1
|
Animal models of diabetic microvascular complications: Relevance to clinical features. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112305. [PMID: 34872802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has become more common in recent years worldwide, and this growth is projected to continue in the future. The primary concern with diabetes is developing various complications, which significantly contribute to the disease's mortality and morbidity. Over time, the condition progresses from the pre-diabetic to the diabetic stage and then to the development of complications. Years and enormous resources are required to evaluate pharmacological interventions to prevent or delay the progression of disease or complications in humans. Appropriate screening models are required to gain a better understanding of both pathogenesis and potential therapeutic agents. Different species of animals are used to evaluate the pharmacological potentials and study the pathogenesis of the disease. Animal models are essential for research because they represent most of the structural, functional, and biochemical characteristics of human diseases. An ideal screening model should mimic the pathogenesis of the disease with identifiable characteristics. A thorough understanding of animal models is required for the experimental design to select an appropriate model. Each animal model has certain advantages and limitations. The present manuscript describes the animal models and their diagnostic characteristics to evaluate microvascular diabetic complications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar S, Arun KHS, Kaul CL, Sharma SS. Effects of adenosine and adenosine A2Areceptor agonist on motor nerve conduction velocity and nerve blood flow in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Neurol Res 2013; 27:60-6. [PMID: 15829161 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x18278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of chronic administration of adenosine and CGS 21680 hydrochloride (adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist) on motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), nerve blood flow (NBF) and histology of sciatic nerve in animal model of diabetic neuropathy. Adenosinergic agents were administered for 2 weeks after 6 weeks of streptozotocin-induced (50 mg/kg i.p.) diabetes in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Significant reduction in sciatic MNCV and NBF were observed after 8 weeks in diabetic animals in comparison with control (non diabetic) rats. Adenosine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly improved sciatic MNCV and NBF in diabetic rats. The protective effect of adenosine on MNCV and NBF was completely reversed by theophylline (50 mg/kg, i.p.), a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, suggesting that the adenosine effect was mediated via adenosinergic receptors. CGS 21680 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly improved NBF; however, MNCV was not significantly improved in diabetic rats. At a dose of 1 mg/kg, neither MNCV nor NBF was improved by CGS 21680 in diabetic rats. ZM 241385 (adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist) prevented the effect of CGS 21680 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.). Histological changes observed in sciatic nerve were partially improved by the adenosinergic agents in diabetic rats. Results of the present study, suggest the potential of adenosinergic agents in the therapy of diabetic neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sokindra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sec-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab-160062, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shaikh AS, Somani RS. Animal models and biomarkers of neuropathy in diabetic rodents. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 42:129-34. [PMID: 20871761 PMCID: PMC2937311 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.66833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a multifactor complication of diabetes. It is a late finding in type 1 diabetes, but can be an early finding in type 2 diabetes. The cause of DN is still unclear and, like other complications of diabetes, it may be the result of various pathological conditions. Animal models and biomarkers of DN have been extensively used in neuropathic research. The most useful model of DN should exhibit the key feature present in human pathology. Diabetic rodents show behavioral, functional, structural and molecular biomarkers and they are widely used as models to investigate the etiology of DN as well as to screen the efficacy of the potential therapeutic interventions. We have reviewed the different animal models and biomarkers of neuropathy in diabetic rodents of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Pune - 411 041, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davidson EP, Coppey LJ, Calcutt NA, Oltman CL, Yorek MA. Diet-induced obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats causes microvascular and neural dysfunction. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:306-18. [PMID: 20503263 PMCID: PMC2878284 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the effect of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on microvascular and neural function. METHODS Rats were fed a standard or high fat diet for up to 32 weeks. The following measurements were carried out: vasodilation in epineurial arterioles using videomicroscopy, endoneurial blood flow using hydrogen clearance, nerve conduction velocity using electrical stimulation, size-frequency distribution of myelinated fibres of the sciatic nerve, intraepidermal nerve fibre density using confocal microscopy and thermal nociception using the Hargreaves method. RESULTS Rats fed a high fat diet for 32 weeks developed sensory neuropathy, as indicated by slowing of sensory nerve conduction velocity and thermal hypoalgesia. Motor nerve conduction velocity and endoneurial blood flow were not impaired. Mean axonal diameter of myelinated fibres of the sciatic nerve was unchanged in high fat-fed rats compared with that in control. Intraepidermal nerve fibre density was significantly reduced in high fat-fed rats. Vascular relaxation to acetylcholine and calcitonin gene-related peptide was decreased and expression of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) increased in epineurial arterioles of rats fed a high fat diet. In contrast, insulin-mediated vascular relaxation was increased in epineurial arterioles. NEP activity was significantly increased in the skin of the hindpaw. Markers of oxidative stress were increased in the aorta and serum of high fat-fed rats but not in epineurial arterioles. CONCLUSION Chronic obesity causes microvascular and neural dysfunction. This is associated with increased expression of NEP but not oxidative stress in epineurial arterioles. NEP degrades vasoactive peptides, which may explain the decrease in microvascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Davidson
