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Lin X, Zhang W, Yang C, Ma P, He K, Chen G, Tao Y, Yan H, Yang Z, Zhang L, Fan J, Cui Q, Huang W, Liu G, Xian X, Wang Y. Depleting LCAT Aggravates Atherosclerosis in LDLR-deficient Hamster with Reduced LDL-Cholesterol Level. J Adv Res 2024; 63:187-194. [PMID: 37923248 PMCID: PMC11379981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a crucial role in acyl-esterifying cholesterol in plasma, which is essential for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Previous studies indicated that its activity on both α and β lipoproteins interpret its effects on lipoproteins for many controversial investigations of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES To better understand the relationship between LCAT, diet-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, we developed a double knockout (LCAT-/-&LDLR-/-, DKO) hamster model to evaluate the specific role of LCAT independent of LDL clearance effects. METHODS Plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and free cholesterol (FC) levels were measured using biochemical reagent kits. FPLC was performed to analyze the components of lipoproteins. Apolipoprotein content was assessed using western blotting (WB). The hamsters were fed a high cholesterol/high fat diet (HCHFD) to induce atherosclerosis. Oil Red O staining was employed to detect plaque formation. Peritoneal macrophages were studied to investigate the effects of LCAT on cholesterol uptake and efflux. RESULTS On HCHFD, DKO hamsters exhibited significantly elevated levels of TG and FC, while HDL-C was nearly undetectable without affecting TC levels, as compared to low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient (LDLR-/-, LKO) hamsters. Lipoprotein profiling revealed a marked increase in plasma chylomicron/very low-density lipoprotein (CM/VLDL) fractions, along with an unexpected reduction in LDL fraction in DKO hamsters. Furthermore, DKO hamsters displayed aggravated atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, aortic root, and coronary artery relative to LKO hamsters, attributed to a pro-atherogenic lipoprotein profile and impaired cholesterol efflux in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the beneficial role of LCAT in inhibiting atherosclerotic development and highlights the distinctive lipid metabolism characteristics in hamsters with familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Peking University Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of General Practice, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China
| | - Kunxiang He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China
| | - Gonglie Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China
| | - Yijun Tao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China
| | - Haizhao Yan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Zhao Yang
- Faculty of Art and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, China.
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Wang X, Ding G, Yang P, Cheng G, Kong W, Xu Z. Teleost Eye Is the Portal of IHNV Entry and Contributes to a Robust Mucosal Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:160. [PMID: 38203332 PMCID: PMC10778588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The ocular mucosa (OM) is an important and unique part of the vertebrate mucosal immune system. The OM plays an important role in maintaining visual function and defending against foreign antigens or microorganisms, while maintaining a balance between the two through complex regulatory mechanisms. However, the function of ocular mucosal defense against foreign pathogens and mucosal immune response in bony fish are still less studied. To acquire deeper understanding into the mucosal immunity of the OM in teleost fish, we established a study of the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Our findings revealed that IHNV could successfully infiltrate the trout's OM, indicating that the OM could be an important portal for the IHNV. Furthermore, qPCR and RNA-Seq analysis results showed that a large number of immune-related genes were significantly upregulated in the OM of trout with IHNV infection. Critically, the results of our RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that viral infection triggered a robust immune response, as evidenced by the substantial induction of antiviral, innate, and adaptive immune-related genes in the OM of infected fish, which underscored the essential role of the OM in viral infection. Overall, our findings revealed a previously unknown function of teleost OM in antiviral defense, and provided a theoretical basis for the study of the mucosal immunity of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Guangyi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Gaofeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Weiguang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
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Vitali C, Bajaj A, Nguyen C, Schnall J, Chen J, Stylianou K, Rader DJ, Cuchel M. A systematic review of the natural history and biomarkers of primary lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100169. [PMID: 35065092 PMCID: PMC8953693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromes associated with LCAT deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive condition, include fish-eye disease (FED) and familial LCAT deficiency (FLD). FLD is more severe and characterized by early and progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). No treatment is currently available for FLD, but novel therapeutics are under development. Furthermore, although biomarkers of LCAT deficiency have been identified, their suitability to monitor disease progression and therapeutic efficacy is unclear, as little data exist on the rate of progression of renal disease. Here, we systematically review observational studies of FLD, FED, and heterozygous subjects, which summarize available evidence on the natural history and biomarkers of LCAT deficiency, in order to guide the development of novel therapeutics. We identified 146 FLD and 53 FED patients from 219 publications, showing that both syndromes are characterized by early corneal opacity and markedly reduced HDL-C levels. Proteinuria/hematuria were the first signs of renal impairment in FLD, followed by rapid decline of renal function. Furthermore, LCAT activity toward endogenous substrates and the percentage of circulating esterified cholesterol (EC%) were the best discriminators between these two syndromes. In FLD, higher levels of total, non-HDL, and unesterified cholesterol were associated with severe CKD. We reveal a nonlinear association between LCAT activity and EC% levels, in which subnormal levels of LCAT activity were associated with normal EC%. This review provides the first step toward the identification of disease biomarkers to be used in clinical trials and suggests that restoring LCAT activity to subnormal levels may be sufficient to prevent renal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vitali
