1
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Fu X, Wang Q, Du H, Hao H. CXCL8 and the peritoneal metastasis of ovarian and gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159061. [PMID: 37377954 PMCID: PMC10291199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL8 is the most representative chemokine produced autocrine or paracrine by tumor cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes. It can play a key role in normal tissues and tumors by activating PI3K-Akt, PLC, JAK-STAT, and other signaling pathways after combining with CXCR1/2. The incidence of peritoneal metastasis in ovarian and gastric cancer is extremely high. The structure of the peritoneum and various peritoneal-related cells supports the peritoneal metastasis of cancers, which readily produces a poor prognosis, low 5-year survival rate, and the death of patients. Studies show that CXCL8 is excessively secreted in a variety of cancers. Thus, this paper will further elaborate on the mechanism of CXCL8 and the peritoneal metastasis of ovarian and gastric cancer to provide a theoretical basis for the proposal of new methods for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer peritoneal metastasis.
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2
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Mei S, Chen X, Wang K, Chen Y. Tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer peritoneal metastasis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:11. [PMID: 36698173 PMCID: PMC9875479 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies with high morbidity and mortality. The peritoneum is one of the most common metastatic sites in ovarian cancer, involving large amounts of ascites. However, its mechanism is unclear. The peritoneal microenvironment composed of peritoneal effusion and peritoneum creates favorable conditions for ovarian cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we reviewed the peritoneal metastasis patterns and molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer, as well as major components of the peritoneal microenvironment, peritoneal effusion, and immune microenvironment, and investigated the relationship between the peritoneal microenvironment and ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Mei
- grid.469636.8Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Xi Men Road, Taizhou, 317000 Zhejiang China
| | - Xing Chen
- grid.469636.8Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Xi Men Road, Taizhou, 317000 Zhejiang China
| | - Kai Wang
- grid.469636.8Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Xi Men Road, Taizhou, 317000 Zhejiang China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- grid.469636.8Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University (Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center Group), Tong Yang Road, Taizhou, 318053 Zhejiang China
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3
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Ogasawara F, Higuchi T, Nishimori T, Hashida Y, Kojima K, Daibata M. Targeting
VEGF
with bevacizumab inhibits malignant effusion formation of primary human herpesvirus 8‐unrelated effusion large B‐cell lymphoma in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5580-5589. [PMID: 36209502 PMCID: PMC9667516 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)‐unrelated effusion large B‐cell lymphoma (ELBCL) is recognized as a new clinical entity, but its pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies remain largely unknown. We have generated two mouse models with profuse lymphomatous effusions that resemble HHV8‐unrelated ELBCL occurring in humans, by grafting the cell lines designated as Pell‐1 and Pell‐2. Using these in vivo models, we evaluated the potential role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of HHV8‐unrelated ELBCL. Both Pell‐1 and Pell‐2 cells consistently produced very high levels of VEGF in mice, in contrast to in vitro findings of relatively low VEGF production in culture medium by HHV8‐unrelated ELBCL cells, especially Pell‐1 cells. Conversely, returning Pell‐1 cells grown in mice to culture medium markedly suppressed VEGF production to the original in vitro level. These findings suggest that the tumour microenvironment plays a role in the steady production of VEGF. We also found that the interaction between HHV8‐unrelated ELBCL cells and peritoneal mesothelial cells increased the production of VEGF in vitro. Finally, we found that bevacizumab significantly suppressed effusion formation and lymphoma cell growth in both mouse models. These results suggest that bevacizumab is a rational approach to the treatment of HHV8‐unrelated ELBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Ogasawara
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Nankoku Japan
- Department of Hematology Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - Tomonori Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimori
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Department of Hematology Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Nankoku Japan
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4
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the USA, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) constitutes 85% of pancreatic cancer diagnoses. PDA frequently metastasizes to the peritoneum, but effective treatment of peritoneal metastasis remains a clinical challenge. Despite this unmet need, understanding of the biological mechanisms that contribute to development and progression of PDA peritoneal metastasis is sparse. By contrast, a vast number of studies have investigated mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis in ovarian and gastric cancers. Here, we contrast similarities and differences between peritoneal metastasis in PDA as compared with those in gastric and ovarian cancer by outlining molecular mediators involved in each step of the peritoneal metastasis cascade. This review aims to provide mechanistic insights that could be translated into effective targeted therapies for patients with peritoneal metastasis from PDA.
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5
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Heredia-Soto V, López-Guerrero J, Redondo A, Mendiola M. The hallmarks of ovarian cancer: Focus on angiogenesis and micro-environment and new models for their characterisation. EJC Suppl 2020; 15:49-55. [PMID: 33240442 PMCID: PMC7573462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers develop by sustained growth, migration and invasion properties of tumour cells, supported by complex interactions with stromal cells within the tumour micro-environment. This review is focused on the latest discoveries regarding the highlighted role of angiogenesis and tumour micro-environment in ovarian cancer. This cancer milieu encompasses non-cancerous cells present in the tumour or nearby, including vessel-forming cells, fibroblasts and immune cells amongst others that work in a cooperative way with cancer cells, impacting tumour behaviour. Angiogenesis, migration and invasion, and more recently immune evasion, are cancer hallmarks clearly dependent on these supporting cells. Moreover, these stromal cells are more genetically stable than tumour cells and thus represent an attractive therapeutic target. A better understanding of the stromal cells function, and their complex interplay with cancer cells, will open additional areas to target, as the tumour-host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Heredia-Soto
- Translational Oncology Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 5, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - J.A. López-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Carrer Del Professor Beltrán Báguena, 8, 46009, Valencia, Spain
| | - A. Redondo
- Translational Oncology Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Cátedra UAM-Amgen, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mendiola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 5, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Molecular Pathology and Therapeutic Targets Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Pathology Diagnostic Section, Medical and Molecular Medicine Institute, INGEMM, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Zheng LN, Wen F, Xu P, Zhang S. Prognostic significance of malignant ascites in gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis: A systemic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:3247-3258. [PMID: 31667175 PMCID: PMC6819285 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i20.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that malignant ascites may be associated with the high malignancy and poor prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) with peritoneal metastasis (PM), but no robust consensus has been reached until now.
AIM To evaluate the prognostic significance of malignant ascites in GC patients with PM.
METHODS Two independent authors conducted database searches. The searches were performed in the EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases, and the terms used to search included stomach neoplasms, GC, ascites, peritoneal effusion, survival, and survival analysis. Outcomes included overall survival and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Three pairs of comparisons for measuring survival were made: (1) Patients with ascites vs those without ascites; (2) Patients with massive ascites vs those with mild to moderate ascites; and (3) Patients with massive ascites vs those with no to moderate ascites.
RESULTS Fourteen articles including fifteen studies were considered in the final analysis. Among them, nine studies assessed the difference in prognosis between patients with and without malignant ascites. A pooled HR of 1.63 (95%CI: 1.47-1.82, P < 0.00001) indicated that GC patients with malignant ascites had a relatively poor prognosis compared to patients without ascites. We also found that the prognosis of GC patients with malignant ascites was related to the volume of ascites in the six other studies.
CONCLUSION GC patients with malignant ascites tend to have a worse prognosis, and the volume of ascites has an impact on GC outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Nan Zheng
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Sichuan University Library, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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7
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Li Q, Li B, Li Q, Wei S, He Z, Huang X, Wang L, Xia Y, Xu Z, Li Z, Wang W, Yang L, Zhang D, Xu Z. Exosomal miR-21-5p derived from gastric cancer promotes peritoneal metastasis via mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:854. [PMID: 30154401 PMCID: PMC6113299 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is a primary metastatic route for gastric cancers, and the mechanisms underlying this process are still unclear. Peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) undergo mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) to provide a favorable environment for metastatic cancer cells. In this study, we investigated how the exosomal miR-21-5p induces MMT and promotes peritoneal metastasis. Gastric cancer (GC)-derived exosomes were identified by transmission electron microscopy and western blot analysis, then the uptake of exosomes was confirmed by PKH-67 staining. The expression of miR-21-5p and SMAD7 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, and the interactions between miR-21-5p and its target genes SMAD7 were confirmed by Luciferase reporter assays. The MMT of PMCs was determined by invasion assays, adhesion assays, immunofluorescent assay, and western blot. Meanwhile, mouse model of tumor peritoneal dissemination model was performed to investigate the role of exosomal miR-21-5p in peritoneal metastasis in vivo. We found that PMCs could internalize GC-derived exosomal miR-21-5p and led to increased levels of miR-21-5p in PMCs. Through various types of in vitro and in vivo assays, we confirmed that exosomal miR-21-5p was able to induce MMT of PMCs and promote tumor peritoneal metastasis. Moreover, our study revealed that this process was promoted by exosomal miR-21-5p through activating TGF-β/Smad pathway via targeting SMAD7. Altogether, our data suggest that exosomal miR-21-5p induces MMT of PMCs and promote cancer peritoneal dissemination by targeting SMAD7. The exosomal miR-21-5p may be a novel therapeutic target for GC peritoneal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Song Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Zhongyuan He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Xiaoxu Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yiwen Xia
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Weizhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China.
