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Almanaa TN, Alwetaid MY, Bakheet SA, Attia SM, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Ahmad SF. Aflatoxin B 1 exposure deteriorates immune abnormalities in a BTBR T + Itpr3 tf/J mouse model of autism by increasing inflammatory mediators' production in CD19-expressing cells. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 391:578365. [PMID: 38723577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficiencies in communication, repetitive and stereotyped behavioral patterns, and difficulties in reciprocal social engagement. The presence of immunological dysfunction in ASD has been well established. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a prevalent mycotoxin found in food and feed, causing immune toxicity and hepatotoxicity. AFB1 is significantly elevated in several regions around the globe. Existing research indicates that prolonged exposure to AFB1 results in neurological problems. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, which were used as an autism model, exhibit the primary behavioral traits that define ASD, such as repeated, stereotyped behaviors and impaired social interactions. The main objective of this work was to assess the toxic impact of AFB1 in BTBR mice. This work aimed to examine the effects of AFB1 on the expression of Notch-1, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS, GM-CSF, and NF-κB p65 by CD19+ B cells in the spleen of the BTBR using flow cytometry. We also verified the impact of AFB1 exposure on the mRNA expression levels of Notch-1, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS, GM-CSF, and NF-κB p65 in the brain of BTBR mice using real-time PCR. The findings of our study showed that the mice treated with AFB1 in the BTBR group exhibited a substantial increase in the presence of CD19+Notch-1+, CD19+IL-6+, CD19+MCP-1+, CD19+iNOS+, CD19+GM-CSF+, and CD19+NF-κB p65+ compared to the mice in the BTBR group that were treated with saline. Our findings also confirmed that administering AFB1 to BTBR mice leads to elevated mRNA expression levels of Notch-1, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS, GM-CSF, and NF-κB p65 in the brain, in comparison to BTBR mice treated with saline. The data highlight that exposure to AFB1 worsens immunological abnormalities by increasing the expression of inflammatory mediators in BTBR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghreed N Almanaa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alwetaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Ensley S, Mostrom M. Equine Mycotoxins. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:83-94. [PMID: 38061965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The main mycotoxins involved in adverse equine health issues are aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and probably ergovaline (fescue grass endophyte toxicosis). Most exposures are through contaminated grains and grain byproducts, although grasses and hays can contain mycotoxins. Clinical signs are often nonspecific and include feed refusal, colic, diarrhea, and liver damage but can be dramatic with neurologic signs associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia and tremorgens. Specific antidotes for mycotoxicosis are rare, and treatment involves stopping the use of contaminated feed, switching to a "clean" feed source, and providing supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, P217 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michelle Mostrom
- North Dakota State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 4035 19th Avenue North, Department 7691 P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA.
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Shapter FM, Granados-Soler JL, Stewart AJ, Bertin FR, Allavena R. Equine Crofton Weed ( Ageratina spp.) Pneumotoxicity: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2082. [PMID: 37443880 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) is a global and highly invasive weed, with ingestion causing severe respiratory disease in horses, leading to irreversible and untreatable pulmonary fibrosis and oedema. While reports of equine pneumotoxicity remain common in Australia and New Zealand, equine pneumotoxicity may be underdiagnosed in other countries where Crofton weed is endemic but poorly differentiated. The pathogenesis of Crofton weed toxicity following ingestion has been well described in a number of different animal models, including rodents, rabbits, and goats. However, induced toxicity is organ-selective across different animal species, and these vastly differ from the pathogenesis described in horses, both clinically and after experimental exposure. Sources of variation may include species-specific susceptibility to different toxins present in the plant, different mechanistic processes of toxicity, and species differences in toxin biotransformation and bioactivation across different organs. Considering disease severity and Crofton weed's invasiveness globally, assessing published toxicological and exposure data is necessary to advance research, identify specific toxins for horses, and possible prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. This review presents an overview of the available literature on equine toxicity, parallels between toxicity in horses and other animal species, and important aspects to be included in the future research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Marie Shapter
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - José Luis Granados-Soler
