1
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Lampsas S, Kandarakis SA, Vakalopoulos DG, Lampsa A, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Kymionis GD. Endothelin-1 Plasma and Aqueous Humor Levels in Different Types of Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1117. [PMID: 39064546 PMCID: PMC11278711 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Several studies suggest the complex relationship between Endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels with various types of glaucoma. This systematic review and meta-analysis explore ET-1 levels in plasma and aqueous humor among different types of glaucoma. Materials and Methods: A literature search (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library) was made up to April 2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42023430471). The results were synthesized according to PRISMA Guidelines. Results were presented as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 2597 subjects (1513 patients with glaucoma vs. 1084 healthy controls) from 23 studies were included in a meta-analysis. Notably, patients with glaucoma reported significantly higher plasma levels of ET-1 compared to controls (SMD: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.59-1.82, p < 0.001). Particularly, plasma ET-1 levels were higher in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (SMD: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.09-1.65, p < 0.05), normal-tension glaucoma (SMD: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.27-1.46, p = 0.05), and angle-closure glaucoma patients (SMD: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.43-1.63, p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls. Moreover, ET-1 aqueous humor levels were significantly higher in patients with glaucoma compared to controls (SMD: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.04-2.15, p < 0.001). In particular, aqueous humor levels were higher in POAG patients (SMD: 2.03 95% CI: 1.00-3.14, p < 0.001), and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma patients (SMD: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.00-3.07, p < 0.001) compared to controls. Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicates that elevated levels of ET-1 plasma and aqueous humor are significantly associated with different types of glaucoma. The pathogenesis of ET-1-related mechanisms may vary across different glaucoma types, indicating that possible therapeutic approaches targeting ET-1 pathways should be tailored to each specific glaucoma type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Lampsas
- Second Department of Ophthalmology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos A. Kandarakis
- First Department of Ophthalmology, “G. Gennimatas” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios G. Vakalopoulos
- First Department of Ophthalmology, “G. Gennimatas” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Lampsa
- Second Department of Ophthalmology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- Third Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital Sotiria, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- Cardiovascular Division, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George D. Kymionis
- First Department of Ophthalmology, “G. Gennimatas” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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2
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Feng KM, Tsung TH, Chen YH, Lu DW. The Role of Retinal Ganglion Cell Structure and Function in Glaucoma. Cells 2023; 12:2797. [PMID: 38132117 PMCID: PMC10741833 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, primarily affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This review dives into the anatomy of RGC subtypes, covering the different underlying theoretical mechanisms that lead to RGC susceptibility in glaucoma, including mechanical, vascular, excitotoxicity, and neurotrophic factor deficiency, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, we examined numerous imaging methods and functional assessments to gain insight into RGC health. Finally, we investigated the current possible neuroprotective targets for RGCs that could help with future glaucoma research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (K.M.F.); (T.-H.T.); (Y.-H.C.)
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3
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Mastronikolis S, Kagkelaris K, Pagkalou M, Tsiambas E, Plotas P, Georgakopoulos CD. Antioxidant Defense and Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome: An Updated Review. MEDICAL SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:medsci10040068. [PMID: 36548003 PMCID: PMC9785126 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) affects the anterior ocular tissues, rendering them susceptible to several eye diseases. On the other hand, protection of the eye from harmful factors is achieved by unique defense mechanisms, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants could be the cause of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS), a condition of defective extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. A systematic English-language literature review was conducted from May 2022 to June 2022. The main antioxidant enzymes protecting the eye from reactive oxygen species (ROS) are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyze the reduction of specific types of ROS. Similarly, non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins A, E and C, carotenoids and glutathione (GSH) are involved in removing ROS from the cells. PEXS is a genetic disease, however, environmental and dietary factors also influence its development. Additionally, many OS products disrupting the ECM remodeling process and modifying the antioxidative defense status could lead to PEXS. This review discusses the antioxidative defense of the eye in association with PEXS, and the intricate link between OS and PEXS. Understanding the pathways of PEXS evolution, and developing new methods to reduce OS, are crucial to control and treat this disease. However, further studies are required to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of PEXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Mastronikolis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.P.)
| | | | - Marina Pagkalou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.P.)