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
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8
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Ge Y, Zhang C, Xiao S, Liang L, Liao S, Xiang Y, Cao K, Chen H, Zhou Y. Identification of differentially expressed genes in cervical cancer by bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2549-2558. [PMID: 30013649 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. In recent years, the incidence of cervical cancer has had a younger trend. Cervical cancer morbidity and mortality rates have been significantly reduced due to recent decades of cervical cytology screening leading to the early detection and treatment of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. There are a number of methods used to treat cervical cancer and improve the survival rate. However, the prevalence and recurrence rates of cervical cancer are increasing every year. There is an urgent requirement for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism cervical cancer development. The present study used scientific information retrieval from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to download the GSE26511 dataset, which contained 39 samples, including 19 cervical cancer lymph node-positive samples and 20 cervical cancer lymph node-negative samples. Using Gene Ontology analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, 1,263 differentially expressed genes were found that affected the biological processes, including 'cell cycle process', 'signaling pathways', 'immune response', 'cell activation', 'regulation of immune system process' and 'inflammatory response'. These areas should be the focus of study for cervical cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Lin Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Shan Liao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yanqi Xiang
- Department of Nursing, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang, Urumchi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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9
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Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Stryczyński Ł, Uruski P, Tykarski A, Książek K. Procancerogenic activity of senescent cells: A case of the peritoneal mesothelium. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 43:1-9. [PMID: 29355719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human peritoneal mesothelial cells belong to a narrow group of somatic cells in which both the triggers and the mechanisms of senescence have already been well defined. Importantly, senescent mesothelial cells have been found in the peritoneal cavity in vivo. From a clinical point of view, peritoneal mesothelial cells have been recognized as playing a critical role in the intraperitoneal development of tumor metastases. The pro-cancerogenic behavior of mesothelial cells is even more pronounced when the cells exhaust their proliferative capacity and become senescent. In this review, we summarize the current state of art regarding the contribution of peritoneal mesothelial cells in the progression of ovarian, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinomas, with particular attention paid to the cancer-promoting activity of their senescent counterparts. Moreover, we delineate the mechanisms, mediators, and signaling pathways that are engaged by the senescent mesothelial cells to support such vital elements of cancer progression as adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Finally, we discuss the experimental evidence regarding both natural and synthetic compounds that may either prevent or restrict cancer development by delaying senescence of mesothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Stryczyński
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Paweł Uruski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
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10
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Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Uruski P, Tykarski A, Książek K. The peritoneal "soil" for a cancerous "seed": a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis of intraperitoneal cancer metastases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:509-525. [PMID: 28956065 PMCID: PMC5765197 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Various types of tumors, particularly those originating from the ovary and gastrointestinal tract, display a strong predilection for the peritoneal cavity as the site of metastasis. The intraperitoneal spread of a malignancy is orchestrated by a reciprocal interplay between invading cancer cells and resident normal peritoneal cells. In this review, we address the current state-of-art regarding colonization of the peritoneal cavity by ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic, and gastric tumors. Particular attention is paid to the pro-tumoral role of various kinds of peritoneal cells, including mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, the vascular endothelium, and hospicells. Anatomo-histological considerations on the pro-metastatic environment of the peritoneal cavity are presented in the broader context of organ-specific development of distal metastases in accordance with Paget's "seed and soil" theory of tumorigenesis. The activity of normal peritoneal cells during pivotal elements of cancer progression, i.e., adhesion, migration, invasion, proliferation, EMT, and angiogenesis, is discussed from the perspective of well-defined general knowledge on a hospitable tumor microenvironment created by the cellular elements of reactive stroma, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and macrophages. Finally, the paper addresses the unique features of the peritoneal cavity that predispose this body compartment to be a niche for cancer metastases, presents issues that are topics of an ongoing debate, and points to areas that still require further in-depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Uruski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznan, Poland.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vernik
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, USA
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12
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The Proangiogenic Capabilities of Malignant Ascites Generated by Aggressive Ovarian Tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2592496. [PMID: 29085834 PMCID: PMC5632494 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2592496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we examined whether malignant ascites may determine ovarian tumor angiogenesis, and if so whether ascites generated by highly aggressive serous and undifferentiated cancers are more proangiogenic than those from less aggressive clear cell and endometrioid tumors. Angiogenesis was analyzed according to expression of CD31, CD34, and connexin 43. Proliferation and migration of endothelial cells were tested using fluorescence-based methods. The quantification of angiogenic agents and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was performed using specific immunoassays. Results showed that the expression of CD31 and CD34 in serous and undifferentiated tumors was greater, whereas endothelial expression of connexin 43 was lower than in clear cell and endometrioid lesions. Serous cancers that formed in the presence of ascites displayed increased expression of connexin 43 in vascular smooth muscles as compared with tumors developed in the fluid's absence. Endothelial cells exposed to ascites from serous and undifferentiated tumors proliferated and migrated more vigorously than cells subjected to ascites from clear cell and endometrioid cancers. They also exhibited an increased level of HIF-1α and produced increased amounts of multiple proangiogenic agents. Our results indicate that high vascularization of aggressive ovarian tumors may be associated with profound angiogenic capabilities of ascites generated by these tumors.
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13
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Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Sosińska P, Maksin K, Kucińska MG, Piotrowska H, Murias M, Woźniak A, Szpurek D, Książek K. Colorectal cancer-promoting activity of the senescent peritoneal mesothelium. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29178-95. [PMID: 26284488 PMCID: PMC4745719 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers metastasize into the peritoneal cavity in a process controlled by peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). In this paper we examined if senescent HPMCs can intensify the progression of colorectal (SW480) and pancreatic (PSN-1) cancers in vitro and in vivo. Experiments showed that senescent HPMCs stimulate proliferation, migration and invasion of SW480 cells, and migration of PSN-1 cells. When SW480 cells were injected i.p. with senescent HPMCs, the dynamics of tumor formation and vascularization were increased. When xenografts were generated using PSN-1 cells, senescent HPMCs failed to favor their growth. SW480 cells subjected to senescent HPMCs displayed up-regulated expression of transcripts for various pro-cancerogenic agents as well as increased secretion of their products. Moreover, they underwent an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the Smad 2/3-Snail1-related pathway. The search for mediators of senescent HPMC activity showed that increased SW480 cell proliferation was stimulated by IL-6, migration by CXCL8 and CCL2, invasion by IL-6, MMP-3 and uPA, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by TGF-β1. Secretion of these agents by senescent HPMCs was increased in an NF-κB- and p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. Collectively, our findings indicate that in the peritoneum senescent HPMCs may create a metastatic niche in which critical aspects of cancer progression become intensified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrycja Sosińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Konstantin Maksin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, PoznaÅń, Poland
| | - Mał Gorzata Kucińska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Murias
- Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aldona Woźniak
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, PoznaÅń, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szpurek
- Division of Gynecological Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Sosińska P, Naumowicz E, Maksin K, Piotrowska H, Woźniak A, Szpurek D, Książek K. Senescent peritoneal mesothelium induces a pro-angiogenic phenotype in ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 33:15-27. [PMID: 26433963 PMCID: PMC4740564 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that senescent cells contribute to the progression of primary and metastatic tumors, however, the exact mechanisms of this activity remain elusive. In this report we show that senescent human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) alter the secretory profile of ovarian cancer cells (A2780, OVCAR-3, SKOV-3) by increasing the release of four angiogenic agents: CXCL1, CXCL8, HGF, and VEGF. Proliferation and migration of endothelial cells subjected to conditioned medium generated by: cancer cells modified by senescent HPMCs; cancer cells co-cultured with senescent HPMCs; and by early-passage HPMCs from aged donors, were markedly intensified. The same was the case for the vascularization, size and number of tumors that developed in the mouse peritoneum upon injection of ovarian cancer cells with senescent HPMCs. When the identified pro-angiogenic proteins were neutralized in conditioned medium from the cancer cells, both aspects of endothelial cell behavior intensified in vitro in response to senescent HPMCs were markedly reduced. The search for mediators of senescent HPMC activity using specific neutralizing antibodies and recombinant exogenous proteins showed that the intensified angiogenic potential of cancer cells was elicited by IL-6 and TGF-β1. At the transcriptional level, increased proliferation and migration of endothelial cells exposed to cancer cells modified by senescent HPMCs was regulated by HIF-1α, NF-κB/p50 and AP-1/c-Jun. Collectively, our findings indicate that senescent HPMCs may promote the progression of ovarian cancer cells by reprogramming their secretory phenotype towards increased production of pro-angiogenic agents and subsequent increase in the angiogenic capabilities of the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Str., 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Sosińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Str., 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Eryk Naumowicz
- General Surgery Ward, Centrum Medyczne HCP, 28 czerwca 1956 r. 223/229 Str., 61-485, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Konstantin Maksin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 Str., 60-355, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Hanna Piotrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30 Str., 60-631, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Aldona Woźniak
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 Str., 60-355, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Szpurek
- Division of Gynecological Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33 Str., 60-535, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Str., 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
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15
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The Mesothelial Origin of Carcinoma Associated-Fibroblasts in Peritoneal Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1994-2011. [PMID: 26426054 PMCID: PMC4695872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are complex and unstructured organs that, in addition to cancer cells, also contain other cell types. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent an important population in the tumor microenviroment and participate in several stages of tumor progression, including cancer cell migration/invasion and metastasis. During peritoneal metastasis, cancer cells detach from the primary tumor, such as ovarian or gastrointestinal, disseminate through the peritoneal fluid and colonize the peritoneum. Tumor cells metastasize by attaching to and invading through the mesothelial cell (MC) monolayer that lines the peritoneal cavity, then colonizing the submesothelial compact zone where CAFs accumulate. CAFs may derive from different sources depending on the surrounding metastatic niche. In peritoneal metastasis, a sizeable subpopulation of CAFs originates from MCs through a mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), which promotes adhesion, invasion, vascularization and subsequent tumor growth. The bidirectional communication between cancer cells and MC-derived CAFs via secretion of a wide range of cytokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix components seems to be crucial for the establishment and progression of the metastasis in the peritoneum. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of novel advances in understanding how peritoneal CAFs provide cancer cells with a supportive microenvironment, as well as the development of future therapeutic approaches by interfering with the MMT in the peritoneum.
