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Ju C, Lv J, Wu A, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Chen J. Effect of pH on betalain–anthocyanin mixture in bayberry juice: influences on pigments, colour, and antioxidant capacity. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changxin Ju
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jimin Lv
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Andi Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yanyun Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jianchu Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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Pires EDO, Di Gioia F, Rouphael Y, Ferreira ICFR, Caleja C, Barros L, Petropoulos SA. The Compositional Aspects of Edible Flowers as an Emerging Horticultural Product. Molecules 2021; 26:6940. [PMID: 34834031 PMCID: PMC8619536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible flowers are becoming very popular, as consumers are seeking healthier and more attractive food products that can improve their diet aesthetics and diversify their dietary sources of micronutrients. The great variety of flowers that can be eaten is also associated with high variability in chemical composition, especially in bioactive compounds content that may significantly contribute to human health. The advanced analytical techniques allowed us to reveal the chemical composition of edible flowers and identify new compounds and effects that were not known until recently. Considering the numerous species of edible flowers, the present review aims to categorize the various species depending on their chemical composition and also to present the main groups of compounds that are usually present in the species that are most commonly used for culinary purposes. Moreover, special attention is given to those species that contain potentially toxic or poisonous compounds as their integration in human diets should be carefully considered. In conclusion, the present review provides useful information regarding the chemical composition and the main groups of chemical compounds that are present in the flowers of the most common species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleomar de O. Pires
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (E.d.O.P.J.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesco Di Gioia
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (E.d.O.P.J.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Caleja
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (E.d.O.P.J.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (E.d.O.P.J.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Świergosz T, Sutor K, Spórna-Kucab A, Wybraniec S. Multi-colored shades of betalains: recent advances in betacyanin chemistry. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:2315-2346. [PMID: 34515277 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2001 to 2021Betacyanins cover a class of remarkable natural red-violet plant pigments with prospective chemical and biological properties for wide-ranging applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and the cosmetic industry. Betacyanins, forming the betalain pigment group together with yellow betaxanthins, have gained much attention due to the increasing social awareness of the positive impact of natural products on human health. Betalains are commercially recognized as natural food colorants with preliminarily ascertained, but to be further investigated, health-promoting properties. In addition, they exhibit a remarkable structural diversity based on glycosylated and acylated varieties. The main research directions for natural plant pigments are focused on their structure elucidation, methods of their separation and analysis, biological activities, bioavailability, factors affecting their stability, industrial applications as a plant-based food, natural colorants, drugs, and cosmetics as well as methods for high-yield production and stabilization. This review covers period of the last two decades of betacyanin research. In the first part of the review, we present an updated classification of all known betacyanins and their derivatives identified by chemical means as well as by mass spectrometric and NMR techniques. In the second part, we review the current research reports focused on the chemical properties of the pigments (decarboxylation, oxidation, conjugation, and chlorination reactions as well as the acyl group migration phenomenon) and describe the semi-synthesis of natural and artificial fluorescent betalamic acid conjugates, showing various prospective research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sutor
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Aneta Spórna-Kucab
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
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Al-Mekhlafi NA, Mediani A, Ismail NH, Abas F, Dymerski T, Lubinska-Szczygeł M, Vearasilp S, Gorinstein S. Metabolomic and antioxidant properties of different varieties and origins of Dragon fruit. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Montiel-Sánchez M, García-Cayuela T, Gómez-Maqueo A, García HS, Cano MP. In vitro gastrointestinal stability, bioaccessibility and potential biological activities of betalains and phenolic compounds in cactus berry fruits (Myrtillocactus geometrizans). Food Chem 2020; 342:128087. [PMID: 33077279 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cactus berry (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) is a scarcely studied Mexican wild fruit. These fruits could contribute to reduce the risk of degenerative chronic diseases due to their bioactive profile. The aim of this work was to study the betalains and phenolic profile in cactus berry, their in vitro biological activities and gastrointestinal digestive stability and bioaccessibility. 43 metabolites were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF (8 betaxanthins, 8 betacyanins, 13 flavonoids, 6 phenolic acids). Phyllocactin and Isorhamnetin rhamnosyl-rutinoside (IG2) were the most abundant metabolites (5876 and 396 µg/g dw) which were also bioaccessible (16 and 21%, respectively). Pulps showed higher (p ≤ 0.05) antioxidant activity by the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (27 mM Trolox equivalents). The anti-hyperglycemic activity was highest (p ≤ 0.05) in peel and pulp tissues (85% α-glucosidase and 8% α-amylase inhibition). An 83% inhibition of hyaluronidase showed high anti-inflammatory activity. Cactus berry fruit should be considered a promising fruit candidate for a sustainable healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Montiel-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Cayuela