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4
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Dikmen N, Cakmak AI, Urfalioglu S. The effect of positive airway pressure therapy on intraocular pressure and retina in severe obstructive apnea syndrome. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2022; 20:267-273. [PMID: 38469251 PMCID: PMC10899910 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-021-00366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To identify and compare changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), macular, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements before and after 3 months of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Twenty-five patients diagnosed with severe OSAS in the neurology sleep outpatient clinic were included in the study. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed at the time of diagnosis and after 3 months of PAP therapy. Statistical analysis of comparisons of pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements of IOP and OCT was performed. Before the PAP therapy, the correlations between central corneal thickness (CCT), body mass index (BMI), OCT, IOP, and sleep parameters were statistically analyzed. Compared to the pre-treatment measurements at the time of diagnosis, post-treatment measurements showed insignificant decrease in IOP, significant increase in mean macular thickness and significant thinning in superior nasal RNFL. There was no correlation found between pre-treatment measurements including IOP, OCT, CCT, BMI, and sleep parameters. The effect of intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia on the IOP and macula may be reversible in severe OSAS patients receiving 3 months of PAP therapy, but the reversibility of the neurodegenerative effects of OSAS on RNFL with this treatment seems controversial. OCT can be considered to be a promising technique for monitoring disease progression under PAP therapy in patients with severe OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursel Dikmen
- Department of Chest Diseases, Tayfur Ata Sokmen Medical School, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay Turkey
| | - Ayse Idil Cakmak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tayfur Ata Sokmen Medical School, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, 31040 Antakya, Hatay Turkey
| | - Selma Urfalioglu
- Department of Opthalmology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical School, Onikişubat, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
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5
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Młynarczyk M, Falkowska M, Micun Z, Obuchowska I, Kochanowicz J, Socha K, Konopińska J. Diet, Oxidative Stress, and Blood Serum Nutrients in Various Types of Glaucoma: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071421. [PMID: 35406033 PMCID: PMC9002851 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. It is an insidious disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis. Despite progress in treatment methods, prevention and lifestyle modifications may be useful in slowing the progression of this disease. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the influence of diet, oxidative stress, and disturbances in blood serum levels of nutrients on the incidence and severity of glaucoma based on scientific reports on the role of nutrition in the pathogenesis and course of glaucoma. This paper presents an analysis of the above issues; however, further research is required to develop this topic. Future clinical trials are needed to assess the influence of nutrition and to develop nutritional management strategies for patients with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryla Młynarczyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.M.); (I.O.)
| | - Martyna Falkowska
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Zuzanna Micun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.M.); (I.O.)
| | - Iwona Obuchowska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.M.); (I.O.)
| | - Jan Kochanowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Socha
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Joanna Konopińska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.M.); (I.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-600471666
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Leung DYL, Tham CC. Normal-tension glaucoma: Current concepts and approaches-A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:247-259. [PMID: 35040248 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) has remained a challenging disease. We review, from an epidemiological perspective, why we should redefine normality, act earlier at lower pre-treatment intraocular pressure (IOP) level, and the role of ocular perfusion pressures, noting that perfusion is affected by defective vascular bed autoregulation and endothelial dysfunction. The correlation of silent cerebral infarcts (SCI) and NTG may indicate that NTG belongs to a wider spectrum of small vessel diseases (SVD), with its main pathology being also on vascular endothelium. Epidemiological studies also suggested that vascular geometry, such as fractal dimension, may affect perfusion efficiency, occurrence of SCI, SVD and glaucoma. Artificial intelligence with deep learning, may help predicting NTG progression from vascular geometry. Finally, we review latest evidence on the role of minimally-invasive glaucoma surgery, lasers, and newer drugs. We conclude that IOP is not the only modifiable risk factors as, many vascular risk factors are readily modifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter Y L Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lam Kin Chung . Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Dammak A, Huete-Toral F, Carpena-Torres C, Martin-Gil A, Pastrana C, Carracedo G. From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1376. [PMID: 34575451 PMCID: PMC8467715 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most irreversible blindness observed with glaucoma and retina-related ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, have their origin in the posterior segment of the eye, making their physiopathology both complex and interconnected. In addition to the age factor, these diseases share the same mechanism disorder based essentially on oxidative stress. In this context, the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly by mitochondria and their elimination by protective mechanisms leads to chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation share a close pathophysiological process, appearing simultaneously and suggesting a relationship between both mechanisms. The biochemical end point of these two biological alarming systems is the release of different biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis. Furthermore, oxidative stress, initiating in the vulnerable tissue of the posterior segment, is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and inflammation, which are involved in each disease progression. In this review, we have analyzed (1) the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the back of the eye, (2) the importance of biomarkers, detected in systemic or ocular fluids, for the diagnosis of eye diseases based on recent studies, and (3) the treatment of posterior ocular diseases, based on long-term clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Dammak
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Fernando Huete-Toral
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Carpena-Torres
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Alba Martin-Gil
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristina Pastrana
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
| | - Gonzalo Carracedo
- Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (F.H.-T.); (C.C.-T.); (A.M.-G.); (C.P.)