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16
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Touboul C, Vidal F, Pasquier J, Lis R, Rafii A. Role of mesenchymal cells in the natural history of ovarian cancer: a review. J Transl Med 2014; 12:271. [PMID: 25303976 PMCID: PMC4197295 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynaecologic malignancy. Despite progresses in chemotherapy and ultra-radical surgeries, this locally metastatic disease presents a high rate of local recurrence advocating for the role of a peritoneal niche. For several years, it was believed that tumor initiation, progression and metastasis were merely due to the changes in the neoplastic cell population and the adjacent non-neoplastic tissues were regarded as bystanders. The importance of the tumor microenvironment and its cellular component emerged from studies on the histopathological sequence of changes at the interface between putative tumor cells and the surrounding non-neoplastic tissues during carcinogenesis. Method In this review we aimed to describe the pro-tumoral crosstalk between ovarian cancer and mesenchymal stem cells. A PubMed search was performed for articles published pertaining to mesenchymal stem cells and specific to ovarian cancer. Results Mesenchymal stem cells participate to an elaborate crosstalk through direct and paracrine interaction with ovarian cancer cells. They play a role at different stages of the disease: survival and peritoneal infiltration at early stage, proliferation in distant sites, chemoresistance and recurrence at later stage. Conclusion The dialogue between ovarian and mesenchymal stem cells induces the constitution of a pro-tumoral mesencrine niche. Understanding the dynamics of such interaction in a clinical setting might propose new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Touboul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Université Paris Est, UPEC-Paris XII, 12 avenue de Verdun, 94000, Créteil, France. .,UMR INSERM U965: Angiogenèse et Recherche translationnelle Hôpital Lariboisière, 49 bd de la chapelle, 75010, Paris, France.
| | - Fabien Vidal
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. .,Department Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Manhattan, NY, USA. .,Department of Genetic Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar-Foundation PO: 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. .,Department Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Manhattan, NY, USA.
| | - Raphael Lis
- Department Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Manhattan, NY, USA.
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. .,Department Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Manhattan, NY, USA.
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17
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Secord AA, Nixon AB, Hurwitz HI. The search for biomarkers to direct antiangiogenic treatment in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:349-58. [PMID: 25178997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic agents have demonstrated improved progression-free survival in women with primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Biomarkers that predict outcomes in patients treated with antiangiogenic agents are being investigated to rationally direct therapy for women most likely to benefit from these agents. Among the most promising plasma-based biomarkers are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and VEGF receptor-2. While these biomarkers have been correlated with prognosis, they have not been shown to predict benefit, specifically from anti-VEGF therapy, highlighting the need for alternative biomarkers, including molecular and clinical factors, which may be predictive of outcome in women with ovarian cancer treated with antiangiogenic agents. Biomarkers are currently being investigated as secondary outcomes in several ongoing phase II and phase III clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents in patients with EOC. Molecular techniques, such as microarray analyses, and imaging techniques, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, are also being explored in this field. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current biomarker research, with an emphasis on angiogenic biomarkers associated with EOC.
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18
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Satoyoshi R, Aiba N, Yanagihara K, Yashiro M, Tanaka M. Tks5 activation in mesothelial cells creates invasion front of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Oncogene 2014; 34:3176-87. [PMID: 25088196 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scirrhous gastric cancer is frequently associated with peritoneal dissemination, and the interaction of cancer cells with peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) is crucial for the establishment of the metastasis in the peritoneum. Although cells derived from PMCs are detected within tumors of peritoneal carcinomatosis, how PMCs are incorporated into tumor architecture is not understood. The present study shows that PMCs create the invasion front of peritoneal carcinomatosis, which depends on activation of Tks5 in PMCs. In peritoneal tumor implants, PMCs represent majority of cells located at the invasive edge of the cancer tissue. Exogenously implanted PMCs and host PMCs aggressively invade into abdominal wall upon the peritoneal inoculation of cancer cells, and PMCs locate ahead of cancer cells in the direction of invasion. Tks5, a substrate of Src kinase, is predominantly expressed in the PMCs of cancer tissue, and promotes the invasion of PMCs and cancer cells. Expression and activation of Tks5 was induced in PMCs following their exposure to gastric cancer cells, and increased Tks5 expression was detected in PMCs located at the invasion front. Reduced Tks5 expression in PMCs blocked PMC invasion, which in turn prevents cancer cell invasion both in vitro and in vivo. The peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer was significantly increased by mixing cancer cells and PMCs, and was suppressed by knockdown of Tks5 in PMCs. These results suggest that cancer-activated PMCs create invasion front by guiding cancer cells. Signaling leading to Tks5 activation in PMCs may be a suitable therapeutic target for prevention of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Satoyoshi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - N Aiba
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - K Yanagihara
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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19
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Sandoval P, Jiménez-Heffernan JA, Rynne-Vidal Á, Pérez-Lozano ML, Gilsanz Á, Ruiz-Carpio V, Reyes R, García-Bordas J, Stamatakis K, Dotor J, Majano PL, Fresno M, Cabañas C, López-Cabrera M. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts derive from mesothelial cells via mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal metastasis. J Pathol 2014; 231:517-31. [PMID: 24114721 DOI: 10.1002/path.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is a frequent metastatic route for cancers of the ovary and gastrointestinal tract. Tumour cells metastasize by attaching to and invading through the mesothelial cell (MC) monolayer that lines the peritoneal cavity. Metastases are influenced by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a cell population that derives from different sources. Hence, we investigated whether MCs, through mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MMT), were a source of CAFs during peritoneal carcinomatosis and whether MMT affected the adhesion and invasion of tumour cells. Biopsies from patients with peritoneal dissemination revealed the presence of myofibroblasts expressing mesothelial markers in the proximity of carcinoma implants. Prominent new vessel formation was observed in the peritoneal areas harbouring tumour cells when compared with tumour-free regions. The use of a mouse model of peritoneal dissemination confirmed the myofibroblast conversion of MCs and the increase in angiogenesis at places of tumour implants. Treatment of omentum MCs with conditioned media from carcinoma cell cultures resulted in phenotype changes reminiscent of MMT. Adhesion experiments demonstrated that MMT enhanced the binding of cancer cells to MCs in a β1-integrin-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that the enhanced adhesion was mostly due to increased cell-cell interaction and not to a mere matrix exposure. Invasion assays suggested a reciprocal stimulation of the invasive capacity of tumour cells and MCs. Our results demonstrate that CAFs can derive from mesothelial cells during peritoneal metastasis. We suggest that MMT renders the peritoneum more receptive for tumour cell attachment/invasion and contributes to secondary tumour growth by promoting its vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sandoval