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Coppey
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Nigel A. Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christine L. Oltman
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Mark A. Yorek
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dias JP, Ismael MA, Pilon M, de Champlain J, Ferrari B, Carayon P, Couture R. The kinin B1 receptor antagonist SSR240612 reverses tactile and cold allodynia in an experimental rat model of insulin resistance. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:280-7. [PMID: 17618300 PMCID: PMC1978253 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetes causes sensory polyneuropathy with associated pain in the form of tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia which are often intractable and resistant to current therapy. This study tested the beneficial effects of the non-peptide and orally active kinin B(1) receptor antagonist SSR240612 against tactile and cold allodynia in a rat model of insulin resistance. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were fed with 10% D-glucose for 12 weeks and effects of orally administered SSR240612 (0.3-30 mg kg(-1)) were determined on the development of tactile and cold allodynia. Possible interference of SSR240612 with vascular oxidative stress and pancreatic function was also addressed. KEY RESULTS Glucose-fed rats exhibited tactile and cold allodynia, increases in systolic blood pressure and higher plasma levels of insulin and glucose, at 12 weeks. SSR240612 blocked tactile and cold allodynia at 3 h (ID(50)=5.5 and 7.1 mg kg(-1), respectively) in glucose-fed rats but had no effect in control rats. The antagonist (10 mg kg(-1)) had no effect on plasma glucose and insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA index) and aortic superoxide anion production in glucose-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We provide the first evidence that the B(1) receptors are involved in allodynia in an experimental rat model of insulin resistance. Allodynia was alleviated by SSR240612 most likely through a direct inhibition of B(1) receptors affecting spinal cord and/or sensory nerve excitation. Thus, orally active non-peptide B(1) receptor antagonists should have clinical therapeutic potential in the treatment of sensory polyneuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Dias
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M A Ismael
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M Pilon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - J de Champlain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - B Ferrari
- Sanofi-Aventis R&D Montpellier, France
| | - P Carayon
- Sanofi-Aventis R&D Montpellier, France
| | - R Couture
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zotova EG, Christ GJ, Zhao W, Tar M, Kuppam SD, Arezzo JC. Effects of fidarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on nerve conduction velocity and bladder function in streptozotocin-treated female rats. J Diabetes Complications 2007; 21:187-95. [PMID: 17493553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of fidarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), were assessed on nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in somatic nerves and on multiple measures of bladder function in rats made hyperglycemic with streptozotocin (STZ) and in age-matched controls. Nerve conduction velocity was recorded at baseline and at 10, 20, 30, and 50 days after confirmation of the STZ-induced hyperglycemia in all rats (N=47); bladder function was assessed in a representative subset of rats (N=20) at Day 50. Caudal NCV was markedly slowed by STZ, and this effect was significantly reversed by fidarestat. The initial deficit and treatment-related improvement were especially evident for responses driven by high-frequency repetitive stimulation. Of the 11 parameters of bladder activity assessed, four measures-bladder capacity, micturition volume, micturition frequency, and bladder weight-were significantly different in the control and STZ-treated groups. These deficits were not affected by fidarestat. At Day 50, the induced deficits in bladder function were highly correlated with caudal NCV (r values ranging from 0.70 to 0.96; P values ranging from .02 to <.0001). These results suggested that fidarestat improved the slowing of somatic nerve NCV in hyperglycemic rats, but it was not effective in reversing associated bladder dysfunction, in spite of the highly significant correlation between these two diabetes-induced deficits. Possible explanations for this dissociation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Zotova