- Department of Optometry and Vsiion, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Hu X, Wang X, Dai Y, Qiu C, Shang K, Sun X. Effect of Nimodipine on Macular and Peripapillary Capillary Vessel Density in Patients with Normal-tension Glaucoma Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1861-1866. [PMID: 34325583 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1944645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of nimodipine on peripapillary and macular capillary vessel density (VD) in patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS Sixty mg nimodipine was administered to 20 enrolled NTG patients for 3 months. Patients were treated with glaucoma medication simultaneously. The macular and peripapillary VD were measured automatically by OCTA at baseline, 1.5 h after administering nimodipine, and after 3 months of administering the drug. The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex thickness, visual field (VF) testing, intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure and pulse rate in each subject were assessed during each follow-up. RESULTS Compared with the baseline, the parafovea VD was higher (50.89 ± 4.26 versus 46.80 ± 5.40, P = .044) 1.5 h after administration of nimodipine. After administration of nimodipine for 3 months, the parafovea VD was obviously increased (51.14 ± 5.68 versus 46.80 ± 5.40, P = .039), while IOP, systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and mean ocular perfusion pressure were decreased compared to baseline (all P < .05). No significant differences were found between the radial peripapillary capillary and disc VD. The parafovea VD was positively correlated with the administration of nimodipine (β = 0.39, P = .004), RNFL thickness (β = 0.49, P = .022), and VF mean deviation (β = 0.4, P = .040) in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Nimodipine effectively increased superficial macular capillary VD, but did not affect peripapillary capillary VD in patients with NTG. This finding indicates that patients with NTG may benefit from the administration of nimodipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Kunte Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Reduced Retinal Degeneration in an Oxidative Stress Organ Culture Model through an iNOS-Inhibitor. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050383. [PMID: 33925248 PMCID: PMC8145164 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches for diseases of the retina, like glaucoma. In their pathogenesis, oxidative stress and the corresponding defense reactions play an important role. In porcine retinal organ cultures, hydrogen peroxide can be used to simulate oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated whether the treatment with an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor protects retinal cells from oxidative stress. Therefore, porcine retinal explants were damaged with hydrogen peroxide and treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Analyzes of the retina at four and eight days showed that a inhibitor was able to prevent degeneration in porcine retinas, since retinal ganglion cells were protected to some extent. Moreover, in the later course, there was also protection of other retinal cells (bipolar cells). Hence, this inhibitor seems to be a promising treatment option for retinal diseases. Abstract In retinal organ cultures, H2O2 can be used to simulate oxidative stress, which plays a role in the development of several retinal diseases including glaucoma. We investigated whether processes underlying oxidative stress can be prevented in retinal organ cultures by an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-inhibitor. To this end, porcine retinal explants were cultivated for four and eight days. Oxidative stress was induced via 300 µM H2O2 on day one for three hours. Treatment with the iNOS-inhibitor 1400 W was applied simultaneously, remaining for 72 h. Retinal ganglion cells (RGC), bipolar and amacrine cells, apoptosis, autophagy, and hypoxia were evaluated immunohistologically and by RT-qPCR. Additionally, RGC morphology was analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. H2O2-induced RGCs loss after four days was prevented by the iNOS-inhibitor. Additionally, electron microscopy revealed a preservation from oxidative stress in iNOS-inhibitor treated retinas at four and eight days. A late rescue of bipolar cells was seen in iNOS-inhibitor treated retinas after eight days. Hypoxic stress and apoptosis almost reached the control situation after iNOS-inhibitor treatment, especially after four days. In sum, the iNOS-inhibitor was able to prevent strong H2O-induced degeneration in porcine retinas. Hence, this inhibitor seems to be a promising treatment option for retinal diseases.
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10
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Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. The Neurovascular Unit in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:452. [PMID: 32656207 PMCID: PMC7325980 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the visual system and leading cause of blindness worldwide. The disease is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP), which over a large range of magnitudes stresses retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons as they pass through the optic nerve head in forming the optic projection to the brain. Despite clinical efforts to lower IOP, which is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, RGC degeneration and ensuing loss of vision often persist. A major contributor to failure of hypotensive regimens is the multifactorial nature of how IOP-dependent stress influences RGC physiology and structure. This stress is conveyed to the RGC axon through interactions with structural, glial, and vascular components in the nerve head and retina. These interactions promote pro-degenerative pathways involving biomechanical, metabolic, oxidative, inflammatory, immunological and vascular challenges to the microenvironment of the ganglion cell and its axon. Here, we focus on the contribution of vascular dysfunction and breakdown of neurovascular coupling in glaucoma. The vascular networks of the retina and optic nerve head have evolved complex mechanisms that help to maintain a continuous blood flow and supply of metabolites despite fluctuations in ocular perfusion pressure. In healthy tissue, autoregulation and neurovascular coupling enable blood flow to stay tightly controlled. In glaucoma patients evidence suggests these pathways are dysfunctional, thus highlighting a potential role for pathways involved in vascular dysfunction in progression and as targets for novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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11
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Papaefthymiou A, Doulberis M, Katsinelos P, Liatsos C, Polyzos SA, Kotronis G, Papanikolaou K, Kountouras J. Impact of nitric oxide's bidirectional role on glaucoma: focus onHelicobacter pylori–related nitrosative stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1465:10-28. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Panagiotis Katsinelos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Christos Liatsos