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Francois Rene Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Löfgren M, Larsson P, Lindberg R, Hörnaeus K, Tydén E. Expression of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in lungs of horses with or without histological evidence of lower airway inflammation. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:16-24. [PMID: 32791560 PMCID: PMC7840205 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild, moderate and severe equine asthma is a problem for equine welfare. The aetiology of the disease is not known in detail but is likely multi‐factorial. One important factor may be inhaled dust which carries harmful substances which may be bioactivated and thus can lead to local inflammation in the airways. The aim of this study was to investigate gene expression and protein localisation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, superoxide dismutase and glutathione‐S‐transferases (GST) involved in bioactivation and detoxification of harmful substances in lungs of horses with or without histological evidence of lower airway inflammation. Significantly lower gene expression of CYP2A13 and GSTM1 was observed in lungs from horses with histological evidence of lower airway inflammation compared with horses without. A higher expression, although not significant, was found for CYP1A1 in horses with histological evidence of lower airway inflammation. There were no differences in gene expression of GSTP1 and SOD3. The proteins were localised in the respiratory epithelium which is of relevance as a defence to local exposure of inhaled harmful substances. In conclusion, our study reports differential gene expression of enzymes involved in bioactivation and detoxification of foreign substances in the lungs of horses with histological evidence of lower airway inflammation compared with horses without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Löfgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Larsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronny Lindberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hörnaeus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mehrzad J, Bahari A, Bassami MR, Mahmoudi M, Dehghani H. Immunobiologically relevant level of aflatoxin B1 alters transcription of key functional immune genes, phagocytosis and survival of human dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2018; 197:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mehrzad J, Hosseinkhani S, Malvandi AM. Human Microglial Cells Undergo Proapoptotic Induction and Inflammatory Activation upon in vitro Exposure to a Naturally Occurring Level of Aflatoxin B1. Neuroimmunomodulation 2018; 25:176-183. [PMID: 30336475 DOI: 10.1159/000493528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge regarding interactions of AFB1 with the human nervous system and how a naturally occurring level of AFB1 could potentially induce neuroimmune dysregulation is very limited. To assess the cellular effects of AFB1 on the human brain, we used the human microglia cell line CHME5 as a model to pinpoint its potential in vivo translation. METHODS We used the CHME5 cell line culture system, multiplex qPCR, (chemi)bioluminescence, Luminex ELISA, and flow cytometry assays to evaluate the toxic effects of a naturally occurring level of AFB1 on human microglia. RESULTS A low concentration of AFB1 upregulates the mRNA expression of many proinflammatory molecules, such as TLRs, MyD88, NFκB, and CxCr4, induces intracellular ATP depletion, and increases caspase-3/7 activity at different time points following exposure to the toxin. Furthermore, AFB1-exposed microglia secreted significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and GM-CSF after treatment. We also observed a slight increase in the percentage of apoptotic microglia (annexin V+/PI-) at 48 h posttreatment. CONCLUSION Our work confirmed that the environmentally relevant level of AFB1 could cause an inflammatory reaction in human microglial cells that is potentially harmful or toxic to the homeostasis of the human central nervous system and might increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran,
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Eraslan G, Sarıca ZS, Bayram LÇ, Tekeli MY, Kanbur M, Karabacak M. The effects of diosmin on aflatoxin-induced liver and kidney damage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27931-27941. [PMID: 28988357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin is among the natural toxins that cause serious side effects on living things. Diosmin is also one of the compounds with broad pharmacological effects. In this study, the effects on the oxidant/antioxidant system of 50 mg/kg body weight/day dose of diosmin, aflatoxin (500 μg/kg body weight/day), and combined aflatoxin (500 μg/kg body weight/day) plus diosmin (50 mg/kg body weight/day) given to the stomach via catheter female adult Wistar Albino rats is examined. Forty rats were used in the experiment, and these animals were randomly allocated to four equal groups. The test phase lasted 21 days, and blood samples and tissue (liver and kidney) samples were taken after this period was over. Some biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin) and levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and 4-hydroxynonenal and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were analyzed in the samples. The aflatoxin administered over the period indicated a significant increase in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in all tissues and blood samples. Therewithal, the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed a change in the decreasing direction. Biochemical parameters of the group in which aflatoxin were administered alone changed unfavorably. Parallel effects were also observed in the histopathological findings of this group. The results showed that aflatoxin changed antioxidant/oxidant balance in favor of oxidant and eventually led to lipid peroxidation. Diosmin administration to aflatoxin-treated animals resulted in positive changes in antioxidant enzyme activities while the levels of MDA, NO, and 4-HNE were reduced in all tissues and blood samples examined. Diosmin alleviates the oxidative stress caused by aflatoxin. Similar improvement was observed in biochemical parameters of this group as well as in liver and kidney histopathology. No significant change was observed in the group treated with diosmin alone in terms of the parameters examined and histologic findings. As a result, diosmin may be included in compounds that can be used as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent in the event of the formation of aflatoxin exposure and poisoning in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Eraslan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Soyer Sarıca
- Experimental Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Latife Çakır Bayram
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Yasin Tekeli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Kanbur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mürsel Karabacak
- Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational Collage, Department of Animal Health, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Lee RJ, Workman AD, Carey RM, Chen B, Rosen PL, Doghramji L, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Cohen NA. Fungal Aflatoxins Reduce Respiratory Mucosal Ciliary Function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33221. [PMID: 27623953 PMCID: PMC5021939 DOI: 10.1038/srep33221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins secreted by Aspergillus flavus, which can colonize the respiratory tract and cause fungal rhinosinusitis or bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. A. flavus is the second leading cause of invasive aspergillosis worldwide. Because many respiratory pathogens secrete toxins to impair mucociliary immunity, we examined the effects of acute exposure to aflatoxins on airway cell physiology. Using air-liquid interface cultures of primary human sinonasal and bronchial cells, we imaged ciliary beat frequency (CBF), intracellular calcium, and nitric oxide (NO). Exposure to aflatoxins (0.1 to 10 μM; 5 to 10 minutes) reduced baseline (~6-12%) and agonist-stimulated CBF. Conditioned media (CM) from A. fumigatus, A. niger, and A. flavus cultures also reduced CBF by ~10% after 60 min exposure, but effects were blocked by an anti-aflatoxin antibody only with A. flavus CM. CBF reduction required protein kinase C but was not associated with changes in calcium or NO. However, AFB2 reduced NO production by ~50% during stimulation of the ciliary-localized T2R38 receptor. Using a fluorescent reporter construct expressed in A549 cells, we directly observed activation of PKC activity by AFB2. Aflatoxins secreted by respiratory A. flavus may impair motile and chemosensory functions of airway cilia, contributing to pathogenesis of fungal airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan D. Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan M. Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phillip L. Rosen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurel Doghramji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nithin D. Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James N. Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W. Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Dohnal V, Wu Q, Kuča K. Metabolism of aflatoxins: key enzymes and interindividual as well as interspecies differences. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1635-44. [PMID: 25027283 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are potent hepatocarcinogen in animal models and suspected carcinogen in humans. The most important aflatoxin in terms of toxic potency and occurrence is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In this review, we mainly summarized the key metabolizing enzymes of AFB1 in animals and humans. Moreover, the interindividual and the interspecies differences in AFB1 metabolism are highly concerned. In human liver, CYP3A4 plays an important role in biotransforming AFB1 to the toxic product AFB1-8,9-epoxide. In human lung, CYP2A13 has a significant activity in metabolizing AFB1 to AFB1-8,9-epoxide and AFM1-8,9-epoxide. The epoxide of AFB1-8,9-epoxide could conjugate with glutathione to reduce the toxicity by glutathione-S-transferase (GST). In poultry species, CYP2A6, CYP3A37, CYP1A5, and CYP1A1 are responsible for bioactivation of AFB1. There are interindividual variations in the rate of activation of aflatoxins in various species, and there are also differences between children and adults. The age and living regions are important factors affecting resistance of species to AFB1. The rate of AFB1-8,9-epoxide formation and its conjugation with glutathione are key parameters in interspecies and interindividual differences in sensitivity to the toxic effect of AFB1. This review provides an important information for key metabolizing enzymes and the global metabolism of aflatoxins in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Dohnal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Tydén E, Löfgren M, Hakhverdyan M, Tjälve H, Larsson P. The genes of all seven CYP3A isoenzymes identified in the equine genome are expressed in the airways of horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:370-5. [PMID: 22966936 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the gene expression of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes in the tracheal and bronchial mucosa and in the lung of equines using TaqMan probes. The results show that all seven CYP3A isoforms identified in the equine genome, that is, CYP3A89, CYP3A93, CYP3A94, CYP3A95, CYP3A96, CYP3A97 and CYP3A129, are expressed in the airways of the investigated horses. Though in previous studies, CYP3A129 was found to be absent in equine intestinal mucosa and liver, this CYP3A isoform is expressed in the airways of horses. The gene expression of the CYP3A isoenzymes varied considerably between the individual horses studied. However, in most of the horses CYP3A89, CYP3A93, CYP3A96, CYP3A97 and CYP3A129 were expressed to a high extent, while CYP3A94 and CYP3A95 were expressed to a low extent in the different parts of the airways. The CYP3A isoenzymes present in the airways may play a role in the metabolic degradation of inhaled xenobiotics. In some instances, the metabolism may, however, result in bioactivation of the xenobiotics and subsequent tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tydén
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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11
