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Gong J. Oxylipins biosynthesis and the regulation of bovine postpartum inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 171:106814. [PMID: 38280540 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Uncontrolled or dysregulated inflammation has adverse effects on the reproduction, production and health of animals, and is a major pathological cause of increased incidence and severity of infectious and metabolic diseases. To achieve successful transition from a non-lactation pregnant state to a non-pregnant lactation state, drastic metabolic and endocrine alteration have taken place in dairy cows during the periparturient period. These physiological changes, coupled with decreased dry matter intake near calving and sudden change of diet composition after calving, have the potential to disrupt the delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammation, resulting in a disordered or excessive inflammatory response. In addition to cytokines and other immunoregulatory factors, most oxylipins formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via enzymatic and nonenzymatic oxygenation pathways have pro- or anti-inflammatory properties and play a pivotal role in the onset, development and resolution of inflammation. However, little attention has been paid to the possibility that oxylipins could function as endogenous immunomodulating agents. This review will provide a detailed overview of the main oxylipins derived from different PUFAs and discuss the regulatory role that oxylipins play in the postpartum inflammatory response in dairy cows. Based on the current research, much remains to be illuminated in this emerging field. Understanding the role that oxylipins play in the control of postpartum inflammation and inflammatory-based disease may improve our ability to prevent transition disorders via Management, pharmacological, genetic selection and dietary intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010022, China.
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2
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Kuhn MJ, Mavangira V, Sordillo LM. Invited review: Cytochrome P450 enzyme involvement in health and inflammatory-based diseases of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1276-1290. [PMID: 33358163 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle are at the greatest risk of developing diseases around the time of calving because of compromised immune responses and the occurrence of oxidative stress. Both the development of compromised immunity and oxidative stress are influenced directly or indirectly by the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and fat-soluble vitamins. The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family of enzymes is central to the metabolism of both classes of these compounds, but to date, the importance of CYP450 in the health of dairy cattle is underappreciated. As certain CYP450 isoforms metabolize both PUFA and fat-soluble vitamins, potential interactions may occur between PUFA and fat-soluble vitamins that are largely unexplored. For example, one CYP450 that generates anti-inflammatory oxylipids from arachidonic acid additionally contributes to the activation of vitamin D. Other potential substrate interactions between PUFA and vitamins A and E may exist as well. The intersection of PUFA and fat-soluble vitamin metabolism by CYP450 suggest that this enzyme system could provide an understanding of how immune function and oxidant status interconnect, resulting in increased postpartum disease occurrence. This review will detail the known contributions of bovine CYP450 to the regulation of oxylipids with a focus on enzymes that may also be involved in the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E that contribute to antioxidant defenses. Although the activity of specific CYP450 is generally conserved among mammals, important differences exist in cattle, such as the isoforms primarily responsible for activation of vitamin D that makes their specific study in cattle of great importance. Additionally, a CYP450-driven inflammatory positive feedback loop is proposed, which may contribute to the dysfunctional inflammatory responses commonly found during the transition period. Establishing the individual enzyme isoform contributions to oxylipid biosynthesis and the regulation of vitamins A, D, and E may reveal how the CYP450 family of enzymes can affect inflammatory responses during times of increased susceptibility to disease. Determining the potential effect of each CYP450 on disease susceptibility or pathogenesis may allow for the targeted manipulation of the CYP450 pathways to influence specific immune responses and antioxidant defenses during times of increased risk for health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kuhn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - V Mavangira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - L M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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3