- Centro de Biología Molecular-Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Winiarski BK, Cope N, Alexander M, Pilling LC, Warren S, Acheson N, Gutowski NJ, Whatmore JL. Clinical Relevance of Increased Endothelial and Mesothelial Expression of Proangiogenic Proteases and VEGFA in the Omentum of Patients with Metastatic Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:267-276.e4. [PMID: 24913675 PMCID: PMC4101350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) metastasis to the omentum requires implantation and angiogenesis. We propose that prometastatic changes in the omental endothelium (for angiogenesis) and mesothelium (for implantation) are critical. We investigated the expression of angiogenic proteases [cathepsin D (CD), cathepsin L (CL), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9] and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in the mesothelium and endothelium of omentum from patients with EOC with omental metastases and control patients with benign ovarian tumors. Endothelial expression of CL, VEGFA, and MMP9 and mesothelial expression of VEGFA, MMP9, and CD were significantly increased in patients with metastasized EOC. High expression of MMP9 and VEGFA in endothelium and mesothelium and CD in mesothelium was positively associated with poor disease-specific survival (DSS). High MMP9 expression in either endothelium or mesothelium and presence of ascites prospectively showed the greatest risk of shorter DSS [hazard ratio (HR)= 6.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.76-21.6, P = .0045; HR = 11.42, 95% CI = 2.59-50.35, P = .0013; and HR = 6.35, 95% CI = 2.01-20.1, P = .002, respectively]. High endothelial MMP9 expression and ascites were independent predictors of reduced DSS and overall survival, together resulting in worst patient prognosis. Our data show that omental metastasis of EOC is associated with increased proangiogenic protein expression in the omental endothelium and mesothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boleslaw K Winiarski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nichola Cope
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Luke C Pilling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Sophie Warren
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nigel Acheson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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21
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Fushida S, Oyama K, Kinoshita J, Yagi Y, Okamoto K, Tajima H, Ninomiya I, Fujimura T, Ohta T. VEGF is a target molecule for peritoneal metastasis and malignant ascites in gastric cancer: prognostic significance of VEGF in ascites and efficacy of anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1445-51. [PMID: 24204159 PMCID: PMC3804591 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s51916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In gastric cancer, poor prognosis is associated with peritoneal dissemination, which often accompanies malignant ascites. We searched for a target molecule in peritoneal metastasis and investigated its clinical utility as a biomarker. Methods Biopsy specimens from both primary lesions and peritoneal metastasis, and if possible, malignant ascites, were obtained from 40 patients with gastric cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results VEGF expression was seen in 70% of peritoneal samples. Of the 40 patients, 35 had malignant ascites. These 35 patients were divided into two groups: 15 with ascites found beyond the pelvic cavity (large group) and 20 whose ascites were within the pelvic cavity (small group). The two groups did not significantly differ by serum VEGF levels, but ascites VEGF levels in the large group were significantly higher than in the small group (P < 0.0001). Serum VEGF and ascites VEGF levels were highly correlated in the large group (r = 0.686). A high ascites VEGF level was found to be a risk factor for survival (P = 0.045). We include a report of a patient with chemoresistant refractory gastric cancer and symptomatic ascites who obtained 8 months of palliation from systemic bevacizumab. Conclusion Anti-VEGF therapies are promising, and the ascites VEGF level is an important marker in managing patients with gastric cancer and peritoneal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
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22
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Gavalas NG, Liontos M, Trachana SP, Bagratuni T, Arapinis C, Liacos C, Dimopoulos MA, Bamias A. Angiogenesis-related pathways in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15885-909. [PMID: 23903048 PMCID: PMC3759892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian Cancer represents the most fatal type of gynecological malignancies. A number of processes are involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Angiogenesis represents a hallmark phenomenon in cancer, and it is responsible for tumor spread and metastasis in ovarian cancer, among other tumor types, as it leads to new blood vessel formation. In recent years angiogenesis has been given considerable attention in order to identify targets for developing effective anti-tumor therapies. Growth factors have been identified to play key roles in driving angiogenesis and, thus, the formation of new blood vessels that assist in "feeding" cancer. Such molecules include the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and the angiopoietin/Tie2 receptor complex. These proteins are key players in complex molecular pathways within the tumor cell and they have been in the spotlight of the development of anti-angiogenic molecules that may act as stand-alone therapeutics, or in concert with standard treatment regimes such as chemotherapy. The pathways involved in angiogenesis and molecules that have been developed in order to combat angiogenesis are described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos G. Gavalas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Michalis Liontos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Sofia-Paraskevi Trachana
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Tina Bagratuni
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Calliope Arapinis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Christine Liacos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Aristotle Bamias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
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23
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Benabbou N, Mirshahi P, Cadillon M, Soria J, Therwath A, Mirshahi M. Hospicells promote upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette genes by insulin-like growth factor-I via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in an ovarian cancer cell line. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:685-94. [PMID: 23857432 PMCID: PMC3787860 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment has a crucial role in the development, progression and drug resistance of cancer. Our objective was to confirm the role of Hospicells, which are stromal cells from the cancer microenvironment, in drug resistance and tumor cell growth. We demonstrated that soluble factors secreted by Hospicells activate several genes and upregulate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines. Hospicells express all insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family as detected by gene array, RT-PCR, protein array and immunocytochemistry. While focusing attention on the microenvironment, we considered the role of IGF-I in proliferation and survival of ovarian cancer cells. Indeed, IGF-I is a major regulator of different stages of cancer development. We studied the effect of exogenously added IGF-I on the regulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) genes (MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP5 and BCRP) in the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3 and validated the results obtained using the IGF-IR antagonist picropodophyllin. IGF-I regulates the expression of ABC genes in OVCAR3 cells via the PI3-kinase, MEK and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. The OVCAR3 cell line when co-cultured with Hospicells showed a marked degree of drug resistance. The drug resistance observed could be amplified with exogenous IGF-I. Addition of IGF-IR inhibitor, however, reduced the degree of resistance in these exposed cells. Cells that were treated with anticancer drugs and then exposed to IGF-I showed an increase in drug resistance and, thereby, an increase in cell survival. This observation indicates that drug resistance of OVCAR3 cells increases when there is synergy between OVCAR3 cells and Hospicells and it is amplified when IGF-I was exogenously added. In conclusion, inhibition of IGF-IR and targeting of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway can be a target for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Benabbou
- National Institute for Medical Research (INSERM), Cordeliers Research Center (UMRS 872), University of Pierre and Marie Curie and University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Fibroblast growth factor 2 induces E-cadherin down-regulation via PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling in ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59083. [PMID: 23554977 PMCID: PMC3598697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is produced by ovarian cancer cells and it has been suggested to play an important role in tumor progression. In this study, we report that FGF2 treatment down-regulated E-cadherin by up-regulating its transcriptional repressors, Slug and ZEB1, in human ovarian cancer cells. The pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and MEK suggests that both PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling are required for FGF2-induced E-cadherin down-regulation. Moreover, FGF2 up-regulated Slug and ZEB1 expression via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, respectively. Finally, FGF2-induced cell invasion was abolished by the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways, and the forced expression of E-cadherin diminished the intrinsic invasiveness of ovarian cancer cells as well as the FGF2-induced cell invasion. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism in which FGF2 down-regulates E-cadherin expression through the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling, and the up-regulation of Slug and ZEB1 in human ovarian cancer cells.
