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Lou Y, Wang T, Li H, Hu TY, Xie X. Blame others but hurt yourself: blaming or sympathetic attitudes toward victims of COVID-19 and how it alters one's health status. Psychol Health 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37861187 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2269400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the relationship between blame/sympathy and blamer's/sympathizer's perceived health status. DESIGN We recruited participants via an online survey platform. Study 1 was a cross-sectional study using data (N = 3304, Mage = 28.22, SDage = 7.92, and 39.3% female) collected from 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of China on February 3, 2020. Study 2 used the daily diary method collecting data from February 4 to 9, 2020. Sample (N = 2456, Mage = 28.49, SDage = 7.49, and 39.4% were female) was obtained by inviting participants in Study 1 on the same platform. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported health status and life satisfaction. RESULTS In Study 1, blame was negatively associated with perceived health status, while sympathy was positively associated with it. Negative emotions and risk perception are the underlying mechanisms, but neither of them has effects on the relationship between sympathy and perceived health status. Study 2 replicated these results using multilevel analysis. CONCLUSION The results highlight the importance of people's attitudes on perceived health status. While sympathy is positively related to perceived health status, blaming has a negative association with perceived health status. Negative emotions and risk perceptions are the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhong Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Hu
- College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Aggression, Alexithymia and Sense of Coherence in a Sample of Schizophrenic Outpatients. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061078. [PMID: 35742130 PMCID: PMC9223291 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia elevates the risk for aggressive behavior, and there is a need to better understand the associated variables predicting aggression for treatment and prevention purposes. The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between alexithymia, sense of coherence and aggressive behavior in a sample of schizophrenic outpatients. Using a correlational research design, standardized self-report questionnaires assessed aggression (brief aggression questionnaire—BAQ), alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale—TAS) and sense of coherence (sense of coherence questionnaire—SOC) in a sample of 100 schizophrenic outpatients in clinical remission. Participants reported high levels of aggression and alexithymia along with reduced sense of coherence. Significant negative correlations were evidenced among scores on the SOC scale (p < 0.001) with both the TAS as well as with the BAQ scales. However, a positive correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between the TAS and BAQ scales. Regression indicated that 27% of the variation in the BAQ rating was explained by the TAS, while an additional 17.8% was explained by the sense of coherence. The difficulty identifying feelings of alexithymia and the comprehensibility and manageability components of sense of coherence significantly predicted anger, hostility and physical aggression. Sense of coherence mediated the relationship between alexithymia and aggression. From the path analysis, comprehensibility emerged as the key factor counterbalancing alexithymic traits and aggressive behaviors, and manageability effectuated higher anger control. The findings hold practical implications for the treatment and rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients.
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Moncrieft AE, Llabre MM, Gallo LC, Cai J, Gonzalez F, Gonzalez P, Ostrovsky NW, Schneiderman N, Penedo FJ. Hostility and quality of life among Hispanics/Latinos in the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Psychol Health 2016; 31:1342-58. [PMID: 27456582 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2016.1208820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if hostility is associated with physical and mental health-related quality of life (QoL) in US. Hispanics/Latinos after accounting for depression and anxiety. METHODS Analyses included 5313 adults (62% women, 18-75 years) who completed the ancillary sociocultural assessment of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale, Spielberger Trait Anger Scale, Cook-Medley Hostility cynicism subscale and Short Form Health Survey. In a structural regression model, associations of hostility with mental and physical QoL were examined. RESULTS In a model adjusting for age, sex, disease burden, income, education and years in the US., hostility was related to worse mental QoL, and was marginally associated with worse physical QoL. However, when adjusting for the influence of depression and anxiety, greater hostility was associated with better mental QoL, and was not associated with physical QoL. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate observed associations between hostility and QoL are confounded by symptoms of anxiety and depression, and suggest hostility is independently associated with better mental QoL in this population. Findings also highlight the importance of differentiating shared and unique associations of specific emotions with health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Moncrieft
- a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA
| | - Maria M Llabre
- a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA
| | - Linda C Gallo
- b Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- c Department of Biostatistics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Franklyn Gonzalez
- c Department of Biostatistics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Patricia Gonzalez
- b Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Natania W Ostrovsky
- d Department of Epidemiology and Population Health , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Neil Schneiderman
- a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA
| | - Frank J Penedo
- e Department of Medical Social Sciences , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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Silarova B, Nagyova I, Rosenberger J, van Dijk JP, Reijneveld SA. Sense of coherence as a mediator between hostility and health-related quality of life among coronary heart disease patients. Heart Lung 2016; 45:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rohani C, Abedi HA, Sundberg K, Langius-Eklöf A. Sense of coherence as a mediator of health-related quality of life dimensions in patients with breast cancer: a longitudinal study with prospective design. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2015; 13:195. [PMID: 26651334 PMCID: PMC4674962 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-015-0392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous study, we found that the degree of sense of coherence (SOC) and baseline ratings of several dimensions of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were the most important predictors of HRQoL changes 6 months after the pre-diagnosis period of breast cancer. To find a way to explain these findings, the aim of this study was to explore the mediating effect of the SOC between ratings of HRQoL dimensions before final diagnosis, and ratings of the same dimensions at the 6 months follow up, within a sample of women with breast cancer. METHODS A longitudinal study with a prospective design at baseline (T1) and 6 months later (T2) was conducted on 162 women with breast cancer. To measure HRQoL dimensions three different questionnaires, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-30, the SF-12 Health Survey version 2 and the Health Index were applied at T1 and T2 to cover both diagnostic-specific and generic dimensions. Measurement of the SOC as a mediator was done by the SOC-13 scale. RESULTS Mediational analyses on eight significant pairs of HRQoL dimensions showed that the degree of SOC totally mediated variations of global quality of life (p < 0.001) as well as cognitive and social functioning (p <0.05) scores between T1 to T2. Changes in the scores of emotional functioning (p < 0.01), fatigue (p < 0.05), financial difficulties (p < 0.05), well-being (p < 0.001), and mental health component (p < 0.001) were partially mediated. The degree of SOC explained 16% to 45% of the variances in HRQoL dimensions at T2. CONCLUSIONS The mediating pathway of the SOC in the context of this study appears to be the key to understanding how a higher sense of coherence as an inner resource may serve as a protective psychological factor in the adaptation process of the patients. Clinicians might consider coherence-oriented structure of the SOC and the connection between the SOC and HRQoL data in intervention plans from the first visit onwards. It may assist the identification of women who are at greater risk for maladaptation to the breast cancer trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Rohani
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Avenue, Cross of Vali-Asr and Neiaiesh Highway, Opposite to Rajaee Heart Hospital, Tehran, 1996835119, Iran.