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Sano Y, Toyoshima S, Miki Y, Taketomi Y, Ito M, Lee H, Saito S, Murakami M, Okayama Y. Activation of inflammation and resolution pathways of lipid mediators in synovial fluid from patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis compared with severe osteoarthritis. Asia Pac Allergy 2020; 10:e21. [PMID: 32411586 PMCID: PMC7203435 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2020.10.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The upregulation of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid is thought to be involved in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, the presence of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in synovial tissues from patients with osteoarthritis has been reported. Objective To clarify the quantitative and qualitative changes in lipid mediators in the synovium of severe rheumatoid arthritis patients, we compared the profiles of lipid mediators in synovial fluid obtained from patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis and from those with severe osteoarthritis. Methods We enrolled 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 26 patients with osteoarthritis. All the patients had undergone total knee replacement surgery. Synovial fluid samples had been obtained during the surgery. Lipid profiling in the synovial fluid from these patients was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Results Among the 150 oxidized fatty acids examined so far, 119 were substantially detected in synovial fluid from the patients. Not only the concentrations of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, but also those of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectin D1 were significantly higher in synovial fluid obtained from rheumatoid arthritis patients than from synovial fluid obtained from osteoarthritis patients. Conclusion The activation of both inflammation and resolution pathways of lipid mediators might be a fatty acid signature in the synovial fluid of patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators in synovial fluid could be good biomarkers for differentiating between severe rheumatoid arthritis and severe osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Sano
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Toyoshima
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Allergy, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Medical Education, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mana Ito
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyunho Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Okayama
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Allergy, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Medical Education, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Bastan I, Ge XN, Dileepan M, Greenberg YG, Guedes AG, Hwang SH, Hammock BD, Washabau RJ, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates eosinophil recruitment and food allergen-induced gastrointestinal inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:109-122. [PMID: 29345370 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma1017-423r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of food allergies in the United States is on the rise. Eosinophils are recruited to the intestinal mucosa in substantial numbers in food allergen-driven gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is known to play a pro-inflammatory role during inflammation by metabolizing anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to pro-inflammatory diols. We investigated the role of sEH in a murine model of food allergy and evaluated the potential therapeutic effect of a highly selective sEH inhibitor (trans-4-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy}-benzoic acid [t-TUCB]). Oral exposure of mice on a soy-free diet to soy protein isolate (SPI) induced expression of intestinal sEH, increased circulating total and antigen-specific IgE levels, and caused significant weight loss. Administration of t-TUCB to SPI-challenged mice inhibited IgE levels and prevented SPI-induced weight loss. Additionally, SPI-induced GI inflammation characterized by increased recruitment of eosinophils and mast cells, elevated eotaxin 1 levels, mucus hypersecretion, and decreased epithelial junction protein expression. In t-TUCB-treated mice, eosinophilia, mast cell recruitment, and mucus secretion were significantly lower than in untreated mice and SPI-induced loss of junction protein expression was prevented to variable levels. sEH expression in eosinophils was induced by inflammatory mediators TNF-α and eotaxin-1. Treatment of eosinophils with t-TUCB significantly inhibited eosinophil migration, an effect that was mirrored by treatment with 11,12-EET, by inhibiting intracellular signaling events such as ERK (1/2) activation and eotaxin-1-induced calcium flux. These studies suggest that sEH induced by soy proteins promotes allergic responses and GI inflammation including eosinophilia and that inhibition of sEH can attenuate these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Bastan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiao Na Ge
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mythili Dileepan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yana G Greenberg
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alonso G Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert J Washabau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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5
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The expansive role of oxylipins on platelet biology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:575-588. [PMID: 28528513 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, three major oxygenases, cyclooxygenases (COXs), lipoxygenases (LOXs), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450), generate an assortment of unique lipid mediators (oxylipins) from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which exhibit pro- or anti-thrombotic activity. Over the years, novel oxylipins generated from the interplay of theoxygenase activity in various cells, such as the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), have been identified and investigated in inflammatory disease models. Although platelets have been implicated in inflammation, the role and mechanism of these SPMs produced from immune cells on platelet function are still unclear. This review highlights the burgeoning classes of oxylipins that have been found to regulate platelet function; however, their mechanism of action still remains to be elucidated.
