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Jiang ST, Lian SY, Sun YH, Pan MB, Wang B, Wang H, Hua J, Wang YC, Wang QL, Dong YF. The oxytocin receptor is essential for the protective effect of pair housing on post-stroke depression in mice. Exp Gerontol 2024; 190:112432. [PMID: 38614224 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of social interaction in mitigating the incidence of post-stroke depression (PSD) and ameliorating depressive symptoms has been consistently demonstrated through preclinical and clinical studies. However, the underlying relationship with oxytocin requires further investigation. In light of this, the present study aimed to explore the protective effect of pair housing on the development of PSD and the potential relationship with oxytocin receptors. The PSD model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 50 min, followed by 4-week isolated housing and restrained stress. Subsequently, each mouse in the pair-housing group (PH) was pair-housed with an isosexual healthy partner. Another group was continuously administrated fluoxetine (10 mg/Kg, i.p, once a day) for 3 weeks. To elucidate the potential role of oxytocin, we subjected pair-housed PSD mice to treatment with an oxytocin receptor (OXTR) antagonist (L368,889) (5 mg/Kg, i.p, once a day) for 3 weeks. At 31 to 32 days after MCAO, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were assessed using sucrose consumption, forced swim test, and tail-suspension test. The results showed that pair housing significantly improved post-stroke depression to an extent comparable to that of fluoxetine treatment. Furthermore, pair housing significantly decreased corticosterone in serum, increasing OXT mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Treatment with L368,889 essentially reversed the effect of pair housing, with no discernible sex differences apart from changes in body weight. Pair housing increased hippocampal serotonin (5-HT), but treatment with L368,889 had no significant impact. Additionally, pair housing effectively reduced the number of reactive astrocytes and increased Nissl's body in the cortex and hippocampal CA3 regions. Correspondingly, treatment with L368,889 significantly reversed the changes in the Nissl's body and reactive astrocytes. Moreover, pair housing downregulated mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex caused by PSD, which was also reversed by treatment with L368,889. In conclusion, pair housing protects against the development of PSD depending on OXT and OXTR in the brain, with no significant divergence based on sex. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of social interaction and oxytocin as therapeutic targets for PSD. Further research into the underlying mechanisms of these effects may contribute to the development of novel treatments for PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ting Jiang
- Department of Medical Care, School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu-Ying Lian
- Department of Medical Care, School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yao-Huan Sun
- Department of Medical Care, School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mei-Bo Pan
- Department of Medical Care, School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Medical Care, School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Care, School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Chen Wang
- Department of Medical Care, School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiu-Ling Wang
- Department of Medical Care, School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yin-Feng Dong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Zuloaga DG, Lafrican JJ, Zuloaga KL. Androgen regulation of behavioral stress responses and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Horm Behav 2024; 162:105528. [PMID: 38503191 PMCID: PMC11144109 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Testosterone is a powerful steroid hormone that can impact the brain and behavior in various ways, including regulating behavioral and neuroendocrine (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis) stress responses. Early in life androgens can act to alter development of brain regions associated with stress regulation, which ultimately impacts the display of stress responses later in life. Adult circulating androgens can also influence the expression of distinct genes and proteins that regulate stress responses. These changes in the brain are hypothesized to underlie the potent effects of androgens in regulating behaviors related to stress and stress-induced activation of the HPA axis. Androgens can induce alterations in these functions through direct binding to the androgen receptor (AR) or following conversion to estrogens and subsequent binding to estrogen receptors including estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), beta (ERβ), and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). In this review, we focus on the role of androgens in regulating behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses at different stages of the lifespan and the sex hormone receptors involved in regulating these effects. We also review the specific brain regions and cell phenotypes upon which androgens are proposed to act to regulate stress responses with an emphasis on hypothalamic and extended amygdala subregions. This knowledge of androgen effects on these neural systems is critical for understanding how sex hormones regulate stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Zuloaga
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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Jiang N, Yao C, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Chen F, Luo Y, Choudhary MI, Pan R, Liu X. Antidepressant effects of Parishin C in chronic social defeat stress-induced depressive mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117891. [PMID: 38331122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Parishin C (Par), a prominent bioactive compound in Gastrodia elata Blume with little toxicity and shown neuroprotective effects. However, its impact on depression remains largely unexplored. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the antidepressant effects of Par using a chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) mouse model and elucidate its molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CSDS-induced depression mouse model was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Par. The social interaction test (SIT) and sucrose preference test (SPT), tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) were conducted to assess the effects of Par on depressive-like behaviours. The levels of corticosterone, neurotransmitters (5-HT, DA and NE) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activation of a microglia was assessed by immunofluorescence labeling Iba-1. The protein expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and IL-6 verified by Western blot. RESULT Oral administration of Par (4 and 8 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, administration significantly ameliorate depression-like behaviors induced by CSDS, as shown by the increase social interaction in SIT, increase sucrose preference in SPT and the decrease immobility in TST and FST. Par administration decreased serum corticosterone level and increased the 5-HT, DA and NE concentration in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, Par treatment suppressed microglial activation (Iba1) as well as reduced levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) with decreased protein expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS our study provides the first evidence that Par exerts antidepressant-like effects in mice with CSDS-induced depression. This effect appears to be mediated by the normalization of neurotransmitter and corticosterone levels, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This newfound antidepressant property of Par offers a novel perspective on its pharmacological effects, providing valuable insights into its potential therapeutic and preventive applications in depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Caihong Yao
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanqin Luo
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ruile Pan
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Van Loh BM, Yaw AM, Breuer JA, Jackson B, Nguyen D, Jang K, Ramos F, Ho EV, Cui LJ, Gillette DLM, Sempere LF, Gorman MR, Tonsfeldt KJ, Mellon PL, Hoffmann HM. The transcription factor VAX1 in VIP neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus impacts circadian rhythm generation, depressive-like behavior, and the reproductive axis in a sex-specific manner in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1269672. [PMID: 38205198 PMCID: PMC10777845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1269672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) within the hypothalamus is a key brain structure required to relay light information to the body and synchronize cell and tissue level rhythms and hormone release. Specific subpopulations of SCN neurons, defined by their peptide expression, regulate defined SCN output. Here we focus on the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expressing neurons of the SCN. SCN VIP neurons are known to regulate circadian rhythms and reproductive function. Methods To specifically study SCN VIP neurons, we generated a novel knock out mouse line by conditionally deleting the SCN enriched transcription factor, Ventral Anterior Homeobox 1 (Vax1), in VIP neurons (Vax1Vip; Vax1fl/fl:VipCre). Results We found that Vax1Vip females presented with lengthened estrous cycles, reduced circulating estrogen, and increased depressive-like behavior. Further, Vax1Vip males and females presented with a shortened circadian period in locomotor activity and ex vivo SCN circadian period. On a molecular level, the shortening of the SCN period was driven, at least partially, by a direct regulatory role of VAX1 on the circadian clock genes Bmal1 and Per2. Interestingly, Vax1Vip females presented with increased expression of arginine vasopressin (Avp) in the paraventricular nucleus, which resulted in increased circulating corticosterone. SCN VIP and AVP neurons regulate the reproductive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and kisspeptin neurons. To determine how the reproductive neuroendocrine network was impacted in Vax1Vip mice, we assessed GnRH sensitivity to a kisspeptin challenge in vivo. We found that GnRH neurons in Vax1Vip females, but not males, had an increased sensitivity to kisspeptin, leading to increased luteinizing hormone release. Interestingly, Vax1Vip males showed a small, but significant increase in total sperm and a modest delay in pubertal onset. Both male and female Vax1Vip mice were fertile and generated litters comparable in size and frequency to controls. Conclusion Together, these data identify VAX1 in SCN VIP neurons as a neurological overlap between circadian timekeeping, female reproduction, and depressive-like symptoms in mice, and provide novel insight into the role of SCN VIP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M. Van Loh
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Yaw
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joseph A. Breuer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brooke Jackson
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Duong Nguyen
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Krystal Jang
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Fabiola Ramos
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Emily V. Ho
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laura J. Cui
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dominique L. M. Gillette
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lorenzo F. Sempere
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Michael R. Gorman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karen J. Tonsfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pamela L. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hanne M. Hoffmann
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Lebedeva S, Margaryan A, Smolyarchuk E, Nedorubov A, Materenchuk M, Tonevitsky A, Mutig K. Metabolic effects of vasopressin in pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1176199. [PMID: 37790608 PMCID: PMC10545091 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1176199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the major cause of the chronic kidney disease (CKD). Enhanced plasma vasopressin (VP) levels have been associated with the pathophysiology of DKD and CKD. Stimulation of VP release in DKD is caused by glucose-dependent reset of the osmostat leading to secondary pathophysiologic effects mediated by distinct VP receptor types. VP is a stress hormone exhibiting the antidiuretic action in the kidney along with broad adaptive effects in other organs. Excessive activation of the vasopressin type 2 (V2) receptor in the kidney leads to glomerular hyperfiltration and nephron loss, whereas stimulation of vasopressin V1a or V1b receptors in the liver, pancreas, and adrenal glands promotes catabolic metabolism for energy mobilization, enhancing glucose production and aggravating DKD. Increasing availability of selective VP receptor antagonists opens new therapeutic windows separating the renal and extra-renal VP effects for the concrete applications. Improved understanding of these paradigms is mandatory for further drug design and translational implementation. The present concise review focuses on metabolic effects of VP affecting DKD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lebedeva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arus Margaryan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Smolyarchuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Nedorubov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Materenchuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Yoo J, Han J, Lim MH. Transition metal ions and neurotransmitters: coordination chemistry and implications for neurodegeneration. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:548-563. [PMID: 37547459 PMCID: PMC10398360 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by a disturbance in neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of transition metal ions, including Cu(i/ii), Zn(ii), and Fe(ii/iii), in neurotransmission, thereby making the coordination chemistry of neurotransmitters a growing field of interest in understanding signal dysfunction. This review outlines the physiological functions of transition metal ions and neurotransmitters, with the metal-binding properties of small molecule-based neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Additionally, we discuss the structural and conformational changes of neurotransmitters induced by redox-active metal ions, such as Cu(i/ii) and Fe(ii/iii), and briefly describe the outcomes arising from their oxidation, polymerization, and aggregation. These observations have important implications for neurodegeneration and emphasize the need for further research to develop potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeasang Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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7
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Paul B, Sterner ZR, Bhawal R, Anderson ET, Zhang S, Buchholz DR. Impaired negative feedback and death following acute stress in glucocorticoid receptor knockout Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 326:114072. [PMID: 35697317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucocorticoid levels are regulated by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis (HPA axis in mammals, HPI axis in amphibians), and negative feedback by glucocorticoid signaling is a key player in that regulation. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR and MR) mediate negative feedback in mammals, but little is known about nuclear receptor-mediated feedback in amphibians. Because amphibians have only one corticosteroidogenic cell type responsible for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production, we hypothesized that GR knockout (GRKO) tadpoles have elevated levels of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids as well as axis components regulating their production. We also examined the response to stress and potential for increased aldosterone signaling in GRKO tadpoles. We found that GRKO tadpoles have severe hyperactivity of the HPI axis, namely high mRNA expression levels of pomc, cyp17a1, cyp21a2, cyp11b2, and star, and high tissue content of corticosterone, aldosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 21-deoxycortisol, and progesterone. Such aberrant HPI activity was accompanied by reduced survival after acute temperature shock and shaking stress. Like mammalian models of HPA hyperactivity, GRKO tadpoles have high MR mRNA expression levels in brain, kidney, heart, and skin and high levels of the inflammatory cytokine tnf-α and the profibrotic factor tgf-β in kidneys. This study showed GR is critical for negative feedback to the amphibian HPI axis and for survival from acute stressors. This study also showed GRKO tadpoles exhibit altered expression/overproduction of regulators of salt-water homeostasis and associated biomarkers of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Zachary R Sterner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Anderson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Daniel R Buchholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States.