| | - Heidar-Ali Abedi
- Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, 8153653791, Iran
| | - Kay Sundberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Alle' 23, Huddinge, 14183, Sweden
| | - Ann Langius-Eklöf
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Alle' 23, Huddinge, 14183, Sweden
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Koyama A, Matsushita M, Ushijima H, Jono T, Ikeda M. Association between depression, examination-related stressors, and sense of coherence: the Ronin-Sei study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:441-7. [PMID: 24506541 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the Japanese education system, students who fail university entrance exam often go to special preparatory schools to prepare for the following year's exam. These students are called ronin-sei. The purpose of this study was to clarify: (i) depression and somatic complaints in ronin-sei; and (ii) the association between depression, examination-related stressors, and sense of coherence (SOC). METHODS A total of 914 ronin-sei from two preparatory schools were asked to answer a self-rating questionnaire. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and SOC was measured using the SOC-13 Scale. RESULTS Overall, 57.9% of subjects were considered to have depression (CES-D ≥ 16) and 19.8% had severe depression (CES-D ≥ 26). Higher CES-D scores were associated with a higher rate of somatic complaints. In hierarchical logistic regression analysis, having no one to talk to about his/her worries and having parents who disagree about the first-choice of university and faculty were independent risk factors for depression and severe depression, respectively, even after controlling for SOC. CONCLUSIONS Preparatory school students have various somatic complaints, and their depression is in part related to examination-related stressors. To maintain mental health, it is important to enhance SOC, to understand their examination-related stressors and to provide adequate support for these students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Koyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Kanhai J, Harrison VE, Suominen AL, Knuuttila M, Uutela A, Bernabé E. Sense of coherence and incidence of periodontal disease in adults. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:760-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Kanhai
- Division of Population and Patient Health; King's College London Dental Institute; London UK
| | - Victoria E. Harrison
- Division of Population and Patient Health; King's College London Dental Institute; London UK
| | - Anna L. Suominen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Oral Public Health; Institute of Dentistry; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Matti Knuuttila
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Antti Uutela
- National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
| | - Eduardo Bernabé
- Division of Population and Patient Health; King's College London Dental Institute; London UK
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Boisclair Demarble J, Moskowitz DS, Tardif JC, D'Antono B. The relation between hostility and concurrent levels of inflammation is sex, age, and measure dependent. J Psychosom Res 2014; 76:384-93. [PMID: 24745780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hostility may be associated with greater systemic inflammation. However, contradictory evidence exists. Certain individuals or dimensions of hostility may be more susceptible to these effects. Main and interactive effects of hostility with sex and/or age were evaluated on markers of inflammation, independently of traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease. METHODS 199 healthy men (81) and women (118), aged 20-64 years (M=41 ± 11 years) were recruited. Hostility was assessed using the Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory (CMHo) and ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of quarrelsome behavior and angry affect in daily living. Blood samples were drawn to measure inflammatory activity (Il-6, TNF-α, hsCRP, Il-8, Il-10, Il-18, MCP-1) and lipid oxidation (Myeloperoxidase; MPO). Correlations and hierarchical regression analyses were performed controlling for pertinent behavioral, psychological, medical, and socio-demographic factors. RESULTS Significant univariate associations emerged between CMHo and Il-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 (p<.05). Hierarchical regressions showed interactions of hostility with sex (Il-6, TNF-α; p<.05) and age (hsCRP, Il-6, TNF-α; p<.05). For example, in simple slope analyses, hostility was positively related to TNF-α in women (b=0.009, p=0.006) but not men. Greater hostility was also related to greater Il-6 levels among younger women (b=. 027, p=0.000). CONCLUSION Hostility, particularly cynical hostility, may be detrimental to (younger) women. The TNF-α, Il-6, CRP triad appears vulnerable to psychological and behavioral factors, and may be one mechanism by which cynical hostility (CMHo) contributes to increased cardiovascular risk in women. Prospective research is needed to verify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boisclair Demarble
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D S Moskowitz
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bianca D'Antono
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Spadoti Dantas RA, Silva FSE, Ciol MA. Psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the 29- and 13-item scales of the Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence (SOC-29 and SOC-13) evaluated in Brazilian cardiac patients. J Clin Nurs 2013; 23:156-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana A Spadoti Dantas
- World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development; University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernanda S e Silva
- World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development; University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Márcia A Ciol
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for a relative with dementia has been associated with high levels of psychological morbidity in carers. Sense of coherence is an important resource of successful coping with caregiving. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between stress associated with caregiving, sense of coherence, and self-reported depression and anxiety in family carers of people with dementia. We hypothesized that carers reporting high levels of anxiety and depression will report low levels of coherence, and that the relationship between caregiver stress and affective symptoms will be mediated by sense of coherence. METHODS A total of 170 carers of people with dementia took part in the present study. Family carers completed the Sense of Coherence Scale, the Relative Stress Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A series of multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the relationship between stress related to caregiving, caregiver anxiety and depression, and whether sense of coherence mediated this relationship. RESULTS Self-reported anxiety and depression were associated with low levels of sense of coherence. Sense of coherence mediated the relationship between burden and self-reported depressive effect and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Carers reporting high levels of anxiety and depression are more likely to report low levels of sense of coherence. The relationship between stress related to caregiving and depressive symptoms is mediated by carers' self-reported sense of coherence. Future psychotherapeutic intervention studies in family carers of people with dementia may incorporate strategies that specifically target sense of coherence.