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6
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Pillarisetti S, Khanna I. A multimodal disease modifying approach to treat neuropathic pain--inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1382-90. [PMID: 26259523 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Both neuronal and non-neuronal mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to neuropathic pain (NP). All currently approved treatments for NP modulate neuronal targets and provide only symptomatic relief. Here we review evidence that inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), the enzyme that degrades epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), has potential to be a multimodal, disease modifying approach to treat NP: (1) EET actions involve both endogenous opioid system and the GABAergic systems thus provide superior pain relief compared to morphine or gabapentin, (2) EETs are directly anti-inflammatory and inhibit expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules thus can prevent continued nerve damage; and (3) EETs promote nerve regeneration in cultured neurons. Thus, an sEH inhibitor will not only provide effective pain relief, but would also block further nerve damage and promote healing.
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Terry CM, Carlson ML, He Y, Ulu A, Morisseau C, Blumenthal DK, Hammock BD, Cheung AK. Aberrant soluble epoxide hydrolase and oxylipin levels in a porcine arteriovenous graft stenosis model. J Vasc Res 2014; 51:269-82. [PMID: 25196102 DOI: 10.1159/000365251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) used for hemodialysis frequently fail due to the development of neointimal hyperplasia (NH) at the vein-graft anastomosis. Inflammation and smooth-muscle cell (SMC) and myofibroblast proliferation and migration likely play an important role in the pathogenesis of NH. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the products of the catabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 enzymes, possess anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimigratory and vasodilatory properties that should reduce NH. The degradation of vasculoprotective EETs is catalyzed by the enzyme, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). sEH upregulation may thus contribute to NH development by the enhanced removal of vasculoprotective EETs. In this study, sEH, cytochrome P450 and EETs were examined after AVG placement in a porcine model to explore their potential roles in AVG stenosis. Increased sEH protein expression, decreased P450 epoxygenase activity and dysregulation of 5 oxylipin mediators were observed in the graft-venous anastomotic tissues when compared to control veins. Pharmacological inhibitors of sEH decreased the growth factor-induced migration of SMCs and fibroblasts, although they had no significant effect on the proliferation of these cells. These results provide insights on epoxide biology in vascular disorders and a rationale for the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies to prevent AVG failure due to NH and stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi M Terry
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Utah, USA
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8
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Anti-inflammatory effects of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:605101. [PMID: 22848834 PMCID: PMC3405717 DOI: 10.1155/2012/605101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are generated by the activity of both selective and also more general cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzymes on arachidonic acid and inactivated largely by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which converts them to their corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). EETs have been shown to have a diverse range of effects on the vasculature including relaxation of vascular tone, cellular proliferation, and angiogenesis as well as the migration of smooth muscle cells. This paper will highlight the growing evidence that EETs also mediate a number of anti-inflammatory effects in the cardiovascular system. In particular, numerous studies have demonstrated that potentiation of EET activity using different methods can inhibit inflammatory gene expression and signalling pathways in endothelial cells and monocytes and in models of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms by which EETs mediate their effects are largely unknown but may include direct binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), or transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which initiate anti-inflammatory signalling cascades.
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9
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Imig JD. Epoxides and soluble epoxide hydrolase in cardiovascular physiology. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:101-30. [PMID: 22298653 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are arachidonic acid metabolites that importantly contribute to vascular and cardiac physiology. The contribution of EETs to vascular and cardiac function is further influenced by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) that degrades EETs to diols. Vascular actions of EETs include dilation and angiogenesis. EETs also decrease inflammation and platelet aggregation and in general act to maintain vascular homeostasis. Myocyte contraction and increased coronary blood flow are the two primary EET actions in the heart. EET cell signaling mechanisms are tissue and organ specific and provide significant evidence for the existence of EET receptors. Additionally, pharmacological and genetic manipulations of EETs and sEH have demonstrated a contribution for this metabolic pathway to cardiovascular diseases. Given the impact of EETs to cardiovascular physiology, there is emerging evidence that development of EET-based therapeutics will be beneficial for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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11
