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Aspergillus fumigatus and Its Allergenic Ribotoxin Asp f I: Old Enemies but New Opportunities for Urine-Based Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Using Lateral-Flow Technology. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:jof7010019. [PMID: 33396482 PMCID: PMC7823411 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus is a life-threatening lung disease of immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis currently relies on non-specific chest CT, culture of the fungus from invasive lung biopsy, and detection of the cell wall carbohydrate galactomannan (GM) in serum or in BAL fluids recovered during invasive bronchoscopy. Urine provides an ideal bodily fluid for the non-invasive detection of pathogen biomarkers, with current urine-based immunodiagnostics for IPA focused on GM. Surrogate protein biomarkers might serve to improve disease detection. Here, we report the development of a monoclonal antibody (mAb), PD7, which is specific to A. fumigatus and related species in the section Fumigati, and which binds to its 18 kDa ribotoxin Asp f I. Using PD7, we show that the protein is secreted during hyphal development, and so represents an ideal candidate for detecting invasive growth. We have developed a lateral-flow device (Afu-LFD®) incorporating the mAb which has a limit of detection of ~15 ng Asp f I/mL urine. Preliminary evidence of the test’s diagnostic potential is demonstrated with urine from a patient with acute lymphoid leukaemia with probable IPA. The Afu-LFD® therefore provides a potential novel opportunity for non-invasive urine-based detection of IPA caused by A. fumigatus.
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Markakpo US, Armah GE, Fobil JN, Asmah RH, Anim-Baidoo I, Dodoo AK, Madjitey P, Essuman EE, Kojima S, Bosompem KM. Immunolocalization of the 29 kDa Schistosoma haematobium species-specific antigen: a potential diagnostic marker for urinary schistosomiasis. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:198. [PMID: 25927905 PMCID: PMC4416236 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 29 kDa Schistosoma haematobium species-specific antigen (ShSSA) is of remarkable interest in the diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis although it had not been fully characterized. METHOD To determine the biological importance of ShSSA in S. haematobium and pathogenesis of the disease, we immunolocalized ShSSA in schistosome eggshells, miracidia and adult worm sections using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). RESULTS ShSSA was strongly immunolocalized in the schistosome eggshells, selective regions of the miracidia body and walls of internal organs such as oviduct, ovary, vitelline duct and gut of the adult worm. CONCLUSION The strong immunolocalization of ShSSA in schistosome eggshells and adult worm internal organs suggests that the antigens involved in the pathogenesis of urinary schistosomiasis could have originated from the eggs and adult worms of the parasite. The findings also indicate that ShSSA may play a mechanical protective role in the survival of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri S Markakpo
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - George E Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Richard H Asmah
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Isaac Anim-Baidoo
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Alfred K Dodoo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Parnor Madjitey
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Edward E Essuman
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Somei Kojima
- Asian Centre for International Parasite Control, Mahidol University, Bankok, Thailand.
| | - Kwabena M Bosompem
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Osada Y, Anyan WK, Boamah D, Otchere J, Quartey J, Asigbee JR, Bosompem KM, Kojima S, Ohta N. The antibody responses to adult-worm antigens ofSchistosoma haematobium, among infected and resistant individuals from an endemic community in southern Ghana. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 97:817-26. [PMID: 14754494 DOI: 10.1179/000349803225002633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses to antigens from adult Schistosoma haematobium were investigated in an endemic community in Ghana, using microplate-ELISA. The results of a survey of egg output in urine and of a questionnaire-based investigation of water-contact activities were used to select 'endemic normal' (EN) and patently infected (PI) individuals as subjects. The plasma levels of antibodies reacting with the adult-worm antigens were determined and compared and the correlations between these levels and the age, water-contact index and egg output of each subject were evaluated. Compared with the EN subjects, the PI generally had higher levels of anti-worm IgG and IgE but lower levels of anti-worm IgA. When the data for the EN and PI groups were combined, the levels of anti-worm IgG and IgE were found to be positively correlated with egg output and with each other. Whichever the antibody class considered, levels of anti-worm antibodies were never negatively correlated with egg output. These results indicate that anti-worm IgE and IgG could be used as markers to reflect current infection intensity, and that anti-worm antibodies may not act as protective antibodies in the natural course of urinary schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Osada
- Parasitology Unit, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, PO Box LG581, Legon, Ghana.
