJ, Moroder L, Renner C. Photocontrol of the collagen triple helix: synthesis and conformational characterization of bis-cysteinyl collagenous peptides with an azobenzene clamp. Chemistry 2007; 13:2966-73. [PMID: 17203492 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
For the photomodulation of the collagen triple helix with an azobenzene clamp, we investigated various collagenous peptides consisting of ideal (Gly-Pro-Hyp) repeats and containing cysteine residues in various positions for a side chain-to-side chain crosslink with a suitable chromophore derivative. Comparative conformational analysis of these cysteine peptides indicated an undecarepeat peptide with two cysteine residues located in the central portion in i and i+7 positions and flanked by (Gly-Pro-Hyp) repeat sequences as the most promising for the cross-bridging experiments. In aqueous alcoholic solution the azobenzene-undecarepeat peptide formed a stable triple helix in equilibrium with the monomeric species as a trans-azobenzene isomer, whereas photoisomerization to the cis isomer leads to unfolding of at least part of the triple helix. Furthermore, the residual supercoiled structure acts like an intermolecular knot, thus making refolding upon cis-to-trans isomerization a concentration-independent fast event. Consequently, these photoswitchable collagenous systems should be well suited for time-resolved studies of folding/unfolding of the collagen triple helix under variable thermodynamic equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kusebauch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Baronas‐Lowell D, Lauer‐Fields JL, Fields GB. Defining the Roles of Collagen and Collagen‐Like Proteins Within the Proteome. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120023245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Baronas‐Lowell
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton , Florida , 33431‐0991 , USA
| | - Janelle L. Lauer‐Fields
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton , Florida , 33431‐0991 , USA
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton , Florida , 33431‐0991 , USA
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37
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Slatter DA, Foley LA, Peachey AR, Nietlispach D, Farndale RW. Rapid synthesis of a register-specific heterotrimeric type I collagen helix encompassing the integrin alpha2beta1 binding site. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:289-98. [PMID: 16631195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a rapid method to synthesize cystine cross-linked heterotrimeric collagenous peptides. They can be engineered to favour one particular axial alignment of the strands, called the register of the helix. Here, the sequence of the constituent peptides contains 18 residues of "guest" collagen type I sequence flanked by N and C-terminal (Gly-Pro-Pro)5 "host" modules which ensure helicity. Further C-terminal residues include appropriately spaced cysteine residues and alanine to provide the necessary flexibility for helix formation. The cross-linking reaction and subsequent separation protocols have been designed for any inserted collagen sequence that does not contain a cysteine residue. Mass spectrometry and ion-exchange chromatography allow us to distinguish between different disulphide-bonded species and to monitor the formation of side-products. Starting peptide can be recovered simply from the reaction mixture by reduction and separation. Yields are typically 30%, working on a 10 mg scale. 15N-1H NMR and platelet adhesion studies show that the peptide heterotrimers presented here can reshuffle to cover all three axial registers. Less flexible spacers between the disulphide linkages and the helix will restrict each heterotrimer to one register only.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Slatter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
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38
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Moroder L, Musiol HJ, Götz M, Renner C. Synthesis of single- and multiple-stranded cystine-rich peptides. Biopolymers 2005; 80:85-97. [PMID: 15612050 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The large abundance of bioactive single- and multiple-stranded cystine-rich peptides in nature has fostered the development of orthogonal thiol-protection schemes and of efficient chemistries for regioselective disulfide formation in synthetic replica for decades. In parallel to these entirely synthetic strategies, an increased knowledge of oxidative refolding mechanisms of proteins has been accumulated, and the collective experience with air oxidation of cysteine-rich peptides into their native disulfide frameworks have largely confirmed Anfinsen's principle of the self-assembly of polypeptide chains. In fact, a continuously growing number of cysteine-rich bioactive peptides from the most diverse sources and with differing cysteine patterns were found to retain the critical sequence-encoded structural information for correct oxidative folding into the native structures as dominant isomers, although in the biosynthetic pathways the mature peptide forms are mostly generated by posttranslational processing of folded precursors. Such self-assembly processes can be optimized by opportune manipulation of the experimental conditions or by induction of productive intermediates. But there are also numerous cases where folding and disulfide formation are thermodynamically not coupled and where the application of a defined succession of regioselective cysteine pairings still represents the method of choice to install the desired native or non-native cystine frameworks. Among our contributions to the state of the art in the synthesis of cystine-rich peptides, we have mainly addressed the induction of correct oxidative refolding of single-stranded cysteine-rich peptides into their native structures by the use of selenocysteine and suitable strategies for disulfide-mediated assembly of monomers into defined oligomers as mimics of homo- and heterotrimeric collagens as a synthetic approach for the development of new biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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39