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Ho CM, Chang SF, Hsiao CC, Chien TY, Shih DTB. Isolation and characterization of stromal progenitor cells from ascites of patients with epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:23. [PMID: 22330345 PMCID: PMC3305560 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At least one-third of epithelial ovarian cancers are associated with the development of ascites containing heterogeneous cell populations, including tumor cells, inflammatory cells, and stromal elements. The components of ascites and their effects on the tumor cell microenvironment remain poorly understood. This study aimed to isolate and characterize stromal progenitor cells from the ascites of patients with epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma (EOA). Methods Seventeen ascitic fluid samples and 7 fresh tissue samples were collected from 16 patients with EOA. The ascites samples were then cultured in vitro in varying conditions. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were used to isolate and characterize 2 cell populations with different morphologies (epithelial type and mesenchymal type) deriving from the ascites samples. The in vitro cell culture model was established using conditional culture medium. Results The doubling times of the epithelial type and mesenchymal type cells were 36 h and 48 h, respectively, indicating faster growth of the epithelial type cells compared to the mesenchymal type cells. Cultured in vitro, these ascitic cells displayed the potential for self-renewal and long-term proliferation, and expressed the typical cancer stem/progenitor cell markers CD44high, CD24low, and AC133+. These cells also demonstrated high BMP-2, BMP4, TGF-β, Rex-1, and AC133 early gene expression, and expressed EGFR, integrin α2β1, CD146, and Flt-4, which are highly associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. The epithelial type cells demonstrated higher cytokeratin 18 and E-cadherin expression than the mesenchymal type cells. The mesenchymal type cells, in contrast, demonstrated higher AC133, CD73, CD105, CD117, EGFR, integrin α2β1, and CD146 surface marker expression than the epithelial type cells. Conclusion The established culture system provides an in vitro model for the selection of drugs that target cancer-associated stromal progenitor cells, and for the development of ovarian cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Ho
- Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyCathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Targeting angiogenesis in ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 38:272-83. [PMID: 21764518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Results of standard chemotherapy in ovarian cancer are hampered by the development of drug resistance leading to disease recurrence. This prompted interest in the development of therapies targeting critical pathways responsible for tumor progression. Angiogenesis is a key process that enables ovarian cancer growth and metastasis in the peritoneal space. Its regulation relies on signaling mechanisms initiated by the vascular endothelial growth factor, the platelet-derived growth factor, the fibroblast growth factor, angiopoietins, and others. These pathways are not only important to the modulation of the tumor microenvironment and vasculature, but also control cancer cell proliferation and survival. In this review, we discuss preclinical evidence supporting the rationale for inhibiting these pathways and provide an overview for the clinical development of agents targeting them. Clinical trials evaluating such agents alone and in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. Early clinical results position antiangiogenic therapy at the forefront of change to the standard treatment of difficult to treat ovarian cancer.
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Growth factor mediated signaling in pancreatic pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:841-71. [PMID: 24212642 PMCID: PMC3756392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally, the pancreas consists of two types of tissues: exocrine and endocrine. Exocrine pancreatic disorders mainly involve acute and chronic pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis typically is benign, while chronic pancreatitis is considered a risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Most pancreatic cancers develop in the exocrine tissues. Endocrine pancreatic tumors are more uncommon, and typically are less aggressive than exocrine tumors. However, the endocrine pancreatic disorder, diabetes, is a dominant cause of morbidity and mortality. Importantly, different growth factors and their receptors play critical roles in pancreatic pathogenesis. Hence, an improved understanding of how various growth factors affect pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma is necessary to determine appropriate treatment. This chapter describes the role of different growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF) in various pancreatic pathophysiologies. Finally, the crosstalk between different growth factor axes and their respective signaling mechanisms, which are involved in pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma, are also discussed.
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Li T, Jiang S. Effect of bFGF on invasion of ovarian cancer cells through the regulation of Ets-1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:161-165. [PMID: 20645833 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903062630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in ovarian cancer progression. This was done by investigating the effects of bFGF on both the secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the invasion of tumor cells in SKOV(3) ovarian cancer cells. Human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV(3) was cultured in vitro. The expression of uPA gene and protein was induced in SKOV(3) cells; the impact of bFGF on the expression of uPA gene in SKOV(3) cells was studied by RT-PCR, and the impact of bFGF on the expression of uPA protein was tested by ELISA. Ets-1 antisense oligonucleotides were transfected into SKOV(3) cells by liposome protocol. The effects of bFGF on Ets-1 expression and the invasion ability of SKOV(3) cells were determined both before and after exposure to different concentrations of bFGF for 24 h. The expression of both uPA gene and protein was induced in SKOV(3) cells, p < 0.05. The expression of uPA was suppressed by Ets-1 antisense oligonucleotides in SKOV(3) cells, p < 0.05. The invasion ability of SKOV(3) cells was increased by 2.3-fold, and this effect was also suppressed by Ets-1 antisense oligonucleotides. bFGF can enhance the invasion ability of ovarian cancer cells in vitro by inducing the expression of uPA, and this effect is also regulated by the transcription factor Ets-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Yagi Y, Fushida S, Harada S, Tsukada T, Kinoshita J, Oyama K, Fujita H, Ninomiya I, Fujimura T, Kayahara M, Kinuya S, Yashiro M, Hirakawa K, Ohta T. Biodistribution of humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody/bevacizumab on peritoneal metastatic models with subcutaneous xenograft of gastric cancer in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 66:745-53. [PMID: 20033809 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is correlated with peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer, increasing vascular permeability accompanied by accumulation of ascites. The aim of the current study is to investigate the biodistribution of bevacizumab in a peritoneal metastatic model of gastric cancer and to clarify which is more suited to treatment of peritoneal metastasis, systemic or regional therapy. METHODS A highly peritoneal-seeding cell line of gastric cancer, OCUM-2MD3, which exhibited high production and release of VEGF was used in this study. The biodistribution of bevacizumab was investigated using peritoneal metastatic models together with subcutaneous xenografts, and (125)I-radiolabelled bevacizumab was administrated to these models subcutaneously (s.c.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.), respectively. In addition, the anti-tumor response of bevacizumab and paclitaxel was assessed as single agents or in combination using peritoneal metastatic models. RESULTS In the analysis of biodistribution, (125)I-bevacizumab administrated i.p. indicated low peritoneal clearance. On the other hand, s.c. administration of (125)I-bevacizumab showed preferential accumulation in subcutaneous tumors and peritoneal nodules, with a high blood concentration. In peritoneal metastatic models, the effects of bevacizumab were found for both the growth inhibition of peritoneal nodules (P < 0.01) and the reduction of ascites (P < 0.05). These effects were more prominent by s.c. administration compared with i.p. administration and were increased in combination with i.p. paclitaxel. CONCLUSION Bevacizumab should be administrated systemically compared to regionally, and the combination with i.p. paclitaxel has a potential to be useful for patients with peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumichi Yagi
- Department of Gastroenterologic Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is the most important cause of gynaecological cancer-related mortality in Western societies. The age at diagnosis, extent of disease (as expressed by FIGO state), success of primary surgery and the histopathological features of the tumour are important prognostic markers. The majority of patients with ovarian cancer present with advanced disease (FIGO stage III/IV) and in this group of patients the median survival is only three years. New treatment approaches are therefore required to improve outcome in this disease. Angiogenesis, the development of a neovascular blood supply, is a critical step in the propagation of malignant tumour growth and metastasis and represents a promising target. This review will focus on angiogenesis, VEGF biology and the potential value of angiogenic factors with prognostic value in ovarian cancer.