- Department of Gastroenterology401 General Military Hospital of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Stergios A. Polyzos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of MedicineAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Department of Internal MedicineAgios Pavlos General Hospital Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Katerina Papanikolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
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12
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Wang X, Zhao Q, Li D, Wang Z, Chen W, Li Y, Cui R, Shen L, Wang RK, Peng X, Yang W. Quantitative evaluation of primary retinitis pigmentosa patients using colour Doppler flow imaging and optical coherence tomography angiography. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e993-e997. [PMID: 30963731 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To find the potential relation between changes in retinal large vessels and terminal vessels using colour Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to compare the respective advantages of CDFI and OCTA in evaluating vascular changes in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients. METHODS A prospective series of case study was conducted to enrol RP patients and age-matched controls, who were, respectively, imaged by CDFI and OCTA. Repeatability and reproducibility of both CDFI and OCTA were performed among healthy volunteers. The central retinal artery (CRA) was detected by CDFI analysis to provide parameters of peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV). Retinal parameters were evaluated from OCTA images, including vascular area density (VAD) of the superficial vascular layer, the fovea avascular zone (FAZ) area and retinal thickness. RP patients were separated into a high-vision group and a low-vision group, according to median vision (0.3, LogMAR 0.5). Multiple comparisons were used to analyse the data between groups. A correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between CDFI and OCTA parameters. RESULTS Twenty RP patients (40 eyes) and thirteen normal volunteers (26 eyes) were enrolled in this study. Repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements by CDFI had higher CVs, from 4.5% to 15.4%, than those measurements by OCTA (<5%). All the CDFI and OCTA parameters examined had significant reductions in RP patients compared to those in the controls (p < 0.01). Compared to the high-vision group, the low-vision group exhibited a statistically significant decrease in vascular parameters of the FAZ area, fovea VAD and parafovea nasal side VAD (p < 0.05); as well as in the parameters of the fovea thickness, and the parafovea nasal, superior and inferior side thickness (p < 0.05). From the correlation analysis, a significant association was found between the vision and CDFI parameters (PSV and time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMX), p < 0.05), and the vision and OCTA parameters (FAZ area, fovea and nasal side VAD, retinal thickness in all sides, p < 0.05). PSV and TAMX of the CRA were closely related to the OCTA superficial VAD in all sides, whereas the CDFI parameters showed poor correlation with retinal thickness. CONCLUSIONS Colour Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and OCTA parameters revealed a significant reduction in RP patients when compared to the controls. OCTA can detect vision-related microvascular and thickness changes around the macula between high- and low-vision groups, which happen earlier than the changes in large vessels. In addition to good repeatability and reproducibility, OCTA may have significant utility in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Na Wang
- Department of ophthalmology Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damage Ocular Nerve Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Beijing China
| | - Dong‐Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zi‐Yang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yi‐Feng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Beijing China
| | - Rui Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Beijing China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle United States
| | - Xiao‐Yan Peng
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Li Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Beijing China
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Mudassar Imran Bukhari S, Yew KK, Thambiraja R, Sulong S, Ghulam Rasool AH, Ahmad Tajudin LS. Microvascular endothelial function and primary open angle glaucoma. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2019; 11:2515841419868100. [PMID: 31489400 PMCID: PMC6710703 DOI: 10.1177/2515841419868100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the role of microvascular endothelial dysfunction as risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 114 Malay patients with POAG seen at the eye clinic of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Patients aged between 40 and 80 years who were diagnosed with other types of glaucoma, previous glaucoma filtering surgery or other surgeries except uncomplicated cataract surgery and pterygium surgery were excluded. A total of 101 patients who were followed up for dry eyes, age-related cataracts or post cataracts extraction surgery were recruited as control subjects. Those with family history of glaucoma or glaucoma suspect were excluded. Microvascular endothelial function was assessed using laser Doppler fluximetry and the process of iontophoresis. Iontophoresis with acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used to measure microvascular endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatations, respectively. Results In general, POAG patients demonstrated lower ACh% and AChmax values compared with controls. There was significant difference in microvascular endothelial function [ACh%: mean, 95% confidence interval = 503.1 (378.0, 628.3), and AChmax: mean, 95% confidence interval = 36.8 (30.2, 43.5)] between primary open angle glaucoma cases (p < 0.001) and controls [ACh%: mean, 95% confidence interval = 1378.4 (1245.4, 1511.3), and AChmax: mean, 95% confidence interval = 79.2 (72.1, 86.2)]; this difference remained significant even after controlling for potential confounders. Similar difference was also found in SNP% and SNPmax between POAG and controls (p < 0.001). Age and diastolic blood pressure were inversely correlated with microvascular endothelial function. Conclusion There was an impairment of microvascular endothelial function and endothelial-independent vasodilatation in POAG patients. Microvascular endothelial function is a potential risk factor for POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mudassar Imran Bukhari
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kiu Kwong Yew
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rajasunthari Thambiraja
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sarina Sulong
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Liza-Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
