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Bian C, Marchetti A, Dias M, Perrin J, Cosson P. Short transmembrane domains target type II proteins to the Golgi apparatus and type I proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261738. [PMID: 38973735 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane domains (TMDs) contain information targeting membrane proteins to various compartments of the secretory pathway. In previous studies, short or hydrophilic TMDs have been shown to target membrane proteins either to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or to the Golgi apparatus. However, the basis for differential sorting to the ER and to the Golgi apparatus remained unclear. To clarify this point, we quantitatively analyzed the intracellular targeting of a collection of proteins exhibiting a single TMD. Our results reveal that membrane topology is a major targeting element in the early secretory pathway: type I proteins with a short TMD are targeted to the ER, and type II proteins to the Golgi apparatus. A combination of three features accounts for the sorting of simple membrane proteins in the secretory pathway: membrane topology, length and hydrophilicity of the TMD, and size of the cytosolic domain. By clarifying the rules governing sorting to the ER and to the Golgi apparatus, our study could revive the search for sorting mechanisms in the early secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Bian
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Manufacturing Science and Technologies, Biotech Department, Merck, Z.I. de l'Ouriettaz 150, 1170 Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Marchetti
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Marco Dias
- Manufacturing Science and Technologies, Biotech Department, Merck, Z.I. de l'Ouriettaz 150, 1170 Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Jackie Perrin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Ryu YJ, Lim SY, Na YM, Park MH, Kwon SY, Lee JS. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression predicts recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma after total thyroidectomy. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1278. [PMID: 36476583 PMCID: PMC9727877 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) overexpression has been observed in the endothelial neovasculature of several solid malignancies. This study aimed to identify PSMA expression in the primary tumor of classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and assess the correlation between the degree of PSMA expression and recurrence. METHODS We reviewed the electronic medical records of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection, with or without lateral neck dissection, for classical PTC between 2009 and 2014 at our institution. Recurrence was defined as a structural disease based on histological confirmation on follow-up. Fifty-one patients with the recurrent structural disease were matched, using a propensity score matching method, to patients with no disease evidence during follow-up. Clinicopathological and follow-up data were collected for 102 patients. The monoclonal mouse anti-human PSMA/FOLH1/NAALADase I antibody was used for staining the primary tumor. The score of PSMA expression was classified as negative (< 5% positivity), weak (5-10 % positivity), moderate (11-49% positivity), and strong (more than 50% positivity). Clinicopathological factors were compared between patients with low and high PSMA expression. Moreover, whether the degree of PSMA expression and clinicopathological factors could predict recurrence was investigated. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the risk of recurrence. RESULTS There was no significant difference in clinicopathological factors between low (negative or weak) and high (moderate or strong) PSMA expression. Gross extrathyroidal extension (ETE), absence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, and high PSMA expression were all associated with lower recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate in a univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, gross ETE (hazard ratio [HR], 2.279; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.257-4.132; p = 0.007) and high PSMA expression (HR, 1.895; 95% CI, 1.073-3.348; p = 0.028) were associated with poor RFS. CONCLUSIONS High PSMA expression in the primary tumor was a significant factor in predicting recurrence in classic PTC. PSMA could be a potential biomarker for personalized management for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Ryu
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Lim
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Na
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Park
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Young Kwon
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam Republic of Korea ,grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam 58128 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Shin Lee
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam Republic of Korea ,grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam 58128 Republic of Korea
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3
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Kaewput C, Vinjamuri S. Update of PSMA Theranostics in Prostate Cancer: Current Applications and Future Trends. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102738. [PMID: 35628867 PMCID: PMC9144463 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now an increasing trend for targeting cancers to go beyond early diagnosis and actually improve Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival. Identifying patients who might benefit from a particular targeted treatment is the main focus for Precision Medicine. Radiolabeled ligands can be used as predictive biomarkers which can confirm target expression by cancers using positron emission tomography (PET). The same ligand can subsequently be labeled with a therapeutic radionuclide for targeted radionuclide therapy. This combined approach is termed “Theranostics”. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target for small molecule ligands in prostate cancer. It can be labeled with either positron emitters for PET-based imaging or beta and alpha emitters for targeted radionuclide therapy. This review article summarizes the important concepts for Precision Medicine contributing to improved diagnosis and targeted therapy of patients with prostate cancer and we identify some key learning points and areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalermrat Kaewput
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Sobhan Vinjamuri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK;
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite significant progress, patients with metastatic prostate cancer continue to have poor prognosis. Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care for many tumor types but has a limited role in the treatment of prostate cancer. This review discusses the promise of immunotherapy in prostate cancer treatment with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS Most prostate tumors have low tumor mutational burden and lack immunogenicity, representing significant hurdles to induction of anti-tumor immunity. However, recent research centered on deciphering key mechanisms of immune resistance in the prostate tumor microenvironment has led to the discovery of a range of new treatment targets. These discoveries are currently being translated into innovative immunotherapy clinical trials for patients with prostate cancer. Recent progress includes early evidence of activity for these novel approaches and the identification of potential predictive biomarkers of response. Novel treatment strategies using new antigen-directed therapies, drugs targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and combination immunotherapy therapies show great potential and are currently in clinical development. In addition, a deeper understanding of predictors of response and resistance to immunotherapy in prostate cancer is allowing for a more personalized approach to therapy.