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Rafii A, Mirshahi P, Poupot M, Faussat AM, Simon A, Ducros E, Mery E, Couderc B, Lis R, Capdet J, Bergalet J, Querleu D, Dagonnet F, Fournié JJ, Marie JP, Pujade-Lauraine E, Favre G, Soria J, Mirshahi M. Oncologic trogocytosis of an original stromal cells induces chemoresistance of ovarian tumours. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3894. [PMID: 19079610 PMCID: PMC2597737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microenvironment plays a major role in the onset and progression of metastasis. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tends to metastasize to the peritoneal cavity where interactions within the microenvironment might lead to chemoresistance. Mesothelial cells are important actors of the peritoneal homeostasis; we determined their role in the acquisition of chemoresistance of ovarian tumours. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We isolated an original type of stromal cells, referred to as "Hospicells" from ascitis of patients with ovarian carcinosis using limiting dilution. We studied their ability to confer chemoresistance through heterocellular interactions. These stromal cells displayed a new phenotype with positive immunostaining for CD9, CD10, CD29, CD146, CD166 and Multi drug resistance protein. They preferentially interacted with epithelial ovarian cancer cells. This interaction induced chemoresistance to platin and taxans with the implication of multi-drug resistance proteins. This contact enabled EOC cells to capture patches of the Hospicells membrane through oncologic trogocytosis, therefore acquiring their functional P-gp proteins and thus developing chemoresistance. Presence of Hospicells on ovarian cancer tissue micro-array from patients with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was also significantly associated to chemoresistance. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of trogocytosis occurring between a cancer cell and an original type of stromal cell. This interaction induced autonomous acquisition of chemoresistance. The presence of stromal cells within patient's tumour might be predictive of chemoresistance. The specific interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells might be targeted during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Rafii
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- LFR 44, IFR 31, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, WCMC-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pejman Mirshahi
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Mary Poupot
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Purpan, BP3028, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Faussat
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Anne Simon
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Ducros
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Mery
- LFR 44, IFR 31, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| | - Bettina Couderc
- INSERM U563, Department Innovations thérapeutiques et Oncologie moléculaire, Institut Claudius Regaud & Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, France
| | - Raphael Lis
- INSERM U563, Department Innovations thérapeutiques et Oncologie moléculaire, Institut Claudius Regaud & Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, France
| | - Jerome Capdet
- INSERM U563, Department Innovations thérapeutiques et Oncologie moléculaire, Institut Claudius Regaud & Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Bergalet
- INSERM U563, Department Innovations thérapeutiques et Oncologie moléculaire, Institut Claudius Regaud & Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Querleu
- LFR 44, IFR 31, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| | - Francoise Dagonnet
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Purpan, BP3028, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marie
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Eric Pujade-Lauraine
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Favre
- INSERM U563, Department Innovations thérapeutiques et Oncologie moléculaire, Institut Claudius Regaud & Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, France
| | - Jeanine Soria
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Massoud Mirshahi
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 and Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Ksiazek K, Jörres A, Witowski J. Senescence induces a proangiogenic switch in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:681-3. [PMID: 18593286 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cancers that metastasize to the peritoneum increases with age. Intraperitoneal cancer dissemination depends largely on angiogenesis and interactions with the peritoneal mesothelium. We assessed the proangiogenic potential of human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Conditioned media collected from these cells at senescence stimulated proliferation of endothelial cells to a significantly greater extent compared to media from early-passage cells. The effect was accompanied by a significantly increased release of proangiogenic mediators -- VEGF, CXCL1/GROalpha, CXCL8/IL-8, and CCL2/MCP-1. These results indicate that the senescent mesothelium exhibits increased angiogenic activity, which may contribute to accelerated intraperitoneal cancer progression in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ksiazek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Belizon A, Whelan RL. The Impact of Surgery on Angiogenesis. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tanaka F, Tominaga K, Shiota M, Ochi M, Kuwamura H, Tanigawa T, Watanabe T, Fujiwara Y, Oshitani N, Higuchi K, Iwao H, Arakawa T. Interleukin-10 gene transfer to peritoneal mesothelial cells suppresses peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer cells due to a persistently high concentration in the peritoneal cavity. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 15:51-9. [PMID: 17992202 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 has potent biological properties including an inhibitory action on the proliferation and metastasis of various cancer cells. However, it is difficult to maintain a high concentration of this cytokine as it has a short half life. In this study, we evaluated whether peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) could be suitable for maintaining a high concentration of IL-10 using adenoviral gene transfer. We also evaluated the therapeutic effects of an intraperitoneal injection with adenoviral vector containing mouse IL-10 gene (Ad-mIL-10) using a mouse peritoneal dissemination model of MKN45 gastric cancer cells. We demonstrated that in vitro transfection efficiency of a recombinant adenovirus containing the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (Ad-LacZ) was approximately 10-fold higher for primarily isolated PMCs than MKN45. The entire peritoneum was transfected until 3 weeks after an intraperitoneal Ad-LacZ injection. Ad-mIL-10 treatment increased intraperitoneal IL-10 levels until 3 weeks after treatment, and then significantly inhibited peritoneal cancer growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. This treatment also improved cachexia and prolonged mice survival. We thus concluded that IL-10 gene transfer in PMCs could be a new strategy for the prevention of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer due to the resulting persistently high IL-10 concentration in the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Hara F, Samuel S, Liu J, Rosen D, Langley RR, Naora H. A homeobox gene related to Drosophila distal-less promotes ovarian tumorigenicity by inducing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1594-606. [PMID: 17456765 PMCID: PMC1854954 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox genes control developmental patterning and are increasingly being found to be deregulated in tumors. The DLX4 homeobox gene maps to the 17q21.3-q22 region that is amplified in some epithelial ovarian cancers. Because amplification of this region correlates with poor prognosis, we investigated whether DLX4 overexpression contributes to aggressive behavior of this disease. DLX4 was not detected in normal ovary and cystadenomas, whereas its expression in ovarian carcinomas was strongly associated with high tumor grade and advanced disease stage. Overexpression of DLX4 in ovarian cancer cells promoted growth in low serum and colony formation. Imaging of mice bearing intraperitoneal tumors revealed that DLX4 overexpression substantially increased tumor burden. Tumors that overexpressed DLX4 were more vascularized than vector-control tumors. Conditioned medium of DLX4-overexpressing tumor cells was more effective than medium conditioned by vector-control cells in stimulating endothelial cell growth. These observations were associated with the ability of DLX4 to induce expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as well as intracellular and secreted isoforms of fibroblast growth factor-2. Moreover, increased levels of these fibroblast growth factor-2 isoforms induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor cells. This study reveals a novel role for a homeobox gene in ovarian tumorigenicity by its induction of a proangiogenic, growth-stimulatory molecular program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumikata Hara
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Kondo K, Kaneko T, Baba M, Konno H. VEGF-C and VEGF-A synergistically enhance lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:633-7. [PMID: 17409493 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is the most important molecule in lymphangiogenesis and its relationship with lymph node metastasis has attracted considerable interest. We investigated the relationship of VEGF-C or VEGF-A with clinicopathological factors in gastric cancer patients. METHODS Eighty gastric cancer patients who underwent gastric resection were analyzed immunohistochemically for expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-A protein. RESULTS Positive immunoreactivity of VEGF-C and VEGF-A was observed in 75 (93.8%) and 41 (51.3%) patients, respectively. VEGF-A expression was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation (p=0.0017) and vascular invasion (p=0.0004). And positive relationship of VEGF-C expression was only demonstrated with tumor differentiation (p=0.0168). Interestingly, however, the frequency of lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in the patients with expression of both VEGF-C and VEGF-A (strong positive expression, p=0.036). Furthermore, the expression of both was also significantly correlated with depth of tumor invasion, tumor differentiation, lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that strong expression of VEGF-A in addition to VEGF-C expression is essential in lymph node metastasis, presumably because enhanced metastatic potential including lymphangiogenesis induced by both VEGF-A and VEGF-C is vital in lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kondo
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal of all solid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive local invasion, early metastasis and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Increasing knowledge regarding the molecular events behind the growth and invasion of pancreatic cancer may lead to new targets for intervention. METHODS A search of Pubmed and Medline databases was undertaken using the keywords pancreatic cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, hypoxia, angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis therapy. RESULTS Hypoxia is the driving force behind angiogenesis in pancreatic cancers. Research into angiogenesis has shown many different sites that can be targeted by agents such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSION Anti-angiogenic therapy could be an important adjunct to conventional chemotherapy treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Garcea