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Gulpamuk B, Elgin U, Sen E, Yilmazbas P, Neselioglu S, Erel O. Evaluation of dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis in glaucoma patients and the correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer analysis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2019; 30:690-699. [PMID: 30974971 DOI: 10.1177/1120672119839582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate thiol/disulfide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin levels with primary open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and control group; also to interpret the correlation between these biochemical parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a prospective cross-sectional study, 30 primary open-angle glaucoma cases, 30 ocular hypertension cases, and 30 control subjects were included in the study. Native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide measurements and disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol, and native thiol/total thiol ratios were evaluated as thiol-disulfide homeostasis. Albumin and ischemia-modified albumin parameters were also evaluated. All cases underwent detailed ophthalmologic examination including visual acuity, retinal nerve fiber layer via optical coherence tomography, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness measurements and visual field analysis by 24-2 Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA) Standard visual field test. RESULTS Primary open-angle glaucoma group had significantly higher ischemia-modified albumin values than ocular hypertension and control group (p < 0.001). Native thiol and total thiol values of control group were statistically higher than those of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension groups. The correlation between the temporal retinal nerve fiber layer value and ischemia-modified albumin, disulfide/native thiol, and disulfide/total thiol values of the primary open-angle glaucoma patients included in the study was moderate correlation in negative direction (r = -0.46, r = -0.39, r = -0.39, respectively), whereas there was a statistically significant moderate correlation in positive direction between the native thiol/total thiol values (r = 0.39) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings have reinforced the role of oxidative stress in the etiopathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma, suggesting that the thinning retinal nerve fiber layer may be associated with oxidative stress in favor of prooxidant shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Gulpamuk
- Ophthalmology Department, Konya Beyhekim State Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Elgin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Sen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Yilmazbas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Ankara Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Biochemistry Department, Ankara Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Skrzypecki J, Grabska-Liberek I, Przybek J, Ufnal M. A common humoral background of intraocular and arterial blood pressure dysregulation. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:521-529. [PMID: 29219620 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1415203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been postulated that intraocular pressure, an important glaucoma risk factor, correlates positively with arterial blood pressure (blood pressure). However, results of experimental and clinical studies are often contradictory. It is hypothesized that, in some hypertensive patients, disturbances in intraocular pressure regulation may depend on biological effects of blood borne hormones underlying a particular type of hypertension, rather than on blood pressure level itself. REVIEW This review compares the effects of hormones on blood pressure and intraocular pressure, in order to identify a hormonal profile of hypertensive patients with an increased risk of intraocular pressure surge. The PUBMED database was searched to identify pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the role of angiotensin II, vasopressin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, prostaglandins, and gaseous transmitters in the regulation of blood pressure and intraocular pressure. RESULTS Studies included in the review suggest that intraocular and blood pressures often follow a different pattern of response to the same hormone. For example, vasopressin increases blood pressure, but decreases intraocular pressure. In contrast, high level of nitric oxide decreases blood pressure, but increases intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS Arterial hypertension is associated with altered levels of blood borne hormones. Contradicting results of studies on the relationship between arterial hypertension and intraocular pressure might be partially explained by diverse effects of hormones on arterial and intraocular pressures. Further studies are needed to evaluate if hormonal profiling may help to identify glaucoma-prone patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Skrzypecki
- a Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Medical Center for Postgraduate Education , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Iwona Grabska-Liberek
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Medical Center for Postgraduate Education , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Przybek
- c Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology , Medical University of Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- a Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
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Microvascular endothelial function and severity of primary open angle glaucoma. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30:1579-1587. [PMID: 27540832 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe role of microvascular endothelial dysfunction on severity of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) was investigated in this study.Patients and methodsA prospective cohort study was conducted. One hundred and fourteen ethnically Malay patients (114 eyes) with POAG treated at the eye clinic of Hospital University Sains Malaysia between April 2012 and December 2014 were recruited. Patients aged between 40 and 80 years with two consecutive reliable and reproducible Humphrey visual field 24-2 analyses were selected. Patients who were diagnosed with any other type of glaucoma, previous glaucoma-filtering surgery, or other surgeries except uncomplicated cataract and pterygium surgery were excluded. Humphrey visual field analysis 24-2 was used to stratify the severity of glaucoma using Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) score at the time of recruitment. Microvascular endothelial function was assessed using Laser Doppler fluximetry and iontophoresis. Iontophoresis process with acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used to measure microvascular endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilatation, respectively.ResultsBased on the AGIS score, 55 patients showed mild glaucoma, with 29 moderate and 30 severe. There was statistically significant difference in microvascular endothelial function (ACh% and AChmax) between mild and moderate POAG cases (P=0.023) and between mild and severe POAG cases (P<0.001). There was negative correlation between microvascular endothelial function and severity of POAG (r=-0.457, P<0.001).ConclusionMicrovascular endothelial dysfunction may have a role in influencing the severity of POAG in Malay patients.