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Townsley MI, Morisseau C, Hammock B, King JA. Impact of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Microcirculation 2010; 17:137-46. [PMID: 20163540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2009.00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are protective in both myocardial and brain ischemia, variously attributed to activation of K(ATP) channels or blockade of adhesion molecule upregulation. In this study, we tested whether EETs would be protective in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS The filtration coefficient (K(f)), a measure of endothelial permeability, and expression of the adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) were measured after 45 minutes ischemia and 30 minutes reperfusion in isolated rat lungs. RESULTS K(f) increased significantly after ischemia-reperfusion alone vs time controls, an effect dependent upon extracellular Ca(2+) although not on the EET-regulated channel TRPV4. Inhibition of endogenous EET degradation or administration of exogenous 11,12- or 14,-15-EET at reperfusion significantly limited the permeability response to ischemia-reperfusion. The beneficial effect of 11,12-EET was not prevented by blockade of K(ATP) channels nor by blockade of TRPV4. Finally, 11,12-EET-dependent alteration in adhesion molecules expression is unlikely to explain its beneficial effect, since the expression of the adhesion molecules VCAM and ICAM in lung after ischemia-reperfusion was similar to that in controls. CONCLUSION EETs are beneficial in the setting of lung ischemia-reperfusion, when administered at reperfusion. However, further study will be needed to elucidate the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary I Townsley
- Department of Physiology, Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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12
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Pfister SL, Gauthier KM, Campbell WB. Vascular pharmacology of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 60:27-59. [PMID: 21081214 PMCID: PMC3373307 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385061-4.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid that are produced by the vascular endothelium in responses to various stimuli such as the agonists acetylcholine (ACH) or bradykinin or by shear stress which activates phospholipase A(2) to release arachidonic acid. EETs are important regulators of vascular tone and homeostasis. In the modulation of vascular tone, EETs function as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs). In models of vascular inflammation, EETs attenuate inflammatory signaling pathways in both the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. Likewise, EETs regulate blood vessel formation or angiogenesis by mechanisms that are still not completely understood. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts EETs to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) and this metabolism limits many of the biological actions of EETs. The recent development of inhibitors of sEH provides an emerging target for pharmacological manipulation of EETs. Additionally, EETs may initiate their biological effects by interacting with a cell surface protein that is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Since GPCRs represent a common target of most drugs, further characterization of the EET receptor and synthesis of specific EET agonists and antagonist can be used to exploit many of the beneficial effects of EETs in vascular diseases, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. This review will focus on the current understanding of the contribution of EETs to the regulation of vascular tone, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of targeting the EET pathway in vascular disease will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Pfister
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Gauthier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - William B. Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Abstract
Dynamic changes in cytoplasmic calcium concentration dictate the immunological fate and functions of lymphocytes. During the past few years, important details have been revealed about the mechanism of store-operated calcium entry in lymphocytes, including the molecular identity of calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium sensor (STIM1) responsible for CRAC channel activation following calcium depletion of stores. However, details of the potential fine regulation of CRAC channel activation that may be imposed on lymphocytes following physiologic stimulation within an inflammatory environment have not been fully addressed. In this review, we discuss several underexplored aspects of store-operated (CRAC-mediated) and store-independent calcium signaling in B lymphocytes. First, we discuss results suggesting that coupling between stores and CRAC channels may be regulated, allowing for fine tuning of CRAC channel activation following depletion of ER stores. Second, we discuss mechanisms that sustain the duration of calcium entry via CRAC channels. Finally, we discuss distinct calcium permeant non-selective cation channels (NSCCs) that are activated by innate stimuli in B cells, the potential means by which these innate calcium signaling pathways and CRAC channels crossregulate one another, and the mechanistic basis and physiologic consequences of innate calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie B King