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Demerdash Z, Mohamed S, Hendawy M, Rabia I, Attia M, Shaker Z, Diab TM. Monoclonal antibody-based dipstick assay: a reliable field applicable technique for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection using human serum and urine samples. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:93-8. [PMID: 23467705 PMCID: PMC3587756 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A field applicable diagnostic technique, the dipstick assay, was evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing human Schistosoma mansoni infection. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) against S. mansoni adult worm tegumental antigen (AWTA) was employed in dipstick and sandwich ELISA for detection of circulating schistosome antigen (CSA) in both serum and urine samples. Based on clinical and parasitological examinations, 60 S. mansoni-infected patients, 30 patients infected with parasites other than schistosomiasis, and 30 uninfected healthy individuals were selected. The sensitivity and specificity of dipstick assay in urine samples were 86.7% and 90.0%, respectively, compared to 90.0% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity of sandwich ELISA. In serum samples, the sensitivity and specificity were 88.3% and 91.7% for dipstick assay vs. 91.7% and 95.0% for sandwich ELISA, respectively. The diagnostic efficacy of dipstick assay in urine and serum samples was 88.3% and 90.0%, while it was 90.8% and 93.3% for sandwich ELISA, respectively. The diagnostic indices of dipstick assay and ELISA either in serum or in urine were statistically comparable (P>0.05). In conclusion, the dipstick assay offers an alternative simple, rapid, non-invasive technique in detecting CSA or complement to stool examinations especially in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Demerdash
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, 12411 Giza, Egypt
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Rapid detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in human serum by use of an immunochromatographic dipstick test. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3003-7. [PMID: 20534801 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02474-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated a commercially available immunochromatographic dipstick test to detect Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 366 human serum samples with known serological results from Argentina, Ecuador, Mexico, and Venezuela. One hundred forty-nine of 366 (40.7%) and 171/366 (46.7%) samples tested positive by dipstick and serology, respectively. Dipstick sensitivity was calculated to be 84.8% (range between countries, 77.5 to 95%), and specificity was 97.9% (95.9 to 100%).
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6
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Muller R. A mathematical model to predict the effects of temperature on timed ELISA. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109809354993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary schistosomiasis causes long-term ill-health. This review examines the various treatment options and newer drugs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate antischistosomal drugs, used alone or in combination, for treating urinary schistosomiasis. SEARCH STRATEGY In August 2007, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 3), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, mRCT, and reference lists of articles. We also contacted experts in schistosomiasis research. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of praziquantel, metrifonate, artemisinin derivatives, or albendazole, alone or in combination, versus placebo, different doses, or other antischistosomal drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS One author extracted data, and assessed eligibility and methodological quality, which were cross-checked by a second person. Dichotomous outcomes were combined using risk ratio (RR), and continuous data were combined using weighted mean difference (WMD); both presented with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Twenty-four trials (6315 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Compared with placebo, participants receiving metrifonate had fewer parasitological failures at follow up at one to three months (1 trial) and three to 12 months (3 trials). Egg reduction rate was over 90%, and no adverse events were reported (1 trial). One metrifonate dose was inferior to three doses given fortnightly (both used 10 mg/kg). Praziquantel (standard single 40 mg/kg oral dose) was more effective than placebo at reducing parasitological failure at one to three months' follow up and three to 12 months. Egg reduction rates were improved with praziquantel (over 95% versus 5.3% to 64% with placebo). Mild to moderate adverse events were recorded in two trials. A comparison of metrifonate (10 mg/kg x 3, once every 4 months for one year) with praziquantel (standard dose) showed little difference in parasitological failure. For praziquantel, there was no significant difference in effect between 20 mg/kg x 2, 30 mg/kg x 1, and 20 mg/kg x 1, and the standard dose for all outcomes. One small trial of artesunate showed no obvious benefit compared with placebo, and the artesunate-praziquantel combination was similar to praziquantel alone. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Praziquantel and metrifonate are effective treatments for urinary schistosomiasis and have few adverse events. Metrifonate requires multiple administrations and is therefore operationally less convenient in community-based control programmes. Evidence on the artemisinin derivatives is currently inconclusive, and further research is warranted on combination therapies. We suggest metrifonate be reconsidered for the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Danso-Appiah
- International Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK, L3 5QA.
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Cost-effectiveness of screening methods for urinary schistosomiasis in a school-based control programme in Ibadan, Nigeria. Health Policy 2008; 89:72-7. [PMID: 18573565 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of screening methods for urinary schistosomiasis; terminal haematuria, unqualified haematuria, dysuria, visual urine examination and chemical reagent strip technique, in a school-based control programme. DESIGN Estimation of costs and determination of cost-effect ratios of the screening methods applied in a school-based screening and treatment programme, from the perspective of a programme manager. SETTING A junior secondary school in Ibadan, Nigeria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cost per number of cases correctly diagnosed. RESULTS Unqualified haematuria was found to be the most cost-effective method costing N51.06 (US$ 2.16) to diagnose a case correctly, followed by terminal haematuria N58.91 (US$ 2.50) and dysuria N84.24 (US$ 3.57). Despite the relatively high input costs of chemical reagent strip technique over visual urine examination (N22.12 (US$ 0.94) per student vs. N6.44 (US$ 0.27) per student), it was found to be more cost effective costing N304.56 (US$ 12.91) to diagnose a case correctly than visual examination of urine cost of N317.58 (US$ 13.46) per correct case diagnosed. CONCLUSION From the viewpoint of a programme manager, interview method of screening by asking for blood in the urine remains the most efficient means of screening for urinary schistosomiasis in school-based control programmes in our environment.