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5
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Kgatle MM, Boshomane TMG, Lawal IO, Mokoala KMG, Mokgoro NP, Lourens N, Kairemo K, Zeevaart JR, Vorster M, Sathekge MM. Immune Checkpoints, Inhibitors and Radionuclides in Prostate Cancer: Promising Combinatorial Therapy Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4109. [PMID: 33921181 PMCID: PMC8071559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging research demonstrates that co-inhibitory immune checkpoints (ICs) remain the most promising immunotherapy targets in various malignancies. Nonetheless, ICIs have offered insignificant clinical benefits in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) especially when they are used as monotherapies. Current existing PCa treatment initially offers an improved clinical outcome and overall survival (OS), however, after a while the treatment becomes resistant leading to aggressive and uncontrolled disease associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Concurrent combination of the ICIs with radionuclides therapy that has rapidly emerged as safe and effective targeted approach for treating PCa patients may shift the paradigm of PCa treatment. Here, we provide an overview of the contextual contribution of old and new emerging inhibitory ICs in PCa, preclinical and clinical studies supporting the use of these ICs in treating PCa patients. Furthermore, we will also describe the potential of using a combinatory approach of ICIs and radionuclides therapy in treating PCa patients to enhance efficacy, durable cancer control and OS. The inhibitory ICs considered in this review are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD1), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), T cell Immunoglobulin Domain and Mucin Domain 3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3) and B7-H4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mankgopo M. Kgatle
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (T.M.G.B.); (I.O.L.); (K.M.G.M.); (N.P.M.); (M.V.)
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Tebatso M. G. Boshomane
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (T.M.G.B.); (I.O.L.); (K.M.G.M.); (N.P.M.); (M.V.)
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Ismaheel O. Lawal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (T.M.G.B.); (I.O.L.); (K.M.G.M.); (N.P.M.); (M.V.)
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Kgomotso M. G. Mokoala
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (T.M.G.B.); (I.O.L.); (K.M.G.M.); (N.P.M.); (M.V.)
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Neo P. Mokgoro
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (T.M.G.B.); (I.O.L.); (K.M.G.M.); (N.P.M.); (M.V.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Nico Lourens
- Department of Urology, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Kalevo Kairemo
- Departments of Molecular Radiotherapy & Nuclear Medicine, Docrates Cancer Center, 00180 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation SOC (Necsa), Pelindaba 0001, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (T.M.G.B.); (I.O.L.); (K.M.G.M.); (N.P.M.); (M.V.)
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mike M. Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (T.M.G.B.); (I.O.L.); (K.M.G.M.); (N.P.M.); (M.V.)
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Marshall CH, Antonarakis ES. Emerging treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Immunotherapy, PARP inhibitors, and PSMA-targeted approaches. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2020; 23:100164. [PMID: 31978677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently there has been an explosion of new agents being investigated for the treatment of prostate cancer. These modalities represent new therapies aimed at old targets, and new therapies addressing new targets. This review will highlight three novel and emerging areas of treatment that have the potential to significantly impact the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in the near future: immunotherapy, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted modalities. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockers, PARP inhibitors, and PSMA-targeted therapies are all increasingly being studied for the treatment of mCRPC although none are currently FDA-approved specifically for prostate cancer. Together these three classes of treatments may drastically change the future landscape of mCRPC. This review will cover what is currently known about the utility of these agents for the treatment of mCRPC, the areas of active research, and how these agents may be useful for patients in the future. It will also emphasize the notion of biomarker selection to help inform which patients are more likely to respond to these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Handy Marshall
- CHM, ESA - The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 201 N. Broadway, Skip Viragh Building, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- CHM, ESA - The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 201 N. Broadway, Skip Viragh Building, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
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7
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Paschalis A, Sheehan B, Riisnaes R, Rodrigues DN, Gurel B, Bertan C, Ferreira A, Lambros MBK, Seed G, Yuan W, Dolling D, Welti JC, Neeb A, Sumanasuriya S, Rescigno P, Bianchini D, Tunariu N, Carreira S, Sharp A, Oyen W, de Bono JS. Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Heterogeneity and DNA Repair Defects in Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2019; 76:469-478. [PMID: 31345636 PMCID: PMC6853166 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA; folate hydrolase) prostate cancer (PC) expression has theranostic utility. OBJECTIVE To elucidate PC PSMA expression and associate this with defective DNA damage repair (DDR). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Membranous PSMA (mPSMA) expression was scored immunohistochemically from metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC) and matching, same-patient, diagnostic biopsies, and correlated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) and clinical outcome data. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Expression of mPSMA was quantitated by modified H-score. Patient DNA was tested by NGS. Gene expression and activity scores were determined from mCRPC transcriptomes. Statistical correlations utilised Wilcoxon signed rank tests, survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier test, and sample heterogeneity was quantified by Shannon's diversity index. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Expression of mPSMA at diagnosis was associated with higher Gleason grade (p=0.04) and worse overall survival (p=0.006). Overall, mPSMA expression levels increased at mCRPC (median H-score [interquartile range]: castration-sensitive prostate cancer [CSPC] 17.5 [0.0-60.0] vs mCRPC 55.0 [2.8-117.5]). Surprisingly, 42% (n=16) of CSPC and 27% (n=16) of mCRPC tissues sampled had no detectable mPSMA (H-score <10). Marked intratumour heterogeneity of mPSMA expression, with foci containing no detectable PSMA, was observed in all mPSMA expressing CSPC (100%) and 37 (84%) mCRPC biopsies. Heterogeneous intrapatient mPSMA expression between metastases was also observed, with the lowest expression in liver metastases. Tumours with DDR had higher mPSMA expression (p=0.016; 87.5 [25.0-247.5] vs 20 [0.3-98.8]; difference in medians 60 [5.0-95.0]); validation cohort studies confirmed higher mPSMA expression in patients with deleterious aberrations in BRCA2 (p<0.001; median H-score: 300 [165-300]; difference in medians 195.0 [100.0-270.0]) and ATM (p=0.005; 212.5 [136.3-300]; difference in medians 140.0 [55.0-200]) than in molecularly unselected mCRPC biopsies (55.0 [2.75-117.5]). Validation studies using mCRPC transcriptomes corroborated these findings, also indicating that SOX2 high tumours have low PSMA expression. CONCLUSIONS Membranous PSMA expression is upregulated in some but not all PCs, with mPSMA expression demonstrating marked inter- and intrapatient heterogeneity. DDR aberrations are associated with higher mPSMA expression and merit further evaluation as predictive biomarkers of response for PSMA-targeted therapies in larger, prospective cohorts. PATIENT SUMMARY Through analysis of prostate cancer samples, we report that the presence of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is extremely variable both within one patient and between different patients. This may limit the usefulness of PSMA scans and PSMA-targeted therapies. We show for the first time that prostate cancers with defective DNA repair produce more PSMA and so may respond better to PSMA-targeting treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Paschalis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | | | - George Seed
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Jon C Welti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Antje Neeb
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Semini Sumanasuriya
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, AOU Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, AOU Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Diletta Bianchini
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Nina Tunariu
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Wim Oyen
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK.