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Evolahti A, Hultell D, Collins A. Development of burnout in middle-aged working women: a longitudinal study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 22:94-103. [PMID: 23305221 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2012.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study had two aims: first, to identify developmental patterns of burnout in middle-aged women from the working population and, second, to evaluate whether work-related and individual factors are associated with concurrent changes in burnout. METHODS The study design was longitudinal and used a random, population-based sample of urban middle-aged women. One baseline and two follow-up assessments were carried out during a 9-year period. At baseline, 142 women participated. Complete data were available for 116 women, who constituted the sample of the present study. Burnout was assessed using the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ). In order to identify typical developmental patterns (trajectories) hierarchical cluster analysis was used. Within-group changes in burnout levels over time were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS When using a variable-based approach, the results showed no significant changes in burnout over time. However, underlying these levels, six trajectories were identified. These clusters represented four different developmental patterns: high levels followed by recovery, increasing levels, increasing and diminishing levels, and stable levels. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous research suggesting that burnout is a stable construct over time, the present study identified distinct subgroups of women showing different developmental patterns of burnout during a 9-year period. Furthermore, our findings showed that the development of burnout was accompanied by concurrent changes in life stress as well as work-related and individual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Evolahti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Helvik AS, Engedal K, Selbæk G. Change in sense of coherence (SOC) and symptoms of depression among old non-demented persons 12 months after hospitalization. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 56:314-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Psychosocial stressors in inter-human relationships and health at each life stage: A review. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 9:73-86. [PMID: 21432315 DOI: 10.1007/bf02898065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, psychosocial stressors' impacts on health are increasing. Among these stressors, this review focused on inter-human relationships. Since social supports could be protective against ill health, consequences contributing to psychosocial stressors are discussed here in relation to social supports for each stage of childhood, adulthood and elderly status.For childhood, parental divorce/isolation, and child abuse/neglect appeared to be determinants of healthy development at either the initial or later stages. According to prospective studies, such stressors, especially those occurring until around 3 years of age, were associated with later adverse life quality in adulthood. Therefore, nationwide preventive strategies were developed in each country to monitor protective social programs.For adulthood, job strain was focused on Karasek's job strain model, effort-reward imbalance, employment grade and working hours. These psychosocial stressors were shown to affect not only the physical health but also the mental health of working people. These days, since Karoshi and even suicide related to excessive workloads are taking a toll on workplace organization, stress-coping abilities such as a sense of coherence were introduced from the individual-social interaction aspect.For elderly status, retirement, caring for the elderly, and spouse bereavement were discussed as psychosocial stressors. Some evidence indicates that these stressors could be determiants of health. Finally, social supports have been demonstrated to promote health and protect the elderly against diseases and death.
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Bernabé E, Newton JT, Uutela A, Aromaa A, Suominen AL. Sense of coherence and four-year caries incidence in Finnish adults. Caries Res 2012; 46:523-9. [PMID: 22889725 DOI: 10.1159/000341219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assesses whether sense of coherence (SOC) predicts incidence of tooth decay over 4 years and the role of dental behaviours in explaining the effect of SOC on incidence of tooth decay. Data from 994 adults who participated in both the Health 2000 survey and the Follow-Up Study of Finnish Adults' Oral Health were analysed for this study. At baseline, participants provided information on demographic characteristics, education level, the SOC scale and dental behaviours (tooth brushing frequency, dental attendance and sugar intake frequency). The 4-year incidence of tooth decay was calculated using data from baseline and follow-up clinical oral examinations. Baseline SOC was significantly related to 4-year incidence of tooth decay after adjustment for demographic factors and education (relative risk: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63-0.98). This effect was fully attenuated after further adjustment for the three dental behaviours. Tooth brushing frequency and dental attendance were the only dental behaviours significantly related to incidence of tooth decay. This prospective study suggests that SOC predicts incidence of tooth decay and that dental behaviours may help explaining why adults with strong SOC have lower risk of developing tooth decay than those with weak SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bernabé
- Unit of Dental Public Health, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK.
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Schmidt DRC, Dantas RAS. Analysis of validity and reliability of the adapted portuguese version of Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Questionnaire among nursing professionals. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2011; 19:42-9. [PMID: 21412628 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-11692011000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This methodological study aimed to evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (ASCQ) among nursing professionals. The study included 211 professionals who worked in the surgical wards of eleven hospitals in a city in the interior of the State of Paraná-Brazil. The majority of participants were female (86.7%), with a mean length of service of 9.3 (SD=8.0) years. Construct validity was evaluated using Pearson correlation tests between the measures of sense of coherence and correlated constructs, obtaining strong negative correlations between sense of coherence and anxiety (r=-0.53) and sense of coherence and depression (r=-0.61). Internal reliability, assessed by Cronbach's alpha, obtained an acceptable value of 0.87. The Brazilian-Portuguese version of ASCQ maintained the psychometric properties of the original scale when used with nursing professionals.