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Yang W, Li H, Cheng Z, Lu Y, Li W, Feng J, Wang L, Cheng J. Dex modulates the balance of water-electrolyte metabolism by depressing the expression of AVP in PVN. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919032. [PMID: 36081946 PMCID: PMC9445239 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a highly selective α2 adrenergic agonist used in clinical anesthesia. Studies have shown that Dex can act on the collecting duct and reduce the body’s water reabsorption, thereby increasing water discharge. However, the specific mechanism of Dex on water homeostasis remains unclear. The hypothalamus is the regulatory center of water and salt balance and secretes related neurochemical hormones, such as arginine vasopressin (AVP), to regulate the discharge of water and salt. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus are also considered to be the key targets of the thirst loop. They are responsible for the secretion of AVP. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is also one of the brain regions where AVP neurons are densely distributed in the hypothalamus. This study used C57BL/6J mice for behavior, immunofluorescence, and blood analysis experiments. Our results showed that Dex could not only depress the expression of AVP in the PVN but also reduce serum AVP concentration. The animal water intake was decreased without impairing the difference in food consumption and the urine excretion was enhanced after the intraperitoneal injection of Dex, while AVP supplementation restored the water intake and inhibited the urine excretion of mice in the Dex group. In addition, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is vital to maintaining serum sodium concentration and extracellular volume. We found that serum sodium, serum chloride, serum aldosterone (ALD) concentration, and plasma osmolality were decreased in the Dex group, which inhibited water reabsorption, and the plasma osmolarity of mice in the Dex group supplemented with AVP was significantly higher than that in Dex group. We also found that Dex significantly increased the concentration of blood urea nitrogen and decreased the concentration of creatinine within the normal range of clinical indicators, indicating that there was no substantive lesion in the renal parenchyma. These results showed that Dex could modulate the balance of water-electrolyte metabolism by depressing the expression of AVP in PVN without impairing renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongle Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wuli Li
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liecheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Cheng, ; Liecheng Wang,
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Cheng, ; Liecheng Wang,
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Sheng JA, Tan SML, Hale TM, Handa RJ. Androgens and Their Role in Regulating Sex Differences in the Hypothalamic/Pituitary/Adrenal Axis Stress Response and Stress-Related Behaviors. ANDROGENS: CLINICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 2:261-274. [PMID: 35024695 PMCID: PMC8744007 DOI: 10.1089/andro.2021.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgens play a pivotal role during development. These gonadal hormones and their receptors exert organizational actions that shape brain morphology in regions controlling the stress regulatory systems in a male-specific manner. Specifically, androgens drive sex differences in the hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenal (HPA) axis and corresponding hypothalamic neuropeptides. While studies have examined the role of estradiol and its receptors in sex differences in the HPA axis and associated behaviors, the role of androgens remains far less studied. Androgens are generally thought to modulate the HPA axis through the activation of androgen receptors (ARs). They can also impact the HPA axis through reduction to estrogenic metabolites that can bind estrogen receptors in the brain and periphery. Such regulation of the HPA axis stress response by androgens can often result in sex-biased risk factors for stress-related disorders, such as anxiety and depression. This review focuses on the biosynthesis pathways and molecular actions of androgens and their nuclear receptors. The impact of androgens on hypothalamic neuropeptide systems (corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin, oxytocin, dopamine, and serotonin) that control the stress response and stress-related disorders is discussed. Finally, this review discusses potential therapeutics involving androgens (androgen replacement therapies, selective AR modulator therapies) and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julietta A Sheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah M L Tan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Naganawa M, Nabulsi NB, Matuskey D, Henry S, Ropchan J, Lin SF, Gao H, Pracitto R, Labaree D, Zhang MR, Suhara T, Nishino I, Sabia H, Ozaki S, Huang Y, Carson RE. Imaging pituitary vasopressin 1B receptor in humans with the novel PET radiotracer 11C-TASP699. J Nucl Med 2021; 63:609-614. [PMID: 34385336 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a hormone that is mainly synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. Receptors for vasopressin are categorized into at least three subtypes (V1A, V1B, V2). Among these subtypes, the V1B receptor (V1BR), highly expressed in the pituitary, is a primary regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and thus a potential target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. 11C-TASP699 is a novel PET radiotracer with high affinity and selectivity for the V1BR. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic and binding profiles of 11C-TASP699 in human and determine its utility in an occupancy study of a novel V1BR antagonist, TS-121. Methods: Six healthy subjects were scanned twice with 11C-TASP699 to determine the most appropriate kinetic model for analysis of imaging data and test-retest reproducibility of outcome measures. Nine healthy subjects were scanned before and after administration of TS-121 (active component: THY1773) to assess V1BR occupancy. Metabolite-corrected arterial input functions were obtained. Pituitary time-activity curves were analyzed with one- and two-tissue compartment (1TC, 2TC) models and multilinear analysis 1 (MA1) to calculate distribution volumes (V T). Relative test-retest variability (TRV) and absolute test-retest variability (aTRV) were calculated. Since no brain region could be used as a reference region, percent change in V T after TS-121 administration was computed to assess its receptor occupancy and correlate with plasma concentration of the drug. Results: 11C-TASP699 showed high uptake in the pituitary and no uptake in any brain regions. The 2TC model provided better fits than the 1TC model. The MA1 V T estimates were very similar to the 2TC V T estimates, so MA1 was the model of choice. TRV of V T was good (TRV: -2 ± 14%, aTRV: 11%). THY1773 reduced VT in a dose-dependent fashion, with IC50 of 177 ± 52 ng/mL in plasma concentration. There were no adverse events resulting in discontinuation from the study. Conclusion: 11C-TASP699 was shown to display appropriate kinetics in human with substantial specific binding and good reproducibility of V T Therefore, this tracer is suitable for measurement of the V1BR in human pituitary and V1BR occupancy of TS-121, a novel V1BR antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
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Ellis BJ, Horn AJ, Carter CS, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Developmental programming of oxytocin through variation in early-life stress: Four meta-analyses and a theoretical reinterpretation. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 86:101985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Chaki S. Vasopressin V1B Receptor Antagonists as Potential Antidepressants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:450-463. [PMID: 33733667 PMCID: PMC8278797 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that certain populations of depressed patients have impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is one of the primary factors in HPA axis regulation under stress situations, and AVP and its receptor subtype (V1B receptor) play a pivotal role in HPA axis abnormalities observed in depression. Based on this hypothesis, several non-peptide V1B receptor antagonists have been synthesized, and the efficacies of some V1B receptor antagonists have been investigated in both animals and humans. V1B receptor antagonists exert antidepressant-like effects in several animal models at doses that attenuate the hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and some of their detailed mechanisms have been delineated. These results obtained in animal models were, at least partly, reproduced in clinical trials. At least 2 V1B receptor antagonists (TS-121 and ABT-436) showed tendencies to reduce the depression scores of patients with major depressive disorder at doses that attenuate HPA axis hyperactivity or block the pituitary V1B receptor. Importantly, TS-121 showed a clearer efficacy for patients with higher basal cortisol levels than for those with lower basal cortisol levels, which was consistent with the hypothesis that V1B receptor antagonists may be more effective for patients with HPA axis hyperactivity. Therefore, V1B receptor antagonists are promising approaches for the treatment of depression involving HPA axis impairment such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, Japan,Correspondence: Shigeyuki Chaki, PhD, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1–403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331–9530, Japan ()
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13
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Heida JE, Minović I, van Faassen M, Kema IP, Boertien WE, Bakker SJL, van Beek AP, Gansevoort RT. Effect of Vasopressin on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in ADPKD Patients during V2 Receptor Antagonism. Am J Nephrol 2020; 51:861-870. [PMID: 33147589 DOI: 10.1159/000511000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are treated with a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist (V2RA) to slow disease progression. This drug increases vasopressin considerably in these patients with already elevated baseline levels. Vasopressin is known to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through V1 and V3 receptor activation. It is unknown whether this increase in vasopressin during V2RA treatment affects glucocorticoid production. METHODS Twenty-seven ADPKD patients were studied on and off treatment with a V2RA and compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls and IgA nephropathy patients, the latter also matched for kidney function. Vasopressin was measured by its surrogate copeptin. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of cortisol, cortisone, tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrocortisol, allotetrahydrocortisol, and the total glucocorticoid pool were measured. RESULTS At baseline, ADPKD patients demonstrated a higher copeptin concentration in comparison with healthy controls, while urinary excretion of cortisol and cortisone was lower (medians of 0.23 vs. 0.34 μmol/24 h, p = 0.007, and 0.29 vs. 0.53 μmol/24 h, p < 0.001, respectively). There were no differences in cortisol and cortisone excretion compared to IgA nephropathy patients. Cortisol, cortisone, and total glucocorticoid excretions correlated with kidney function (R = 0.37, 0.58, and 0.19, respectively; all p < 0.05). Despite that V2RA treatment resulted in a 3-fold increase in copeptin, only cortisone excretion increased (median of 0.44 vs. baseline 0.29 μmol/24 h, p < 0.001), whereas no changes in cortisol or total glucocorticoid excretion were observed. CONCLUSIONS Increased concentration of vasopressin in ADPKD patients at baseline and during V2RA treatment does not result in activation of the HPA axis. The impaired glucocorticoid production in these patients is related to their degree of kidney function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Heida
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Isidor Minović
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy E Boertien