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68Ga-PSMA-PET: added value and future applications in comparison to the current use of choline-PET and mpMRI in the workup of prostate cancer. Radiol Med 2018; 123:952-965. [PMID: 30116970 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-018-0929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has been commonly and successfully used, in combination with computed tomography (CT) and more recently magnetic resonance (MRI), in the workup of intermediate or high-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Nowadays, new specific receptor targeted PET tracers in prostate cancer imaging have been introduced; one of the most used is 68Ga-PSMA, that evaluates the expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). This tracer has been rapidly taken into account for its better sensitivity and specificity compared to lipid metabolism tracers, such as 11C/18F labelled fluorocholine. Besides, in the era of theranostics, this tracer is having a useful application not only for imaging but also for therapeutic purposes. The aim of this review article is, in the first part, to give an overview of the main indications and future development of 68Ga-PSMA imaging, using PET/CT or PET/MRI, according to the clinical course of the disease and in view of the current use of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and choline PET in the management of PCa. In the second part, a brief overview of the promising 18F-labelled PSMA tracers and the current use of PSMA radionuclide therapy will be provided.
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Lucío MI, Opri R, Pinto M, Scarsi A, Fierro JLG, Meneghetti M, Fracasso G, Prato M, Vázquez E, Herrero MA. Targeted killing of prostate cancer cells using antibody-drug conjugated carbon nanohorns. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8821-8832. [PMID: 32264275 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of carbon nanohorns (CNHs) to cross biological barriers makes them potential carriers for delivery purposes. In this work, we report the design of a new selective antibody-drug nanosystem based on CNHs for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). In particular, cisplatin in a prodrug form and the monoclonal antibody (Ab) D2B, selective for PSMA+ cancer cells, have been attached to CNHs due to the current application of this antigen in PCa therapy. The hybrids Ab-CNHs, cisplatin-CNHs and functionalised-CNHs have also been synthesized to be used as control systems. The efficacy and specificity of the D2B-cisplatin-CNH conjugate to selectively target and kill PSMA+ prostate cancer cells have been demonstrated in comparison with other derivatives. The developed strategy to functionalise CNHs is fascinating because it can allow the fine tuning of both drug and Ab molecules attached to the nanostructure in order to modulate the activity of the nanosystem. Finally, the herein described methodology can be used for the incorporation of almost any drugs or Abs in the platforms in order to create new targeted drugs for the treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Lucío
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Sathianathen NJ, Lamb A, Nair R, Geurts N, Mitchell C, Lawrentschuk NL, Moon DA, Murphy DG. Updates of prostate cancer staging: Prostate-specific membrane antigen. Investig Clin Urol 2016; 57:S147-S154. [PMID: 27995218 PMCID: PMC5161015 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2016.57.s2.s147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately stage prostate cancer in both the primary and secondary staging setting can have a major impact on management. Until recently radiological staging has relied on computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear bone scans to evaluate the extent of disease. However, the utility of these imaging technologies has been limited by their sensitivity and specificity especially in detecting early recurrence. Functional imaging using positron-emission tomography with a radiolabeled ligand targeted to prostate-specific membrane antigen has transformed the prostate cancer imaging landscape. Initial results suggest that it is a substantial improvement over conventional imaging in the setting of recurrence following primary therapy by having a superior ability to detect disease and to do so at an earlier stage. Additionally, it appears that the benefits seen in the secondary staging setting may also exist in the primary staging setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alastair Lamb
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rajesh Nair
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicolas Geurts
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Daniel A Moon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
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Pandit-Taskar N, O'Donoghue JA, Divgi CR, Wills EA, Schwartz L, Gönen M, Smith-Jones P, Bander NH, Scher HI, Larson SM, Morris MJ. Indium 111-labeled J591 anti-PSMA antibody for vascular targeted imaging in progressive solid tumors. EJNMMI Res 2015; 5:28. [PMID: 25984435 PMCID: PMC4425739 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND J591 is a monoclonal antibody that targets the external domain of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Besides prostate cancer cells, it also targets the neovasculature of non-prostate solid tumors. We provide an analysis of the antibody mass-dose dependency of lesion uptake and normal tissue retention, together with an assessment of lesion detectability using (111)In-J591 imaging, compared with conventional imaging in patients with a variety of solid tumors. METHODS Twenty patients in six cohorts received fixed amounts (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 mg) of J591 in a phase I trial. A maximum of four administrations per patient was given, with each administration separated by 3 weeks. All antibody administrations included 370 MBq (10 mCi) of (111)In labeled to 2 mg of J591 via the chelating agent DOTA. Three whole body (WB) gamma camera scans with at least one SPECT scan, along with multiple WB count-rate measurements and blood samples, were obtained for all patients. The effect of escalating antibody mass on lesion uptake and normal tissue retention was evaluated using lesion, liver, serum, and WB residence times and ratios thereof for each treatment cycle. Lesion detectability using (111)In-J591 imaging was compared to the standard imaging on a lesion-by-lesion basis. RESULTS A total of 170 lesions in 20 patients were detected by standard or (111)In-J591 imaging. (111)In-J591 targeted both skeletal and soft tissue diseases in all tumor types. (111)In-J591 imaging identified 74% (20/27) of skeletal lesions, 53% (18/34) of nodes, and 64% (70/109) of other soft tissue/organ lesions. There was increasing (111)In-J591 uptake in lesions with increasing antibody mass-dose, coupled with decreasing retention in the liver for increments up to 20 mg, and no significant change at higher antibody mass. CONCLUSIONS Radiolabeled J591 antibody has potential as a targeting agent for solid tumor vasculature and lesion detection. Bone and soft tissue lesions arising from tumors of diverse origin were targeted by the anti-PSMA antibody J591. For the detection of lesions in these tumors by J591 antibody scans, an antibody mass of 20 mg is adequate. The optimal time of imaging is 5 to 7 days post-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Pandit-Taskar
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA ; Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Joseph A O'Donoghue
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Chaitanya R Divgi
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Department of Radiology, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Eze A Wills