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pleural fibrosis is a double-edged sword in clinical settings. Successful induction of pleural fibrosis is the basis of therapeutic pleurodesis. On the other hand, pleural septations and fibrosis are undesirable outcomes in pleural infection and fibrothoraces. The significance of growth factors in the pathogenesis of pleural fibrosis has become increasingly apparent. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings have indicated that transforming growth factor beta is a key mediator of pleural fibrosis and demonstrated the therapeutic potential of both transforming growth factor beta itself and transforming growth factor beta inhibitors. Basic fibroblast growth factor has been highlighted as a key factor in successful pleurodesis, and in the formation of pleural effusions. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition has been shown to decrease pleural fibrosis in vivo. By contrast, hepatocyte growth factor stimulates non-fibrotic healing, while inhibition increases fibrosis. SUMMARY The actions of the growth factors, and their inhibitors, are potentially and/or currently applicable in a clinical setting. Understanding the biology of these growth factors may allow therapeutic manipulation of these cytokines to create pleurodesis or to inhibit pleural (and peritoneal) adhesion/fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Mutsaers
- Asthma, Allergy & Respiratory Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Belizon A, Balik E, Feingold DL, Bessler M, Arnell TD, Forde KA, Horst PK, Jain S, Cekic V, Kirman I, Whelan RL. Major abdominal surgery increases plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor: open more so than minimally invasive methods. Ann Surg 2006; 244:792-8. [PMID: 17060773 PMCID: PMC1856599 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000225272.52313.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent inducer of angiogenesis that is necessary for wound healing and also promotes tumor growth. It is anticipated that plasma levels would increase after major surgery and that such elevations may facilitate tumor growth. This study's purpose was to determine plasma VEGF levels before and early after major open and minimally invasive abdominal surgery. METHODS Colorectal resection for cancer (n = 139) or benign pathology (n = 48) and gastric bypass for morbid obesity (n = 40) were assessed. Similar numbers of open and laparoscopic patients were studied for each indication. Plasma samples were obtained preoperatively and on postoperative days (POD) 1 and 3. VEGF levels were determined via ELISA. The following statistical methods were used: Fisher exact test, unmatched Student t test, Wilcoxon's matched pairs test, and the Mann Whitney U Test with P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS The mean preoperative VEGF level of the cancer patients was significantly higher than baseline level of benign colon patients. Regardless of indication or surgical method, on POD3, significantly elevated mean VEGF levels were noted for each subgroup. In addition, on POD1, open surgery patients for all 3 indications had significantly elevated VEGF levels; no POD1 differences were noted for the closed surgery patients. At each postoperative time point for each procedure and indication, the open group's VEGF levels were significantly higher than that of the matching laparoscopic group. VEGF elevations correlated with incision length for each indication. CONCLUSION As a group colon cancer patients prior to surgery have significantly higher mean VEGF levels than patients without tumors. Also, both open and closed colorectal resection and gastric bypass are associated with significantly elevated plasma VEGF levels early after surgery. This elevation is significantly greater and occurs earlier in open surgery patients. The duration and clinical importance of this finding is uncertain but merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Belizon
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Takaba K, Jiang C, Nemoto S, Saji Y, Ikeda T, Urayama S, Azuma T, Hokugo A, Tsutsumi S, Tabata Y, Komeda M. A combination of omental flap and growth factor therapy induces arteriogenesis and increases myocardial perfusion in chronic myocardial ischemia: Evolving concept of biologic coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 132:891-99. [PMID: 17000302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the combined growth factor therapy with an omental flap in a rabbit model of chronic myocardial ischemia. METHODS Chronic ischemia was created in rabbits by placing a constrictor on the left circumflex artery. Four weeks later the animals were divided into 3 groups: group FG, in which a gelatin hydrogel sheet incorporating 100 microg of basic fibroblast growth factor was placed over the left circumflex region followed by covering with the omental flap including the intact gastroepiploic artery; group F, in which only the basic fibroblast growth factor sheet was placed; and group N, in which no treatment was done. RESULTS Cine magnetic resonance imaging analysis showed a greater percentage wall thickening in the left circumflex region in group FG than in other groups (group FG, 49.2% +/- 4.5%; group F, 41.2% +/- 3.8%; group N, 32.1% +/- 2.5%, P =.035, group FG vs group F). A colored microsphere assay showed higher perfusion in the left circumflex region in group FG than in group F. Perfusion in the left circumflex region was decreased after clamping the gastroepiploic artery pedicle in group FG (before clamping, 2.83 +/- 0.72 mL x min(-1) x g(-1); after clamping, 1.93 +/- 0.59 mL x min(-1) x g(-1); P < .01). In vivo angiography via gastroepiploic artery showed direct "to-and-fro" visible collaterals between the gastroepiploic and occluded left circumflex coronary arteries in group FG. CONCLUSION The combined growth factor therapy with an omental flap induced arteriogenesis and provided additional perfusion via the gastroepiploic artery to ameliorate regional dysfunction in the chronically ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoaki Takaba
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Nachtsheim R, Dudley B, McNeil PL, Howdieshell TR. The peritoneal cavity is a distinct compartment of angiogenic molecular mediators. J Surg Res 2006; 134:28-35. [PMID: 16650862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to analyze porcine plasma and peritoneal fluid for concentration differences of angiogenic molecular mediators and to determine local peritoneal sites of production of these molecules. BACKGROUND The peritoneum is now recognized as a dynamic cellular membrane with important functions, including antigen presentation; transport and movement of fluid, solutes, and particulate matter across serosal cavities; and secretion of glycosaminoglycans, extracellular matrix proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. The mechanisms of the peritoneal response to injury and the factors that determine the outcome of the reactive or reparative processes of the peritoneum remain poorly defined. METHODS Domestic swine (n = 12) underwent percutaneous diagnostic peritoneal lavage to obtain preincision peritoneal fluid for biochemical analysis. Open biopsy samples of parietal peritoneum and omentum were obtained for immunochemical and molecular analysis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) measured by nonenzymatic assay. Sections of formalin-fixed tissue were stained for immunoreactivity to VEGF, bFGF, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Frozen homogenized peritoneum and omentum were prepared for isolation of protein and RNA. An endothelial growth assay was created using human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured with peritoneal fluid with or without anti-VEGF or anti-bFGF antibodies. RESULTS The mean plasma concentrations of VEGF, bFGF, and NOx were 20 +/- 5 pg/mL, 35 +/- 9 pg/mL, and 4.5 +/- 1.3 microm, compared with mean peritoneal fluid concentrations of 395 +/- 75 pg/mL, 486 +/- 72 pg/mL, and 35.0 +/- 8.8 mum respectively (P < 0.05 for each molecule). Immunochemistry demonstrated VEGF, bFGF, and NOS protein in mesothelium, submesothelium, and omentum. The use of Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed peritoneal and omental presence of VEGF and NOS-2. The use of endothelial bioassay documented peritoneal fluid angiogenic activity, which was inhibited by addition of neutralizing antibody to VEGF or bFGF. CONCLUSION Peritoneal compartmentalization of angiogenic mediators important in wound healing, inflammation, and tumor growth suggests that the plasma concentrations of these mediators do not reflect their tissue concentrations or local biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nachtsheim
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico HSC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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Le Page C, Ouellet V, Madore J, Hudson TJ, Tonin PN, Provencher DM, Mes-Masson AM. From gene profiling to diagnostic markers: IL-18 and FGF-2 complement CA125 as serum-based markers in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1750-8. [PMID: 16217764 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We used an oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray to identify potential markers in 39 primary cultures of ovarian cancer specimens compared with 11 primary cultures of normal ovarian epithelia. Differential gene expression of IL-18 and FGF-2 was validated on a subset of samples by quantitative PCR and by IHC, using an independent tissue array of 90 cores of 20 normal ovarian surface epithelia and 70 EOCs representing different grades and pathologies of ovarian disease. We further compared, by ELISA, these two markers with CA125 in sera from 25 cancer-free and 47 ovarian cancer patients. IL-18 and FGF-2 proteins were significantly elevated in tumor tissues (p<0.04) and sera (p<0.05) from patients with ovarian cancer. In combination, the three markers (IL-18, FGF-2, and CA125) showed similar sensitivity in scoring for ovarian cancer (35/45 patients) compared to that of CA125 alone (37/45) and significantly improved the specificity of detection (20/25 patients) compared to each marker individually (15/25 for CA125; 18/25 FGF-2; 16/25 for IL-18). In conclusion we show that a combination of the three serum markers (IL-18, FGF-2 and CA125) is associated with EOC, with higher specificity than CA125 alone. Prospective studies with a large cohort of susceptible ovarian cancer patients will be required to expand these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Page