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Pizzirani S. Definition, Classification, and Pathophysiology of Canine Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 45:1127-57, v. [PMID: 26456751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common ocular condition in humans and dogs leading to optic nerve degeneration and irreversible blindness. Primary glaucoma is a group of spontaneous heterogeneous diseases. Multiple factors are involved in its pathogenesis and these factors vary across human ethnic groups and canine breeds, so the clinical phenotypes are numerous and their classification can be challenging and remain superficial. Aging and oxidative stress are major triggers for the manifestation of disease. Multiple, intertwined inflammatory and biochemical cascades eventually alter cellular and extracellular physiology in the optic nerve and trabecular meshwork and lead to vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pizzirani
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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18
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Chou SF, Luo LJ, Lai JY. Gallic acid grafting effect on delivery performance and antiglaucoma efficacy of antioxidant-functionalized intracameral pilocarpine carriers. Acta Biomater 2016; 38:116-28. [PMID: 27130273 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Functionalization of therapeutic carrier biomaterials can potentially provide additional benefits in drug delivery for disease treatment. Given that this modification determines final therapeutic efficacy of drug carriers, here, we investigate systematically the role of grafting amount of antioxidant gallic acid (GA) onto GN in situ gelling copolymers made of biodegradable gelatin and thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for intracameral delivery of pilocarpine in antiglaucoma treatment. As expected, increasing redox reaction time increased total antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging abilities of synthesized carrier biomaterials. The hydrophilic nature of antioxidant molecules strongly affected physicochemical properties of carrier materials with varying GA grafting amounts, thereby dictating in vitro release behaviors and mechanisms of pilocarpine. In vitro oxidative stress challenges revealed that biocompatible carriers with high GA content alleviated lens epithelial cell damage and reduced reactive oxygen species. Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in glaucomatous rabbits showed correlations with GA-mediated release of pilocarpine. Additionally, enhanced pharmacological treatment effects prevented corneal endothelial cell loss during disease progression. Increasing GA content increased total antioxidant level and decreased nitrite level in the aqueous humor, suggesting a much improved antioxidant status in glaucomatous eyes. This work significantly highlights the dependence of physicochemical properties, drug release behaviors, and bioactivities on intrinsic antioxidant capacities of therapeutic carrier biomaterials for glaucoma treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Development of injectable biodegradable polymer depots and functionalization of carrier biomaterials with antioxidant can potentially provide benefits such as improved bioavailability, controlled release pattern, and increased therapeutic effect in intracameral pilocarpine administration for glaucoma treatment. For the first time, this study demonstrated that the biodegradable in situ gelling copolymers can incorporate different levels of antioxidant gallic acid to tailor the structure-property-function relationship of the intracameral drug delivery system. The systematic evaluation fully verified the dependence of phase transition, degradation behavior, drug release mechanism, and antiglaucoma efficacy on intrinsic antioxidant capacities of carrier biomaterials. The report highlights the significant role of grafting amount of gallic acid in optimizing performance of antioxidant-functionalized polymer therapeutics as new drug delivery platforms in disease treatment.
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Promelle V, Daouk J, Bouzerar R, Jany B, Milazzo S, Balédent O. Ocular blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma. Acta Radiol Open 2016; 5:2058460115624275. [PMID: 26962460 PMCID: PMC4765818 DOI: 10.1177/2058460115624275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease mechanism underlying glaucoma remains unclear. Extensive research on this pathology has highlighted changes in vascular parameters and in circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here, we review the most recent research on alterations in ocular blood flow and/or CSF flow in glaucoma. Ultrasound Doppler imaging studies have shown an increased resistive index in ophthalmic artery’s in glaucoma. Furthermore, changes in optic nerve CSF circulation, which can be assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, may lead to a greater translaminar pressure difference, mechanical stress, and poor clearance of toxic substances. This constitutes a new approach for understanding blood–CSF interactions involved in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Promelle
- Ophthalmology Department, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Joël Daouk
- Bioflow Image Unit, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Roger Bouzerar
- Bioflow Image Unit, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Medical Image Processing Unit, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Jany
- Ophthalmology Department, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Solange Milazzo
- Ophthalmology Department, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Balédent
- Bioflow Image Unit, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Medical Image Processing Unit, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
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Kosior-Jarecka E, Łukasik U, Wróbel-Dudzińska D, Kocki J, Bartosińska J, Witczak A, Chodorowska G, Mosiewicz J, Żarnowski T. Risk Factors for Normal and High-Tension Glaucoma in Poland in Connection with Polymorphisms of the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147540. [PMID: 26807726 PMCID: PMC4726562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of polymorphisms of the eNOS gene on the clinical status of patients with normal and high tension glaucoma. Methods 266 Polish Caucasian patients with primary open angle glaucoma were studied. Of the 266, 156 had normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and 110 high tension glaucoma (HTG). DNA material was isolated from peripheral venous blood using commercial kits. Real-time PCR reaction was used to amplify the promoter site of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene, including the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site T-786C and part of the 7th exon of eNOS, including G894T SNP. Genotypes were determined with TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. Results There were no significant differences in frequencies of the allelic variants of both polymorphisms. In G894T SNP, however, the wild GG form was more common in the HTG group. The SNP of the eNOS gene did not significantly influence the progression rate in either of the groups studied. There were no differences in variants of the eNOS gene regarding the necessity for and success of surgery and the progression of the disease. In the NTG group, no statistical correlation was observed between G894T, T786C polymorphism variants, and risk factors such as optic disc haemorrhages, optic disc notches, and peripapillary atrophy. Mean diastolic and systolic pressure during the day and night were lowest in NTG patients with the CC variant of the T786C polymorphism. No statistical correlation was observed between the G894T and T786C polymorphisms and capillaroscopic examination results. Conclusions Genotype frequencies are similar for both the eNOS G894T and T-786C polymorphisms in NTG and HTG patients. These polymorphisms do not correlate with risk factors and do not influence the state of the capillary system in NTG patients. Systolic blood pressure is lower in NTG patients with mutated alleles of both polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kosior-Jarecka