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Department of Radiology, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Lawrence Schwartz
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Department of Radiology, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Mithat Gönen
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Peter Smith-Jones
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Neil H Bander
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Howard I Scher
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA ; Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Steven M Larson
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA ; Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Michael J Morris
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA ; Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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12
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Jo H, Youn H, Lee S, Ban C. Ultra-effective photothermal therapy for prostate cancer cells using dual aptamer-modified gold nanostars. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4862-4867. [PMID: 32261777 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although various studies related to nanoparticles-based photothermal therapy have been actively performed, an epoch-making photothermolysis therapy exhibiting both high selectivity and efficiency has yet not been discovered. For the first time, we have developed novel valuable therapeutic complexes, namely, dual aptamer-modified gold nanostars, for the targeting of prostate cancers, including PSMA(+) and PSMA(-) cells. The synthesized probes were characterized through several techniques, including UV-VIS spectral analysis, DLS analysis, zeta potential measurements, and TEM imaging, and were subsequently subjected to cytotoxicity tests, cell uptake confirmation, and in vitro photothermal therapy. The homogeneously well-fabricated nanostars presented high selectivity to prostate cancer cells and extremely high efficiency for therapy using an 808 nm laser under an irradiance of 0.3 W cm-2, which is lower than the permitted value for skin exposure (0.329 W cm-2). It is anticipated that this novel photothermal agent will become the general platform for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunho Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea.
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13
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Liu T, Mendes DE, Berkman CE. Functional prostate-specific membrane antigen is enriched in exosomes from prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:918-22. [PMID: 24424840 PMCID: PMC3928468 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing simple and effective approaches to detect tumor markers will be critical for early diagnosis or prognostic evaluation of prostate cancer treatment. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been validated as an important tumor marker for prostate cancer progression including angiogenesis and metastasis. As a type II membrane protein, PSMA can be constitutively internalized from the cell surface into endosomes. Early endosomes can fuse with multivesicular bodies (MVB) to form and secrete exosomes (40–100 nm) into the extracellular environment. Herein, we tested whether some of the endosomal PSMA could be transferred to exosomes as an extracellular resource for PSMA. Using PSMA-positive LNCaP cells, the secreted exosomes were collected and isolated from the cultured media. The vesicular structures of exosomes were identified by electron microscopy, and exosomal marker protein CD9 and tumor susceptibility gene (TSG 101) were confirmed by western blot analysis. Our present data demonstrate that PSMA can be enriched in exosomes, exhibiting a higher content of glycosylation and partial proteolysis in comparison to cellular PSMA. An in vitro enzyme assay further confirmed that exosomal PSMA retains functional enzymatic activity. Therefore, our data may suggest a new role for PSMA in prostate cancer progression, and provide opportunities for developing non-invasive approaches for diagnosis or prognosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Desiree E Mendes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Clifford E Berkman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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14
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Thakur A, Vaishampayan U, Lum LG. Immunotherapy and immune evasion in prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:569-90. [PMID: 24216992 PMCID: PMC3730318 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer remains to this day a terminal disease. Prostatectomy and radiotherapy are effective for organ-confined diseases, but treatment for locally advanced and metastatic cancer remains challenging. Although advanced prostate cancers treated with androgen deprivation therapy achieves debulking of disease, responses are transient with subsequent development of castration-resistant and metastatic disease. Since prostate cancer is typically a slowly progressing disease, use of immune-based therapies offers an advantage to target advanced tumors and to induce antitumor immunity. This review will discuss the clinical merits of various vaccines and immunotherapies in castrate resistant prostate cancer and challenges to this evolving field of immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Thakur
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ulka Vaishampayan
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lawrence G. Lum
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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15
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Guo Z, Huang H, Zeng L, Du T, Xu K, Lin T, Jiang C, Dong W, Cao Y, Chen J, Zhong W, Huang J. Lentivirus-mediated RNAi knockdown of prostate-specific membrane antigen suppresses growth, reduces migration ability and the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. Med Oncol 2012; 28:878-87. [PMID: 20390466 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen is a type II membrane protein with folate hydrolase activity produced by prostatic epithelium. It has been demonstrated that prostate-specific membrane antigen over-expression may be correlated with prostate cancer, particularly in advanced cancer. The aim of the current study was to explore the possibility of prostate-specific membrane antigen as a therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. To address this problem, lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA was employed to reduce endogenous prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in prostate cancer cell lines—LNCaP and DU-145. Then, the tumorigenesis, migration ability and invasiveness of prostate-specific membrane antigen-reduced prostate cancer cell lines were also examined. The prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in LNCaP and DU-145 cells was persistently and markedly reduced by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference. Down-regulation of prostate-specific membrane antigen expression significantly suppressed the growth rates of LNCaP and DU-145 cells. Moreover, the specific down-regulation arrested cells in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle. Furthermore, we also observed that the silence of prostate-specific membrane antigen could decrease the migration ability and the invasiveness of LNCaP and DU-145 cells. Our investigation demonstrated that lentivirus-mediated RNA interference silencing targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen might reduce the proliferation, and induce potent antitumor activity of LNCaP and DU-145 cells. Prostate-specific membrane antigen has considerable potential as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Guo