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Deng Y, Theken KN, Lee CR. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, soluble epoxide hydrolase, and the regulation of cardiovascular inflammation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 48:331-41. [PMID: 19891972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase enzymes CYP2J and CYP2C catalyze the epoxidation of arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are rapidly hydrolyzed to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). It is well-established that CYP epoxygenase-derived EETs possess potent vasodilatory effects; however, the cellular effects of EETs and their regulation of various inflammatory processes have become increasingly appreciated in recent years, suggesting that the role of this pathway in the cardiovascular system extends beyond the maintenance of vascular tone. In particular, CYP epoxygenase-derived EETs inhibit endothelial activation and leukocyte adhesion via attenuation of nuclear factor-kappaB activation, inhibit hemostasis, protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and promote endothelial cell survival via modulation of multiple cell signaling pathways. Thus, the CYP epoxygenase pathway is an emerging target for pharmacological manipulation to enhance the cardiovascular protective effects of EETs. This review will focus on the role of the CYP epoxygenase pathway in the regulation of cardiovascular inflammation and (1) describe the functional impact of CYP epoxygenase-derived EET biosynthesis and sEH-mediated EET hydrolysis on key inflammatory process in the cardiovascular system, (2) discuss the potential relevance of this pathway to pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular disease, and (3) identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Deng
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
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15
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Imig JD, Hammock BD. Soluble epoxide hydrolase as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:794-805. [PMID: 19794443 PMCID: PMC3021468 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular effects of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) include vasodilation, antimigratory actions on vascular smooth muscle cells and anti-inflammatory actions. These endogenous lipid mediators are broken down into diols by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), and so inhibiting this enzyme would be expected to enhance the beneficial cardiovascular properties of EETs. sEH inhibitors (sEHIs) that are based on 1,3-disubstituted urea have been rapidly developed, and have been shown to be antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory, and to protect the brain, heart and kidney from damage. Although challenges for the future exist - including improving the drug-like properties of sEHIs and finding better ways to target sEHIs to specific tissues - the recent initiation of the first clinical trials of sEHIs has highlighted the therapeutic potential of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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16
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Marteau JB, Samara A, Dedoussis G, Pfister M, Visvikis-Siest S. Candidate gene microarray analysis in peripheral blood cells for studying hypertension/obesity. Per Med 2009; 6:269-291. [PMID: 29783504 DOI: 10.2217/pme.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The gene expression of 182 cardiovascular candidate genes was measured in high quality groups of individuals (n = 20) by microarrays to determine whether a subset of genes would discriminate obese and hypertensive individuals, in spite of the existence of a close link between these two cardiovascular risk factors. MATERIALS & METHODS The results were validated on the 20 subjects used for microarray analysis and on 62 additional individuals by real-time PCR. RESULTS The first analysis, where patient groups were compared with healthy subjects, revealed 15 out of 182 genes that differed in hypertensive, obese or obesity-related hypertensive individuals. These genes were ALOX5, APOA2, SELL, RGS2, CD14, FPR1, CAMP, DEFA3, DEFA4, CBS, CHRM1, ICAM1, NR1H2, SCNN1B and TGFB1. A second analysis was carried out in which patient groups were compared with each other, demonstrating FPR1 and DEFA3 as being significant genes discriminating patient groups. Furthermore, an analysis stratified by sex revealed that, with the exception of DEFA3, there are no other common genes between men and women. DISCUSSION We were able to indentify a number of interesting genes that distinguish patient and healthy subject groups as well as patient groups between them. CONCLUSION In addition, it seems that gender plays an important role, at least for some of the genes we tested. These findings may have important implications in the screening and etiology of hypertension or obesity, and could further help to focus on these specific mRNAs as antisense therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Brice Marteau
- Nancy Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité de recherche Génétique Cardiovasculaire, 30 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Anastasia Samara
- Nancy Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité de recherche Génétique Cardiovasculaire, 30 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Michèle Pfister
- Nancy Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité de recherche Génétique Cardiovasculaire, 30 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- Nancy Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité de recherche Génétique Cardiovasculaire, 30 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France.