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Archna Bajaj
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christina Nguyen
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jill Schnall
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kostas Stylianou
- Department of Nephrology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Mehta R, Elías-López D, Martagón AJ, Pérez-Méndez OA, Sánchez MLO, Segura Y, Tusié MT, Aguilar-Salinas CA. LCAT deficiency: a systematic review with the clinical and genetic description of Mexican kindred. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:70. [PMID: 34256778 PMCID: PMC8276382 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) deficiency is characterized by two distinct phenotypes, familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) and Fish Eye disease (FED). This is the first systematic review evaluating the ethnic distribution of LCAT deficiency, with particular emphasis on Latin America and the discussion of three Mexican-Mestizo probands. METHODS A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis) Statement in Pubmed and SciELO. Articles which described subjects with LCAT deficiency syndromes and an assessment of the ethnic group to which the subject pertained, were included. RESULTS The systematic review revealed 215 cases (154 FLD, 41 FED and 20 unclassified) pertaining to 33 ethnic/racial groups. There was no association between genetic alteration and ethnicity. The mean age of diagnosis was 42 ± 16.5 years, with fish eye disease identified later than familial LCAT deficiency (55 ± 13.8 vs. 41 ± 14.7 years respectively). The prevalence of premature coronary heart disease was significantly greater in FED vs. FLD. In Latin America, 48 cases of LCAT deficiency have been published from six countries (Argentina (1 unclassified), Brazil (38 FLD), Chile (1 FLD), Columbia (1 FLD), Ecuador (1 FLD) and Mexico (4 FLD, 1 FED and 1 unclassified). Of the Mexican probands, one showed a novel LCAT mutation. CONCLUSIONS The systematic review shows that LCAT deficiency syndromes are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. No association was confirmed between ethnicity and LCAT mutation. There was a significantly greater risk of premature coronary artery disease in fish eye disease compared to familial LCAT deficiency. In FLD, the emphasis should be in preventing both cardiovascular disease and the progression of renal disease, while in FED, cardiovascular risk management should be the priority. The LCAT mutations discussed in this article are the only ones reported in the Mexican- Amerindian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Mehta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc. 16, , Tlalpan, 14080, México City, México
| | - Daniel Elías-López
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc. 16, , Tlalpan, 14080, México City, México
| | - Alexandro J Martagón
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc. 16, , Tlalpan, 14080, México City, México.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, N.L, México
| | - Oscar A Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
| | - Maria Luisa Ordóñez Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Yayoi Segura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Maria Teresa Tusié
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc. 16, , Tlalpan, 14080, México City, México. .,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, N.L, México.
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5
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Dong Z, Shi H, Zhao M, Zhang X, Huang W, Wang Y, Zheng L, Xian X, Liu G. Loss of LCAT activity in the golden Syrian hamster elicits pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia and enhanced atherosclerosis. Metabolism 2018. [PMID: 29526535 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a pivotal role in HDL metabolism but its influence on atherosclerosis remains controversial for decades both in animal and clinical studies. Because lack of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a major difference between murine and humans in lipoprotein metabolism, we aimed to create a novel Syrian Golden hamster model deficient in LCAT activity, which expresses endogenous CETP, to explore its metabolic features and particularly the influence of LCAT on the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing system was employed to generate mutant LCAT hamsters. The characteristics of lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis in the mutant hamsters were investigated using various conventional methods in comparison with wild type control animals. RESULTS Hamsters lacking LCAT activity exhibited pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia as diminished high density lipoprotein (HDL) and ApoAI, hypertriglyceridemia, Chylomicron/VLDL accumulation and significantly increased ApoB100/48. Mechanistic study for hypertriglyceridemia revealed impaired LPL-mediated lipolysis and increased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, with upregulation of hepatic genes involved in lipid synthesis and transport. The pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia in mutant hamsters was exacerbated after high fat diet feeding, ultimately leading to near a 3- and 5-fold increase in atherosclerotic lesions by aortic en face and sinus lesion quantitation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that LCAT deficiency in hamsters develops pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia and promotes atherosclerotic lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haozhe Shi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hebei Invivo Biotech Co., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Khalil A, Kamtchueng Simo O, Ikhlef S, Berrougui H. The role of paraoxonase 1 in regulating high-density lipoprotein functionality during aging. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1254-1262. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological interventions to increase the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have led to disappointing results and have contributed to the emergence of the concept of HDL functionality. The anti-atherogenic activity of HDLs can be explained by their functionality or quality. The capacity of HDLs to maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis and to transport cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver for elimination is one of their principal anti-atherogenic activities. However, HDLs possess several other attributes that contribute to their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. HDL functionality is regulated by various proteins and lipids making up HDL particles. However, several studies investigated the role of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and suggest a significant role of this protein in the regulation of the functionality of HDLs. Moreover, research on PON1 attracted much interest following several studies indicating that it is involved in cardiovascular protection. However, the mechanisms by which PON1 exerts these effects remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