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Battacone G, Nudda A, Rassu SPG, Decandia M, Pulina G. Excretion pattern of aflatoxin M1 in milk of goats fed a single dose of aflatoxin B1. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2656-61. [PMID: 22541493 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The feedstuffs used in dairy animals must be able to give consumers confidence about the wholesomeness of milk with regard to aflatoxin contamination. The aim of this study was to determine the excretion patterns of aflatoxin M(1) (AFM1) in the milk of dairy goats fed a single dose of pure aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1), which can occasionally occur if feeds are infected by hot-spot growth of molds that produce aflatoxins. Five dairy goats in midlactation were administered 0.8 mg of AFB1 orally. Individual milk samples were collected for 84 h after AFB1 dosage. Aflatoxin M(1) was found in milk in the highest concentration. In all goats, AFM1 was not detected in milk before AFB1 administration, but was detected in the first milking following AFB1 administration. The excretion pattern of AFM1 concentration in milk was very similar in all goats even if the values of the concentration differed between animals. The peak values for AFM1 concentration in milk was observed in milk collected during the milking at 3 and 6h. After the peak, the AFM1 in milk disappeared with a trend that fitted well a monoexponential decreasing function, and the toxin was not detected after 84 h. Only about 0.17% of the amount of AFB1 administered was detected as AFM1 in milk, and about 50% of this was excreted in the first liter of milk yielded after AFB1 intake. Correct procedures to prevent growth of molds, and consequent AFB1 contamination, on the feedstuffs for lactating goats represent the key to providing consumers a guarantee that milk is not contaminated by AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Battacone
- Dipartimento di Agraria, sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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A field outbreak of aflatoxicosis with high fatality rate in feedlot calves in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zancanella V, Giantin M, Lopparelli RM, Nebbia C, Dacasto M. Constitutive expression and phenobarbital modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and related nuclear receptors in cattle liver and extra-hepatic tissues. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:1096-109. [PMID: 22694178 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.694493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In humans and rodents, phenobarbital (PB) induces hepatic and extra-hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) through the activation of specific nuclear receptors (NRs). In contrast, few data about PB transcriptional effects in veterinary species are available. The constitutive expression and modulation of PB-responsive NR and DME genes, following an oral PB challenge, were investigated in cattle liver and extra-hepatic tissues (duodenum, kidney, lung, testis, adrenal and muscle). Likewise to humans and rodents, target genes were expressed to a lower extent compared to the liver with few exceptions. Phenobarbital significantly affected hepatic CYP2B22, 2C31, 2C87, 3A and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1-like, glutathione S-transferase A1-like and sulfotransferase 1A1-like (SULT1A1-like) mRNAs and apoprotein amounts; in extra-hepatic tissues, only duodenum showed a significant down-regulation of SULT1A1-like gene and apoprotein. Nuclear receptor mRNAs were never affected by PB. Presented data are the first evidence about the constitutive expression of foremost DME and NR genes in cattle extra-hepatic tissues, and the data obtained following a PB challenge are suggestive of species-differences in drug metabolism; altogether, these information are of value for the extrapolation of pharmacotoxicological data among species, the characterization of drug-drug interactions as well as the animal and consumer's risk caused by harmful residues formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zancanella
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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14
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Scarth JP, Teale P, Kuuranne T. Drug metabolism in the horse: a review. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:19-53. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Caloni F, Cortinovis C. Toxicological effects of aflatoxins in horses. Vet J 2010; 188:270-3. [PMID: 20619706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins principally produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, which are both natural contaminants of food and feedstuff. Aflatoxin B(1) is the most prevalent member of this group that is normally detected and is the most powerful hepatocarcinogen known. Few naturally occurring episodes of aflatoxicosis in horses have been reported in the literature. Indeed, the published information about aflatoxin exposure, metabolism and the effects on horses is limited and controversial, possibly indicating a lack of awareness rather than the rarity of the occurrence. The target organ in horses, as in other animal species, is the liver and horses suffering from aflatoxicosis show signs of inappetence, depression, fever, tremor, ataxia and cough. Necropsy findings include a yellow-brown liver with centrilobular necrosis, icterus, haemorrhage, tracheal exudates and brown urine. A possible link between aflatoxin exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been hypothesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Tydén E, Olsén L, Tallkvist J, Tjälve H, Larsson P. Cytochrome P450 3A, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5 in the upper airways in horse. Res Vet Sci 2007; 85:80-5. [PMID: 17980394 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene and protein expression as well as catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A were studied in the nasal olfactory and respiratory mucosa and the tracheal mucosa of the horse. We also examined the activity of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH P450 reductase), the amount of cytochrome b(5) and the total CYP content in these tissues. Comparative values for the above were obtained using liver as a control. The CYP3A related catalytic activity in the tissues of the upper airways was considerably higher than in the liver. The CYP3A gene and protein expression, on the other hand, was higher in the liver than in the upper airway tissues. Thus, the pattern of CYP3A metabolic activity does not correlate with the CYP3A gene and protein expression. Our results showed that the activity of NADPH P450 reductase and the level of cytochrome b(5) in the relation to the gene and protein expression of CYP3A were higher in the tissues of the upper airways than in the liver. It is concluded that CYP3A related metabolism in horse is not solely dependent on the expression of the enzyme but also on adequate levels of NADPH P450 reductase and cytochrome b(5).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, Uppsala, S-750 07, Sweden.