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17
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Abstract
The leukotoxins [9(10)-and 12(13)-EpOME] are produced by activated inflammatory leukocytes such as neutrophils. High EpOME levels are observed in disorders such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and in patients with extensive burns.Although the physiological significance of the EpOMEs remains poorly understood,in some systems, the EpOMEs act as a protoxin,with their corresponding epoxide hydrolase metabolites,9,10-and 12,13-DiHOME, specifically exerting toxicity.Both the EpOMEs and the DiHOMEs were also recently shown to have neutrophil chemotactic activity.We evaluated whether the neutrophil respiratory burst,a surge of oxidant production thought to play an important role in limiting certain bacterial and fungal infections,is modulated by members of the EpOME metabolic pathway.We present evidence that the DiHOMEs suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst by a mechanism distinct from that of respiratory burst inhibitors such as cyclosporin H or lipoxin A4,which inhibit multiple aspects of neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alan Thompson
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of lipid epoxides to diols by the addition of water. Biological actions on the cardiovascular system that are attributed to epoxides include vasodilation, antiinflammatory actions and vascular smooth muscle cell antimigratory actions. Conversion of arachidonic acid epoxides to diols by sEH diminishes the beneficial cardiovascular properties of these epoxyeicosano-ids. Cardiovascular diseases in animal models and humans have been associated with decreased epoxygenase activity or increased sEH activity and these changes are responsible for the progression of the disease state. More recently, sEH gene polymorphisms in the human population have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Thus the biological actions of epoxyeicosanoids and the sEH enzyme are ideal therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. The rapid development of 1,3-disubstituted urea based sEH inhibitors over the past five years has resulted in a number of studies demonstrating cardiovascular protection. sEH inhibitors have antihypertensive and antiinflammatory actions and have been demonstrated to decrease cerebral ischemic and renal injury in rat models of hypertension. These findings of beneficial actions in animal models of disease position the sEH enzyme as a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Physiology, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, 30912, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The endothelium regulates vascular tone through the release of a number of soluble mediators, including NO, prostaglandin I2, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are cytochrome P450 epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. They are synthesized by the vascular endothelium and open calcium-activated potassium channels, hyperpolarize the membrane, and relax vascular smooth muscle. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine, bradykinin, and shear stress that are not inhibited by cyclooxygenase and NO synthase inhibitors are mediated by the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. In arteries from experimental animals and humans, the non-NO, non-prostaglandin-mediated relaxations and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations are blocked by cytochrome P450 inhibitors, calcium-activated potassium channel blockers, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid antagonists. Acetylcholine and bradykinin stimulate epoxyeicosatrienoic acid release from endothelial cells and arteries. These findings indicate that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids act as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors and regulate arterial tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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20
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Sacerdoti D, Colombrita C, Di Pascoli M, Schwartzman ML, Bolognesi M, Falck JR, Gatta A, Abraham NG. 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid stimulates heme-oxygenase-1 in endothelial cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 82:155-61. [PMID: 17164143 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), particularly 11,12-EET, and the heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide (HO/CO) system share overlapping biological activities, we examined a possible link between 11,12-EET and HO activity in endothelial cells. Confocal microscopy analysis of immunostaining of HO-1 and HO-2 in cultured endothelial cells treated with 11,12-EET (1 microM) showed an increase in florescence of HO-1 protein in the various cellular compartments, but not of HO-2. Incubation of endothelial cells with 11,12-EET (1 microM) for 24 h increased the level of HO-1 protein by about three-fold. Similarly, incubation of endothelial cells with 8,9-EET and sodium nitroprussiate, a known inducer of HO-1, increased HO-1 protein without any effect on HO-2. Upregulation of HO-1 by 11,12-EET, as well as 8,9-EET, was associated with an increase in HO activity, which was inhibited by stannous mesoporphirin (10 microM). Incubation of rat aortas with 11,12-EET (1 microM for 60 min) increased HO activity. These findings identify a novel effect of EETs on endothelial HO-1 and indicate that the signaling pathway of EETs in endothelial cells is possibly via an increase in HO-1 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sacerdoti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinica Medica 5, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padova, Italy.