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Bühler P, Wolf P, Elsässer-Beile U. Targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen for prostate cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:471-81. [PMID: 20635963 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of death for men in Western civilization. Despite the effectiveness of surgical prostatectomy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy, a significant proportion of patients progress to advanced metastatic disease for which there are currently no curative treatment options. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches need to be considered. The prostate-specific membrane antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is highly and specifically expressed on prostate epithelial cells and strongly upregulated in prostate cancer at all stages. These characteristics make it an attractive target for antibody-based imaging and therapies and the first anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen agents have already entered clinical trials. The proposed strategies include targeted toxins and radiotherapeutics as well as immunotherapeutic agents and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bühler
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 117, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Liu T, Wu LY, Hopkins MR, Choi JK, Berkman CE. A targeted low molecular weight near-infrared fluorescent probe for prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7124-6. [PMID: 20947349 PMCID: PMC3201797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) remains an active target for imaging and therapeutic applications for prostate cancer. Although radionuclide-based imaging is generally more sensitive and also has been deeply explored, near-infrared fluorescence imaging agents are simple to prepare and compatible with long-term storage conditions. In the present study, a near-infrared fluorescent imaging probe (Cy5.5-CTT-54.2) has been developed by chemical conjugation of Cy5.5N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Cy5.5-NHS) with a potent PSMA inhibitor CTT-54.2 (IC(50)=144 nM). The probe displays a highly potency (IC(50)=0.55 nM) against PSMA and has demonstrated successful application for specifically labeling PSMA-positive prostate cancer cells in both two and three-dimensional cell culture conditions. These results suggest that the potent, near-infrared Cy5.5-PSMA inhibitor conjugate may be useful for the detection of prostate tumor cells by optical in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Lisa Y. Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Mark R. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Joseph K. Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Clifford E. Berkman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Cancer Targeted Technology, Woodinville, Washington 98072
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18
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Walter JG, Petersen S, Stahl F, Scheper T, Barcikowski S. Laser ablation-based one-step generation and bio-functionalization of gold nanoparticles conjugated with aptamers. J Nanobiotechnology 2010; 8:21. [PMID: 20731831 PMCID: PMC2939592 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bio-conjugated nanoparticles are important analytical tools with emerging biological and medical applications. In this context, in situ conjugation of nanoparticles with biomolecules via laser ablation in an aqueous media is a highly promising one-step method for the production of functional nanoparticles resulting in highly efficient conjugation. Increased yields are required, particularly considering the conjugation of cost-intensive biomolecules like RNA aptamers. Results Using a DNA aptamer directed against streptavidin, in situ conjugation results in nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 9 nm exhibiting a high aptamer surface density (98 aptamers per nanoparticle) and a maximal conjugation efficiency of 40.3%. We have demonstrated the functionality of the aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles using three independent analytical methods, including an agglomeration-based colorimetric assay, and solid-phase assays proving high aptamer activity. To demonstrate the general applicability of the in situ conjugation of gold nanoparticles with aptamers, we have transferred the method to an RNA aptamer directed against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Successful detection of PSMA in human prostate cancer tissue was achieved utilizing tissue microarrays. Conclusions In comparison to the conventional generation of bio-conjugated gold nanoparticles using chemical synthesis and subsequent bio-functionalization, the laser-ablation-based in situ conjugation is a rapid, one-step production method. Due to high conjugation efficiency and productivity, in situ conjugation can be easily used for high throughput generation of gold nanoparticles conjugated with valuable biomolecules like aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna G Walter
- Laser Zentrum Hannover, Hollerithallee 8, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Al-Ahmadie HA, Olgac S, Gregor PD, Tickoo SK, Fine SW, Kondagunta GV, Scher HI, Morris MJ, Russo P, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE. Expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen in renal cortical tumors. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:727-32. [PMID: 18344976 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen is a type II membrane glycoprotein that is expressed in benign and neoplastic prostatic tissue and has been recently shown to be also expressed in the neovasculature of various solid malignant tumors including renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma is a heterogeneous group of tumors with distinct morphologic and genetic characteristics and clinical behaviors. We performed immunohistochemical studies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival material from 75 nephrectomies, using antibodies 13D6 against prostate-specific membrane antigen and CD31 against endothelial cells. The study included 30 clear cell renal cell carcinomas, and 15 of each of papillary and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma. The extent and intensity of staining were assessed semiquantitatively. In all cases, immunoreactivity was detected only in the tumor-associated neovasculature and not in tumor cells. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma showed the most diffuse staining pattern, where 24/30 cases or 80% had >50% reactive vessels, followed by chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (9/15; 60%) and oncocytoma (5/15, 33%). No diffuse staining was detected in any of the papillary renal cell carcinomas and only focal staining was detected in 11 cases (11/15; 73%). Staining intensity was the strongest in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (25/30; 83%) followed by chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (9/15; 60%), oncocytoma (8/15, 53%) and papillary renal cell carcinoma (5/15; 33%). In summary, prostate-specific membrane antigen is expressed in tumor-associated neovasculature of the majority of renal cortical tumors and is most diffusely and intensely expressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and least in papillary renal cell carcinoma. The differences in the expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen in renal cell carcinoma subtypes provide further evidence of the biological diversity of these tumors, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications of such expression can be expanded to include subtypes of renal cell carcinoma.