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Gómez-Maqueo
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Hugo S García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver., Mexico
| | - M Pilar Cano
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Sandate-Flores L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J, Velázquez G, Mayolo-Deloisa K, Rito-Palomares M, Torres JA, Parra-Saldívar R. Low-sugar content betaxanthins extracts from yellow pitaya (Stenocereus pruinosus). FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Shen L, Xiong X, Zhang D, Zekrumah M, Hu Y, Gu X, Wang C, Zou X. Optimization of betacyanins from agricultural by-products using pressurized hot water extraction for antioxidant and in vitro oleic acid-induced steatohepatitis inhibitory activity. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13044. [PMID: 31515832 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is proposed to recover betacyanins from agricultural by-products (pitaya fruits peels (PFP), red beet stalks (RBS), and cactus pear peels (CPP)). The extraction yield of betacyanins was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal PHWE conditions were attained and the actual yields of betacyanins under optimal conditions were well matched with the predicted yields. In addition, betacyanin pigment compositions as well as superoxide anion scavenging activity of individual betacyanins extract (BE) produced in optimal PHWE conditions were characterized by HPLC-ESI/MSn and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of three BEs on oleic acid-induced steatohepatitis in cellular model was comparatively investigated. The results showed that unlike PFP, RBS, and CPP presented excellent efficacy in decreasing intracellular triglyceride and reactive oxygen species, inhibiting the release of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as regulating fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNAs expression. Practical applications In this study, PHWE, is firstly proposed for the enhancement of the extraction of betacyanins from three agricultural by-products. Betacyanin-rich extracts by PHWE method exhibit excellent activities in inhibition of ROS and regulation of lipid metabolism in hepatic cells. It suggests that PHWE has a strong potentiality in keeping bioactivity of BEs, which is significant for the production of betacyanins functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqin Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Jiangsu Hengshun Group Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Yuqian Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangyue Gu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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8
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Cacti for production of metabolites: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8657-8667. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Guadarrama-Flores B, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Gómez-Pando LR, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Development of Betalain Producing Callus Lines from Colored Quinoa Varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:467-474. [PMID: 29239176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble plant pigments of hydrophilic nature with promising bioactive potential. Among the scarce edible sources of betalains is the grain crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), with violet, red, and yellow grains being colored by these pigments. In this work, callus cultures have been developed from differently colored plant varieties. Stable callus lines exhibited color and pigment production when maintained on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with the plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (8.88 μM) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (6.79 μM) with a reduction of the nitrogen source to 5.91 mM. Pigment analysis by HPLC-DAD and ESI-MS/MS fully describes the content of individual pigments in the cell lines and allows the first report on the pigments present in quinoa seedlings. Phyllocactin and vulgaxanthin I are described as novel pigments in the species and show the potential of C. quinoa culture lines in the production of compounds of nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Berenice Guadarrama-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Belhadj Slimen I, Najar T, Abderrabba M. Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Betalains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:675-689. [PMID: 28098998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are vacuolar pigments composed of a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid. Betalamic acid condenses with imino compounds (cyclo-DOPA/its glucosyl derivates) or amino acids/derivates to form violet betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins. These pigments have gained the curiosity of scientific researchers in recent decades. Their importance was increased not only by market orientation toward natural colorants and antioxidants but also by their safety and health promoting properties. To date, about 78 betalains have been identified from plants of about 17 families. In this review, all of the identified pigments are presented, followed by a comprehensive discussion of their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Belhadj Slimen
- Department of Animal, Food and Halieutic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia , 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Taha Najar
- Department of Animal, Food and Halieutic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia , 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manef Abderrabba
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
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Martins N, Roriz CL, Morales P, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Coloring attributes of betalains: a key emphasis on stability and future applications. Food Funct 2017; 8:1357-1372. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organoleptic characteristics largely determine food acceptance, selection, and subsequent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