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21
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Rifkind AB. CYP1A in TCDD toxicity and in physiology-with particular reference to CYP dependent arachidonic acid metabolism and other endogenous substrates. Drug Metab Rev 2006; 38:291-335. [PMID: 16684662 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600570107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxicologic and physiologic roles of CYP1A enzyme induction, the major biochemical effect of aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by TCDD and other receptor ligands, are unknown. Evidence is presented that CYP1A exerts biologic effects via metabolism of endogenous substrates (i.e., arachidonic acid, other eicosanoids, estrogens, bilirubin, and melatonin), production of reactive oxygen, and effects on K(+) and Ca(2+) channels. These interrelated pathways may connect CYP1A induction to TCDD toxicities, including cardiotoxicity, vascular dysfunction, and wasting. They may also underlie homeostatic roles for CYP1A, especially when transiently induced by common chemical exposures and environmental conditions (i.e., tryptophan photoproducts, dietary indoles, and changes in oxygen tension).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arleen B Rifkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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22
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Zhu P, Liu X, Labelle EF, Freedman BD. Mechanisms of hypotonicity-induced calcium signaling and integrin activation by arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory mediators in B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4981-9. [PMID: 16210600 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously characterized the initial steps in the activation of novel (calcium-permeant) nonselective cation channels (NSCCs) and calcium release-activated calcium channels in primary murine B lymphocytes. Phospholipase C products, namely diacylglycerol and d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, were identified as proximal intracellular agonists of these respective channels following mechanical stimulation of B cells. However, neither the distal steps in NSCC activation nor the contribution of these channels to sustained mechanical signaling were defined in these previous studies. In this study, single cell measurements of intracellular Ca(2+) were used to define the mechanisms of NSCC activation and demonstrate a requirement for arachidonic acid liberated from diacylglycerol. Several arachidonic acid-derived derivatives were identified that trigger Ca(2+) entry into B cells, including the lipoxygenase product 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetranenoic acid and the cytochrome P450 hydroxylase product 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic; however, the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase product 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotonicity-induced responses. In addition to regulating calcium entry, our data suggest that eicosanoid-activated NSCCs have a separate and direct role in regulating the avidity of integrins on B cells for extracellular matrix proteins, including ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Thus, in addition to defining a novel osmotically activated signal transduction pathway in B cells, our results have broad implications for understanding how inflammatory mediators dynamically and rapidly regulate B cell adhesion and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peimin Zhu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Imig JD. Epoxide hydrolase and epoxygenase metabolites as therapeutic targets for renal diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F496-503. [PMID: 16093425 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00350.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal epoxygenase metabolites are involved in blood flow regulation and long-term blood pressure control. One feature of renal and cardiovascular diseases is the inability of the kidney to properly increase epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) levels. Others (Busse R, Edwards G, Félétou M, Fleming I, Vanhoutte PM, and Weston AH. Trends Phamacol Sci 23: 374–380, 2002; Campbell WB, Gebremedhin D, Pratt PF, and Harder DR. Circ Res 78: 415–423, 1996; Capdevila JH and Falck JR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 285: 571–576, 2001; Roman RJ. Physiol Rev 82: 131–185, 2002; Zeldin DC. J Biol Chem 276: 36059–36062, 2001) and we (Imig JD, Falck JR, Wei S, and Capdevila JH. J Vasc Res 38: 247–255, 2001; Imig JD, Zhao X, Capdevila JH, Morisseau C, and Hammock BD. Hypertension 39: 690–694, 2002; Zhao X, Pollock DM, Inscho EW, Zeldin DC, and Imig JD. Hypertension 41: 709–714, 2003; Zhao X, Pollock DM, Zeldin DC, and Imig JD. Hypertension 42: 775–780, 2003) have provided compelling evidence that cytochrome P-450-derived EETs have antihypertensive properties and are endothelially derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) in the kidney. EETs also possess anti-inflammatory actions that could protect the kidney vasculature from injury during renal and cardiovascular diseases. A tactic that has been used to increase EET levels has been inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme. Epoxide hydrolase inhibitors have been demonstrated to be antihypertensive and renal protective. Thus the renal and cardiovascular protective actions of increasing epoxygenase levels could be translated to therapies for preventing end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Vascular Biology Ctr., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2500, USA.