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Urszula Łukasik
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Bartosińska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Chodorowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mosiewicz
- Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Żarnowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Kim JW. Effect of Nitric Oxide on the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase and Its Association with Migration of Cultured Trabecular Meshwork Cells. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2016; 30:66-75. [PMID: 26865806 PMCID: PMC4742648 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2016.30.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the migration of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and its association with expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods Primary human TM cells treated with 1 or 10 µM S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) and examined for changes in adherence. TM cells were seeded onto transwell culture inserts, and changes in their migratory activity were quantified. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the relative changes in mRNA expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Results Treatment with SNAP did not significantly suppress TM cell adhesion or migration (p > 0.05). Treatment of TM cells with 10 µM SNAP decreased expression of MMP-2 and increased expression of membrane type MMP-1 and TIMP-2. Treatment with interleukin-1α triggered MMP-3 expression but did not exert significant effects on MMP-3 activation in response to SNAP. Conclusions These data suggest that NO revealed no significant effect on the migration of TM cells because NO decreased MMP-2 and increased TIMP-2 expression. Although expression of certain MMPs and TIMPs change in response to NO donors, NO may modulate trabecular outflow by changing the cellular production of extracellular matrix without having a significant effect on the migration of TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Risk Factors in Normal-Tension Glaucoma and High-Tension Glaucoma in relation to Polymorphisms of Endothelin-1 Gene and Endothelin-1 Receptor Type A Gene. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:368792. [PMID: 26697209 PMCID: PMC4678083 DOI: 10.1155/2015/368792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the research is to analyse the influence of polymorphisms of endothelin-1 gene and endothelin-1 receptor type A gene on the clinical condition of patients with primary open angle glaucoma. Methods. 285 Polish patients took part in the research (160 normal-tension glaucoma and 125 high-tension glaucoma). DNA was isolated by standard methods and genotype distributions of four polymorphisms in genes encoding endothelin-1 (K198N) and endothelin-1 receptor type A polymorphisms (C1222T, C70G, and G231A) were determined. Genotype distributions were compared between NTG and HTG groups. The clinical condition of participants was examined for association with polymorphisms. Results. A similar frequency of occurrence of the polymorphic varieties of the studied genes was observed in patients with NTG and HTG. There is no relation between NTG risk factors and examined polymorphisms. NTG patients with TT genotype of K198N polymorphism presented with the lowest intraocular pressure in comparison to GG + GT genotype (p = 0.03). In NTG patients with CC genotype of C1222T polymorphism (p = 0.028) and GG of C70G polymorphism (p = 0.03) the lowest values of mean blood pressure were observed. Conclusions. The studied polymorphic varieties (K198N, C1222T) do have an influence on intraocular pressure as well as arterial blood pressure in NTG patients.
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Modrzejewska M, Grzesiak W, Zaborski D, Modrzejewska A. The role of lipid dysregulation and vascular risk factors in glaucomatous retrobulbar circulation. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2015; 15:50-6. [PMID: 26042513 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2015.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate selected lipid-related and vascular factors and their effect on retrobulbar hemodynamics in glaucoma. Fifty-six patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) [POAG group; mean age 68.32 years (SD±0.21)] and 54 patients in control group [CG, mean age 68.1 years (SD±5.34)] were examined. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity, pulsatility index, and resistive index of the ophthalmic artery, the central retinal artery and the posterior ciliary arteries were measured by Color Doppler Imaging. Selected lipid-related, systemic and local vascular parameters were evaluated. Statistical methods included Shapiro-Wilk, Student-t and Mann-Whitney U tests, and Spearman rank correlations. In POAG group systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-ch), and intraocular pressure were significantly higher; while ocular perfusion pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-ch) and diastolic ocular perfusion pressure were significantly lower (p≤0.05). Color Doppler Imaging confirmed blood flow abnormalities in all investigated arteries. In addition, significant correlations of HDL-ch, LDL-ch and triglycerides (TG) with peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity and mean velocity were found in individual arteries (p≤0.05). Also, significant associations of systolic arterial blood pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, systolic oclular perfusion pressure and diastolic ocular perfusion pressure with peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity and resistive index were revealed in the posterior ciliary arteries (p≤0.05). Dysregulation of lipid-related and vascular factors, as well as statistical correlation between the above and retrobulbar blood flow indices, might imply their role in vasoconstrictive processes during glaucomatous endotheliopathy.
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Samarai V, Sharifi N, Nateghi S. Association between helicobacter pylori infection and primary open angle glaucoma. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 6:13-7. [PMID: 25363173 PMCID: PMC4796414 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n7p13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare the prevalence of Pylori infection in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and control group with cataract. Methods: This is a prospective case-control study. The participants were organized in two groups. First group (case) consisted of 35 patients with POAG and second group consisted of 35 age matched participants with cataract whose optic disk could be evaluated. Serum levels of anti H. pylori IgG antibody were evaluated with the method of ELISA. Results: The seroprevalence of Pylori infection was 89.1 % (33 of 37) in patients with POAG and 59.5 % (25 of 42) in the control group. The difference was significant (P=0.008). The odds ratio for association between Pylori and POAG was 5.69 and the range of 95% confidence interval was from 1.58 to 20.50. Conclusion: This study suggests that Helicobacter Pylori infection might be associated with primary open angle glaucoma.