| | | | - Souade Ikhlef
- Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 592, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Kapoor S. Fish-eye disease: Another under-recognized cause of familial corneal opacification. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:349. [DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1059461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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López-Olmos V, Carreón-Torres E, Luna-Luna M, Flores-Castillo C, Martínez-Ramírez M, Bautista-Pérez R, Franco M, Sandoval-Zárate J, Roldán FJ, Aranda-Fraustro A, Soria-Castro E, Muñoz-Vega M, Fragoso JM, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez O. Increased HDL Size and Enhanced Apo A-I Catabolic Rates Are Associated With Doxorubicin-Induced Proteinuria in New Zealand White Rabbits. Lipids 2016; 51:311-20. [PMID: 26781765 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The catabolism and structure of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) may be the determining factor of their atheroprotective properties. To better understand the role of the kidney in HDL catabolism, here we characterized HDL subclasses and the catabolic rates of apo A-I in a rabbit model of proteinuria. Proteinuria was induced by intravenous administration of doxorubicin in New Zealand white rabbits (n = 10). HDL size and HDL subclass lipids were assessed by electrophoresis of the isolated lipoproteins. The catabolic rate of HDL-apo A-I was evaluated by exogenous radiolabelling with iodine-131. Doxorubicin induced significant proteinuria after 4 weeks (4.47 ± 0.55 vs. 0.30 ± 0.02 g/L of protein in urine, P < 0.001) associated with increased uremia, creatininemia, and cardiotoxicity. Large HDL2b augmented significantly during proteinuria, whereas small HDL3b and HDL3c decreased compared to basal conditions. HDL2b, HDL2a, and HDL3a subclasses were enriched with triacylglycerols in proteinuric animals as determined by the triacylglycerol-to-phospholipid ratio; the cholesterol content in HDL subclasses remained unchanged. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of [(131)I]-apo A-I in the proteinuric rabbits was faster (FCR = 0.036 h(-1)) compared to control rabbits group (FCR = 0.026 h(-1), P < 0.05). Apo E increased and apo A-I decreased in HDL, whereas PON-1 activity increased in proteinuric rabbits. Proteinuria was associated with an increased number of large HDL2b particles and a decreased number of small HDL3b and 3c. Proteinuria was also connected to an alteration in HDL subclass lipids, apolipoprotein content of HDL, high paraoxonase-1 activity, and a rise in the fractional catabolic rate of the [(131)I]-apo A-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria López-Olmos
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.,Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - María Luna-Luna
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Cristobal Flores-Castillo
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Miriam Martínez-Ramírez
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.,Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - Martha Franco
- Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico.,Nephrology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - Julio Sandoval-Zárate
- Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico.,Cardiopulmonary Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - Francisco-Javier Roldán
- Outpatient Care Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - Alberto Aranda-Fraustro
- Pathology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Soria-Castro
- Pathology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - Mónica Muñoz-Vega
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - José-Manuel Fragoso
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.,Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.,Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico
| | - Oscar Pérez-Méndez
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Section XVI, 14080, México D.F., Mexico. .,Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México D.F., Mexico.
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Flores-Castillo C, Zamora-Pérez JÁ, Carreón-Torres E, Arzola-Paniagua A, Aguilar-Salinas C, López-Olmos V, Fragoso JM, Luna-Luna M, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Franco M, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Atorvastatin and fenofibrate combination induces the predominance of the large HDL subclasses and increased apo AI fractional catabolic rates in New Zealand white rabbits with exogenous hypercholesterolemia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:362-70. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Flores-Castillo
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Juan Á. Zamora-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; Vasco de Quiroga 15, 14080, Mexico City Mexico
| | - Victoria López-Olmos
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - José M. Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
| | - María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - José M. Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Martha Franco
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
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Luna-Luna M, Medina-Urrutia A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Coss-Rovirosa F, Vargas-Barrón J, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Syndrome: Onset and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:392-407. [PMID: 26009250 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) should be considered a clinical entity when its different symptoms share a common etiology: obesity/insulin resistance as a result of a multi-organ dysfunction. The main interest in treating MetS as a clinical entity is that the addition of its components drastically increases the risk of atherosclerosis. In MetS, the adipose tissue plays a central role along with an unbalanced gut microbiome, which has become relevant in recent years. Once visceral adipose tissue (VAT) increases, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction follow as additive risk factors. However, when the nonalcoholic fatty liver is present, risk of a cardiovascular event is highly augmented. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) seems to increase simultaneously with the VAT. In this context, the former may play a more important role in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque than the latter. Hence, EAT may act as a paracrine tissue vis-à-vis the coronary arteries favoring the local inflammation and the atheroma calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Vargas-Barrón
- Echocardiography, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico.