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gatta E, Saudagar V, Auta J, Grayson DR, Guidotti A. Epigenetic landscape of stress surfeit disorders: Key role for DNA methylation dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 156:127-183. [PMID: 33461662 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress throughout lifespan alters brain structure and function, inducing a maladaptive response to environmental stimuli, that can contribute to the development of a pathological phenotype. Studies have shown that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction is associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive, alcohol use and post-traumatic stress disorders. Downstream actors of the HPA axis, glucocorticoids are critical mediators of the stress response and exert their function through specific receptors, i.e., the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), highly expressed in stress/reward-integrative pathways. GRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that recruit epigenetic actors to regulate gene expression via DNA methylation, altering chromatin structure and thus shaping the response to stress. The dynamic interplay between stress response and epigenetic modifiers suggest DNA methylation plays a key role in the development of stress surfeit disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gatta
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vikram Saudagar
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James Auta
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dennis R Grayson
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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15
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Zuloaga DG, Heck AL, De Guzman RM, Handa RJ. Roles for androgens in mediating the sex differences of neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:44. [PMID: 32727567 PMCID: PMC7388454 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in a male or female direction. During adulthood, gonadal steroid hormones can activate or inhibit brain regions to modulate adult functions. Sex differences in behavioral and neuroendocrine (i.e., hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis) responses to stress arise as a result of these organizational and activational actions. The sex differences that are present in the HPA and behavioral responses to stress are particularly important considering their role in maintaining homeostasis. Furthermore, dysregulation of these systems can underlie the sex biases in risk for complex, stress-related diseases that are found in humans. Although many studies have explored the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in mediating sex differences in stress-related behaviors and HPA function, much less consideration has been given to the role of androgens. While circulating androgens can act by binding and activating androgen receptors, they can also act by metabolism to estrogenic molecules to impact estrogen signaling in the brain and periphery. This review focuses on androgens as an important hormone for modulating the HPA axis and behaviors throughout life and for setting up sex differences in key stress regulatory systems that could impact risk for disease in adulthood. In particular, impacts of androgens on neuropeptide systems known to play key roles in HPA and behavioral responses to stress (corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin, and oxytocin) are discussed. A greater knowledge of androgen action in the brain is key to understanding the neurobiology of stress in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley L Heck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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16
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Popovic M, Ebrahimi F, Urwyler SA, Donath MY, Christ-Crain M. The role of IL-1 in the regulation of copeptin in patients with metabolic syndrome. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:715-723. [PMID: 32698151 PMCID: PMC7424357 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) was suggested to contribute to cardiovascular risk and type 2 diabetes in patients with metabolic syndrome. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 is able to induce AVP secretion and plays a causal role in cardiovascular mortality and type 2 diabetes. We investigated in two studies whether copeptin levels - the surrogate marker for AVP - are regulated by IL-1-mediated chronic inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome. Study A was a prospective, interventional, single-arm study (2014-2016). Study B was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (2016-2017). n = 73 (Study A) and n = 66 (Study B) adult patients with metabolic syndrome were treated with 100 mg anakinra or placebo (only in study B) twice daily for 1 day (study A) and 28 days (study B). Fasting blood samples were drawn at day 1, 7, and 28 of treatment for measurement of serum copeptin. Patients with chronic low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein levels ≥2 mg/L) and BMI >35 kg/m2 had higher baseline copeptin levels (7.7 (IQR 4.9-11.9) vs 5.8 (IQR 3.9-9.3) pmol/L, Pinflamm = 0.009; 7.8 (IQR 5.4-11.7) vs 4.9 (IQR 3.7-9.8) pmol/L, PBMI = 0.008). Copeptin levels did not change either in the anakinra or in the placebo group and remained stable throughout the treatment (P = 0.44). Subgroup analyses did not reveal effect modifications. Therefore, we conclude that, although IL-1-mediated inflammation is associated with increased circulating copeptin levels, antagonizing IL-1 does not significantly alter copeptin levels in patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Popovic
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fahim Ebrahimi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Andrea Urwyler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Yves Donath
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Christ-Crain:
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Guan Z, Jacobs G, van Pelt H, Van Gerven JM, Burggraaf J, Zhao W. PK/PD modeling of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) challenge test with cortisol measurement in serum and saliva. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00574. [PMID: 32168433 PMCID: PMC7069653 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was planned to build a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) challenge study including a circadian rhythm component of cortisol and to predict serum cortisol based on saliva cortisol. Data from three 5‐HTP challenge studies in healthy volunteers were collected. Serum 5‐HTP, saliva, and serum cortisol were sampled as PK and PD marker. The population PK/PD modeling approach was applied. A baseline model of serum cortisol was built to assess the circadian rhythm before a pharmacodynamic model was used to evaluate the drug effect of the 5‐HTP on cortisol. Finally, linear and power function relationships were tested to predict serum cortisol based on saliva cortisol. The PK of 5‐HTP could be described using a one‐compartment model with a transit compartment. The typical value for clearance was 20.40 L h−1 and showed inter‐study variability. A cosine function was chosen and properly described the circadian rhythm of serum cortisol. A linear approximation model was applied to fit the 5‐HTP PD effect on cortisol data with a slope of 4.16 ng mL−1 h. A power function provided a better description than a linear function to relate the saliva and serum cortisol. In conclusion, a circadian rhythm component was built in the PK/PD model of the 5‐HTP challenge test which could better improve the understanding of the stimulating effect on HPA with cortisol change. After the 5‐HTP challenge, saliva cortisol correlated well with serum cortisol and was predictable by a population PK‐PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guan
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Jacobs
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Joop M.A. Van Gerven
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical PharmacySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong UniversityJinanChina
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18
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Swaab DF, Bao AM. Sex differences in stress-related disorders: Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:335-358. [PMID: 33008536 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related disorders, such as mood disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are more common in women than in men. This sex difference is at least partly due to the organizing effect of sex steroids during intrauterine development, while activating or inhibiting effects of circulating sex hormones in the postnatal period and adulthood also play a role. Such effects result in structural and functional changes in neuronal networks, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides, which make the arousal- and stress-related brain systems more vulnerable to environmental stressful events in women. Certain brainstem nuclei, the amygdala, habenula, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus are important hubs in the stress-related neuronal network. Various hypothalamic nuclei play a central role in this sexually dimorphic network. This concerns not only the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis), which integrates the neuro-endocrine-immune responses to stress, but also other hypothalamic nuclei and systems that play a key role in the symptoms of mood disorders, such as disordered day-night rhythm, lack of reward feelings, disturbed eating and sex, and disturbed cognitive functions. The present chapter focuses on the structural and functional sex differences that are present in the stress-related brain systems in mood disorders and PTSD, placing the HPA-axis in the center. The individual differences in the vulnerability of the discussed systems, caused by genetic and epigenetic developmental factors warrant further research to develop tailor-made therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Anastassiadis C, Jones SL, Pruessner JC. Imaging the pituitary in psychopathologies: a review of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging studies. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2587-2601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Min HK, Sung SA, Lee SY, Lee SW. Sub-morbid dehydration-associated glomerular hyperfiltration: An emerging reality? Kidney Res Clin Pract 2019; 38:196-204. [PMID: 30991770 PMCID: PMC6577221 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.18.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe dehydration decreases renal perfusion. However, it is unclear whether sub-morbid dehydration affects kidney function similarly. Although there have been numerous animal and human studies that have suggested mild dehydration is associated with glomerular hyperfiltration, it has not been confirmed on a large-scale in the general population. Therefore, we aimed to identify the relationship between hydration status and kidney function. Methods We reviewed the data of 28,342 adults who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Urine specific gravity unit (SGU) was the primary variable that indicated hydration status, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was used as the primary outcome. Results Multivariate linear regression analysis showed urine SGU was positively associated with eGFR, which was J-shaped in the multivariate generalized additive model plot. In the penalized spline curve analysis, the odds ratio for high eGFR was steadily increased. Although increased urine SGU was associated with decreased blood pressure and pulse rate, it had no effect on increased fasting glucose and total cholesterol, suggesting conflicting cardio-metabolic dehydration effects. Conclusion Dehydration, presumably sub-morbid in an ambulatory community-dwelling general population, is associated with higher kidney function. The clinical significance of sub-morbid dehydration-associated glomerular hyperfiltration needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Ki Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Ah Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Sivukhina EV, Jirikowski GF. Osmotic stress induces corticosteroid-binding globulin expression in the rat hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 96:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Xia Q, Wang H, Yin H, Yang Z. Excessive corticosterone induces excitotoxicity of hippocampal neurons and sensitivity of potassium channels via insulin-signaling pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:119-128. [PMID: 30284676 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Corticosterone (CORT) is a kind of corticosteroid produced by cortex of adrenal glands. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperfunction leads to excessive CORT, which is associated with depression. Few studies have investigated the role of CORT in voltage-gated ion channels and its upstream signaling pathway in central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of excessive CORT resulting in brain impairment on voltage-gated ion channels, and its upstream signaling effectors in hippocampal CA1 neurons. The action potential (AP) and voltage-gated potassium currents were determined by using whole-cell patch-clamp. Insulin and CORT improved the neuronal excitability. Independent effects existed in transient potassium channel (IA) and delay rectifier potassium channel (IK). The inhibition of potassium currents, IA in our experiment, could increase neuronal excitability. CORT led to the excitotoxicity of hippocampal neurons via phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)-mediated insulin-signaling pathway. Therefore, the stimulation of excessive CORT induces excitotoxicity of hippocampal neurons and sensitivity of potassium channels via PI3K-mediated insulin-signaling pathway, which indicates one possible way of depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xia