| | - Custódio Lobo Roriz
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
| | - Patricia Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology II
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
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Khan MI, Giridhar P. Plant betalains: Chemistry and biochemistry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:267-295. [PMID: 26101148 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are vacuolar pigments composed of a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid [4-(2-oxoethylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid]. Betalamic acid condenses with imino compounds (cyclo-l-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine/its glucosyl derivatives), or amino acids/derivatives to form variety of betacyanins (violet) and betaxanthins (yellow), respectively. About 75 betalains have been structurally unambiguously identified from plants of about 17 families (known till date) out of 34 families under the order Caryophyllales, wherein they serve as chemosystematic markers. In this review, all the identified betalain structures are presented with relevant discussion. Also, an estimated annual production potential of betalains has been computed for the first time. In addition, mutual exclusiveness of anthocyanins and betalains has been discussed in the wake of new evidences. An inclusive list of betalain-accumulating plants reported so far has been presented here to highlight pigment occurrence and accumulation pattern. Betalain synthesis starts with hydroxylation of tyrosine to DOPA, and subsequent cleavage of aromatic ring of DOPA resulting to betalamic acid formation. This pathway consists of two key enzymes namely, bifunctional tyrosinase (hydroxylation and oxidation) and DOPA dioxygenase (O2-dependent aromatic ring cleavage). Various spontaneous cyclisation, condensation and glucosylation steps complement the extended pathway, which has been presented here comprehensively. The biosynthesis is affected by various ecophysiological factors including biotic and abiotic elicitors that can be manipulated to increase pigment production for commercial scale extraction. Betalains are completely safe to consume, and contribute to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Imtiyaj Khan
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India.
| | - P Giridhar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
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Pinto NDCC, Duque APDN, Pacheco NR, Mendes RDF, Motta EVDS, Bellozi PMQ, Ribeiro A, Salvador MJ, Scio E. Pereskia aculeata: A plant food with antinociceptive activity. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1780-1785. [PMID: 26084799 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1008144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is a cactus distributed from south to northeast of Brazil, where its leaves are commonly used as a vegetable, in skin wound healing, and to treat inflammation. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to perform the chemical characterization and to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the hydromethanolic fraction obtained from the methanol extract of P. aculeata leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical characterization was performed by UPLC-MS analysis. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests in mice, administering the single oral doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg 1 h before each test. RESULTS Tryptamine, abrine, mescaline, hordenine, petunidin, di-tert-butylphenol isomers, and quercetin were identified. The antinociceptive activity was inversely proportional to the administered doses in the acetic acid test, as the dose of 100 mg/kg reduced by 78% the number of writhings, while the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg reduced by 64% and 41%, respectively. In the formalin test, the dose of 300 mg/kg inhibited by 50% and 86% the licking paw time in the first and second phases, respectively, while the doses of 200 mg/kg (45% and 62%, respectively) and 100 mg/kg (15% and 48%, respectively) were less effective. The sample did not respond to the tail-flick test. Those results suggested a peripheral and central antinociception devoid of an opioid effect. CONCLUSION Pereskia aculeata not only is a plant food with high nutritional value but also presents analgesic potential. It is the first time that this bioactivity is reported for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícolas de Castro Campos Pinto
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Science of Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora, MG , Brazil and
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Taira J, Tsuchida E, Katoh MC, Uehara M, Ogi T. Antioxidant capacity of betacyanins as radical scavengers for peroxyl radical and nitric oxide. Food Chem 2014; 166:531-536. [PMID: 25053090 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the antioxidant capacity of betacyanins as indole derived plant pigments, such as betanin, phyllocactin and betanidin. The antioxidant capacity of the betacyanins was evaluated as an index of radical scavenging ability using the peroxyl radical generating system in the presence of AAPH and NO generating system using NOR3 as an NO donor. The peroxyl radical scavenging capacity was dose-dependent in the low concentration range (25-100 nM). The mol-Trolox equivalent activity/mol compound (mol-TEA/mol-compound) as an index of the antioxidant capacity indicated the following order at 10.70 ± 0.01, 3.31 ± 0.14 and 2.83 ± 0.01 mol-TEA/mol-compound for betanidin, betanin and phyllocactin, respectively. In addition, betacyanins reduced the nitrite-level in the low concentration range of 2.5-20 μM. The IC₅₀ values (μM) of nitrogen radical scavenging activity were 24.48, 17.51 and 6.81 for betanin, phyllocactin and betanidin. ESR studies provided evidence that the compounds directly scavenged NO. These results indicated that betacyanins have a strong antioxidant capacity, particularly betanidin with a catechol group had higher activity than those of the glycoside of betacyanins. This study demonstrated that the betacyanins will be useful as natural pigments to provide defence against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsei Taira
- Department of Bioresource Technology, Okinawa National College of Technology, 905 Henoko, Nago City, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan.