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11
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Pérez-Méndez Ó, Pacheco HG, Martínez-Sánchez C, Franco M. HDL-cholesterol in coronary artery disease risk: function or structure? Clin Chim Acta 2013; 429:111-22. [PMID: 24333390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are inversely related with coronary artery disease (CAD) and HDL-cholesterol is the only standardized and reproducible parameter available to estimate plasma concentration of these lipoproteins. However, pharmacological interventions intended to increase HDL-cholesterol have not been consistently associated to an effective CAD risk reduction. Among patients with a myocardial infarction, 43 and 44% of men and women, respectively, had normal plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol, whereas genetic studies have failed to show a causal association between HDL-cholesterol and CAD risk. Instead, HDL functionality seems to be the target to be evaluated, but the existing methods are still poorly reproducible and far to be adapted to the clinical laboratory. HDL subclasses rise as a potential alternative for the evaluation of CAD risk; HDL subclasses are a surrogate of intravascular metabolism of these lipoproteins and probably of their functionality. Low levels of large HDL and increased proportions of small particles are the most remarkable features associated to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or CAD. However, inflammation and other environmental factors are related with abnormal HDL structure, and, as a consequence, more prospective studies are needed to better support the clinical usefulness of HDL subclasses. New insights from proteome and lipidome profiles of HDL will provide potential HDL-related biomarkers in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico, DF, Mexico.
| | - Héctor González Pacheco
- Department of Emergency, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Carlos Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Emergency, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Martha Franco
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico, DF, Mexico
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12
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García-Sánchez C, Torres-Tamayo M, Juárez-Meavepeña M, López-Osorio C, Toledo-Ibelles P, Monter-Garrido M, Cruz-Robles D, Carreón-Torres E, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez O. Lipid plasma concentrations of HDL subclasses determined by enzymatic staining on polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels in children with metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:292-8. [PMID: 21036160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiatherogenic role of different HDL subclasses is still controversial. HDL particles of the same size can have different lipid contents in some physiopathological situations. However, little is known about the plasma lipid levels of HDL subclasses when they are separated by their hydrodynamic diameter. METHODS Triglycerides (Tg), phosphatidylcholine (Ph), and cholesterol (C) plasma concentrations of HDL subclasses, were determined by enzymatic staining on polyacrylamide gradient gel (PAGE) in 50 pediatric patients with metabolic syndrome (MS), and 50 control children paired by age and gender. Proteins of HDL subclasses were also stained for the assessment of the relative size distribution of HDL. RESULTS Relative HDL size distribution was shifted to small particles in MS pediatric patients when determined per protein. In contrast, cholesterol plasma concentrations corresponding to the HDL2b, 2a, 3a, and 3b subclasses were decreased; triglycerides of HDL3b and 3c, as well as plasma phospholipids from HDL3c, were elevated in MS patients as compared to controls. The C-to-Ph ratio, considered as indicative of HDL composition, was similar among the 5 HDL subclasses in control subjects, whereas this ratio gradually decreased from large HDL2b to small HDL3c in the MS group. Cholesterol plasma concentrations of HDL subclasses correlated with the components of the MS. CONCLUSIONS Lipids of HDL subclasses provide more and accurate information than the relative HDL size distribution determined by protein staining, and may contribute to understand better HDL metabolism and the coronary risk associated to these lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia García-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080 Mexico D.F., Mexico
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13
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Toledo-Ibelles P, García-Sánchez C, Avila-Vazzini N, Carreón-Torres E, Posadas-Romero C, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez O. Enzymatic assessment of cholesterol on electrophoresis gels for estimating HDL size distribution and plasma concentrations of HDL subclasses. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1610-7. [PMID: 20097938 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d004358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an enzymatic cholesterol staining method to determine HDL subclasses in a polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, which further allows staining by protein in the same electrophoresis lane. HDLs from 120 healthy individuals were separated through nondenaturing PAGE. HDLs were stained for cholesterol using an enzymatic semisolid mixture. Once the gels were unstained, they were stained again for proteins with Coomassie blue. The proportions of HDL subclasses were determined by densitometry. HDL subclasses were transformed to concentrations using as reference HDL-cholesterol plasma levels. This method is comparable in linearity and reproducibility to Coomassie blue staining, although it provides quantitative data. As expected, HDL size distribution shifted toward larger particles when determined by cholesterol as compared with protein. With this method, we observed different proportions of HDL subclasses between men and women as compared with Coomassie blue staining. We described a method to determine HDL size distribution by enzymatic cholesterol staining on polyacrylamide gels. The method allows the quantification of the cholesterol plasma concentration of each HDL subclass with the possibility to further stain the protein in the same sample. The combination of HDL staining by cholesterol and protein on electrophoresis gels provides information that may have clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Toledo-Ibelles