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongqiang Yin
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Sagar PS, Zhang J, Luciuk M, Mannix C, Wong ATY, Rangan GK. Increased water intake reduces long-term renal and cardiovascular disease progression in experimental polycystic kidney disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209186. [PMID: 30601830 PMCID: PMC6314616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the most common inherited cause of kidney failure and currently has limited treatment options. Increasing water intake reduces renal cyst growth in the pck rat (a genetic ortholog of autosomal recessive PKD) but it is not clear if this beneficial effect is present in other models of PKD. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that high water intake (HWI) reduces the progression of cystic renal disease in Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK) rats (a genetic ortholog of human nephronophthisis-9). Groups of female and male LPK (n = 8–10 per group) and Lewis (n = 4 per group) rats received water ad libitum supplemented with or without 5% glucose [to simulate HWI or normal water intake (NWI) respectively] from postnatal weeks 3 to 16. Water intake increased ~1.3-fold in the LPK+HWI group compared to LPK+NWI rats between weeks 3 to 10 but the differences were not significant at later timepoints. In LPK rats, HWI reduced the increases in the kidney to body weight ratio by 54% at week 10 and by 42% at week 16 compared to NWI (both p<0.01). The reduction in kidney enlargement was accompanied by decreases in the percentage renal cyst area, percentage renal interstitial collagen and proteinuria (all p<0.05). At week 16, HWI reduced systolic blood pressure and the heart to body to weight ratio by 16% and 21% respectively in males LPK rats (both p<0.01). In conclusion, a modest increase in water intake during the early phase of disease was sufficient to attenuate renal cystic disease in LPK rats, with secondary benefits on hypertension and cardiovascular disease. These data provide further preclinical evidence that increased water intake is a potential intervention in cystic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Sagar
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Magda Luciuk
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carly Mannix
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Annette T. Y. Wong
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gopala K. Rangan
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Vaeroy H, Schneider F, Fetissov SO. Neurobiology of Aggressive Behavior-Role of Autoantibodies Reactive With Stress-Related Peptide Hormones. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:872. [PMID: 31866881 PMCID: PMC6904880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone together with arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, the neuropeptides regulating the stress response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, are known to modulate aggressive behavior. The functional role of the adrenocorticotropic hormone immunoglobulin G autoantibodies in peptidergic signaling and motivated behavior, including aggression, has been shown in experimental and in vitro models. This review summarizes some experimental data implicating autoantibodies reactive with stress-related peptides in aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Vaeroy
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Frida Schneider
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
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25
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Maruyama NO, Mitchell NC, Truong TT, Toney GM. Activation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus by acute intermittent hypoxia: Implications for sympathetic long-term facilitation neuroplasticity. Exp Neurol 2018; 314:1-8. [PMID: 30605624 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces a progressive increase of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) that reflects a form of neuroplasticity known as sympathetic long-term facilitation (sLTF). Our recent findings indicate that activity of neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to AIH-induced sLTF, but neither the intra-PVN distribution nor the neurochemical identity of AIH responsive neurons has been determined. Here, awake rats were exposed to 10 cycles of AIH and c-Fos immunohistochemistry was performed to identify transcriptionally activated neurons in rostral, middle and caudal planes of the PVN. Effects of graded intensities of AIH were investigated in separate groups of rats (n = 6/group) in which inspired oxygen (O2) was reduced every 6 min from 21% to nadirs of 10%, 8% or 6%. All intensities of AIH failed to increase c-Fos counts in the caudally located lateral parvocellular region of the PVN. c-Fos counts increased in the dorsal parvocellular and central magnocellular regions, but significance was achieved only with AIH to 6% O2 (P < 0.002). By contrast, graded intensities of AIH induced graded c-Fos activation in the stress-related medial parvocellular (MP) region. Focusing on AIH exposure to 8% O2, experiments next investigated the stress-regulatory neuropeptide content of AIH-activated MP neurons. Tissue sections immunostained for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) revealed a significantly greater number of neurons stained for CRH than AVP (P < 0.0001), though AIH induced expression of c-Fos in a similar fraction (~14%) of each neurochemical class. Amongst AIH-activated MP neurons, ~30% stained for CRH while only ~2% stained for AVP. Most AIH-activated CRH neurons (~82%) were distributed in the rostral one-half of the PVN. Results indicate that AIH recruits CRH, but not AVP, neurons in rostral to middle levels of the MP region of PVN, and raise the possibility that these CRH neurons may be a substrate for AIH-induced sLTF neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Oliveira Maruyama
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Nathan C Mitchell
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Tamara T Truong
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Glenn M Toney
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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26
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Bao AM, Swaab DF. The human hypothalamus in mood disorders: The HPA axis in the center. IBRO Rep 2018; 6:45-53. [PMID: 31211281 PMCID: PMC6562194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no specific structural neuropathological hallmarks found in the brain of mood disorders. Instead, there are molecular, functional and structural alterations reported in many brain areas. The neurodevelopmental underpinning indicated the presence of various genetic and developmental risk factors. The effect of genetic polymorphisms and developmental sequalae, some of which may start in the womb, result in functional changes in a network mediated by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, which make the emotion- and stress-related brain systems more vulnerable to stressful events. This network of stress-related neurocircuits consists of, for instance, brainstem nuclei, the amygdala, habenula, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus. Various nuclei of the hypothalamus form indeed one of the crucial hubs in this network. This structure concerns not only the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that integrate the neuro-endocrine-immune responses to stress, but also other hypothalamic nuclei and systems that play a key role in the symptoms of depression, such as disordered day-night rhythm, lack of reward feelings, disturbed eating, sex, and disturbed cognitive functions. The present review will focus on the changes in the human hypothalamus in depression, with the HPA axis in the center. We will discuss the inordinate network of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved, with the hope to find the most vulnerable neurobiological systems and the possible development of tailor-made treatments for mood disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of neuroscience, NHC and CAMS key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of neuroscience, NHC and CAMS key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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27
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Russell AL, Tasker JG, Lucion AB, Fiedler J, Munhoz CD, Wu TYJ, Deak T. Factors promoting vulnerability to dysregulated stress reactivity and stress-related disease. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12641. [PMID: 30144202 PMCID: PMC6181794 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Effective coordination of the biological stress response is integral for the behavioural well-being of an organism. Stress reactivity is coordinated by an interplay of the neuroendocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in orchestrating the bodily responses to stress, and the activity of the axis can be modified by a wide range of experiential events. This review focuses on several factors that influence subsequent HPA axis reactivity. Some of these factors include early-life adversity, exposure to chronic stress, immune activation and traumatic brain injury. The central premise is that each of these experiences serves as a general vulnerability factor that accelerates future HPA axis reactivity in ways that make individuals more sensitive to stress challenges, therefore feeding forward into the exacerbation of ongoing (or greater susceptibility toward) future stress-related disease states, especially as they pertain to negative affect and overall brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Russell
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey G Tasker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Los Angeles
| | - Aldo B Lucion
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jenny Fiedler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina D Munhoz
- Deparment of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tao-Yiao John Wu
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
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Differential activation of arginine-vasopressin receptor subtypes in the amygdaloid modulation of anxiety in the rat by arginine-vasopressin. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1015-1027. [PMID: 29306965 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The amygdala plays a paramount role in the modulation of anxiety and numerous studies have shown that arginine vasopressin (AVP) elicits anxiogenic effects following either its systemic or septal administration. OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper was to study the involvement of vasopressinergic neurotransmission in the amygdaloid modulation of unconditioned anxiety and to ascertain whether or not AVP receptor subtypes may have a differential role in this modulation. METHODS Anxiety behavior was evaluated both in Shock-Probe Burying Test and Light-Dark Box following the bilateral microinfusion of AVP alone or AVP together with either AVP 1a or AVP 1b receptor antagonists into the central amygdala (CeA). RESULTS AVP microinfusion elicited at low (1 ng/side) but not at high doses (10 ng/side) anxiogenic-like responses in the Shock-Probe Burying Test but not in the Light-Dark Box. SSR149415, an AVP 1b antagonist unlike Manning compound, an AVP 1a antagonist, fully prevented AVP effects in the Shock-Probe Burying Test when it was administered simultaneously with AVP. In addition, oxytocin receptor blockade also failed to affect AVP effects. No effects of any AVP antagonist by itself were observed in both anxiety paradigms. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AVP 1b receptor contribute to the amygdaloid modulation of anxiety at least in the context of the Shock-Probe Burying Test since no effects were noticed in the Light-Dark Box. It remains to the future to ascertain whether AVP receptor subtypes have indeed differential actions either in the modulation of global or specific features of unconditioned anxiety.