| | - Eito Tsuchida
- Department of Bioresource Technology, Okinawa National College of Technology, 905 Henoko, Nago City, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Megumi C Katoh
- Department of Bioresource Technology, Okinawa National College of Technology, 905 Henoko, Nago City, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Uehara
- Department of Bioresource Technology, Okinawa National College of Technology, 905 Henoko, Nago City, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogi
- Okinawa Industrial Technology Center, 12-2 Suzaki, Uruma City, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
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15
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Phytochemical and morphological evaluation of flowers and fruits from Epiphyllum hybrids during development. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Akak CM, Djama CM, Nkengfack AE, Tu PF, Lei LD. New coumarin glycosides from the leaves of Diospyros crassiflora (Hiern). Fitoterapia 2010; 81:873-7. [PMID: 20580922 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new 5-methylcoumarin glycosides named diosfeboside A (1) and B (2) and five known compounds namely kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), ursolic acid (4), betulinic acid (5), stigmasterol (6) and stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7) were isolated from the leaves of Diospyros crassiflora (Hiern). Their structures were established through interpretation of 1 and 2D NMR, mass spectra analysis and comparison with reported data. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the new compounds against human carcinoma cell lines (HL-60, Bel-7402, BGC-823, and KB) was evaluated and no cytotoxicity was observed for each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Mvot Akak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box: 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Wybraniec S, Stalica P, Spórna A, Mizrahi Y. Profiles of betacyanins in epidermal layers of grafted and light-stressed cacti studied by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5347-54. [PMID: 20384338 DOI: 10.1021/jf100065w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Profiles of betacyanins present in light-stressed stems of different cactus species and nonstressed but genetically aberrated red pigmented cacti of Gymnocalycium mihanovichii cv. ;Hibotan' Britton & Rose, which are known as grafted cacti, were compared. The identities of all the pigments in the cacti were characterized for the first time. The identification of acylated and nonacylated betacyanins was performed by means of mass spectrometry and UV-vis diode array detection coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. The most indicative pigments of the stressed cacti, 5''-O-E-feruloyl-2'-O-beta-apiosyl-betanin and 5''-O-E-sinapoyl-2'-O-beta-apiosyl-betanin, as well as their diasteromers, were the prevailing betacyanins in Hylocereus polyrhizus , Epiphyllum phyllanthus , and Rhipsalis rhombea . Stressed Rhipsalis regnellii stems contained the sinapoylated betacyanins accompanied only by traces of the feruloylated derivatives. In addition, high contents of 2'-O-apiosyl-betanin were frequently observed in the samples with the highest concentration found in stressed Schlumbergera x buckleyi (T. Moore) Tjaden. These pigments were also detected, but at low levels, in the Hibotan pink, red, and violet scions, which were not light-stressed. In the Hibotan scions, the most abundant were the polar betacyanins: betanidin 5-O-beta-sophoroside and betanin. In most of the stressed samples, betanin was present at relatively low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wybraniec
- Faculty of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland.