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Carreón-Torres E, Rendón-Sauer K, Monter-Garrido M, Toledo-Ibelles P, Gamboa R, Menjivar M, López-Marure R, Luc G, Fievet C, Cruz D, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez O. Rosiglitazone modifies HDL structure and increases HDL-apo AI synthesis and catabolic rates. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 401:37-41. [PMID: 19036342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosiglitazone is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma that may modify HDL metabolism in humans, but this effect has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we determined the effect of rosiglitazone on apo AI turnover, HDL structure, and PON1 plasma activity. METHODS Kinetic studies of HDL-apo AI radiolabeled with (125)I were performed in 7 chow-fed, male, New Zealand white rabbits after 6 weeks of 0.32 mg/kg/d rosiglitazone-treatment vs. vehicle-treated rabbits (n=11). HDL size distribution was determined by polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis and paraoxonase-1 (PON1); plasma activity was assessed spectrophotometrically using phenylacetate as substrate. RESULTS Fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of HDL apo AI was higher in the rosiglitazone-treated group than in the control group (0.031+/-0.004 vs. 0.025+/-0.006 pools/h, respectively, p<0.05). The mean apo AI production rate (PR) was 62% higher in the rosiglitazone group as compared to controls (0.918+/-0.238 vs. 0.564+/-0.160 mg/kg/h, p<0.01). Accordingly, apo AI plasma levels in rosiglitazone-treated animals were about 37% higher than in the control group. Rosiglitazone-induced changes in apo AI turnover appeared concomitantly with a significant increase of phospholipids and a decrease in colesteryl esters content of the HDL. Compositional changes resulted in a relative increase of the HDL3b and HDL3c subfractions and a significant enhancement of the plasma PON1 activity (488.5+/-138.2 vs. 595.2+/-179.4 micromol/min/ml, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone increased apo AI plasma concentrations, resulting from an enhancement of apo AI synthesis, and induced the synthesis of smaller HDL particles with a concomitant increase of plasma PON1 activity. These modifications may contribute to the anti-atherogenic potential of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Functional LCAT is not required for macrophage cholesterol efflux to human serum. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:141-6. [PMID: 18922527 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the capacity of serum from carriers of LCAT gene mutations to promote cell cholesterol efflux through the ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI pathways. METHODS Serum was obtained from 41 carriers of mutant LCAT alleles (14 carriers of two mutant LCAT alleles and 27 heterozygotes) and 10 non-carrier relatives (controls). The capacity of serum to promote cholesterol efflux was tested in pathway-specific cell models. RESULTS LCAT deficient sera were significantly more efficient than control sera in promoting cell cholesterol efflux via ABCA1 (3.1+/-0.3% for carriers of two mutant LCAT alleles and 2.6+/-0.2% for heterozygotes vs. 1.5+/-0.4% for controls), and less efficient in promoting ABCG1- and SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux. The enhanced capacity of LCAT deficient serum for ABCA1 efflux is explained by the increased content of prebeta-HDL, as indicated by the significant positive correlation between ABCA1 efflux and serum prebeta-HDL content (R=0.468, P<0.001). Moreover, chymase treatment of LCAT deficient serum selectively degraded prebeta-HDL and completely abolished ABCA1 efflux. Despite the remarkable reductions in serum HDL levels, LCAT deficient sera were as effective as control sera in removing mass cholesterol from cholesterol-loaded macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Serum from carriers of LCAT gene mutations has the same capacity of control serum to decrease the cholesterol content of cholesterol-loaded macrophages due to a greater cholesterol efflux capacity via ABCA1.
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16
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Kapur NK, Ashen D, Blumenthal RS. High density lipoprotein cholesterol: an evolving target of therapy in the management of cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4:39-57. [PMID: 18629371 PMCID: PMC2464766 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2008.04.01.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the pioneering work of John Gofman in the 1950s, our understanding of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and its relationship to coronary heart disease (CHD) has grown substantially. Numerous clinical trials since the Framingham Study in 1977 have demonstrated an inverse relationship between HDL-C and one’s risk of developing CHD. Over the past two decades, preclinical research has gained further insight into the nature of HDL-C metabolism, specifically regarding the ability of HDL-C to promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Recent attempts to harness HDL’s ability to enhance RCT have revealed the complexity of HDL-C metabolism. This review provides a detailed update on HDL-C as an evolving therapeutic target in the management of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin K Kapur