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24
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Herrera VLM, Tsikoudakis A, Didishvili T, Ponce LRB, Bagamasbad P, Gantz D, Herscovitz H, Van Tol A, Ruiz-Opazo N. Analysis of gender-specific atherosclerosis susceptibility in transgenic[hCETP]25DS rat model. Atherosclerosis 2004; 177:9-18. [PMID: 15488860 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical data demonstrate differences in atherosclerotic coronary heart disease prevalence between age-matched men and premenopausal women. Mechanisms underlying relative athero-susceptibility in men and athero-resistance in premenopausal women remain to be elucidated. Lack of informative animal models hinders research. We report here a moderate-expresser line transgenic for human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in the Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rat strain, Tg25, that recapitulates premenopausal female athero-resistance. Having ascertained identical genetic background, environmental factors, and equivalent CETP hepatic RNA levels, we detect worse hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, coronary plaques and survival outcome in Tg25 male rats compared with Tg25 females. Hepatic transcription profiles of Tg25 males and females normalized to respective gender- and age-matched non-transgenic controls exhibit significant differences. Genes implicated on hierarchical cluster analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR pinpoint pathways associated with coronary plaque progression such as inflammation and arachidonic acid epoxygenation, and not just cholesterol metabolism pathways. The data demonstrate gender-specific factors as key modulators of atherosclerosis phenotype and suggest a possible role for the liver in atheroma progression as a large organ source of proatherogenic systemic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L M Herrera
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, W609, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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25
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Yu Z, Davis BB, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Olson JL, Kroetz DL, Weiss RH. Vascular localization of soluble epoxide hydrolase in the human kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 286:F720-6. [PMID: 14665429 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00165.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid with multiple biological functions, including the regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, cellular proliferation, and inflammation. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are converted by soluble epoxide hydrolase into the corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid hydration is regarded as one mechanism whereby their biological effects are eliminated. Previous animal studies indicate that soluble epoxide hydrolase plays an important role in the regulation of renal eicosanoid levels and systemic blood pressure. To begin to elucidate the mechanism of these effects, we determined the cellular localization of soluble epoxide hydrolase in human kidney by examining biopsies taken from patients with a variety of non-end-stage renal diseases, as well as those without known renal disease. Immunohistochemical staining of acetone-fixed kidney biopsy samples revealed that soluble epoxide hydrolase was preferentially expressed in the renal vasculature with relatively low levels in the surrounding tubules. Expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase was evident in renal arteries of varying diameter and was localized mostly in the smooth muscle layers of the arterial wall. Western blot analysis and functional assays confirmed the expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase in the human kidney. There were no obvious differences in soluble epoxide hydrolase expression between normal and diseased human kidney tissue in the samples examined. Our results indicate that soluble epoxide hydrolase is present in the human kidney, being preferentially expressed in the renal vasculature, and support an essential role for this enzyme in renal hemodynamic regulation and its potential utility as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yu
- Dept. of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, Box 0446, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, USA
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Foster JE, Gott K, Schuyler MR, Kozak W, Tesfaigzi Y. LPS-induced neutrophilic inflammation and Bcl-2 expression in metaplastic mucous cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L405-14. [PMID: 12704018 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00249.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies show that Bcl-2, a regulator of apoptosis, may be involved in the reduction of mucous cell metaplasia (MCM) during recovery from inflammatory responses. The present study was to determine whether neutrophilic inflammation mediates Bcl-2 expression in mucous cells. Rats were intratracheally instilled with 50-1000 microg of LPS. The number of neutrophils recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) increased with the dose of LPS, and the percentage of Bcl-2-expressing cells increased with the numbers of neutrophils in the BAL. Depletion of neutrophils did not reduce MCM, but the percentage of Bcl-2-positive cells increased 1.8-fold in neutrophil-depleted compared with controls. Injection of rats with bezafibrate, an inducer of cytochrome P-450, doubled the number of neutrophils in the BAL, decreased MCM twofold compared with vehicle-injected controls, and reduced Bcl-2 expression. Bcl-2 mRNA levels decreased in a tracheal epithelial cell line treated with bezafibrate. These data demonstrate that Bcl-2 expression is independent of the number of neutrophils in the BAL and that bezafibrate may directly reduce Bcl-2 expression in epithelial cells.
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