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Employee Well-being and Sick Leave, Occupational Accident, and Disability Pension. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:633-40. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31821aa48c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Austin K, Cilliers F. The psychometric relationship between career thinking and salutogenic functioning amongst unemployed adults. SA JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v37i1.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation: Corporate survival mechanisms, like mergers, downsizing, restructuring and outsourcing, contribute to unemployment levels amongst adults. Psychological maturity seems to influence the quality of the career decisions that people make in these difficult circumstances. However, we do not know what their behavioural strengths are.Research objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the psychometric relationship between career thinking (negative and positive career thoughts) and salutogenic functioning (locus of control and sense of coherence) amongst unemployed adults.Motivation for study: Career decision research has consistently surveyed students to understand career indecision. Adults are not a homogenous group. Therefore, this trend may not reflect throughout the larger adult population. For this reason, the researchers conducted exploratory research into the nature of career indecision amongst non-student adults.Research design, approach and method: The researchers used a quantitative design that included a four-instrument survey on a purposive sample of 225 Canadian unemployed and non-student adults who had not decided on a career. They calculated correlations and regressions.Main findings: The researchers reported significant relationships between the four constructs. They found that a sense of coherence predicted career thinking.Contribution/value-add: A sense of coherence, which includes comprehension, meaningfulness and manageability, acts as a facilitator of effective career thinking.Practical/managerial implications: During career assessment and guidance, the role of sense of coherence as a strength factor will indicate the person’s readiness to make important career decisions.
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Bernabé E, Watt RG, Sheiham A, Suominen-Taipale AL, Uutela A, Vehkalahti MM, Knuuttila M, Kivimäki M, Tsakos G. Sense of coherence and oral health in dentate adults: findings from the Finnish Health 2000 survey. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:981-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bai M, Tomenson B, Creed F, Mantis D, Tsifetaki N, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA, Hyphantis TN. The role of psychological distress and personality variables in the disablement process in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 38:419-30. [PMID: 19922016 DOI: 10.3109/03009740903015135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether psychological distress and personality variables mediate or moderate physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS In 168 RA patients the following self-report instruments were administered: the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ), the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ), and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale. A total of 152 patients with several rheumatological disorders [56 with systemic sclerosis (SSc), 56 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 40 with Sjögren's syndrome (SS)] served as disease controls. The outcome measure was the physical scale of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). We used hierarchical regression to determine whether our data were consistent with the disablement process model. RESULTS In RA patients, sense of coherence was associated with physical HRQOL but the relationship was mediated by psychological distress. Self-sacrificing defence style moderated the relationship between pain and physical HRQOL: pain was associated with impaired physical HRQOL only in patients with predominant self-sacrificing defence style. Although psychological distress and personality variables were also associated with physical HRQOL in the disease control group, the moderating effects of personality on physical HRQOL were unique to RA. Thus, in RA, psychological distress, functional disability, and the interaction term between pain and self-sacrificing defence style were independently associated with physical HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS In RA patients, psychological distress mediated the association of personality variables with physical HRQOL but personality moderated the effects of pain on physical HRQOL and this could be relevant to psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bai
- Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Bernabé E, Watt RG, Sheiham A, Suominen-Taipale AL, Nordblad A, Savolainen J, Kivimäki M, Tsakos G. The influence of sense of coherence on the relationship between childhood socioeconomic status and adult oral health-related behaviours. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009; 37:357-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Skärsäter I, Rayens MK, Peden A, Hall L, Zhang M, Agren H, Prochazka H. Sense of coherence and recovery from major depression: a 4-year follow-up. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2009; 23:119-27. [PMID: 19327554 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this longitudinal exploratory study was to identify and follow persons with the first episode of major depression (MD) to determine whether sense of coherence (SOC) changes over time. An additional purpose was to assess whether SOC is associated with depressive symptoms, aggression, and functional status either immediately after diagnosis or at 4 years postdiagnosis. The study design was longitudinal; participants participated in semistructured interviews and completed surveys every 6 months starting at diagnosis and concluding 4 years later. The sample consisted of 33 adult patients who were being treated for the first episode of MD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Twenty-two participants completed all nine sessions. SOC was measured using the SOC scale; depressive symptoms using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale; aggression, including the total score and subscales of anger and hostility, using the Aggression Questionnaire-revised Swedish version; and functional status using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). At baseline, SOC was significantly correlated with total aggression (r = -45) and the hostility subscale (r = -.73); baseline SOC was unrelated to depressive symptoms or functional status. SOC increased significantly over time (P < .0001). At the 4-year follow-up, SOC was significantly related to depressive symptoms (r = -.60), the aggression summary score (r = -.65), the anger subscale (r = -.52), the hostility subscale (r = -.77), the GAF (r = .64), and the physical and mental health components of the SF-36 (r = .74 and .72, respectively). The finding that SOC increases as patients recover from MD suggests that treatment of depression may also bolster the patient's ability to cope, in addition to lowering depressive symptoms. The relationship between SOC and aggression in MD, with higher SOC correlated with lower aggression, needs to be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingela Skärsäter
- The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, Institute of Nursing, Göteborg, Sweden.
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22
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Hamazaki T, Hamazaki K. Fish oils and aggression or hostility. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:221-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Follow-up study on the effects of sense of coherence on well-being after two years in Japanese university undergraduate students. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
In this paper, subjective well-being as an indicator for successful aging is investigated from a salutogenic perspective that states that the sense of coherence plays a key role for psychological adaptation. It should be demonstrated that the sense of coherence mediates the relationship between generalized resistance resources and subjective well-being. One-hundred-and-seventy psychophysically active elderly persons (37 men) filled out a questionnaire assessing the sense of coherence, subjective well-being and resistance resources (such as age, education, physical health, activity level, social support and personality variables). It was found that resources co-varied with the sense of coherence and subjective well-being, accounting for 52 and 48% of the variance, respectively. The most important predictors were self-efficacy, self-esteem and education. After controlling for resources, the sense of coherence accounted for an additional 6% of the variance in well-being. The sense of coherence clearly mediated the relationship between resources and well-being. The findings corroborate the salutogenic idea that the sense of coherence creates, or maintains, a form of psychological integrity as represented by subjective well-being. The promotion of a strong sense of coherence should be a major aim of gerontological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Wiesmann
- Institute for Medical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Germany.