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29
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Emmerson MG, Spencer KA. Group housing during adolescence has long-term effects on the adult stress response in female, but not male, zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 256:71-79. [PMID: 28694052 PMCID: PMC5771470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent social interactions can have long-term effects on physiological responses to stressors in later-life. A larger adolescent group size can result in higher stressor-induced secretion of glucocorticoids in adulthood. The effect may be due to a socially-mediated modulation of gonadal hormones, e.g. testosterone. However, group size (number of animals) has been conflated with social density (space per animal). Therefore it is hard to determine the mechanisms through which adolescent group size can affect the stress response. The current study aimed to tease apart the effects of group size and social density during adolescence on the physiological stress response and gonadal hormone levels in adulthood. Adolescent zebra finches were housed in groups varying in size (2 vs. 5 birds per cage) and density (0.03m3 vs. 0.06m3 per bird) during early adolescence (day 40-60). Density was only manipulated in birds raised in groups of five. Glucocorticoid concentration secreted in response to a standard capture and restraint stressor was quantified in adolescence (day 55±1) and adulthood (day 100+). Basal gonadal hormone concentrations (male testosterone, female estradiol) were also quantified in adulthood. Female birds housed in larger groups, independent of social density, secreted a higher glucocorticoid concentration 45min into restraint regardless of age, and had higher peak glucocorticoid concentration in adulthood. Adult gonadal hormone concentrations were not affected by group size or density. Our results suggest that group size, not density, is a social condition that influences the development of the endocrine response to stressors in female zebra finches, and that these effects persist into adulthood. The findings have clear relevance to the social housing conditions necessary for optimal welfare in captive animals, but also elucidate the role of social rearing conditions in the emergence of responses to stressors that may persist across the lifespan and affect fitness of animals in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Emmerson
- University of St Andrews, School of Psychology & Neuroscience, St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen A Spencer
- University of St Andrews, School of Psychology & Neuroscience, St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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30
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O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Stress-Related Psychiatric Co-morbidities: Focus on Early Life Stress. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 239:219-246. [PMID: 28233180 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder, with stress playing a major role in onset and exacerbation of symptoms such as abdominal pain and altered bowel movements. Stress-related disorders including anxiety and depression often precede the development of irritable bowel syndrome and vice versa. Stressor exposure during early life has the potential to increase an individual's susceptibility to both irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric disease indicating that there may be a common origin for these disorders. Moreover, adverse early life events significantly impact upon many of the communication pathways within the brain-gut-microbiota axis, which allows bidirectional interaction between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. This axis is proposed to be perturbed in irritable bowel syndrome and studies now indicate that dysfunction of this axis is also seen in psychiatric disease. Here we review the co-morbidity of irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric disease with their common origin in mind in relation to the impact of early life stress on the developing brain-gut-microbiota axis. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting this axis in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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31
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MacLean EL, Gesquiere LR, Gruen ME, Sherman BL, Martin WL, Carter CS. Endogenous Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Aggression in Domestic Dogs. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1613. [PMID: 29021768 PMCID: PMC5624304 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive behavior in dogs poses public health and animal welfare concerns, however the biological mechanisms regulating dog aggression are not well understood. We investigated the relationships between endogenous plasma oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP)-neuropeptides that have been linked to affiliative and aggressive behavior in other mammalian species-and aggression in domestic dogs. We first validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the measurement of free (unbound) and total (free + bound) OT and AVP in dog plasma. In Experiment 1 we evaluated behavioral and neuroendocrine differences between a population of pet dogs with a history of chronic aggression toward conspecifics and a matched control group. Dogs with a history of aggression exhibited more aggressive behavior during simulated encounters with conspecifics, and had lower free, but higher total plasma AVP than matched controls, but there were no group differences for OT. In Experiment 2 we compared OT and AVP concentrations between pet dogs and a population of assistance dogs that have been bred for affiliative and non-aggressive temperaments, and investigated neuroendocrine predictors of individual differences in social behavior within the assistance dog population. Compared to pet dogs, assistance dogs had higher free and total OT, but there were no differences in either measure for AVP. Within the assistance dog population, dogs who behaved more aggressively toward a threatening stranger had higher total AVP than dogs who did not. Collectively these data suggest that endogenous OT and AVP may play critical roles in shaping dog social behavior, including aspects of both affiliation and aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. MacLean
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Margaret E. Gruen
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Barbara L. Sherman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - C. Sue Carter
- Kinsey Institute and Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IA, United States
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32
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MacLean EL, Gesquiere LR, Gee NR, Levy K, Martin WL, Carter CS. Effects of Affiliative Human-Animal Interaction on Dog Salivary and Plasma Oxytocin and Vasopressin. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1606. [PMID: 28979224 PMCID: PMC5611686 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are neuropeptides with diverse effects on social behavior, cognition and stress responses. Recent studies suggest that OT facilitates and responds to affiliative forms of human-animal interaction (HAI). However, previous studies measuring OT and AVP in dogs have been limited to measures from blood or urine, which present concerns related to the invasiveness of sample collection, the potential for matrix interference in immunoassays, and whether samples can be collected at precise time points to assess event-linked endocrine responses. Previous studies from our laboratory validated salivary measures of OT and AVP in dogs, however, it is currently unknown whether these measures respond dynamically to aspects of HAI. Here, we investigated the effects of affiliative forms of HAI on both plasma and salivary OT and AVP in dogs. We employed a within- and between-subjects design with a group of Labrador retrievers and Labrador retriever × golden retriever crosses (23 females, 15 males). Half of the dogs engaged in 10 min of free-form friendly interaction with a human experimenter (HAI condition), and the other half rested quietly in the same environment, without human interaction (control condition). We collected blood and saliva samples before, and immediately following both experimental conditions, and all samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) following previously validated protocols. Dogs participating in HAI exhibited a significant increase in both salivary OT (+39%) and plasma OT (+5.7%) whereas dogs in the control group did not. Salivary AVP showed no change in the HAI group but increased significantly (+33%) in the control group. Plasma AVP decreased significantly following HAI (-13%) but did not change across time in the control condition. Within the dogs exposed to HAI, increases in salivary OT, and decreases in plasma AVP, were predicted by the extent of affiliative behavior between the dog and human (indexed by scores from a principal components analysis of social behaviors between the dog and human). Collectively our results suggest that measures of salivary OT and AVP provide useful biomarkers in studies of HAI, and afford a flexible and non-invasive toolkit than can be employed in diverse research contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. MacLean
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, TucsonAZ, United States
| | | | - Nancy R. Gee
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet NutritionLeicestershire, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, FredoniaNY, United States
| | - Kerinne Levy
- Canine Companions for Independence, Santa RosaCA, United States
| | | | - C. Sue Carter
- Kinsey Institute and Department of Biology, Indiana University, BloomingtonIN, United States
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33
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Mansur RB, Rizzo LB, Santos CM, Asevedo E, Cunha GR, Noto MN, Pedrini M, Zeni-Graiff M, Cordeiro Q, McIntyre RS, Brietzke E. Plasma copeptin and metabolic dysfunction in individuals with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:624-636. [PMID: 28457001 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare plasma copeptin levels, the c-terminal of provasopressin, between individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls and to assess the relation between copeptin and metabolic parameters. METHODS We measured plasma levels of copeptin in individuals with BD (n = 55) and healthy controls (n = 21). Information related to psychiatric/medical history, as well as to metabolic comorbidities and laboratorial parameters was also captured. Insulin resistance and β-cell function in basal state were calculated from fasting plasma glucose and C-peptide using the HOMA2 calculator. Impaired glucose metabolism was defined as pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Copeptin, adiponectin, and leptin plasma levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Plasma copeptin levels were lower in individuals with BD, relative to healthy controls (P < 0.001). There were significant interactions between BD and plasma copeptin on β-cell function (rate ratio [RR] = 1.048; P = 0.030) and on leptin levels (RR = 1.087; P = 0.012), indicating that there was a positive correlation between these markers in the BD group, but a negative one in healthy controls. Finally, in individuals with BD only, the association between β-cell function, body mass index (RR = 1.007; P < 0.001), and insulin resistance (RR = 1.001; P = 0.037) was moderated by copeptin levels. CONCLUSION Copeptin levels were lower in individuals with BD than in healthy controls. There were differential associations between copeptin and metabolic parameters within the BD and healthy control subgroups, suggesting an association between abnormal copeptin and metabolic dysregulation only in the BD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lucas B Rizzo
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Camila M Santos
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elson Asevedo
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graccielle R Cunha
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane N Noto
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Vila Maria Outpatient Clinic, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pedrini
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Zeni-Graiff