- Centre de Recherche du Center Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sako A, Kitayama J, Shida D, Suzuki R, Sakai T, Ohta H, Nagawa H. Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA)-Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) by Mesothelial Cells and Quantification of Host-Derived VEGF in Malignant Ascites. J Surg Res 2006; 130:94-101. [PMID: 16171822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 07/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator with multiple biological activities that may affect the progression of various cancers. Malignant ascites contains high levels of LPA as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Although LPA receptors are widely expressed in normal as well as cancer cells, little is known about the effect of LPA on host cells. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of LPA specifically on peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMC), and assessed another aspect of LPA in tumor biology mediated through the host cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of LPA on the production of VEGF was evaluated by ELISA and northern blotting. Next, we quantified human- and mouse-VEGF separately in ascitic fluid of nude mice inoculated intraperitoneally with a human gastric cancer, MKN45, and thus evaluated the ratio of host-derived VEGF in malignant ascites. RESULTS Addition of 10 to 80 mum LPA enhanced VEGF production by PMC through gene activation. The effect was strongly inhibited by pre-treatment with PTX or Ki16425, indicating that the effect was mainly dependent on the LPA1 signal. Of the VEGF in ascitic fluid at 3 weeks after tumor inoculation, 12.8% was derived from mouse cells. At 6 weeks, however, the ratio of host-derived VEGF was reduced to 5.0%, suggesting that the ratio of host-derived VEGF may be higher in the earlier phase. CONCLUSION Because tumor growth is often associated with an increase of LPA concentration in ascites, stimulation of VEGF production in PMC might have an important role in the growth of cancer cells disseminated in the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sako
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Ramakrishnan S, Subramanian IV, Yokoyama Y, Geller M. Angiogenesis in normal and neoplastic ovaries. Angiogenesis 2005; 8:169-82. [PMID: 16211363 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-005-9001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian physiology is intricately connected to hormonally regulated angiogenic response. Recent advances in the post genomic revolution have significantly impacted our understanding of ovarian function. In an angiogenesis perspective, the ovary offers a unique opportunity to unravel the molecular orchestration of blood vessel development and regression under normal conditions. A majority of ovarian cancers develop from the single layer of epithelium surrounding the ovaries. Angiogenesis is critical for the development of ovarian cancer and its peritoneal dissemination. The present review summarizes recent findings on the angiogenic response in neoplastic ovaries and discusses the prospects of using anti-angiogenic approaches to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Stadlmann S, Amberger A, Pollheimer J, Gastl G, Offner FA, Margreiter R, Zeimet AG. Ovarian carcinoma cells and IL-1beta-activated human peritoneal mesothelial cells are possible sources of vascular endothelial growth factor in inflammatory and malignant peritoneal effusions. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97:784-9. [PMID: 15943987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory or malignant peritoneal diseases are associated with high levels of ascitic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We compared the VEGF secretion by human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) and ovarian carcinoma (OVCA) cells and its regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS VEGF secretion in cultured HPMC, established human OVCA cell lines, and inflammatory or OVCA-associated ascites was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS HPMC constitutively produced VEGF at median levels of 43 +/- 7 pg/10(5) cells. Treatment of HPMC with 1 ng/ml IL-1beta (567 +/- 213 pg/10(5) cells) or TNF-alpha (89 +/- 1 pg/10(5) cells) resulted in a 13-fold (P < 0.01) or 2-fold (P < 0.05) elevation of the VEGF secretion. In OVCA, the constitutive VEGF expression was 8-fold higher than VEGF levels in HPMC (364 +/- 185 pg/10(5) cells; P < 0.001). VEGF secretion in OVCA cells was also increased by IL-1beta (514 +/- 105 pg/10(5) cells; P < 0.01) or TNF-alpha (458 +/- 168 pg/10(5) cells; P < 0.01) reaching similar levels as in IL-1beta-activated HPMC. Median VEGF levels in malignant ascites (2761 +/- 1549 pg/ml) were 11-fold higher compared with levels in inflammatory fluids (244 +/- 170 pg/ml; P < 0.01). VEGF levels in both inflammatory- and OVCA-associated fluids correlated with ascitic IL-1beta levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We identified ovarian cancer cells and/or IL-1beta-activated peritoneal mesothelial cells as important sources of ascitic VEGF. The present data indicate that IL-1beta-triggered VEGF production by neoplastic and normal cells is a common pathomechanism for ascites formation in both inflammatory and malignant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Stadlmann
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Shi YH, Wang YX, Bingle L, Gong LH, Heng WJ, Li Y, Fang WG. In vitro study of HIF-1 activation and VEGF release by bFGF in the T47D breast cancer cell line under normoxic conditions: involvement of PI-3K/Akt and MEK1/ERK pathways. J Pathol 2005; 205:530-6. [PMID: 15714461 DOI: 10.1002/path.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is critical in the modulation of tumour angiogenesis in response to hypoxia. In the present study, the mechanisms underlying basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced activation of HIF-1 and the subsequent release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a human breast cancer cell line (T47D) under normoxic conditions were explored. The data show that HIF-1alpha expression is induced by bFGF in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, while increased HIF-1alpha protein expression and transactivity of HIF-1 are due to the phosphorylation of Akt by bFGF, as indicated by application of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitor LY294002. The data also show that the MEK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway is only involved in bFGF-induced transactivity of HIF-1, but not HIF-1alpha expression, indicating roles for both the PI-3K/Akt and the MEK1/ERK pathways in bFGF activity. In addition, the translation inhibitor cycloheximide confirmed that bFGF-induced HIF-1alpha protein expression was due to de novo protein synthesis. In contrast, p38 was not required for the expression of HIF-1alpha or HIF-1 transactivity, although significant phosphorylation of p38 was observed after bFGF treatment. Treatment of the cells with bFGF increased the amount of VEGF release, and this could be suppressed by either PD98059 or LY294002, suggesting the presence of a HIF-1alpha-dependent pathway for bFGF-induced VEGF production. In conclusion, the PI-3K/Akt and MEK1/ERK pathways, in a potentially independent and co-operative fashion, can modulate HIF-1 activation by bFGF. Further studies will pinpoint whether HIF-1 is the transcriptional factor responsible for the increased VEGF production following bFGF treatment of breast tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Wang E, Ngalame Y, Panelli MC, Nguyen-Jackson H, Deavers M, Mueller P, Hu W, Savary CA, Kobayashi R, Freedman RS, Marincola FM. Peritoneal and Subperitoneal Stroma May Facilitate Regional Spread of Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.113.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is characterized by early peritoneal involvement ultimately contributing to morbidity and mortality. To study the role of the peritoneum in fostering tumor invasion, we analyzed differences between the transcriptional repertoires of peritoneal tissue lacking detectable cancer in patients with EOC versus benign gynecologic disease.
Experimental Design: Specimens were collected at laparotomy from patients with benign disease (b) or malignant (m) ovarian pathology and comprised primary ovarian tumors, paired bilateral specimens from adjacent peritoneum and attached stroma (PE), subjacent stroma (ST), peritoneal washes, ascites, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Specimens were immediately frozen. RNA was amplified by in vitro transcription and cohybridized with reference RNA to a custom-made 17.5k cDNA microarray.
Results: Principal component analysis and unsupervised clustering did not segregate specimens from patients with benign or malignant pathology. Class comparison identified differences between benign and malignant PE and ST specimens deemed significant by permutation test (P = 0.027 and 0.012, respectively). A two-tailed Student's t test identified 402 (bPE versus mPE) and 663 (mST versus bST) genes differentially expressed at a significance level of P2 ≤ 0.005 when all available paired samples from each patient were analyzed. The same comparison using one sample per patient reduced the pool of differentially expressed genes but retained permutation test significance for bST versus mST (P = 0.031) and borderline significance for bPE versus mPE (P = 0.056) differences.
Conclusions: The presence of EOC may foster peritoneal implantation and growth of cancer cells by inducing factors that may represent molecular targets for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | - Yvonne Ngalame
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | - Monica C. Panelli
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryuji Kobayashi
- 6Molecular Pathology, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Francesco M. Marincola
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
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Sako A, Kitayama J, Koyama H, Ueno H, Uchida H, Hamada H, Nagawa H. Transduction of soluble Flt-1 gene to peritoneal mesothelial cells can effectively suppress peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3624-8. [PMID: 15150121 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis has not improved. Despite many promising studies, gene therapy has limited clinical application because of the lack of suitable vector systems to enable selective gene transduction to tumor cells. The aim of this study was to clarify whether gene therapy targeted to peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) can inhibit peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. In vitro experiments showed that adenovirus expressing LacZ infected human omental tissue-derived PMCs more efficiently than human gastric cancer cell lines MKN1 and MKN45. When adenovirus expressing LacZ was injected into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice, the expression was detected in the peritoneum for at least 4 weeks. Furthermore, when adenovirus expressing soluble Flt-1 (Ad-sFLT-1) was i.p. administered in vivo, a high level of sFlt-1 protein could be detected in peritoneal lavage for 8 weeks. When MKN45 cells were i.p. inoculated 3 days after adenoviral vector injection, Ad-sFLT-1 markedly reduced the number of metastatic nodules larger than 1 mm in diameter on the peritoneal surface, and significantly prolonged the survival of nude mice without any significant side effects. Thus, peritoneal dissemination was significantly suppressed by a single i.p. injection of Ad-sFlt-1. Anti-angiogenic gene therapy targeted to PMCs could be a novel and practical strategy against peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer, because it does not require tumor-specific gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sako
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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