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25
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TOGARI T, YAMAZAKI Y, NAKAYAMA K, KIMURA YAMAKI C, SASAKI TAKAYAMA T. Construct validity of Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale : Stability of factor structure and predictive validity with regard to the well-being of Japanese undergraduate students from two-year follow-up data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3861/jshhe.74.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Chan THY, Ho RTH, Chan CLW. Developing an outcome measurement for meaning-making intervention with Chinese cancer patients. Psychooncology 2007; 16:843-50. [PMID: 17149786 DOI: 10.1002/pon.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial programs designed for cancer patients often facilitate the search for meaning as one of the therapeutic components. This study aimed to develop a self-report instrument, namely Chinese Cancer Coherence Scale (CCCS), which measures the patients' meaning-making process with reference to the concept of coherence. A panel of eight veteran social workers and psychologists generated statements pertaining to the cancer experience. Results from a two-phase study involving 390 breast cancer patients revealed a two-factor structure of the CCCS, namely incoherent-embittered and coherent-enlightened. The use of the CCCS by practitioners and researchers is recommended in order to understand how Chinese cancer patients make sense of their cancer experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Y Chan
- Centre on Behavioral Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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27
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Saevareid HI, Thygesen E, Nygaard HA, Lindstrom TC. Does sense of coherence affect the relationship between self-rated health and health status in a sample of community-dwelling frail elderly people? Aging Ment Health 2007; 11:658-67. [PMID: 18074253 DOI: 10.1080/13607860701368513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to examine the association between self-rated health (SRH) and physical, functional, social and mental health measures in community dwelling elderly people needing nursing care. Of special interest was how coping resources (SOC) influenced this relationship. Self-rated health is a good predictor of future health status as measured by mortality and morbidity, decline of functional abilities, use of healthcare, and nursing home placement. The high mean age and the relatively high level of care-dependency in this sample, make this investigation important. METHODS A hierarchical regression analysis was applied in a cross sectional sample of 242 elderly (mean age 84.6 years). RESULTS Subjective health complaints (SHC) in both sexes, and psychological distress (only in men), was associated directly with SRH. Coping resources associated with SRH directly, and indirectly through subjective perceived health (SHC and GHQ) but only in men. The influence of registered illness was mediated through the effects of subjectively perceived health in both women and men. Sex differences moderated the effects of SOC on SRH. CONCLUSION Subjectively perceived health was more important in the perception of SRH than objective health measures. Men, in contrast to women, tend to convert physical illness into emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Saevareid
- Faculty of Health and Sport, Agder University College, Arendal, Norway.
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Brauer C, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Mikkelsen S. Structural equation analysis of the causal relationship between health and perceived indoor environment. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007; 81:769-76. [PMID: 17917740 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-007-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the temporal relationship and reversed effects between health and perception of the indoor environment using structural equation models. METHODS The study was a two-phase prospective questionnaire study with a cross-lagged design. Altogether 1,740 adults participated on both occasions. RESULTS The perceived indoor environment had only weak effects on health at follow-up. However, the results strongly indicated a reversed effect that health problems may lead to increased complaints about the indoor environment. CONCLUSIONS Structural equation models are powerful analytical tools for disentangling the effects of a specific variable on another in high dimensional data with complex patterns of associations. The analyses confirmed the results of our previous logistic regression analysis about the strong reversed effect. Hence, it is probable that a reversed effect between health and complaints about the indoor environment exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brauer
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
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29
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Gustavsson-Lilius M, Julkunen J, Keskivaara P, Hietanen P. Sense of coherence and distress in cancer patients and their partners. Psychooncology 2007; 16:1100-10. [PMID: 17323314 DOI: 10.1002/pon.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Strong sense of coherence (SOC) is assumed to promote and protect health in stressful situations, such as a serious illness. There is, however, surprisingly little research-based discussion on the SOC-distress association in cancer patients and especially in their partners. The aim of this study was to clarify these issues. The associations between SOC, depression, and anxiety were studied in 123 cancer couples. Data were collected with self-report questionnaires at the time of diagnosis, 8 and 14 months later. The predictors of follow-up distress and possible mediators of the cross-lagged longitudinal data were analysed with SEM. No gender differences in the patients' study variables were found, but the female partners displayed more distress symptoms than their male counterparts. The results supported the SOC theory. Strong SOC alleviated the development of distress. In addition, patient SOC tended to strengthen during the follow-up. No direct crossover between baseline SOC and follow-up distress was found. However, all patient and partner variables at the 14-month follow-up were related to each other, but not at baseline. This could indicate a gradual crossover process of the shared experience. Special attention in clinical practice should be given to the psychological well-being of cancer patients' partners, especially female partners.