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17
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Knobloch M, Portier CJ, Levionnois OL, Theurillat R, Thormann W, Spadavecchia C, Mevissen M. Antinociceptive effects, metabolism and disposition of ketamine in ponies under target-controlled drug infusion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 216:373-86. [PMID: 16919695 PMCID: PMC2039908 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is widely used as an anesthetic in a variety of drug combinations in human and veterinary medicine. Recently, it gained new interest for use in long-term pain therapy administered in sub-anesthetic doses in humans and animals. The purpose of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPk) model for ketamine in ponies and to investigate the effect of low-dose ketamine infusion on the amplitude and the duration of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR). A target-controlled infusion (TCI) of ketamine with a target plasma level of 1 microg/ml S-ketamine over 120 min under isoflurane anesthesia was performed in Shetland ponies. A quantitative electromyographic assessment of the NWR was done before, during and after the TCI. Plasma levels of R-/S-ketamine and R-/S-norketamine were determined by enantioselective capillary electrophoresis. These data and two additional data sets from bolus studies were used to build a PBPk model for ketamine in ponies. The peak-to-peak amplitude and the duration of the NWR decreased significantly during TCI and returned slowly toward baseline values after the end of TCI. The PBPk model provides reliable prediction of plasma and tissue levels of R- and S-ketamine and R- and S-norketamine. Furthermore, biotransformation of ketamine takes place in the liver and in the lung via first-pass metabolism. Plasma concentrations of S-norketamine were higher compared to R-norketamine during TCI at all time points. Analysis of the data suggested identical biotransformation rates from the parent compounds to the principle metabolites (R- and S-norketamine) but different downstream metabolism to further metabolites. The PBPk model can provide predictions of R- and S-ketamine and norketamine concentrations in other clinical settings (e.g. horses).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knobloch
- Division Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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18
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TJÄLVE H, LARSSON P. KN07 Extra hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics, focusing on veterinary species. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00762_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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TYDÉN E, LARSSON P, OLSÉN L, TALLKVIST J, TJÄLVE H. D01 CYP3A and the allied co-factors NADPH-cytochrome P 450reductase and cytochrome b 5in the respiratory tissues in horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00762_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tydén E, Olsén L, Tallkvist J, Larsson P, Tjälve H. CYP3A in horse intestines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 201:112-9. [PMID: 15541751 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal enterocytes provide the initial site for cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism of orally absorbed xenobiotics. In man and some animal species, the CYP3A subfamily is highly expressed in the intestines and considered to be important in the first-pass metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mRNA expression, immunohistochemical localization and catalytic activity of CYP3A in the intestines of horse. Real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that the highest CYP3A mRNA expression was present in the duodenum with a decreasing level towards jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. The CYP3A mRNA expression in the liver was similar as in the anterior part of the jejunum, but about 4.5 times lower than in the anterior part of the duodenum. Immunohistochemistry showed CYP3A immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of the enterocytes, which decreased distally along the intestinal tract. CYP3A-dependent metabolic activity rose slightly from the anterior to the distal part of the duodenum and the anterior part of the jejunum and then declined to the middle and distal parts of the jejunum and the ileum, cecum, and colon. Our results suggest that CYP3A in the small intestine plays a major role in first-pass metabolism and may affect bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency of some orally administrated drugs in horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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