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Wybraniec S. Chromatographic investigation on acyl migration in betacyanins and their decarboxylated derivatives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 861:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pigment pattern and expression of colour in fruits from different Hylocereus sp. genotypes. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wybraniec S, Nowak-Wydra B, Mitka K, Kowalski P, Mizrahi Y. Minor betalains in fruits of Hylocereus species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:251-9. [PMID: 17112553 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Betacyanins in peel and flesh of fruits of different Hylocereus species were identified by means of GC/MS, electrospray MS/MS, HPLC as well as (1)H and (13)C NMR techniques. As hitherto unknown pigments: betanidin 5-O-(2'-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, betanidin 5-O-(4'-O-malonyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and betanidin 5-O-[(5''-O-E-sinapoyl)-2'-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside were elucidated. The sinapoyl moiety attachment position in the structure of betacyanins was established for the first time. The peel contained a more complex pattern of betacyanins with apiofuranosyl moiety. Other recently identified pigments were also present in the samples and their (1)H or (13)C NMR spectra were recorded. In the case of phyllocactin and its 4'-isomer the migration of the malonyl group was noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute C-1, Faculty of Analytical Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
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Cai YZ, Xing J, Sun M, Corke H. Rapid identification of betacyanins from Amaranthus tricolor, Gomphrena globosa, and Hylocereus polyrhizus by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-QIT-TOF MS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:6520-6. [PMID: 16939305 DOI: 10.1021/jf0609983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural betacyanins have attracted great attention as food colorants and potential antioxidants. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-QIT-TOF MS) is a new and powerful technique for the identification of low molecular weight compounds. This study is the first to employ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS to rapidly identify, within a few minutes, a great number of betacyanins in crude extracts from Amaranthus tricolor seedlings, Gomphrena globosa flowers, and Hylocereus polyrhizus fruits. The fresh crude extract samples without any purification were directly used for MALDI-QIT-TOF MS analysis with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as a matrix. The MS2 and MS3 spectrometric data acquired could provide important characteristic information for structural elucidation of the betacyanins. Fourteen free and acylated betacyanins, belonging to amaranthin-type, betanin-type, and gomphrenin-type betacyanins, respectively, were identified. However, the related isomers should be differentiated with the aid of HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhong Cai
- Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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22
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Herbach K, Stintzing F, Carle R. Impact of Thermal Treatment on Color and Pigment Pattern of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Preparations. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb10994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Xiang L, Xing D, Wang W, Wang R, Ding Y, Du L. Alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:2595-601. [PMID: 16203019 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Five alkaloids (oleraceins A, B, C, D and E) were isolated from Portulaca oleracea L., and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods as 5-hydroxy-1-p-coumaric acyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy-1-ferulic acyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy-1-(p-coumaric acyl-7'-O-beta-D-glucopyranose)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy-1-(ferulic acyl-7'-O-beta-D-glucopyranose)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 8,9-dihydroxy-1,5,6,10b-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3-one, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiang
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Lee CH, Wettasinghe M, Bolling BW, Ji LL, Parkin KL. Betalains, Phase II Enzyme-Inducing Components From Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Extracts. Nutr Cancer 2005; 53:91-103. [PMID: 16351511 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5301_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of root tissue of red (Rd) and high-pigment (HP) beet (Beta vulgaris L.) strains exhibited antioxidant and phase II enzyme-inducing activities, and these extracts were fractionated using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. These bioactivities tended to become co-enriched in early and late eluting fractions, comprising 5-25% of the material recovered from the column. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) was used to resolve and identify multiple betalain components in the most potent quinone reductase (QR)-inducing fractions. Active fractions were found to contain vulgaxanthins I and II, and (iso)betanin, but other components remained unidentified. Two of the isolated active fractions were incorporated into rodent diets at 10-150 ppm over a 2-mo period to assess bioavailability and in vivo efficacy for phase II enzyme induction in various organs. No statistically significant effect of diet was obtained, and wide ranges of tissue enzyme levels among individual animals were observed. This lack of effect and diversity in response to diet may be related to the wide range in absorptive capacity of and/or insufficient level or enrichment of the active agents or to difficulties in assessing such activity in vivo. Subsequent to the animal studies, betanin was isolated in pure form, identified by MS analysis, and confirmed to be QR inducers in the bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsien Lee