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Lindfors P, Lundberg O, Lundberg U. Allostatic load and clinical risk as related to sense of coherence in middle-aged women. Psychosom Med 2006; 68:801-7. [PMID: 17012536 DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000232267.56605.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how physiologic dysregulation, in terms of allostatic load and clinical risk, respectively, relates to sense of coherence (SOC) in women with no previously diagnosed pathology. METHODS At baseline, 200 43-year-old women took part in a standardized medical health examination and completed a 3-item measure of SOC, which they completed again 6 years later. According to data from the medical examination, two different measures of physiologic dysregulation were calculated: a) a measure of allostatic load based on empirically derived cut points and b) a measure of clinical risk based on clinically significant cut points. RESULTS In line with the initial hypotheses, allostatic load was found to predict future SOC, whereas clinical risk did not. In addition to baseline SOC and nicotine consumption, allostatic load was strongly associated with a weak SOC at the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The better predictive value of allostatic load to clinical risk indicates that focusing solely on clinical risk obscures patterns of physiologic dysregulation that influence future SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lindfors
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University and Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Mo PKH, Mak WWS. Application of the PRECEDE Model to Understanding Mental Health Promoting Behaviors in Hong Kong. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2006; 35:574-87. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198108317409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The burdens related to mental illness have been increasingly recognized in many countries. Nevertheless, research in positive mental health behaviors remains scarce. This study utilizes the Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Causes in Education Diagnosis and Evaluation (PRECEDE) model to identify factors associated with mental health promoting behaviors and to examine the effects of these behaviors on mental well-being and quality of life among 941 adults in Hong Kong. Structural equation modeling shows that sense of coherence (predisposing factor), social support (reinforcing factor), and daily hassles (enabling factor) are significantly related to mental health promoting behaviors, which are associated with mental well-being and quality of life. Results of bootstrap analyses confirm the mediating role of mental health promoting behaviors on well-being and quality of life. The study supports the application of the PRECEDE model in understanding mental health promoting behaviors and demonstrates its relationships with well-being and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoenix K. H. Mo
- Institute of Work, Health and Organisation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom,
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32
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Hasson D, Arnetz BB, Theorell T, Anderberg UM. Predictors of self-rated health: a 12-month prospective study of IT and media workers. Popul Health Metr 2006; 4:8. [PMID: 16879745 PMCID: PMC1559642 DOI: 10.1186/1478-7954-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to determine health-related risk and salutogenic factors and to use these to construct prediction models for future self-rated health (SRH), i.e. find possible characteristics predicting individuals improving or worsening in SRH over time (0–12 months). Methods A prospective study was conducted with measurements (physiological markers and self-ratings) at 0, 6 and 12 months, involving 303 employees (187 men and 116 women, age 23–64) from four information technology and two media companies. Results There were a multitude of statistically significant cross-sectional correlations (Spearman's Rho) between SRH and other self-ratings as well as physiological markers. Predictors of future SRH were baseline ratings of SRH, self-esteem and social support (logistic regression), and SRH, sleep quality and sense of coherence (linear regression). Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that baseline SRH and other self-ratings are predictive of future SRH. It is cautiously implied that SRH, self-esteem, social support, sleep quality and sense of coherence might be predictors of future SRH and therefore possibly also of various future health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hasson
- Karolinska Institute, CRU/Dept of Neurobiology, Caring Science and Society, Karolinska University Hospital, Eugeniahemmet, T4:02, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Uppsala University, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section for Social Medicine/CEOS, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt B Arnetz
- Uppsala University, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section for Social Medicine/CEOS, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201-2011, USA
| | - Töres Theorell
- IPM – The National Swedish Institute for Psychosocial Medicine, Granits väg 8, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Maria Anderberg
- Uppsala University, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section for Social Medicine/CEOS, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Julkunen J, Ahlström R. Hostility, anger, and sense of coherence as predictors of health-related quality of life. Results of an ASCOT substudy. J Psychosom Res 2006; 61:33-9. [PMID: 16813843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of hostility and anger expression to sense of coherence (SOC) and their role as predictors of health-related quality of life (HQL). It was hypothesised that SOC would mediate the impact of hostility and anger on HQL. METHODS This is a substudy of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial, which evaluates different treatment strategies to prevent cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients. At baseline, SOC was assessed with a short form measure, and hostility-anger with the Cynical Distrust scale and with the Anger Expression scales. HQL was assessed at 6 months with the RAND-36. The sample comprised of 774 subjects (77.5% men). RESULTS Results showed that strong SOC associates with ability to control expression of anger and with low levels of suppressed or openly expressed anger. Anger control and SOC were related to good HQL; cynicism, anger-out, and anger-in correlated negatively with HQL. Path models revealed that SOC was the strongest predictor of HQL while hostility and anger lost their direct impact on HQL. CONCLUSIONS Given the significant associations of hostility and anger with SOC, it is concluded that the salutogenic theory of Antonovsky (A. Antonovsky, Health, Stress, and Coping: New Perspectives on Mental Health and Physical Well-Being, Jossey-Bass Inc, San Francisco, 1979) should be extended to include hostility-related constructs. The impact of hostility and anger on HQL is, to a great extent, mediated through SOC, which implies that in future studies, the role of hostility as a risk factor of ill health should be reconsidered from the SOC theory perspective.