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Getting SJ, Di Filippo C, D'Amico M, Perretti M. The melanocortin peptide HP228 displays protective effects in acute models of inflammation and organ damage. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 532:138-44. [PMID: 16442098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The clinically efficacious melanocortin peptide HP228 has here been investigated for its anti-inflammatory efficacy. In this study we have investigated the efficacy of HP228 in murine acute models of inflammation and myocardial ischaemia. Systemic treatment of mice with HP228 inhibited neutrophil accumulation in zymosan; urate crystal and carrageenan induced inflammatory models. In the urate model this was due to inhibition of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, whilst different mechanisms exist for zymosan peritonitis and carrageenan-induced air-pouch inflammation. HP228 was next evaluated in a model of myocardial ischaemia, another condition where cytokines and neutrophils are thought to play a causal role. HP228 caused a 50% reduction in myocardial damage following reperfusion. HP228 therefore inhibits the most important facet of the host inflammatory response namely leukocyte migration. These data show for the first time that the clinically efficacious peptide HP228 displays protective effects in models of inflammation and organ damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Getting
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology and Experimental Pathology, The William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London SMD, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Selvage DJ, Lee SY, Parsons LH, Seo DO, Rivier CL. A hypothalamic-testicular neural pathway is influenced by brain catecholamines, but not testicular blood flow. Endocrinology 2004; 145:1750-9. [PMID: 14684600 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the existence of a descending multisynaptic, pituitary-independent, neural pathway between the hypothalamus and the testes in the male rat. Stimulation of this pathway by the intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of IL-1beta or corticotropin-releasing factor blunts the testosterone (T) response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This response is mediated at least in part by catecholamine beta-adrenergic receptor activation. The present work was performed to further investigate the role of brain catecholamines and testicular blood flow in this pathway. The icv injection of 5 microl of 200 proof ethanol (EtOH; 86 micromol) did not result in detectable levels of the drug in the general circulation and did not induce neuronal damage, but rapidly blunted hCG-induced T release while not decreasing LH levels or altering testicular blood flow. EtOH significantly up-regulated transcripts of the immediate-early gene c-fos in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Lesions of the PVN blocked the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on T, but only partially interfered with the influence of EtOH. PVN catecholamine turnover significantly increased after icv injection of IL-1beta, but not EtOH. Brain catecholamine depletion due to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine did not alter the ability of hCG to induce T release, but significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of icv EtOH or IL-1beta on this response. Collectively, these results indicate that icv-injected IL-1beta or EtOH blunts hCG-induced T secretion through a catecholamine-mediated mechanism that does not depend on either peripherally mediated effects or pituitary LH, and that the PVN plays a role in these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Selvage
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Calcutt NA, Freshwater JD, Mizisin AP. Prevention of sensory disorders in diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats by aldose reductase inhibition or treatment with ciliary neurotrophic factor. Diabetologia 2004; 47:718-24. [PMID: 15298349 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sensory neuropathy in diabetic patients frequently presents itself as progressive loss of thermal perception, while some patients describe concurrent spontaneous pain, allodynia or hyperalgesia. Diabetic rats develop thermal hypoalgesia and tactile allodynia by unknown mechanisms. We investigated whether sensory disorders in rats were related to glucose metabolism by aldose reductase. We also explored the therapeutic potential of exogenous neurotrophic factors. METHODS Behavioural assessments of thermal and tactile sensitivity were performed in normal rats and in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Some of the rats were treated with insulin, aldose reductase inhibitors, ciliary neurotrophic factor or brain-derived neurotrophic factor. RESULTS Thermal hypoalgesia was present after 8 weeks of diabetes and was prevented by insulin treatment, which maintained normoglycaemia, by the aldose reductase inhibitor Statil or by ciliary neurotrophic factor. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor did not have an effect. When diabetic rats were tested after shorter durations of diabetes, they showed transient thermal hyperalgesia after 4 weeks which progressed to thermal hypoalgesia after 8 weeks. The aldose reductase inhibitor IDD 676 (Lidorestat), given from the onset of diabetes, prevented the development of thermal hyperalgesia and also stopped progression to thermal hypoalgesia when delivered in the last 4 weeks of an 8-week period of diabetes. Tactile allodynia was not prevented by neurotrophic factor or aldose reductase inhibitor treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Transient thermal hyperalgesia and subsequent progressive thermal hypoalgesia occur in diabetic rats secondary to exaggerated flux through the polyol pathway. A depletion of ciliary neurotrophic factor mediated by the polyol pathway may be involved in the aetiology of thermal hypoalgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0612, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arezzo JC, Zotova E. Electrophysiologic measures of diabetic neuropathy: mechanism and meaning. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 50:229-55. [PMID: 12198812 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)50079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Whole nerve electrophysiologic procedures afford a battery of measures that can provide a noninvasive and objective index of the onset and progression of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). Advances in physiologic procedures, digital hardware, and mathematical models have allowed assessment of activity in slower conducting fibers, as well as measures that reflect changes in refractory periods and threshold excitability. These expanded options can augment standard measures of maximal conduction velocity and compound amplitude and greatly enhance the sensitivity of whole nerve measure to both structural (e.g. demyelination) and "nonstructural" (e.g. redistribution of ion channels) deficits associated with DPN. The mechanisms underlying the physiologic events in DPN are multifactorial and their sequence in complex, with different mechanisms contributing to change at overlapping, but distinct points in the progression. Factors influencing early change in velocity may differ from those contributing to chronic deficits and these mechanisms may also differ in their response to various putative therapies. This review attempts to summarize the pattern of whole nerve electrophysiologic change associated with DPN, outlines the strengths and limitations of the various measures that are feasible, and discusses the specific impact of know pathophysiologic mechanisms on these end points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Arezzo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Calcutt NA. Potential mechanisms of neuropathic pain in diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 50:205-28. [PMID: 12198811 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)50078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal sensations and pain are features of approximately 10% of all cases of diabvetic neuropathy and can cause marked diminution in the quality of life for these patients. The quality and distribution of pain are variable, although descriptions of burning pain in the hands and feet are commonly reported. Like other neuropathic pain states, painful diabetic neuropathy has an unknown pathogenesis and, in many cases, is not alleviated by nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs or opiates. In the last decase, a number of behavioral and physiologic studies have revealed indices of sensory dysfunction in animal models of diabetes. These include hyperalgesia to mechanical and noxious chemical stimuli and allodynia to light touch. Animal models of painful diabetic neuropathy have been used to investigate the therapeutic potential of a range of experimental agents and also to explore potential etiologic mechanisms. There is relatively little evidence to suggest that the peripheral sensory nerves of diabetic rodents exhibit spontaneous activity or increased responsiveness to peripheral stimuli. Indeed, the weight of eveidence suggests that sensory input to the spinal cord is decreased rather than increased in diabetic rodents. Aberrant spinal or supraspinal modulation of sensory processing may therefore be involved in generating allodynia and hyperalgesia in these models. Studies have supported a role for spinally mediated hyeralgesia in diabetic rats that may reflect either a response to diminished peripheral input or a consequence of hyperglycemia on local or descending modulatory systems. Elucidating the affects of diabetes on spinal sensory processing may assist development of novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and alleviating painful diabetic neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Obrosova IG, Van Huysen C, Fathallah L, Cao XC, Greene DA, Stevens MJ. An aldose reductase inhibitor reverses early diabetes-induced changes in peripheral nerve function, metabolism, and antioxidative defense. FASEB J 2002; 16:123-5. [PMID: 11709499 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0603fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) prevent peripheral nerve dysfunction and morphological abnormalities in diabetic animal models. However, some experimental intervention studies and clinical trials of ARIs on diabetic neuropathy appeared disappointing because of either 1) their inadequate design and, in particular, insufficient correction of the sorbitol pathway activity or 2) the inability to reverse established functional and metabolic deficits of diabetic neuropathy by AR inhibition in general. We evaluated whether diabetes-induced changes in nerve function, metabolism, and antioxidative defense are corrected by the dose of ARI (sorbinil, 65 mg/kg/d in the diet), resulting in complete inhibition of increased sorbitol pathway activity. The groups included control rats and streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with/without ARI for 2 weeks after 4 weeks of untreated diabetes. ARI treatment corrected diabetes-induced nerve functional changes; that is, decrease in endoneurial nutritive blood flow, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, and metabolic abnormalities (i.e., mitochondrial and cytosolic NAD+/NADH redox imbalances and energy deficiency). ARI restored nerve concentrations of two major non-enzymatic antioxidants, reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate, and completely arrested diabetes-induced lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, treatment with adequate doses of ARIs (that is, doses that completely inhibit increased sorbitol pathway activity) is an effective approach for reversal of, at least, early diabetic neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Obrosova
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0354, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Obrosova IG, Van Huysen C, Fathallah L, Cao X, Stevens MJ, Greene DA. Evaluation of α 1‐adrenoceptor antagonist on diabetes‐induced changes in peripheral nerve function, metabolism, and antioxidative defense. FASEB J 2000. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.99-0803com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina G. Obrosova
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Carol Van Huysen
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Lamia Fathallah
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Xianghui Cao
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Martin J. Stevens
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Douglas A. Greene
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| |
Collapse
|