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Minond D, Lauer-Fields JL, Nagase H, Fields GB. Matrix Metalloproteinase Triple-Helical Peptidase Activities Are Differentially Regulated by Substrate Stability†. Biochemistry 2004; 43:11474-81. [PMID: 15350133 DOI: 10.1021/bi048938i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in physiological remodeling as well as pathological destruction of tissues. The turnover of the collagen triple-helical structure has been ascribed to several members of the MMP family, but the determinants for collagenolytic specificity have not been identified. The present study has compared the triple-helical peptidase activities of MMP-1 and MMP-14 (membrane-type 1 MMP; MT1-MMP). The ability of each enzyme to efficiently hydrolyze the triple helix was quantified using chemically synthesized fluorogenic triple-helical substrates that, via addition of N-terminal alkyl chains, differ in their thermal stabilities. One series of substrates was modeled after a collagenolytic MMP consensus cleavage site from types I-III collagen, while the other series had a single substitution in the P(1)' subsite of the consensus sequence. The substitution of Cys(4-methoxybenzyl) for Leu in the P(1)' subsite was greatly favored by MMP-14 but disfavored by MMP-1. An increase in substrate triple-helical thermal stability led to the decreased ability of the enzyme to cleave such substrates, but with a much more pronounced effect for MMP-1. Increased thermal stability was detrimental to enzyme turnover of substrate (k(cat)), but not binding (K(M)). Activation energies were considerably lower for MMP-14 hydrolysis of triple-helical substrates compared with MMP-1. Overall, MMP-1 was found to be less efficient at processing triple-helical structures than MMP-14. These results demonstrate that collagenolytic MMPs have subtle differences in their abilities to hydrolyze triple helices and may explain the relative collagen specificity of MMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Minond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University,777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431-0991, USA
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40
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Chung L, Dinakarpandian D, Yoshida N, Lauer-Fields JL, Fields GB, Visse R, Nagase H. Collagenase unwinds triple-helical collagen prior to peptide bond hydrolysis. EMBO J 2004; 23:3020-30. [PMID: 15257288 PMCID: PMC514933 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of triple-helical interstitial collagens is essential in embryonic development, organ morphogenesis and tissue remodelling and repair. Aberrant collagenolysis may result in diseases such as arthritis, cancer, atherosclerosis, aneurysm and fibrosis. In vertebrates, it is initiated by collagenases belonging to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. The three-dimensional structure of a prototypic collagenase, MMP-1, indicates that the substrate-binding site of the enzyme is too narrow to accommodate triple-helical collagen. Here we report that collagenases bind and locally unwind the triple-helical structure before hydrolyzing the peptide bonds. Mutation of the catalytically essential residue Glu200 of MMP-1 to Ala resulted in a catalytically inactive enzyme, but in its presence noncollagenolytic proteinases digested collagen into typical 3/4 and 1/4 fragments, indicating that the MMP-1(E200A) mutant unwinds the triple-helical collagen. The study also shows that MMP-1 preferentially interacts with the alpha2(I) chain of type I collagen and cleaves the three alpha chains in succession. Our results throw light on the basic mechanisms that control a wide range of biological and pathological processes associated with tissue remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chung
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Deendayal Dinakarpandian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Naoto Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Janelle L Lauer-Fields
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Robert Visse
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK. Tel.: +44 20 8383 4488; Fax: +44 20 8383 4994; E-mail:
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41
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Renner C, Saccà B, Moroder L. Synthetic heterotrimeric collagen peptides as mimics of cell adhesion sites of the basement membrane. Biopolymers 2004; 76:34-47. [PMID: 14997473 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Collagen type IV forms a network in the basement membrane into which other constituents of the tissue are incorporated. It also provides cell-adhesion sites that are specifically recognized by cell-surface receptors, i.e., the integrins. Different from the ubiquitous sequential RGD adhesion motif found in most of the matrix proteins, in collagen type IV, the responsible binding sites for alpha1beta1 integrin have been identified as Asp461 of the two alpha1 chains and Arg461 of the alpha2 chain. Because of the heterotrimeric character of this collagen, the spatial geometry of the binding epitope depends not only on the triple-helical fold, but decisively even on the stagger of the chains. To investigate the effects of chain registration on the conformational properties and binding affinities of this adhesion epitope, two synthetic heterotrimeric collagen peptides consisting of the identical three chains were assembled by an artificial cystine knot in two different registers, i.e., in the most plausible alpha2alpha1alpha1' and less probable alpha1alpha2alpha1' chain alignment. A detailed conformational characterization of both trimers allowed to correlate their different binding affinities for alpha1beta1 integrin with the degree of local plasticity of the two different triple helices. Optimal local breathing of the rod-shaped collagens is apparently crucial for selective recognition by proteins interacting with these main components of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Renner
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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42