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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26
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Stintzing FC, Herbach KM, Mosshammer MR, Carle R, Yi W, Sellappan S, Akoh CC, Bunch R, Felker P. Color, betalain pattern, and antioxidant properties of cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) clones. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:442-51. [PMID: 15656686 DOI: 10.1021/jf048751y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Total phenolics, ascorbic acid, and betalain contents of differently colored cactus pear clones (nine Opuntia ficus-indica [L.] Mill. clones and one O. robusta Wendl. clone) were investigated and related to their respective antioxidant potential assessed by Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. TEAC and ORAC values were very highly correlated with each other and also with values for total phenolics, betalain contents, and ascorbic acid concentrations. Total phenolics had the greatest contribution to ORAC and TEAC values. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) measurements of cactus pear juices permitted the differentiation of the clones based on variations in pigment patterns and betalain concentrations. The red and yellow betalains were absent in lime green colored cactus fruits. The ratio and concentration of these pigments were responsible for the yellow, orange, red, and purple colors in the other clones. Progeny of purple and lime green colored parents were characterized by 12% and 88% of plants bearing lime green and purple fruit, respectively. This implies that the genes for betalain production were lacking in the lime green fruits but could be provided by a parent with a complete set of genes, that is, purple fruits. Besides known pigments typical of Cactaceae, two unexpected betalains were identified. Whereas gomphrenin I was found for the first time in tissues of cactus plants, methionine-betaxanthin has never been described before as a genuine betalain. In addition to their alleged health-promoting properties, various combinations of yellow betaxanthins and red-purple betacyanins may allow the development of new food products without using artificial colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C Stintzing
- Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Hohenheim University, August-von-Hartmann-Strasse 3, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Abstract
Plant pigments are responsible for the shining color of plant tissues. They are also found in animal tissues and, eventually in transformed food products as additives. These pigments have an important impact on the commercial value of products, because the colors establish the first contact with the consumer. In addition plant pigments may have an influence on the health of the consumers. Pigments are labile: they can be easily altered, and even destroyed. Analytical processes have been developed to determine pigment composition. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Schoefs
- Dynamique Vacuolaire et Réponses aux Stress de l'Environnement, UMR INRA-1088/CNRS-5184/UB, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne à Dijon BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
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Abstract
Today, natural colourants are emerging globally, leaving synthetic colourants behind in the race, due to the realisation that are safer and ecofriendly in nature. In this context, a brief review of natural colourant sources, their classification, chemical constituents responsible for producing different colours, its activities and effect of different mordants on the hue is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kumar
- Natural Plant Products Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India--176 061.
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29
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Stintzing FC, Carle R. Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition. Trends Food Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Tesoriere L, Butera D, D'Arpa D, Di Gaudio F, Allegra M, Gentile C, Livrea MA. Increased resistance to oxidation of betalain-enriched human low density lipoproteins. Free Radic Res 2003; 37:689-96. [PMID: 12868496 DOI: 10.1080/1071576031000097490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Betalains are natural pigments recently considered as compounds with potential antioxidative properties. In this work, ex vivo plasma spiking of pure either betanin or indicaxanthin, followed by isolation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), and measurement of its resistance to copper-induced oxidation, has been used to research if these betalains can bind to LDL and prevent oxidation of LDL lipids. When pooled human plasma from 10 healthy volunteers was incubated in the presence of 25-100 microM either betanin or indicaxanthin, incorporation of both compounds in LDL was observed, with a maximum binding of 0.52 +/- 0.08, and 0.51 +/- 0.06 nmoles of indicaxanthin and betanin, respectively, per mg LDL protein. Indicaxanthin-enriched and betanin-enriched LDL were more resistant than homologous native LDL to copper-induced oxidation, as assessed by the elongation of the induction period. The incorporated indicaxanthin, however, appeared twice as effective as betanin in increasing the length of the lag phase, while both compounds did not affect the propagation rate. Both betalains were consumed during the inhibition period of lipid oxidation, and delayed consumption of LDL-beta carotene. Indicaxanthin, but not betanin, prevented vitamin E consumption at the beginning of LDL oxidation, and prolonged the time of its utilization. The resistance of LDL to oxidation when vitamin E and indicaxanthin acted separately in a sequence, was lower than that measured when they were allowed to act in combination, indicating some synergistic interaction between the two molecules. No prooxidant effect over a large concentration range of either betanin or indicaxanthin was observed, when either betalain was added to the LDL system undergoing a copper-induced oxidation. These results show than indicaxanthin and betanin may bind to LDL, and are highly effective in preventing copper-induced lipid oxidation. Interaction with vitamin E appears to add a remarkable potential to indicaxanthin in the protection of LDL. Although molecular mechanisms remain uncompletely understood, various aspects of the action of betanin and indicaxanthin in preventing LDL lipid oxidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tesoriere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicological and Biological Chemistry, Università di Palermo, Via C. Forlanini, 1. 