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Feng S, Xing C, Shen T, Qiao Y, Wang R, Chen J, Liao J, Lu Z, Yang X, Abd-Allah SM, Li J, Jing N, Tang K. Abnormal Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus and Growth Retardation Associated with Loss of Nuclear Receptor Gene COUP-TFII. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5282. [PMID: 28706241 PMCID: PMC5509697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus plays important roles in the regulation of energy balance and fetal growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its formation and function have not been clearly elucidated. Various mutations in the human COUP-TFII gene, which encodes a nuclear receptor, result in growth retardation, congenital diaphragmatic hernia and congenital heart defects. Here, we show that COUP-TFII gene is expressed in the developing hypothalamus in mouse. The ventral forebrain-specific RXCre/+; COUP-TFIIF/F mutant mice display growth retardation. The development of the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus is compromised in the COUP-TFII mutant mainly because of increased apoptosis and mis-migration of the Brn2+ neurons. Moreover, hypoplastic anterior pituitary with blood cell clusters and shrunken posterior pituitary lacking AVP/OT neuron innervations are observed in the mutant, indicating the failure of formation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mechanistic studies show that the expression of Bdnf and Nrp1 genes is reduced in the mutant embryo, and that Bdnf is a direct downstream target of the COUP-TFII protein. Thus, our findings provide a novel functional validation that COUP-TFII gene promotes the expression of Bdnf and Nrp1 genes to ensure the appropriate morphogenesis of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, especially the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, and to prevent growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Feng
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Can Xing
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Tingyu Shen
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Yunbo Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiaoyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhuo Lu
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Ke Tang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
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Koga K, Nagai Y, Hanyu M, Yoshinaga M, Chaki S, Ohtake N, Ozaki S, Zhang MR, Suhara T, Higuchi M. High-Contrast PET Imaging of Vasopressin V 1B Receptors with a Novel Radioligand, 11C-TASP699. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1652-1658. [PMID: 28450560 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.188698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin 1B receptors (V1BRs) are abundantly expressed in the pituitary, and in vivo PET of V1BRs was recently enabled by our development of a specific radioligand, 11C-TASP0434299, derivatized from pyridopyrimidin-4-one. Here, we identified a novel pyridopyrimidin-4-one analog, N-tert-butyl-2-[2-(6-11C-methoxypyridine-2-yl)-6-[3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy]-4-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]acetamide (11C-TASP0410699, hereafter referred to as 11C-TASP699), as a potent V1BR radioligand producing a higher image contrast for the target than 11C-TASP0434299. Methods: In vitro properties of TASP699 were assessed by assaying its affinity for human V1BR and its selectivity for off-target molecules. Radioactive uptake in the pituitary was analyzed using PET in rhesus monkeys after intravenous administration of 11C-TASP699. Serial doses of a selective V1BR antagonist, 2-[2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-6-[3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy]-4-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]-N-isopropylacetamide hydrochloride (TASP0390325), were administered before the radioligand injection. Autoradiographic labeling of monkey pituitary slices with 11C-TASP699 was conducted with or without nonradioactive V1BR antagonists. Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TASP699 for human V1BRs (0.165 nM) was lower than that of TASP0434299 (0.526 nM), whereas its IC50 values for off-target molecules exceeded 1 μM. PET imaging in monkeys demonstrated that the peak pituitary uptake of 11C-TASP699 was almost equivalent to that of 11C-TASP0434299 and that pretreatment with TASP0390325 inhibited the retention of 11C-TASP699 in a dose-dependent manner, inducing nearly full occupancy at 0.3 mg/kg. Specific radioligand binding was determined as a specific-to-nondisplaceable uptake ratio at equilibrium using radioactivity retentions at 60 min in baseline and blocking studies. This ratio for 11C-TASP699 was approximately 2.5-fold greater than that of 11C-TASP0434299. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography study identified the parent and polar radiometabolites. Affinities of 2 predicted metabolite candidates for V1BRs were more than 10 times weaker than that of the parent. Intense autoradiographic labeling of the anterior pituitary with 11C-TASP699 was inhibited with TASP0390325 in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion:11C-TASP699 yielded PET images of pituitary V1BRs with a higher contrast than 11C-TASP0434299, supporting the applicability of 11C-TASP699 in the assessment of neuropsychiatric diseases and dose findings for test drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Koga
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and.,Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Masayuki Hanyu
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and
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36
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Lee S, Rhee DK. Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:589-594. [PMID: 29021708 PMCID: PMC5628357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng effectively regulates the immune response and the hormonal changes due to stress, thus maintaining homeostasis. In addition to suppressing the occurrence of psychological diseases such as anxiety and depression, ginseng also prevents stress-associated physiological diseases. Recent findings have revealed that ginseng is involved in adjusting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and controlling hormones, thus producing beneficial effects on the heart and brain, and in cases of bone diseases, as well as alleviating erectile dysfunction. Recent studies have highlighted the potential use of ginseng in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic asthma. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of ginseng on these stress-related diseases has not been completely established. In this review, we focus on the disease pathways caused by stress in order to determine how ginseng acts to improve health. Central to our discussion is how this effective and stable therapeutic agent alleviates the anxiety and depression caused by stress and ameliorates inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Su-Won 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Su-Won 16419, Republic of Korea
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Yadawa AK, Chaturvedi CM. Expression of stress hormones AVP and CRH in the hypothalamus of Mus musculus following water and food deprivation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 239:13-20. [PMID: 26965951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurohypophyseal hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), in addition to acting as antidiuretic hormone is also considered to be stress hormone like hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Present study was designed to investigate the relative response of these stress hormones during water and food deprivation. In this study, male laboratory mice of Swiss strain were divided in 5 groups, control - provided water and food ad libitum, two experimental groups water deprived for 2 and 4days respectively (WD2 and WD4) and another two groups food deprived for 2 and 4days respectively (FD2 and FD4). Results indicate an increased expression of AVP mRNA as well as peptide in the hypothalamus of WD2 mice and the expression was further upregulated after 4days of water deprivation but the expression of CRH remained unchanged compare to their respective controls. On the other hand no change was observed in the expression of hypothalamic AVP mRNA while AVP peptide increased significantly in FD2 and FD4 mice compare to control. Further, the expression of CRH mRNA although increased in hypothalamus of both FD2 and FD4 mice, the immunofluorescent staining shows decreased expression of CRH in PVN of food deprived mice. Based on these findings it is concluded that since during osmotic stress only AVP expression is upregulated but during metabolic stress i.e. food deprivation transcription and translation of both the stress hormones are differentially regulated. Further, it is suggested that role of AVP and CRH may be stress specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Yadawa
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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38
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Quadros IMH, Macedo GC, Domingues LP, Favoretto CA. An Update on CRF Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol Use Disorders and Dependence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27818644 PMCID: PMC5073134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused substance worldwide. The emergence of alcohol use disorders, and alcohol dependence in particular, is accompanied by functional changes in brain reward and stress systems, which contribute to escalated alcohol drinking and seeking. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems have been critically implied in the transition toward problematic alcohol drinking and alcohol dependence. This review will discuss how dysregulation of CRF function contributes to the vulnerability for escalated alcohol drinking and other consequences of alcohol consumption, based on preclinical evidence. CRF signaling, mostly via CRF1 receptors, seems to be particularly important in conditions of excessive alcohol taking and seeking, including during early and protracted withdrawal, relapse, as well as during withdrawal-induced anxiety and escalated aggression promoted by alcohol. Modulation of CRF1 function seems to exert a less prominent role over low to moderate alcohol intake, or to species-typical behaviors. While CRF mechanisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have some contribution to the neurobiology of alcohol abuse and dependence, a pivotal role for extra-hypothalamic CRF pathways, particularly in the extended amygdala, is well characterized. More recent studies further suggest a direct modulation of brain reward function by CRF signaling in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and the prefrontal cortex, among other structures. This review will further discuss a putative role for other components of the CRF system that contribute for the overall balance of CRF function in reward and stress pathways, including CRF2 receptors, CRF-binding protein, and urocortins, a family of CRF-related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marian Hartmann Quadros
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Camila Macedo
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liz Paola Domingues
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Aparecida Favoretto
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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Kahl KG, Hillemacher T. The metabolic syndrome in patients with alcohol dependency: Current research and clinical implications. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:49-56. [PMID: 27174541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between alcohol dependency and disorders such as liver disease and cancer has been thoroughly researched. However, the effects of alcohol on cardiometabolic health remain controversial. Several reports found low to moderate alcohol consumption to be associated with a lower risk for cardiometabolic disorders. In contrast, excessive alcohol consumption has been related to an increased risk. Most of these studies were performed in non-clinical populations, therefore limiting the explanatory power to non-dependent patients. Only a few studies examined cardiovascular disorders and cardiovascular risk factors, in particular the metabolic syndrome (MetS), in alcohol dependent patients. We here present a narrative review of studies performed so far on the MetS in alcohol dependency, and provide current hypotheses on the association of alcohol dependency, appetite regulation and the development of the MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai G Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hillemacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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40