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Sithigorngul P, Rukpratanporn S, Pecharaburanin N, Suksawat P, Longyant S, Chaivisuthangkura P, Sithigorngul W. A simple and rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detection of pathogenic isolates of Vibrio harveyi. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 71:256-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Cardinal MV, Reithinger R, Gürtler RE. Use of an immunochromatographic dipstick test for rapid detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in sera from animal reservoir hosts. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3005-7. [PMID: 16891528 PMCID: PMC1594643 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00552-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated an immunochromatographic dipstick test to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in canine serum samples from areas of endemicity (n = 141) and nonendemicity (n = 28) for Chagas' disease with known serological and xenodiagnostic test results. The dipstick test had a specificity of at least 94% and a sensitivity of at least 96%. The dipstick tested could become the first choice for screening purposes in disease surveillance or intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta V Cardinal
- Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Shiff C, Veltri R, Naples J, Quartey J, Otchere J, Anyan W, Marlow C, Wiredu E, Adjei A, Brakohiapa E, Bosompem K. Ultrasound verification of bladder damage is associated with known biomarkers of bladder cancer in adults chronically infected with Schistosoma haematobium in Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:847-54. [PMID: 16443246 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term infection with urinary schistosomiasis has been associated with development of bladder cancer. However, bladder cancer is difficult to diagnose without invasive measures such as cystoscopy, thus there is little information on the epidemiological extent of the problem. Studies have been either case-control studies or case examinations in different geographical areas, estimating a schistosome-associated bladder cancer incidence of 3-4 cases per 100,000. We have used three indicators to examine the potential bladder cancer problem in an adult rural population in Ghana endemic for urinary schistosomiasis: (i) parasitological positivity; (ii) age prevalence of bladder damage from ultrasound scans; and (iii) detection of biomarkers associated with the presence of bladder cancer. Biomarkers were BLCA-4 test (urine) and nuclear morphometry or quantitative nuclear grading (QNG) of epithelial cells (urine sediment), which quantifies DNA ploidy status and nuclear morphometric descriptors, both of which can detect the presence of bladder cancer. Our data show an increasing association between age, severe bladder abnormalities and the occurrence of these biomarkers. Sixty-two of 73 cytopathology Papanicolaou-stained smears were seen to have squamous metaplasia. Although further investigations are needed, we suggest that schistosome-associated bladder cancer is an important public health concern in areas where Schistosoma haematobium is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Shiff
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Ayi I, Akao N, Bosompem KM, Akafo SK, Clarke J, Nyador L, Apea-Kubi KA, Fujita K. Development of membrane-based tests for the detection of urinary antigens and antibodies in human toxoplasmosis: preliminary studies in Ghanaian patients. Acta Trop 2005; 93:151-9. [PMID: 15652329 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 10/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two membrane-based ELISA systems were used in detecting Toxoplasma antigens and anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in urine samples collected from 54 ophthalmology (22 suggestive active and 32 suggestive past infection) patients and 26 pregnant women attending obstetrics/gynaecology clinic (OGP), suspected of toxoplasmosis by eye examination, past medical records and questionnaire, respectively, in Ghana from mid-February to April 2002. The antigen detecting ELISA was able to demonstrate antigen in 100% (22/22) ophthalmology (active infection) and 62.5% (20/32) ophthalmology (past infection) patients, and 42% (11/26) of OGP which included 3 that were sero-negative prior to and during this study, giving an overall prevalence of 66.3% (53/80). The urinary antigen positive samples also included 6 that were negative for both the Dye Test (DT) and latex agglutination test (LAT). Antigen was not detected in the urine of 22 normal (sero-negative for antibodies to Toxoplasma) individuals. The membrane-based urinary antibody detecting sandwich ELISA also detected anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in 100% (22/22) of ophthalmology (active infection) and 81.3% (26/32) of ophthalmology (past infection) patients, a total of 89% (48/54); and 80.8% (21/26) of OGP with an overall prevalence of 86.3% (69/80), including 7 ophthalmology patients' samples that were sero-negative for both DT and LAT. Antibody sero-positivity of the samples was determined by DT as 87% (47/54) in ophthalmology patients and 73.1% (19/26) in pregnant women, LAT as 85.2% (46/54) and 65.4% (17/26), and an overall prevalence as 82.5% (66/80) and 78.8% (63/80), respectively. The membrane-based ELISA systems appear promising but need to be investigated further for its efficacy as reliable diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ayi