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20
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Mirochnik Y, Rubenstein M, Guinan P. Targeting of biotinylated oligonucleotides to prostate tumors with antibody-based delivery vehicles. J Drug Target 2007; 15:342-50. [PMID: 17541843 DOI: 10.1080/10611860701350099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Specific delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor sites remains a problem and requires a nontoxic carrier able to bind a specific tumor cell marker. Although antibodies have been utilized as protein carriers for different types of drugs, they have not been employed for delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs). In this study, we modified monoclonal antibodies to target biotinylated ODNs to prostatic tumors which express prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Modified antibodies retained immunoreactivity and demonstrated an ability to form complexes with ODNs. Biodistribution of (35)S-oligonucleotide-antibody complexes was also examined in nude mice bearing human derived LNCaP prostatic tumors. Delivering ODNs with modified prostate specific antibodies produced greater tissue uptake and higher blood levels with both PSA and PSMA directed antibodies. While tumor uptake was not significantly improved after 24 h, the overall results of this study provide some additional insights into the complexity of the antibody-mediated delivery of ODNs in vivo. The strategies employed here for the selective delivery of ODNs warrant further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Biotin/chemistry
- Biotinylation/methods
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Delivery Systems/methods
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacokinetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Sulfur Radioisotopes
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Mirochnik
- Division of Cellular Biology, Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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21
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Bühler P, Wolf P, Gierschner D, Schaber I, Katzenwadel A, Schultze-Seemann W, Wetterauer U, Tacke M, Swamy M, Schamel WWA, Elsässer-Beile U. A bispecific diabody directed against prostate-specific membrane antigen and CD3 induces T-cell mediated lysis of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 57:43-52. [PMID: 17579857 PMCID: PMC2755730 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Although cancer of the prostate is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, no curative treatment currently exists after its progression beyond resectable boundaries. Therefore, new agents for targeted treatment strategies are needed. Cross-linking of tumor antigens with T-cell associated antigens by bispecific monoclonal antibodies have been shown to increase antigen-specific cytotoxicity in T-cells. Since the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) represents an excellent tumor target, immunotherapy with bispecific diabodies could be a promising novel treatment option for prostate cancer. Methods A heterodimeric diabody specific for human PSMA and the T-cell antigen CD3 was constructed from the DNA of anti-CD3 and anti-PSMA single chain Fv fragments (scFv). It was expressed in E. coli using a vector containing a bicistronic operon for co-secretion of the hybrid scFv VHCD3-VLPSMA and VHPSMA-VLCD3. The resulting PSMAxCD3 diabody was purified from the periplasmic extract by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The binding properties were tested on PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells and PSMA-negative cell lines as well as on Jurkat cells by flow cytometry. For in vitro functional analysis, a cell viability test (WST) was used. For in vivo evaluation the diabody was applied together with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in a C4-2 xenograft-SCID mouse model. Results By Blue Native gel electrophoresis, it could be shown that the PSMAxCD3 diabody is mainly a tetramer. Specific binding both to CD3-expressing Jurkat cells and PSMA-expressing C4-2 cells was shown by flow cytometry. In vitro, the diabody proved to be a potent agent for retargeting PBL to lyze C4-2 prostate cancer cells. Treatment of SCID mice inoculated with C4-2 tumor xenografts with the diabody and PBL efficiently inhibited tumor growth. Conclusions The PSMAxCD3 diabody bears the potential for facilitating immunotherapy of prostate cancer and for the elimination of minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Bühler
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzle Str. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P. Wolf
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D. Gierschner
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - I. Schaber
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A. Katzenwadel
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - W. Schultze-Seemann
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - U. Wetterauer
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Tacke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 17, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Swamy
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and University of Freiburg, Biologie III, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - W. W. A. Schamel
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and University of Freiburg, Biologie III, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - U. Elsässer-Beile
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Perner S, Hofer MD, Kim R, Shah RB, Li H, Möller P, Hautmann RE, Gschwend JE, Kuefer R, Rubin MA. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression as a predictor of prostate cancer progression. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:696-701. [PMID: 17320151 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing aggressive prostate cancer from indolent disease represents an important clinical challenge, because current therapy may lead to overtreatment of men with limited disease. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that is highly restricted to the prostate. Previously, studies analyzing the expression of PSMA have found an up-regulation in correlation with prostate cancer, particularly in advanced cancer. This association is ideal for an application as a prognostic marker. In the current study, we characterized PSMA expression in a high-risk cohort and evaluated its potential use as predictive marker of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence. PSMA expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays composed of tumor samples from 450 patients. Protein intensity was recorded using a semiautomated quantitative microscope system (ACIS II; Clarient Chromavision Medical Systems, San Juan Capistrano, CA). PSMA expression levels differed significantly (P < .001) between benign prostatic tissue, localized prostate cancer, and lymph node metastases. Dividing the cohort into high- and low-PSMA expressing cancers based on the median area of positive staining, we found that high PSMA levels were associated with significant increase of PSA recurrence (P = .004). This was independent of clinical parameters such as lymph node tumor burden (lymph node density, >20%; P < .001), extraprostatic extension (P = .017), seminal vesicle invasion (P < .001), and high Gleason score (8-10, P = .006). In a multivariate model, PSMA expression and metastases to pelvic lymph nodes were significantly associated with time to PSA recurrence (HR, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.8, P = .017; and hazard ratio, 5; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-9.7, P < .001, respectively). In summary, PSMA is independently associated with PSA recurrence in a high-risk cohort and thus might provide insight into the additional use of adjuvant therapy. Validation on other cohorts is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Perner
- Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Kinoshita Y, Kuratsukuri K, Landas S, Imaida K, Rovito PM, Wang CY, Haas GP. Expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen in normal and malignant human tissues. World J Surg 2006; 30:628-36. [PMID: 16555021 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is upregulated in androgen-dependent prostate carcinoma and it has been targeted for immunotherapy and diagnosis of this cancer. However, this protein is also expressed in other tissues. The objective of this study is to investigate its expression in normal and malignant human tissues. METHODS Using monoclonal antibodies 24.4E6 (specific for residues 638-657) and 7E11.C5 (specific for the transmembrane domain of PSMA), immunohistochemical detection of PSMA was performed in surgical specimens. RESULTS Prostate-specific membrane antigen was detected in the epithelium of prostate, urinary bladder, proximal tubules of kidney, liver, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, breast, fallopian tubes and testicular seminiferous tubules, hippocampal neurons and astrocytes, ependyma, cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland, and ovary stroma. It was also detected in neoplasms of the prostate, kidney, urinary bladder, stomach, small intestine, colon, lung, adrenal gland, and testis. It was not detected in normal seminal vesicles or the lung. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that PSMA is widely distributed in normal tissues, and, depending on the tumors, its expression is up- or down-regulated, or unchanged. The broad distribution of PSMA may make it suitable for the diagnosis and therapy of a wide variety of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kinoshita
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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24
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Elsässer-Beile U, Wolf P, Gierschner D, Bühler P, Schultze-Seemann W, Wetterauer U. A new generation of monoclonal and recombinant antibodies against cell-adherent prostate specific membrane antigen for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of prostate cancer. Prostate 2006; 66:1359-70. [PMID: 16894535 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an excellent candidate for targeting prostate cancer by virtue of its restricted expression on prostatic epithelial cells and its upregulation on prostatic carcinoma cells. PSMA is expressed on the cell surface displaying a specific three-dimensional structure. Therefore, only antibodies with a high cell binding activity will have an important impact on antibody-based imaging and therapy. METHODS Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and single chain antibody fragments (scFvs) were prepared from spleen cells of mice that had been immunized either with purified PSMA or a cell lysate of prostate cancer LNCaP cells containing native PSMA. mAbs and scFvs were screened for reactivity with purified PSMA and binding to PSMA-expressing LNCaP cells. RESULTS From mice immunized with purified PSMA, we obtained three mAbs (K7, K12, D20) and four scFvs (G0, G1, G2, G4), which were highly reactive with the isolated antigen, but showed weak or no reaction with viable LNCaP cells. From mice immunized with unpurified LNCaP lysate, we obtained three mAbs (3/E7, 3/F11, 3/A12), and one scFv (A5), which were reactive with purified PSMA, also showing a strong and specific binding to viable LNCaP cells and PSMA-transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that only the mAbs and scFvs, that were elicited with unpurified LNCaP lysate and not with purified PSMA will be useful agents for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Elsässer-Beile
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Sodee DB, Nelson AD, Faulhaber PF, Maclennan GT, Resnick MI, Bakale G. Update on fused capromab pendetide imaging of prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 3:230-8. [PMID: 15882479 DOI: 10.3816/cgc.2005.n.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this overview is to apprise clinical urologists and oncologists of the current state of fused multimodality imaging of prostate cancer, which can be applied to optimize treatment by ensuring that a patient's disease is characterized as well as current imaging technology permits. The focus of this study is the monoclonal antibody capromab pendetide, which targets prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II membrane glycoprotein strongly associated with prostate cancer. Identifying where capromab pendetide uptake occurs can be done accurately if this functional imaging modality is combined with a modality that provides anatomic detail, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Image fusion, or coregistration, which is overlaying the functional images of capromab pendetide uptake on the anatomic CT or MRI images, provides a detailed map of cancer localization inside and outside the prostate gland. This same principle of fusing functional images on anatomic images is the basis for enormous growth of positron emission tomography with CT during the past 2 years. Positron emission tomography imaging has a different functionality base than does capromab pendetide, and thus the 2 modalities should be complementary. However, the key to both functional imaging modalities is accurate fusion with anatomic images, which is illustrated in our case reports. The cases cited demonstrate the need to optimize every phase of imaging from patient preparation to reading and reporting increased PSMA concentration seen on the fused images. Reference is also made to applying capromab pendetide/CT fused imaging to radiation therapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bruce Sodee
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland/Case University School of Medicine, OH 44106, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The wide range of currently available treatments for metastatic prostate cancer have demonstrated a modest palliative effect, but none to date has shown an increase in overall survival. The immune system has evolved to protect against infection, however, the modulation of this system represents the possibility of allowing it to identify and destroy cancer cells. The immune system is capable of inciting a powerful immune response against tissues, in the form of transplant rejection, and the potential exists to harness these powers to fight against tumors. Modest clinical responses have been seen in patients with metastatic prostate cancer treated with DC therapies; however, no increase in overall survival has been demonstrated. The current state of DC immunotherapy for prostate cancer is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Swindle
- Mater Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Mater Medical Research Institute, Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
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Ikegami S, Tadakuma T, Suzuki S, Yoshimura I, Asano T, Hayakawa M. Development of gene therapy using prostate-specific membrane antigen promoter/enhancer with Cre Recombinase/LoxP system for prostate cancer cells under androgen ablation condition. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:1154-63. [PMID: 12417046 PMCID: PMC5926883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance the efficacy of suicide gene therapy for prostate cancer under androgen deprivation, we designed a promoter system that consists of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) promoter / enhancer (PEPM) and Cre-loxP DNA recombination system. We constructed two kinds of plasmids. One plasmid contains a Cre recombinase (Cre) under the control of PEPM and the other expresses CMV-lox-luciferase / herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK). In PSMA-positive LNCaP cells, the promoter activity of the PEPM-Cre plus CMV-lox-luciferase demonstrated 800-fold greater activity compared with that of the PSMA promoter alone. However, no enhancement of the promoter activity was observed in the PSMA-negative cells. Furthermore, in contrast to prostate specific antigen promoter / enhancer (PP), the promoter activity of PEPM did not decrease when the LNCaP cells were cultured in charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (CFBS). In an in vitro gene therapy model with LNCaP cells, the cell growth inhibition in the presence of ganciclovir (GCV) was more evident in the cells transfected with the PEPM-Cre plus CMV-lox-TK than in the cells with the PP-TK, and the difference in efficacy between the two plasmids was more remarkable when the cells were maintained in CFBS medium. The therapeutic effect of PEPM-Cre plus CMV-lox-TK was also observed in xenografted LNCaP cells on nude mice when the plasmids were directly injected into tumors and GCV was administered intraperitoneally. These findings indicate that the combination of the PSMA promoter / enhancer and the Cre-loxP system can enhance the PSMA promoter activity even under androgen ablation conditions and can exert its anti-tumor effect both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Ikegami