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Coelho R, Levandowski ML, Mansur RB, da Cunha GR, Asevedo E, Zugman A, Salum GA, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Rizzo LB, Manfro G, Mari JJ, Rohde LA, Miguel EC, Bressan RA, Brietzke E, Grassi-Oliveira R. Serum copeptin in children exposed to maltreatment. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 70:434-441. [PMID: 27278269 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Childhood maltreatment (CM) has been related to a persistent reprograming of stress-response. Copeptin is a marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation; however, few studies have examined copeptin levels in children exposed to CM. The aim of this study was to compare serum copeptin levels in children reporting child abuse and/or neglect and children with no history of CM. METHODS This study included 65 children with a positive history of moderate to severe CM, as reported by themselves and their parent(s) during a clinical interview, and 71 children with no history of CM as a comparison group. CM was considered moderate to severe based on the child-reported frequency of being exposed to events related to sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and/or physical neglect. Child psychopathology symptoms were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We measured serum copeptin concentration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Children exposed to CM exhibited higher levels of serum copeptin compared to children without CM when controlling for sex, age, and psychiatric morbidity. The CBCL total score, including internalizing and externalizing symptoms, was higher in children with CM. We found no correlation between copeptin and CBCL scores for internalizing symptoms and externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSION CM is associated with copeptin serum levels independently of age, sex, and symptom severity. Copeptin is a promising new biomarker for children with a history of abuse and/or neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Coelho
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mateus L Levandowski
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Graccielle Rodrigues da Cunha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elson Asevedo
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Rizzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Manfro
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jair J Mari
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Psychiatry (IPq), University of São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eurípedes C Miguel
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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41
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Sivukhina EV, Jirikowski GF. Magnocellular hypothalamic system and its interaction with the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Steroids 2016; 111:21-28. [PMID: 26827626 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and in regulation of numerous adaptive reactions, e.g., endocrine stress response. Nonapeptides vasopressin and oxytocin are the major hormones of this system. They are synthesized by magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei. Magnocellular vasopressin is known to be one of the main physiological regulators of water-electrolyte balance. Its importance for control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis has been widely described. Magnocellular oxytocin is secreted predominantly during lactation and parturition. The complex actions of oxytocin within the brain include control of reproductive behavior and its involvement in central stress response to different stimuli. It's neuroendocrine basis is activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: corticotropin-releasing hormone is synthesized in parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. The transitory coexpression of vasopressin in these cells upon stress has been described. Glucocorticoids, the end products of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis have both central and peripheral actions. Their availability to target tissues is mainly dependent on systemic levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin. Intrinsic expression of this protein in different brain regions in neurons and glial cells has been recently demonstrated. Regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system is highly complex. The role of both systems in the pathogenesis of various chronic ailments in humans has extensively been studied. Their disturbed functioning seems to be linked to various psychiatric, autoimmune and cardiovascular pathologies.
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42
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Csikota P, Fodor A, Balázsfi D, Pintér O, Mizukami H, Weger S, Heilbronn R, Engelmann M, Zelena D. Vasopressinergic control of stress-related behavior: studies in Brattleboro rats. Stress 2016; 19:349-61. [PMID: 27187740 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1183117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin, a nonapeptide, signaling both as hormone in the blood and neuromodulator/neurotransmitter in the brain is considered to be causally involved in the pathological changes underlying anxiety and depression. In the present review we summarize experimental data obtained with Brattleboro rats as a model of congenital vasopressin-deficiency to test the hypothesis that central vasopressin signaling contributes to anxiety- and depression-like behavior. Male, female and lactating rats were studied. We focused on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the septum, two brain areas in which vasopressin is proposed to control the endocrine and behavioral stress response, respectively. The presented data support the hypothesis that the behavioral changes seen in these rats are brought about by an altered vasopressin signaling at the brain level. Whereas vasopressin synthesized and released within the hypothalamus is primarily involved in endocrine regulation, vasopressin signaling in other brain areas may contribute to anxiety- and depression-like behavioral parameters. Further studies in this context might focus particularly on the interplay between extra-hypothalamic brain areas such as the septum and the medial amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Csikota
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Anna Fodor
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Budapest , Hungary
- b János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Diána Balázsfi
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Budapest , Hungary
- b János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ottó Pintér
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- c Center for Molecular Medicine , Jichi Medical University , Yakushiji , Japan
| | - Stefan Weger
- d Institut für Virologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Regine Heilbronn
- d Institut für Virologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Mario Engelmann
- e Institut für Biochemie & Zellbiol, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität , Magdeburg , Germany
- f Center for Behavioural Brain Sciences , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Dóra Zelena
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Budapest , Hungary
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Shumake J, Gonzalez-Lima F. Brain Systems Underlying Susceptibility to Helplessness and Depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:198-221. [PMID: 15006293 DOI: 10.1177/1534582303259057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been a relative lack of research into the neurobiological predispositions that confer vulnerability to depression. This article reviews functional brain mappings from a genetic animal model, the congenitally helpless rat, which is predisposed to develop learned helplessness. Neurometabolic findings from this model are integrated with the neuroscientific literature from other animal models of depression as well as depressed humans. Changes in four major brain systems are suggested to underlie susceptibility to helplessness and possibly depression: (a) an unbalanced prefrontal-cingulate cortical system, (b) a dissociated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, (c) a dissociated septal-hippocampal system, and (d) a hypoactive brain reward system, as exemplified by a hypermetabolic habenula-interpeduncular nucleus pathway and a hypometabolic ventral tegmental area-striatum pathway. Functional interconnections and causal relationships among these systems are considered and further experiments are suggested, with theoretical attention to how an abnormality in any one system could affect the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shumake
- Department of Psycology, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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Koga K, Yoshinaga M, Uematsu Y, Nagai Y, Miyakoshi N, Shimoda Y, Fujinaga M, Minamimoto T, Zhang MR, Higuchi M, Ohtake N, Suhara T, Chaki S. TASP0434299: A Novel Pyridopyrimidin-4-One Derivative as a Radioligand for Vasopressin V1B Receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:495-508. [PMID: 27029585 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pyridopyrimidin-4-one derivative, N-tert-butyl-2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-6-[3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy]-4-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]acetamide (TASP0434299), was characterized as a radioligand candidate for arginine vasopressin 1B (V1B) receptor. TASP0434299 exhibited high binding affinities for human and rat V1B receptors with IC50 values of 0.526 and 0.641 nM, respectively, and potent antagonistic activity at the human V1B receptor with an IC50 value of 0.639 nM without apparent binding affinities for other molecules at 1 μM. [(3)H]TASP0434299 bound to membranes expressing the human V1B receptor as well as those prepared from the rat anterior pituitary in a saturable manner. The binding of [(3)H]TASP0434299 to the membranes was dose-dependently displaced by several ligands for the V1B receptor. In addition, the intravenous administration of [(3)H]TASP0434299 to rats produced a saturable radioactive accumulation in the anterior pituitary where the V1B receptor is enriched, and it was dose-dependently blocked by the oral administration of 2-[2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-6-[3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy]-4-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]-N-isopropylacetamide hydrochloride, a V1B receptor antagonist, indicating that [(3)H]TASP0434299 can be used as an in vivo radiotracer to measure the occupancy of the V1B receptor. Finally, the intravenous administration of [(11)C]TASP0434299 provided positron emission tomographic images of the V1B receptor in the pituitary in an anesthetized monkey, and the signal was blocked by pretreatment with an excess of unlabeled TASP0434299. These results indicate that radiolabeled TASP0434299 is the first radioligand to be capable of quantifying the V1B receptor selectively in both in vitro and in vivo studies and will provide a clinical biomarker for determining the occupancy of the V1B receptor during drug development or for monitoring the levels of the V1B receptor in diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Koga
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Mitsukane Yoshinaga
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Yoshikatsu Uematsu
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Naoki Miyakoshi
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Yoko Shimoda
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Norikazu Ohtake
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
| | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Pharmacology Laboratories (K.K., Y.U., S.C.) and Chemistry Laboratories (M.Y., N.M., N.O.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan; and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Y.N., Y.S., M.F., T.M., M.-R.Z., M.H., T.S.)