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Pérez-Méndez O, Alvarez-Salcedo P, Carreón Torres E, Luc G, Arce Fonseca M, de la Peña A, Cruz Robles D, García JJ, Vargas-Alarcón G. Palmitic acid in HDL is associated to low apo A-I fractional catabolic rates in vivo. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 378:53-8. [PMID: 17173884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDL becomes enriched with non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in some pathologies, such as nephrotic syndrome, as well as after aerobic exercise. However, little is known about the impact of NEFAs on HDL metabolism. We investigated the effects of one NEFA, the palmitic acid, on HDL structure and catabolism. METHODS HDL enrichment with palmitic acid (HDLPal) was performed by fusing phosphatidyl choline small unilamellar vesicles containing the NEFA with human HDL isolated from a pool of 5 normolipidemic plasma. HDL enriched only with phosphatidyl choline (HDLPhl) and native HDL (HDLCtrl) were included as controls. RESULTS As expected, HDLPal surface charge density was higher than HDLPhl and HDLCtrl (2014.4+/-164.8 vs. 1682.7+/-149.5 and 1758.2+/-124.3-esu/cm2, respectively, p<0.05). Both, HDLPal and HDLPhl were better substrates for cholesteryl esters transfer protein (CETP) than HDLCtrl (% of transfer, 13.02+/-3.8 and 12.7+/-4.5 vs. 7.8+/-2.7% in 16 h, respectively, p<0.05). HDLPal apo A-I catabolism in vivo, as performed in New Zealand white rabbits by exogenous radiolabeling, was markedly lower than that of HDLPhl and HDLCtrl (fractional catabolic rate, 0.019+/-0.008 vs. 0.030+/-0.005 and 0.047+/-0.003 h-1, respectively, p<0.001), suggesting that negative charge is inversely related to HDL-apo A-I catabolism. CONCLUSIONS Enrichment with palmitic acid increases the negative electric charge of HDL at physiological pH, contributes to decrease their catabolism, and is associated to an enhanced lipid transfer by CETP that has been related to the atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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18
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Sarov-Blat L, Kiss RS, Haidar B, Kavaslar N, Jaye M, Bertiaux M, Steplewski K, Hurle MR, Sprecher D, McPherson R, Marcel YL. Predominance of a proinflammatory phenotype in monocyte-derived macrophages from subjects with low plasma HDL-cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1115-22. [PMID: 17322100 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.106.138990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduced plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) are a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Mechanisms that regulate HDL-C concentrations represent an important area of investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS Comparative transcriptome analyses of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from a large population of low HDL-C subjects and age- and sex-matched controls revealed a cluster of inflammatory genes highly expressed in low HDL-C subjects. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and several antioxidant metallothionein genes were decreased in MDM from all low HDL-C groups compared with controls, as was the expression of other genes regulated by PPARgamma, including CD36, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (FABP4), and adipophilin (ADFP). In contrast, PPARdelta expression was increased in MDM from low HDL-C groups. Quantitative RT-PCR corroborated all major findings from the microarray analysis in two separate patient cohorts. Expression of several inflammatory cytokine genes including interleukin 1beta, interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were highly increased in low HDL-C subjects. CONCLUSIONS The activated proinflammatory state of monocytes and MDM in low HDL-C subjects constitutes a novel parameter of risk associated with HDL deficiency, related to altered expression of metallothionein genes and the reciprocal regulation of PPARgamma and PPARdelta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sarov-Blat
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
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19
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Kiss RS, Kavaslar N, Okuhira KI, Freeman MW, Walter S, Milne RW, McPherson R, Marcel YL. Genetic etiology of isolated low HDL syndrome: incidence and heterogeneity of efflux defects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1139-45. [PMID: 17303779 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.106.137646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have used a multitiered approach to identify genetic and cellular contributors to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency in 124 human subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS We resequenced 4 candidate genes for HDL regulation and identified several functional nonsynonymous mutations including 2 in apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1), 4 in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), 1 in phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), and 7 in the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1, leaving 88% (110/124) of HDL deficient subjects without a genetic diagnosis. Cholesterol efflux assays performed using cholesterol-loaded monocyte-derived macrophages from the 124 low HDL subjects and 48 control subjects revealed that 33% (41/124) of low HDL subjects had low efflux, despite the fact that the majority of these subjects (34/41) were not carriers of dysfunctional ABCA1 alleles. In contrast, only 2% of control subjects presented with low efflux (1/48). In 3 families without ABCA1 mutations, efflux defects were found to cosegregate with low HDL. CONCLUSIONS Efflux defects are frequent in low HDL syndromes, but the majority of HDL deficient subjects with cellular cholesterol efflux defects do not harbor ABCA1 mutations, suggesting that novel pathways contribute to this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Kiss
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
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20