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Surtees PG, Wainwright NWJ, Luben R, Khaw KT, Day NE. Mastery, sense of coherence, and mortality: evidence of independent associations from the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Cohort Study. Health Psychol 2006; 25:102-10. [PMID: 16448303 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between 2 distinct personal coping resources (mastery and sense of coherence) and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. During follow-up (up to 6 years), 994 deaths were recorded among 20,323 participants, ages 41 to 80 years, in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Study in the United Kingdom. A strong sense of mastery was associated with lower rates of mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, after adjusting for age, sex, and prevalent chronic physical disease. The association with all-cause mortality was observed for both men and women and remained following further adjustment for cigarette smoking, social class, hostility, neuroticism, and extroversion. Analysis of the joint association between mastery and sense of coherence revealed both personal coping dispositions to be independently associated with lower rates of all-cause mortality. In addition, these data suggested that the association for mastery was specific to cardiovascular mortality, whereas the association for sense of coherence was specific to cancer mortality. These results may aid future study of coping resources as determinants of persistent well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Surtees
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Eriksson M, Lindström B. Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale and the relation with health: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60:376-81. [PMID: 16614325 PMCID: PMC2563977 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.041616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 771] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to synthesise empirical findings on the salutogenic concept sense of coherence (SOC) and examine its capacity to explain health and its dimensions. DESIGN The study is descriptive and analytical with a systematic integration of the contemporary knowledge base on the salutogenic research published 1992-2003. The review includes 458 scientific publications and 13 doctoral theses. SETTING Worldwide, based on postgraduate scientific publications in eight authorised databases, doctoral theses, and available books. MAIN RESULTS SOC is strongly related to perceived health, especially mental health. The stronger the SOC the better the perceived health in general, at least for those with an initial high SOC. This relation is manifested in study populations regardless of age, sex, ethnicity, nationality, and study design. SOC seems to have a main, moderating or mediating role in the explanation of health. Furthermore, the SOC seems to be able to predict health. SOC is an important contributor for the development and maintenance of people's health but does not alone explain the overall health. CONCLUSION SOC seems to be a health promoting resource, which strengthens resilience and develops a positive subjective state of health. Salutogenesis is a valuable approach for health promotion and would be worth to implement in practice much more than to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Health Promotion Programme, PO Box 63, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
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Veenstra M, Moum T, Røysamb E. Relationships between health domains and sense of coherence: a two-year cross-lagged study in patients with chronic illness. Qual Life Res 2006; 14:1455-65. [PMID: 16110926 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-004-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The latent structure of Sense of Coherence (SOC) and its relationship with three domains of health (body function, activity and participation) were studied in a cohort of people with chronic illness (n = 771) over a period of 2 years. A structural equation approach with cross-lagged and synchronous models was applied to each combination of SOC and domain of health. Over the 2-year period SOC had enhanced body function and participation. Conversely, levels of activities as well as body function had contributed to SOC 2 years later. Significant synchronous effects were found that indicated the presence of reciprocal causation between SOC and all three domains of health. These findings challenge existing SOC theory and suggest that SOC can be considered a relevant outcome variable in chronic illness care.
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Kohls N, Walach H. Exceptional experiences and spiritual practice: a new measurement approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/shi.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Eriksson M, Lindström B. Validity of Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005; 59:460-6. [PMID: 15911640 PMCID: PMC1757043 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2003.018085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to systematically review and analyse the validity and reliability of Antonovsky's life orientation questionnaire/sense of coherence scale (SOC). DESIGN The study is descriptive and analytical with a systematic integration of the contemporary knowledge base on the salutogenic research published 1992-2003. The review includes 458 scientific publications and 13 doctoral theses. SETTING Worldwide, based on postgraduate scientific publications in eight authorized databases, doctoral theses, and available books. MAIN RESULTS The SOC questionnaire has been used in at least 33 languages in 32 countries with at least 15 different versions of the questionnaire. In 124 studies using SOC-29 the Cronbach's alpha ranges from 0.70 to 0.95. The alpha values in 127 studies using SOC-13 range from 0.70 to 0.92, and in 60 studies using a modified SOC scale range from 0.35 to 0.91. Test-retest correlation show stability and range from 0.69 to 0.78 (1 year), 0.64 (3 years), 0.42 to 0.45 (4 years), 0.59 to 0.67 (5 years) to 0.54 (10 years). The means of SOC-29 range 100.50 (SD 28.50) to 164.50 (SD 17.10) points and SOC-13 from 35.39 (SD 0.10) to 77.60 (SD 13.80) points. After 10 years SOC seems to be comparatively stable, but not as stable as Antonovsky initially assumed. SOC tends to increase with age. The factorial structure of SOC seems rather to be multidimensional than unidimensional. SOC predicts a positive outcome in a long term perspective, although there are divergent findings reported. The SOC scale seems to be a reliable, valid, and cross culturally applicable instrument measuring how people manage stressful situations and stay well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Eriksson
- Nordic School of Public Health, Box 12133, S-40242 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Kristenson M, Olsson AG, Kucinskiene Z. Good self-rated health is related to psychosocial resources and a strong cortisol response to acute stress: the LiVicordia study of middle-aged men. Int J Behav Med 2005; 12:153-60. [PMID: 16083318 DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1203_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Self-rated health (SRH) is a strong predictor for disease and death. The relations among SRH, psychosocial factors, and cortisol dynamics were tested using pooled data from the LiVicordia study of 50-year-old men in Lithuania (n = 94) and Sweden (n = 89), controlling for effect of residence. SRH was assessed by "How would you assess your own health?" A standardized laboratory stress test included measures of cortisol in serum and saliva. Good SRH related to high scale scores of decision latitude, social support at work, coping, self-esteem, and sense of coherence; to low scores of overcommitment (all p < .01) and vital exhaustion (r = -0.40, p < 0.001); to low concentrations of saliva baseline cortisol (r = -.26, p = .001); and to a strong cortisol response to stress (r = .27, p = .001). Findings that good SRH related to favorable psychosocial characteristics and to a dynamic cortisol stress response indicate a possible explanation for observed lower risk for disease and death in this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Kristenson
- Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkping University, Sweden.