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Caruso AB, Dunn MG. Functional evaluation of collagen fiber scaffolds for ACL reconstruction: Cyclic loading in proteolytic enzyme solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 69:164-71. [PMID: 14999764 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction scaffolds were evaluated after exposure to functional challenges in vitro: cyclic loading combined with various proteolytic enzymes. Scaffolds were prepared from collagen fibers that were uncrosslinked (UNXL), crosslinked with ultraviolet irradiation (UV), or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC; 10 or 25 mM). Structural properties of scaffolds were determined following 1-h exposure to saline, trypsin, or bacterial collagenase, with and without simultaneous cyclic tensile loading (0 to 50 g; 0.5 Hz) in vitro. The breaking load and stiffness of UNXL and UV crosslinked scaffolds were significantly reduced by exposure to either trypsin or collagenase. Cyclic loads interacted synergistically with enzymes, rendering UNXL scaffolds untestable and further decreasing the breaking load of UV crosslinked scaffolds by approximately 35%. In contrast, the breaking load and stiffness of EDC crosslinked scaffolds, which were greater than those of UNXL or UV crosslinked scaffolds, were virtually unaffected by the same load and enzyme treatments. These results suggest that EDC is more effective than UV for crosslinking and stabilizing load-bearing collagen fiber ACL reconstruction scaffolds. Application of cyclic loads and enzymes may lead to development of physiologically relevant in vitro test methods for load-bearing scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Caruso
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, MEB 424 P.O. Box 19, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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43
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Lauer-Fields JL, Kele P, Sui G, Nagase H, Leblanc RM, Fields GB. Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase triple-helical peptidase activity with substrates incorporating fluorogenic L- or D-amino acids. Anal Biochem 2003; 321:105-15. [PMID: 12963061 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of improper regulation of collagen turnover include diseases such as tumor cell metastasis and arthritis. Several fluorogenic triple-helical peptide (fTHP) substrates have been constructed presently to examine collagenolytic behavior. These substrates incorporate L- or D-2-amino-3-(7-methoxy-4-coumaryl)propionic acid (Amp) or L- or D-2-amino-3-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-coumaryl)propionic acid (Adp) as the fluorophore and N-2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) as the quencher. The desired sequences were C6-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)5-Gly-Pro-[Amp/Adp]-Gly-Pro-Gln-Gly approximately Leu-Arg-Gly-Gln-Lys(Dnp)-Gly-Val-Arg-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)5-NH2. All four fTHPs formed stable triple-helices. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) rates of hydrolysis for all fTHPs were considerably more rapid than corresponding MMP-1 rates. Evaluation of individual kinetic parameters indicated that MMP-2 bound to the fTHPs more efficiently than MMP-1. Comparison to a triple-helical substrate incorporating the same sequence but with a different fluorophore [Lys((7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl); Lys(Mca)] demonstrated that the shorter side chain of Amp or Adp was better tolerated by MMP-1 and MMP-2. Adp may well be the fluorophore of choice for fTHPs, as (a) fTHPs incorporating Adp were obtained in significantly higher yields than the Amp-containing fTHPs, (b) Adp has a larger Stokes shift than either Amp or Lys(Mca) and thus has less chance of self-quenching, (c) Adp has a relatively high quantum yield, (d) the Adp/Dnp pair is compatible with multiwell plate reader formats, and (e) MMPs better tolerate Adp than Lys(Mca).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L Lauer-Fields
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA
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44
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Saccà B, Fiori S, Moroder L. Studies of the local conformational properties of the cell-adhesion domain of collagen type IV in synthetic heterotrimeric peptides. Biochemistry 2003; 42:3429-36. [PMID: 12653546 DOI: 10.1021/bi0206762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Collagen type IV is a specialized form of collagen that is found only in basement membranes. It is involved in integrin-mediated cell-adhesion processes, and the responsible binding sites for the alpha1beta1 integrin cell receptor have been identified as Asp461 of the two alpha1 chains and Arg461 of the alpha2 chain. In the most plausible stagger of native collagen type IV the alpha2 chain is the tailing one. This has recently been confirmed by the differentiated binding affinities of synthetic heterotrimeric collagen peptides in which the chains were staggered in this native register as well as in the less plausible alpha1alpha2alpha1' register with an artificial cystine knot. In the present work, two heterotrimeric collagen peptides with chain registers identical to the previous ones were synthesized for fluorescence resonance energy transfer and emission anisotropy measurements, exploiting the native Phe464 in the alpha2 chain as donor and an Ile467Tyr mutation in the alpha1' chain as acceptor fluorophore. This fluorophore pair allowed extraction of more detailed information on the conformational properties of the cell-adhesion epitope incorporated into the central part of the trimeric collagen model peptides. A comparison of the experimentally derived values of the interfluorophore distance and of the orientation factor kappa(2) with the values extracted from the molecular model of the trimer in the native stagger confirmed a triple-helical structure of the adhesion-site portion at low temperature. The thermal unfolding of this central domain was specifically monitored by emission anisotropy, allowing unambiguous assignment of the three structural domains of the trimeric collagen molecules detected by microcalorimetry, with the integrin binding site as the portion of weakest triple-helical stability flanked by two more stable triple-helical regions. The results are consistent with the picture of a conformational microheterogeneity as the responsible property for selective recognition of collagens by interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Saccà
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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