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Maternal separation during nursing alters basal neuroendocrine levels in juvenile and adult rats. BIOMEDICA 2016; 36:67-77. [PMID: 27622440 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i1.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Work with different animal models including that of maternal separation during nursing has shown that early adverse experiences such as abuse, maternal abandonment and psychosocial stress may favor the development of various psychopathologies. However, several neuroendocrine changes have not been completely described yet. OBJECTIVE To establish whether maternal separation during nursing modifies the basal levels of neurohormones such as corticosterone, ACTH, oxytocin and vasopressin in juvenile and adult rats (aged 35 and 90 days, respectively). MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were separated from their mothers for two periods of 3 hours per day during the 21 days of nursing. Once these rats had reached 35 and then 90 days of age, blood samples were taken from both the separated and control groups to obtain serum for immunoenzymatic assays and measure the levels of each of the hormones. RESULTS Concentrations of corticosterone were higher in control adult females in comparison with the rest of the groups and lower in the control adult males. Those of ACTH were higher in the separated young males and females than in the adult groups. Oxytocin levels were significantly higher in the separated adult females in comparison with the other groups and significantly lower in the adult males. With respect to vasopressin, the separated groups had lower concentrations than the young and adult control groups. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the early stress to which rats were submitted produced changes in the basal responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, that these responses were distinct in males and females and that they also differed according to age.
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Poretti MB, Sawant RS, Rask-Andersen M, de Cuneo MF, Schiöth HB, Perez MF, Carlini VP. Reduced vasopressin receptors activation mediates the anti-depressant effects of fluoxetine and venlafaxine in bulbectomy model of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1077-86. [PMID: 26700241 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In response to stress, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) are released from the hypothalamus, activate their receptors (CRHR1, CRHR2 or AVPr1b), and synergistically act to induce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from the anterior pituitary. Overstimulation of this system has been frequently associated with major depression states. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to assess the role of AVP and CRH receptors in fluoxetine and venlafaxine effects on the expression of depression-related behavior. METHODS In an animal model of depression (olfactory bulbectomy in mice, OB), we evaluated the effects of fluoxetine or venlafaxine (both 10 mg/kg/day) chronic administration on depression-related behavior in the tail suspension test. Plasma levels of AVP, CRH, and ACTH were determined as well as participation of their receptors in the expression of depression related-behavior and gene expression of AVP and CRH receptors (AVPr1b, CRHR1, and CRHR2) in the pituitary gland. RESULTS The expression of depressive-like behavior in OB animals was reversed by treatment with both antidepressants. Surprisingly, OB-saline mice exhibited increased AVP and ACTH plasma levels, with no alterations in CRH levels when compared to sham mice. Chronic fluoxetine or venlafaxine reversed these effects. In addition, a significant increase only in AVPr1b gene expression was found in OB-saline. CONCLUSION The antidepressant therapy used seems to be more likely related to a reduced activation of AVP rather than CRH receptors, since a positive correlation between AVP levels and depressive-like behavior was observed in OB animals. Furthermore, a full restoration of depressive behavior was observed in OB-fluoxetine- or venlafaxine-treated mice only when AVP was centrally administered but not CRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Poretti
- Instituto de Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, UNC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rahul S Sawant
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, SE 75124, Sweden
| | - Mathias Rask-Andersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, SE 75124, Sweden
| | - Marta Fiol de Cuneo
- Instituto de Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, UNC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, SE 75124, Sweden
| | - Mariela F Perez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Paola Carlini
- Instituto de Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, UNC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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El-Werfali W, Toomasian C, Maliszewska-Scislo M, Li C, Rossi NF. Haemodynamic and renal sympathetic responses to V1b vasopressin receptor activation within the paraventricular nucleus. Exp Physiol 2016; 100:553-65. [PMID: 25605313 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.084426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does antagonism of V1b receptors prevent the haemodynamic and renal sympathetic nerve responses that occur with application of exogenous vasopressin into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of conscious, chronically instrumented rats? What is the main finding and its importance? Microinjection of vasopressin into the PVN increased mean arterial pressure, heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity, all of which were inhibited by pre-injection of the PVN with the V1b antagonist, nelivaptan. The administered vasopressin did not enter the peripheral circulation or increase plasma vasopressin. Ganglionic blockade prevented each of the responses, consistent with mediation by enhanced sympathetic output rather than an increase in circulating vasopressin. Vasopressin (VP) participates in regulation of haemodynamics and volume. Besides more classical actions as a circulating hormone, VP may act via release from axons and dendrites within the CNS. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) possesses vasopressinergic neurons and a dense complement of VP receptors, including the V1b receptor, which has been implicated in several types of stress responses. We tested the hypothesis that antagonism of V1b receptors will prevent VP-induced increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). Studies were performed in conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats chronically instrumented with vascular catheters, renal nerve electrodes and a cannula stereotaxically directed into the PVN. Unilateral microinjection of VP into the PVN significantly increased MAP, HR and RSNA, peaking at 10 min. Pre-injection of the PVN with the selective V1b receptor antagonist, nelivaptan, did not alter baseline values but blocked the responses to VP. Ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine decreased MAP and HR and abolished their increase in response to subsequent PVN application of VP. Injection of VP into the PVN did not alter plasma VP levels. Paraventricular nucleus injection with radiolabelled VP resulted in negligible radiolabelled VP in peripheral blood. These findings support the concept that, in basal conditions, PVN V1b receptor activation (rather than VP release into the periphery) may be implicated in the increases in MAP, HR and RSNA due to increased sympathetic outflow. While the role of V1a and oxytocin receptors cannot be excluded, these data suggest that further studies of the role of V1b receptor activation by endogenous VP during stress to effect neuroexcitation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa El-Werfali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Arnett MG, Muglia LM, Laryea G, Muglia LJ. Genetic Approaches to Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Regulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:245-60. [PMID: 26189452 PMCID: PMC4677126 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The normal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and resultant glucocorticoid (GC) secretion, is essential for human health. Disruption of GC regulation is associated with pathologic, psychological, and physiological disease states such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, hypertension, diabetes, and osteopenia, among others. As such, understanding the mechanisms by which HPA output is tightly regulated in its responses to environmental stressors and circadian cues has been an active area of investigation for decades. Over the last 20 years, however, advances in gene targeting and genome modification in rodent models have allowed the detailed dissection of roles for key molecular mediators and brain regions responsible for this control in vivo to emerge. Here, we summarize work done to elucidate the function of critical neuropeptide systems, GC-signaling targets, and inflammation-associated pathways in HPA axis regulation and behavior, and highlight areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda G Arnett
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7009, Attention Melinda Arnett, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA, Tel: +1 513 803 8040, Fax: +1 513 803 5009, E-mail:
| | - Lisa M Muglia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gloria Laryea
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle? Neuroscience 2015; 342:37-54. [PMID: 26432952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal and postnatal early-life periods are both dynamic and vulnerable windows for brain development. During these important neurodevelopmental phases, essential processes and structures are established. Exposure to adverse events that interfere with this critical sequence of events confers a high risk for the subsequent emergence of mental illness later in life. It is increasingly accepted that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes substantially to shaping the development of the central nervous system. Conversely, several studies have shown that early-life events can also impact on this gut community. Due to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, it is possible that aberrant situations affecting either organ in early life can impact on the other. Studies have now shown that deviations from the gold standard trajectory of gut microbiota establishment and development in early life can lead not only to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract but also complex metabolic and immune disorders. These are being extended to disorders of the central nervous system and understanding how the gut microbiome shapes brain and behavior during early life is an important new frontier in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - G Clarke
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Koester DC, Freeman EW, Brown JL, Wildt DE, Terrell KA, Franklin AD, Crosier AE. Motile Sperm Output by Male Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) Managed Ex Situ Is Influenced by Public Exposure and Number of Care-Givers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135847. [PMID: 26332582 PMCID: PMC4558051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The collective cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population in zoological institutions has never been self-sustaining because of challenges in natural reproduction. A retrospective analysis of North American zoo-breeding records has revealed that >90% of litters produced since 2003 occurred in facilities ‘off-display’ from the public. We examined seminal, endocrine, and behavioral traits of 29 adult male cheetahs that were: 1) managed in public exhibit or off-display facilities; 2) maintained by different numbers of cheetah-specific care-givers; and 3) living adjacent to varying numbers of adult conspecifics. Cheetahs housed off-display produced more total motile sperm/ejaculate (P = 0.04) than on-exhibit males. This finding was mirrored in our laboratory’s historical records where two-fold more total motile sperm (P < 0.01) were measured in ejaculates from individuals with no public exposure (n = 43) compared to on-exhibit (n = 116) counterparts. Males at institutions with ≤3 care-givers also produced more total motile sperm/ejaculate (P < 0.03) and spent more time behaviorally active (P < 0.01) than at facilities using >3 care-givers. Exposure to high numbers of conspecifics within the same institution did not impact (P > 0.05) seminal traits, and presence of the public, care-giver number, or animals/facility had no influence (P > 0.05) on androgen or glucocorticoid excretion or other behavioral metrics. Findings indicate that male cheetahs are sensitive to general public exposure and too many care-givers, resulting in compromised motile sperm output/ejaculate with mechanism of action unrelated to altered androgen or glucocorticoid excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Koester
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth W. Freeman
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
- New Century College, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David E. Wildt
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Terrell
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ashley D. Franklin
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Crosier
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
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