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Haidar B, Kiss RS, Sarov-Blat L, Brunet R, Harder C, McPherson R, Marcel YL. Cathepsin D, a Lysosomal Protease, Regulates ABCA1-mediated Lipid Efflux. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:39971-81. [PMID: 17032648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genes involved in the regulation of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, patients with low HDL-C and age- and sex-matched controls (normal HDL-C) were extensively characterized. Comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out in cholesterol-loaded monocyte-derived macrophages from low HDL subjects segregated into groups with or without cholesterol efflux defects or ABCA1 mutations. Clusters of differentially regulated genes were evident in the low HDL groups as compared with controls. Of particular note, expression of cathepsin D (CTSD), a lysosomal proteinase, was reduced by approximately 50% in monocyte-derived macrophages of low HDL-C subjects, most significantly those with cholesterol efflux defects but without mutations in ABCA1 (p < 0.01). These results were verified by reverse transcription-PCR and replicated in a second cohort. We show here that blocking the activity or expression of CTSD, by pepstatin or CTSD small interfering RNA, respectively, reduced ABCA1 expression and protein abundance in both macrophages and CHO cells and apolipoprotein A-I-mediated lipid efflux by more than 70%. Conversely, expression of CTSD increased both ABCA1 mRNA expression and cellular ABCA1 protein. Consistent with its role in the proteolytic processing of prosaposin, inactivation of CTSD function resulted in the accumulation of glycosphingo-lipid and free cholesterol in late endosomes/lysosomes, a phenotype similar to NPC1 deficiency. Inhibition of CTSD also caused retention of ABCA1 in lysosomal compartments, reducing its trafficking to the plasma membrane. These studies demonstrate a novel and potentially important role for CTSD in intracellular cholesterol trafficking and ABCA1-mediated efflux. Therefore, decreased CTSD expression may contribute to low plasma HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Haidar
- Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
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Pérez-Méndez O, Duhal N, Lacroix B, Bonte JP, Fruchart JC, Luc G. Different VLDL apo B, and HDL apo AI and apo AII metabolism in two heterozygous carriers of unrelated mutations in the lipoprotein lipase gene. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 368:149-54. [PMID: 16487502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency has been suggested as a cause of low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) plasma levels, by a mechanism that involves an enhanced catabolism of HDL apolipoprotein (apo) AI. To verify the role of 2 different LPL gene mutations on HDL metabolism, we studied the in vivo turnover of the apo AI and apo AII in heterozygous carriers of LPL deficiency. METHODS Apo AI and AII kinetics were studied by a 10-h primed constant infusion of 5,5,5-2H3-leucine approach in 2 carriers, 1 man (patient 1) and 1 woman (patient 2), and 5 control subjects. The rates of HDL apolipoproteins production (PR) and catabolism (FCR) were estimated using a one-compartment model-based analysis. RESULTS Both carriers had low HDL-C plasma levels and only patient 1 was hypertriglyceridemic. VLDL apo B was 4-times slower in patient 1 as compared to patient 2. The FCRs of apo AI in both carriers was within the range of the controls (0.200, 0.221 and 0.211+/-0.051 day(-1), respectively). Apo AII FCR in patient 1 was about 20% lower than the mean of the control group whereas being normal in patient 2. Apo AI PR in patient 1 (9.20 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was below the lowest value in controls (range, 10.52-13.24 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) whereas in patient 2 it was normal. Apo AII PR in both patients was similar to controls. CONCLUSION The heterozygous carriers of 2 different mutations in the LPL gene had different VLDL apo B FCR, and from normal to slightly low HDL apolipoprotein FCR and PR. These results disagree with the putative enhanced apo AI FCR in LPL deficient patients and suggest the need to reconsider the effects of LPL activity on HDL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Atherosclerosis, INSERM U545, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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22
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Carreón-Torres E, Juárez-Meavepeña M, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Gómez CH, Franco M, Fievet C, Luc G, Juárez-Oropeza MA, Pérez-Méndez O. Pioglitazone increases the fractional catabolic and production rates of high-density lipoproteins apo AI in the New Zealand White Rabbit. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181:233-40. [PMID: 16039276 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) that raises HDL-cholesterol plasma in humans. Whether pioglitazone-mediated modifications in HDL-apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) turnover in vivo contribute to this effect has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we performed kinetic studies of HDL-apo AI radiolabeled with 125I in male New Zealand White rabbits after 6 weeks of 0.6 (n = 8), 1.75 (n = 8), and 2.6 mg/kg/day (n = 7) pioglitazone and vehicle (n = 12) treatment. Fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of HDL-apo AI was significantly higher in 1.75 and 2.6 mg/kg pioglitazone-treated animals, as compared with control rabbits (0.057+/-0.014 and 0.049+/-0.01 versus 0.025+/-0.005 pools/h, respectively); these changes were associated to a similar increase in apo AI production rates (PR) (1.24+/-0.62 and 1.14+/-0.40 versus 0.53+/-0.17 mg/kg/h, p < 0.01). Consequently, apo AI plasma levels in pioglitazone-treated animals were similar to those of controls. The apo AI-FRC and -PR correlated with the relative proportion of the HDL3c subclass, as determined by polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis. Our data demonstrate that pioglitazone markedly modifies apo AI kinetics and enhances the proportion of small HDL3c particles, despite the unchanged apo AI concentration. Whether or not the pioglitazone-induced structural changes of HDL contribute to the anti-atherosclerotic effects of the drug remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080 Mexico D.F., Mexico