90134 Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Betalains replace the anthocyanins in flowers and fruits of plants of most families of the Caryophyllales. Unexpectedly, they were also found in some higher fungi. Whereas the anthocyanin-analogous functions of betalains in flower and fruit colouration are obvious, their role in fungi remains obscure. The nature of newly identified betalains as well as final structure elucidation of earlier putatively described compounds published within the last decade is compiled in this report. Recent advances in research on betalain biosynthesis is also covered, including description of some 'early' reactions, i.e. betalain-specific dopa formation in plants and fungi and extradiolic dopa cleavage in fungi. Work on betalain-specific glucosyltransferases (GTs) has given new insights into the evolution of secondary plant enzymes. It is proposed that these GTs are phylogenetically related to flavonoid GTs. It was found that the decisive steps in betalain biosynthesis, i.e. condensation of the betalain chromophore betalamic acid with cyclo-dopa and amino acids or amines in the respective aldimine formation of the red-violet betacyanins and the yellow betaxanthins, are most likely to be non-enzymatic. Betalains have attracted workers in applied fields because of their use for food colouring and their antioxidant and radical scavenging properties for protection against certain oxidative stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Strack
- Abteilung Sekundärstoffwechsel, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Fernández-López JA, Castellar R, Obón JM, Almela L. Screening and mass-spectral confirmation of betalains in cactus pears. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02497675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wybraniec S, Mizrahi Y. Fruit flesh betacyanin pigments in hylocereus cacti. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:6086-6089. [PMID: 12358484 DOI: 10.1021/jf020145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Determination of profiles and total contents of betacyanins in cactus fruits of Hylocereus species using chromatographic and spectrophotometric method is described. The investigated species were H. polyrhizus, H. purpusii, H. costaricensis, H. sp. 487 (all red-flesh species and hybrids made among them), and the white- or red-flesh species H. undatus. Hybrids included hybrid 1 (H. undatus white-flesh clone and H. sp. 487), hybrid 35 (H. sp. 487 and H. polyrhizus), and the reciprocal hybrid hybrid 95 (H. polyrhizus and H. sp. 487). Fruits of H. polyrhizus exhibited the highest relative concentration (expressed as percentage of the total HPLC peak area) of hylocerenin, a recently discovered pigment, and a high relative concentration of phyllocactin. Hylocerenin and isohylocerenin, present in fruits at relative concentrations of 11.7 and 5.8%, respectively, are probably responsible for the fluorescent color of the fruit pulp. H. costaricensis fruits have a much higher content of phyllocactin (63.9%), which is almost 4 times higher than the betanin content. These differences in pigment concentrations might explain the differences in red hues of the flesh of these fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute C-1, Faculty of Analytical Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
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35
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Wybraniec S, Platzner I, Geresh S, Gottlieb HE, Haimberg M, Mogilnitzki M, Mizrahi Y. Betacyanins from vine cactus Hylocereus polyrhizus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:1209-12. [PMID: 11738409 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The presence of betacyanin pigments and their isoforms has been detected in the fruit of Hylocereus polyrhizus, a vine cactus native to South America. Along with the known betanin and phyllocactin (6'-O-malonylbetanin), a new betacyanin was structurally elucidated as betanidin 5-O-[6'-O-(3"-hydroxy-3"-methyl-glutaryl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] (proposed trivial name hylocerenin) by means of electrospray MS/MS, HPLC, and NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
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Kobayashi N, Schmidt J, Wray V, Schliemann W. Formation and occurrence of dopamine-derived betacyanins. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 56:429-436. [PMID: 11261575 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In light of the fact that the main betaxanthin (miraxanthin V) and the major betacyanin (2-descarboxy-betanidin) in hairy root cultures of yellow beet (Beta vulgaris L.) are both dopamine-derived, the occurrence of similar structures for the minor betacyanins was also suggested. By HPLC comparison with the betacyanins obtained by dopamine administration to beet seedlings, enzymatic hydrolysis, LCMS and 1H NMR analyses, the minor betacyanins from hairy roots were identified as 2-descarboxy-betanin and its 6'-O-malonyl derivative. A short-term dopamine administration experiment with fodder beet seedlings revealed that the condensation step between 2-descarboxy-cyclo-Dopa and betalamic acid is the decisive reaction, followed by glucosylation and acylation. From these data a pathway for the biosynthesis of dopamine-derived betalains is proposed. Furthermore, the occurrence of these compounds in various cell and hairy root cultures as well as beet plants (Fodder and Garden Beet Group) is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kobayashi
- Abteiling Sekundärstoffwechsel, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Halle (Saale), Germany
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