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Bosompem KM, Bentum IA, Otchere J, Anyan WK, Brown CA, Osada Y, Takeo S, Kojima S, Ohta N. Infant schistosomiasis in Ghana: a survey in an irrigation community. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9:917-22. [PMID: 15303998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We used a rapid, visually read, field applicable monoclonal antibody (MoAb)-dipstick assay for specific diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis together with microscopy to determine the prevalence of infant schistosomiasis in a community in the Awutu-Efutu Senya District in the Central Region of Ghana. The study group consisted of 97 infants (51 males and 46 females) aged 2 months to 5 years. A total of 75 of 97 (77.3%) subjects submitted stool samples; none had Schistosoma mansoni. Three individuals (3.1%) had hookworms but there were no other intestinal helminths. The urinary schistosomiasis prevalence by MoAb-dipstick (30%) was higher (P < 0.05) than that estimated by microscopy (11.2%). However, three of nine (33.3%) microscopically confirmed cases tested MoAb-dipstick positive after pre-treatment of the urine specimen with heat. The youngest infant to be found infected with S. haematobium microscopically was 4 months old. Fifteen of 71 S. haematobium egg negative individuals tested dipstick positive, giving a dipstick specificity of 78.9% as compared with microscopy as gold standard test. The relative sensitivity of the dipstick was 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bosompem
- Parasitology Unit, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
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Martínez-Govea A, Ambrosio J, Gutiérrez-Cogco L, Flisser A. Identification and strain differentiation of Vibrio cholerae by using polyclonal antibodies against outer membrane proteins. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:768-71. [PMID: 11427424 PMCID: PMC96140 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.4.768-771.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholera is caused only by O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae strains. For diagnosis, 3 working days are needed for bacterial isolation from human feces and for biochemical characterization. Here we describe the purification of bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMP) from V. cholerae O1 Ogawa, O1 Inaba, and O139 strains, as well as the production of specific antisera and their use for fecal Vibrio antigen detection. Anti-OMP antisera showed very high reactivity and specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot-ELISA. An inmunodiagnostic assay for V. cholerae detection was developed; this assay avoids preenrichment and costly equipment and can be used for epidemiological surveillance and clinical diagnosis of cases, considering that prompt and specific identification of bacteria is mandatory in cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-Govea
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340 DF, México
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Jyding Vennervald B, Kahama AI, Reimert CM. Assessment of morbidity in Schistosoma haematobium infection: current methods and future tools. Acta Trop 2000; 77:81-9. [PMID: 10996123 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, new potential tools for assessment of Schistosoma haematobium related morbidity have emerged. The tools are based on detection of S. haematobium egg antigens in urine or detection of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in urine, which may reflect the inflammatory response in the urinary tract. So far two markers have been assessed in long-term post treatment follow-up studies, allowing for an evaluation both before treatment and during regression and reappearance of infection and urinary tract morbidity. The results from these studies and the usefulness of the markers as morbidity assessment tools are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jyding Vennervald
- Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory, Jaegersborg Allé 1D, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark.
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van Lieshout L, Polderman AM, Deelder AM. Immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis by determination of the circulating antigens CAA and CCA, in particular in individuals with recent or light infections. Acta Trop 2000; 77:69-80. [PMID: 10996122 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we evaluate determination of circulating anodic (CAA) and cathodic (CCA) antigen for the diagnosis of an active Schistosoma infection in humans, in comparison to the diagnostic performance of parasitological examination and the demonstration of specific antibodies. Illustrated by three different studies, which all deal with the diagnosis of either recent or low intensity infections, we further discuss our experiences with these diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of recent infections, specific antibody determination showed to be very sensitive, particularly in individuals originating from non-endemic areas. For the assessment of cure and for the diagnosis of active infections in endemic areas, the methods of choice are parasitological examination and CAA or CCA determination. Depending on infection levels of the target population and on logistic conditions, CAA and CCA determination may either replace parasitological examination or, in the case of light infections, may be used as a complementary diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden Univerity Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Bosompem KM, Asigbee J, Otchere J, Haruna A, Kpo KH, Kojima S. Accuracy of diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis: Comparison of parasitological and a monoclonal antibody-based dipstick method. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)00021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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