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Huesca-Gómez C, Carreón-Torres E, Nepomuceno-Mejía T, Sánchez-Solorio M, Galicia-Hidalgo M, Mejía AM, Montaño LF, Franco M, Posadas-Romero C, Pérez-Méndez O. Contribution of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase to HDL size distribution. Endocr Res 2004; 30:403-15. [PMID: 15554357 DOI: 10.1081/erc-200035433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) includes a heterogeneous class of lipoproteins grouped into various subclasses that seem to have different antiatherogenic function. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) play an active role in HDL remodeling. This study was designed to define the role of CETP and LCAT activities on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) plasma levels and HDL size distribution, as determined by nondenaturating polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis in 47 clinically healthy Mexican individuals without personal and family history of coronary heart disease. Surprisingly, plasma activities of CETP (29+/-4.1% of transfer) and LCAT (4.8+/-2.2% of esterification) did not correlate either with HDL-C plasma levels or with any other lipid parameter, indicating the poor contribution of these proteins to the lipid profile. The CETP activity showed a negative correlation with small HDL3b (r = -0476, P < 0.05), whereas LCAT was positively associated with this HDL subclass (r = 0.466, P < 0.05). The LCAT showed a negative correlation with large HDL2a (r = - 0.674, P < 0.005). Nevertheless, when the LCAT/CETP ratio was calculated, we observed that the higher the ratio, the greater the relative proportion of small HDL3b (r = 0.551, P < 0.05) and HDL3c (r = 0.477, P < 0.05). These results suggest that the balance of LCAT and CETP activities have a great impact in the plasma HDL size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Huesca-Gómez
- Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México DF, Mexico
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24
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Beghin L, Duhal N, Poulain P, Hauw P, Lacroix B, Lecerf JM, Bonte JP, Fruchart JC, Luc G. Measurement of apolipoprotein B concentration in plasma lipoproteins by combining selective precipitation and mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Beghin L, Capps N, Duhal N, Davies J, Staels B, Luc G. Metabolism of apolipoproteins AI and AII in a patient with paradoxical reduction in high-density lipoprotein due to ciprofibrate. Ann Clin Biochem 1999; 36 ( Pt 4):523-5. [PMID: 10456219 DOI: 10.1177/000456329903600420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Beghin
- Dept of Atherosclerosis, INSERM U 325, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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26
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Franceschini G, Calabresi L, Chiesa G, Parolini C, Sirtori CR, Canavesi M, Bernini F. Increased cholesterol efflux potential of sera from ApoA-IMilano carriers and transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1257-62. [PMID: 10323777 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.5.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of HDL to remove cholesterol from peripheral cells and drive it to the liver for excretion is believed to explain most of the strong inverse correlation between plasma HDL cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease. Carriers of the ApoA-IMilano (A-IM) mutant have a severe hypoalphalipoproteinemia but are not at increased risk for premature of coronary heart disease. To explain this apparent paradox, we compared the capacity of serum from A-IM and control subjects to extract cholesterol from Fu5AH cells. Because the A-IM carriers are all heterozygotes for the mutation, we also compared the cholesterol efflux capacity of serum from transgenic mice expressing A-IM or wild-type ApoA-I (A-IWT), in the absence of murine ApoA-I. In the whole series of human or mouse sera, cholesterol efflux was significantly correlated with several HDL-related parameters; after adjustment for concomitant variables, the only parameter that remained significantly correlated with cholesterol efflux was the serum ApoA-I concentration (r2=0.85 in humans and 0.84 in mice). The same was true when samples from control subjects, A-IM carriers, A-IWT or A-IM mice were analyzed separately. Cholesterol efflux to sera from the A-IM carriers was only reduced slightly compared with control sera (25.0+/-4.2% versus 30.4+/-3.3%), although there was a large reduction (-45%) in the serum ApoA-I concentration in the former. Cholesterol efflux was also lower to sera from A-IM than A-IWT mice (15.6+/-3.8% versus 30. 1+/-7.1%), but less than expected from the 70% reduction in serum ApoA-I concentration. A relative efflux potential of serum was calculated in each group as the slope of the regression line fitting cholesterol efflux to ApoA-I concentrations. Therefore, the relative efflux potential reflects the relative efficiency of ApoA-I in determining cell cholesterol efflux. The relative efflux potential of mouse and human sera was in the following order: A-IM mice>A-IM carriers>A-IWT mice=control subjects, suggesting a gene-dosage effect of the A-IM mutation on the efficiency of serum to extract cholesterol from cells. The high efficiency of A-IM-containing HDL for cell cholesterol uptake would result in an improved reverse cholesterol transport in the A-IM carriers, possibly explaining the low susceptibility to atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franceschini
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti and Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano, Italy.
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27
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Peelman F, Verschelde JL, Vanloo B, Ampe C, Labeur C, Tavernier J, Vandekerckhove J, Rosseneu M. Effects of natural mutations in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase on the enzyme structure and activity. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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28
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Argyropoulos G, Jenkins A, Klein RL, Lyons T, Wagenhorst B, St. Armand J, Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Pritchard PH, Garvey WT. Transmission of two novel mutations in a pedigree with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency: structure–function relationships and studies in a compound heterozygous proband. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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