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Lindfors P, Lundberg O, Lundberg U. Sense of coherence and biomarkers of health in 43-year-old women. Int J Behav Med 2005; 12:98-102. [PMID: 15901218 DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate how sense of coherence (SOC) relates to biomarkers of health in 43-year-old nonsmoking premenopausal women. Before taking part in a standardized medical health examination including assessment of blood pressure, blood lipids, and physical symptoms, participants completed a three-item measure of SOC. On the basis of their SOC scores, the 244 women with complete datasets were categorized into 1 of 3 groups with a weak, intermediate, or strong SOC. Results showed that women with a strong SOC had significantly lower levels of systolic blood pressure (p < .05) and total cholesterol (p < .05) than did women with a weak SOC. It is suggested that the lower levels of systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol found in women with a strong SOC may constitute a biological buffer against ill health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lindfors
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wiesmann U, Rölker S, Hannich HJ. [Salutogenesis in old age]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2005; 37:366-76. [PMID: 15503075 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-004-0213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, the significance of the salutogenic model (Antonovsky) and its core concept-the sense of coherence-for research into "successful aging" is explicated on the background of a gerodynamic perspective (Schroots). Common to both approaches is the idea that the basic principle of life is based on imbalance, disease, and suffering (heterostasis). According to this pessimistic view, aging is considered as the individual time dimension on which these inevitable impairments in biological, behavioral, and social respects take place. The continuous increase in entropy (disorder) will finally result in the death of the organism. In the face of gerontological research showing variability and individual plasticity in aging processes-especially for the third age-, the salutogenic question is why some people generally become (very) old and stay healthy. According to the salutogenic model, the sense of coherence determines the (re-)production of order over the life span and mediates the relationship between resources/stressors and health outcome. Considering activity/disengagement theory and the selective optimization with compensation model as an example, the integrative potential of the salutogenic model is shown. Finally, the value of the salutogenic model for the fourth age is discussed. Healthy aging is one chance of human existence, but in no way a collective duty that should be imposed on the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wiesmann
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 48, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Feldt T, Leskinen E, Kinnunen U. Structural invariance and stability of sense of coherence: A longitudinal analysis of two groups with different employment experiences. WORK AND STRESS 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/02678370500084441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Feldt T, Kokko K, Kinnunen U, Pulkkinen L. The Role of Family Background, School Success, and Career Orientation in the Development of Sense of Coherence. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2005. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040.10.4.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This study investigates family background (child-centered parenting, parental socioeconomic status), school success in adolescence, and career orientation (education, stability of career line) in adulthood as antecedents of adult sense of coherence (SOC; Antonovsky, 1987a ), which has been posited to be a disposition crucial to understanding individual differences in successful coping with stress. Participants (104 men and 98 women) were drawn from the ongoing Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS), which was started when the participants were 8- or 9-year-old children (in 1968). Data gathered at ages 14, 27, 36, and 42 were used in this study. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that child-centered parenting in adolescence and a stable career line in adulthood were directly associated with a high SOC at age 42. In addition, child-centered parenting, high parental socioeconomic status, and school success at age 14 were indirectly associated with adult SOC via education and stability of career line. The SEM multigroup comparison showed that the obtained associations were similar for men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulla Kinnunen
- Family Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Abstract
AIMS This paper reports a study assessing Finnish unemployed nurses' sense of coherence and the factors relating to it. BACKGROUND During the 1990s, due to the widespread economic downturn in Finland, the nursing profession suffered from a high level of unemployment. Previous research has clearly indicated that unemployment is detrimental to health. It creates stress by disturbing a person's sense of identity and self-esteem and by disrupting social networks. In Finland, many studies have been conducted on the impact of unemployment, but have not examined the sense of coherence of unemployed nurses. METHODS Data were collected in one Employment and Economic Development Centre area in Finland in 1998. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data among Finnish unemployed nurses (n = 183), and included the General Health Questionnaire, measuring nurses' mental health; socio-demographic questions; and the 13-item version of the Sense of Coherence scale based on Antonovsky's salutogenic model to measure sense of coherence. RESULTS Although the majority of unemployed nurses had a strong sense of coherence, many felt that during their period of unemployed they did not feel at ease, did not know what to do and had a sense of being unfairly treated. Daily household chores, on the whole, were perceived as meaningful. Income and the state of mental health were positively correlated with nurses' sense of coherence: the better the family income and state of mental health, the stronger was their sense of coherence. Because of the low response rate (less than 50%), the results might be skewed by those whose higher sense of coherence made them more motivated to complete the questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS Many of the nurses reported low sense of coherence and poor general health. Special interventions should be designed to improve their sense of coherence and high motivation level, and to maintain their professional competence when they return to work. This kind of support may prevent further out-migration and nursing shortages from Finland and other industrialized countries.
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Hart KE, Hope CW. Cynical hostility and the psychosocial vulnerability model of disease risk: confounding effects of neuroticism (negative affectivity) bias. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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von Bothmer MIK, Fridlund B. Self-rated health among university students in relation to sense of coherence and other personality traits. Scand J Caring Sci 2004; 17:347-57. [PMID: 14629637 DOI: 10.1046/j.0283-9318.2003.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine students' self-rated health in relation to sense of coherence and other personality traits. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used with questionnaires as the means of data collection. The study population comprised a randomized stratified sample of students from a small university in southern Sweden. Ethical approval was obtained from the vice chancellor, and the issues of informed consent, confidentiality, privacy and self-determination were respected. Two instruments were used for data collection; the 29-item Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale, and an instrument created for this study, named Personality and Health Instrument, containing 52 questions. Self-rated health was estimated by inverse number of health complaints. A factor analysis identified seven factors related to personality traits; the three most important were hardiness, positive affect/optimism and Type A personality. The personality trait variables were tested for correlation with each other as well as with self-rated health. The mean score for SOC was similar for female and male students, but a positive association between SOC and self-rated health was found only among women. Optimism was associated with less health complaints among female students. Type A personality was associated with poorer health both among women and men. The personality traits SOC, positive affect/optimism, hardiness and alienation showed high internal correlations. The SOC scale is discussed in relation to gender specificity and in relation to methodological and conceptual confounding. Further research is needed to explore the relation between SOC, optimism, hardiness, hostility and health. The significance of the study is that it raises questions about the validity and specificity of the SOC instrument and provides ideas for future research to develop the sense of coherence concept and instrument.
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Feldt T, Leskinen E, Kinnunen U, Ruoppila I. The stability of sense of coherence: comparing two age groups in a 5-year follow-up study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The stability of sense of coherence: comparing two age groups in a 5-year follow-up study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869%2802%2900325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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