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf A Brekken
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Hope Heart Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most common cancer type in men in the United States. Efforts are increasing to evaluate and to discover diagnostic and therapeutic markers for prostate cancer patients. One of these, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), is a transmembrane protein highly expressed in all types of prostatic tissue, especially cancer. The radio-immunoconjugate form of the anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7E11, known as the ProstaScint scan, is currently being used to diagnose prostate cancer metastasis and recurrence. Early promising results from various Phase I and II trials have utilized PSMA as a therapeutic target. Recently, PSMA expression in endothelial cells of tumor-associated neovasculature has been described. PSMA's possible role in malignant angiogenesis newly expands the realm of its possible beneficial uses, especially as new anti-PSMA mAbs continue to be developed and refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam S Chang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, A-1302 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37272, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein highly restricted to prostatic epithelial cells. PSMA expression is increased in association with prostatic cancer, particularly in hormone refractory disease. Given its membrane-bound character, PSMA is an ideal sentinel molecule for use in targeting prostatic cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies specific for PSMA are available, beginning with the antibody 7E11.C5 which originally defined PSMA and which has been developed for use in cancer detection via immunoscintiscanning in the ProstaScint test. Newer second generation antibodies specific for both linear amino acid sequence epitopes and protein conformational epitopes on the extracellular domain of PSMA have been reported. Although most of these are murine antibodies, both humanised and fully human examples have been developed. These antibodies are beginning to work their way into clinical applications for potential improved diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Results to date suggest that antibodies specific for extracellular epitopes are significantly better for clinical uses in vivo than the 7E11.C5 antibody that is specific for an intracellular epitope. Current knowledge relating to PSMA-specific antibodies and their clinical uses and potential is described and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Holmes
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Northwest Hospital, Molecular Medicine, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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Chang SS, Gaudin PB, Reuter VE, Heston WD. Prostate-specific membrane antigen: present and future applications. Urology 2000; 55:622-9. [PMID: 10792065 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S S Chang
- Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Elgamal AA, Holmes EH, Su SL, Tino WT, Simmons SJ, Peterson M, Greene TG, Boynton AL, Murphy GP. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA): current benefits and future value. SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2000; 18:10-6. [PMID: 10617892 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2388(200001/02)18:1<10::aid-ssu3>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We will review the evolution, benefits, and limitations of PSMA testing in the past, as well as its current and future value. Prostate cancer has been the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. It has a wide spectrum of biological behavior between latent (indolent) and progressive (aggressive). Further identification of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a prognostic proliferation marker may enhance our understanding of the types of prostate cancer. A review of PSMA testing in the past as well as currently was conducted. Studies were reviewed that deal with detection of PSMA in serum and seminal fluid, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoscintigraphy, and immunohistochemical assays. PSMA is expressed primarily in benign and cancerous prostatic epithelial cells. It is up-regulated in hormone resistant states, and in metastatic situations or other clinical situations where there is tumor recurrence or extension. Based on current results, PSMA detected in the serum by western blotting can assist in the identification, staging, and monitoring of metastatic prostate cancer. In addition, PSMA shows a promising role in directed imaging and therapy of recurrent or metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Elgamal
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98134, USA.
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Hubert RS, Vivanco I, Chen E, Rastegar S, Leong K, Mitchell SC, Madraswala R, Zhou Y, Kuo J, Raitano AB, Jakobovits A, Saffran DC, Afar DE. STEAP: a prostate-specific cell-surface antigen highly expressed in human prostate tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:14523-8. [PMID: 10588738 PMCID: PMC24469 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.25.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of novel genes expressed in metastatic prostate cancer, we subtracted cDNA isolated from benign prostatic hypertrophic tissue from cDNA isolated from a prostate cancer xenograft model that mimics advanced disease. One novel gene that is highly expressed in advanced prostate cancer encodes a 339-amino acid protein with six potential membrane-spanning regions flanked by hydrophilic amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains. This structure suggests a potential function as a channel or transporter protein. This gene, named STEAP for six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate, is expressed predominantly in human prostate tissue and is up-regulated in multiple cancer cell lines, including prostate, bladder, colon, ovarian, and Ewing sarcoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical specimens demonstrates significant STEAP expression at the cell-cell junctions of the secretory epithelium of prostate and prostate cancer cells. Little to no staining was detected at the plasma membranes of normal, nonprostate human tissues, except for bladder tissue, which expressed low levels of STEAP at the cell membrane. Protein analysis located STEAP at the cell surface of prostate-cancer cell lines. Our results support STEAP as a cell-surface tumor-antigen target for prostate cancer therapy and diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Hubert
- UroGenesys Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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Chang SS, Bander NH, Heston WD. Monoclonal antibodies: will they become an integral part of the evaluation and treatment of prostate cancer--focus on prostate-specific membrane antigen? Curr Opin Urol 1999; 9:391-5. [PMID: 10579076 DOI: 10.1097/00042307-199909000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, monoclonal antibody technology has had an increasing impact on clinical diagnostic and therapeutic options, and this is true in the realm of managing prostate cancer. Several targets such as prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase as well as, more recently, angiogenic antigens such as vascular endothelial growth factor have been examined for therapy. Prostate-specific membrane antigen, a type II integral membrane glycoprotein initially characterized by the monoclonal antibody 7E11, has shown promise. Recent evidence suggests that prostate-specific membrane antigen is also expressed in tumor-associated neovasculature of a wide variety of malignant neoplasms. With its expression in prostate secretory-acinar epithelium and the prostate and in the neovasculature associated with tumors, prostate-specific membrane antigen represents an excellent antigenic target for monoclonal antibody diagnostic and therapeutic options. As research continues, the role of monoclonal antibody imaging and therapy will become increasingly important in the management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Chang
- Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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