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Bayhan HA, Aslan Bayhan S, İntepe YS, Muhafiz E, Gürdal C. Evaluation of the macular choroidal thickness using spectral optical coherence tomography in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 43:139-44. [PMID: 24995937 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the choroidal thickness (CT) in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and healthy controls. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study PARTICIPANTS Ninety-two eyes of 92 patients with OSAS and 32 eyes of 32 aged and body mass index-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. METHODS OSAS patients were further divided into mild, moderate and severe OSAS groups according to their apnoea hypopnea index (AHI) values. The macular CT and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measurements of the subjects were obtained using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (RTVue-100, Optovue). The CT and RNFL thickness measurements of the groups were compared, and correlations among the AHI values and these measurements were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Choroidal thickness. RESULTS There were no significant differences in subfoveal and temporal CT measurements of the groups. A pairwise comparison between the groups revealed that severe OSAS group has significantly thinner CT than mild OSAS group at 3.0 mm nasal to the fovea. Also, compared with severe OSAS group, the CT measurements at 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm nasal to the fovea were significantly thicker in control eyes (both, P < 0.05). There were weak negative correlations between the nasal CT measurements and AHI in the OSAS group (nasal 1.5 mm, P = 0.002, r = -0.358; nasal 3.0 mm, P = 0.004, r = -0.336). Compared with controls, severe OSAS group had significantly thinner nasal and superior RNFL thickness measurement. CONCLUSIONS Sleep apnoea patients had choroidal structural alterations that may have significance on the pathophysiology of the ophthalmic disorders associated with OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan A Bayhan
- Ophthalmology Department; Bozok University Faculty of Medicine; Yozgat Turkey
| | - Seray Aslan Bayhan
- Ophthalmology Department; Bozok University Faculty of Medicine; Yozgat Turkey
| | - Yavuz S İntepe
- Clinic of Chest Diseases; Bozok University Faculty of Medicine; Yozgat Turkey
| | - Ersin Muhafiz
- Ophthalmology Department; Bozok University Faculty of Medicine; Yozgat Turkey
| | - Canan Gürdal
- Ophthalmology Department; Bozok University Faculty of Medicine; Yozgat Turkey
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Kang JH, Loomis SJ, Yaspan BL, Bailey JC, Weinreb RN, Lee RK, Lichter PR, Budenz DL, Liu Y, Realini T, Gaasterland D, Gaasterland T, Friedman DS, McCarty CA, Moroi SE, Olson L, Schuman JS, Singh K, Vollrath D, Wollstein G, Zack DJ, Brilliant M, Sit AJ, Christen WG, Fingert J, Forman JP, Buys ES, Kraft P, Zhang K, Allingham RR, Pericak-Vance MA, Richards JE, Hauser MA, Haines JL, Wiggs JL, Pasquale LR. Vascular tone pathway polymorphisms in relation to primary open-angle glaucoma. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:662-71. [PMID: 24603425 PMCID: PMC4058608 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular perfusion may be impaired in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG); thus, we evaluated a panel of markers in vascular tone-regulating genes in relation to POAG. METHODS We used Illumina 660W-Quad array genotype data and pooled P-values from 3108 POAG cases and 3430 controls from the combined National Eye Institute Glaucoma Human Genetics Collaboration consortium and Glaucoma Genes and Environment studies. Using information from previous literature and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, we compiled single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 186 vascular tone-regulating genes. We used the 'Pathway Analysis by Randomization Incorporating Structure' analysis software, which performed 1000 permutations to compare the overall pathway and selected genes with comparable randomly generated pathways and genes in their association with POAG. RESULTS The vascular tone pathway was not associated with POAG overall or POAG subtypes, defined by the type of visual field loss (early paracentral loss (n=224 cases) or only peripheral loss (n=993 cases)) (permuted P≥0.20). In gene-based analyses, eight were associated with POAG overall at permuted P<0.001: PRKAA1, CAV1, ITPR3, EDNRB, GNB2, DNM2, HFE, and MYL9. Notably, six of these eight (the first six listed) code for factors involved in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, and three of these six (CAV1, ITPR3, and EDNRB) were also associated with early paracentral loss at P<0.001, whereas none of the six genes reached P<0.001 for peripheral loss only. DISCUSSION Although the assembled vascular tone SNP set was not associated with POAG, genes that code for local factors involved in setting vascular tone were associated with POAG.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- Aged
- Case-Control Studies
- Caveolin 1/genetics
- Dynamin II
- Dynamins/genetics
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/genetics
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/physiopathology
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/genetics
- Intraocular Pressure
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptor, Endothelin B
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S J Loomis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - J C Bailey
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R N Weinreb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R K Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P R Lichter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D L Budenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T Realini
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University Eye Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - T Gaasterland
- Scripps Genome Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D S Friedman
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C A McCarty
- Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - S E Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Olson
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - D Vollrath
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - G Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D J Zack
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Brilliant
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - A J Sit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - W G Christen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Fingert
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy/Cell Biology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J P Forman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E S Buys
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Kraft
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R R Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M A Pericak-Vance
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J E Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M A Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L R Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
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Vapaatalo H, Kotikoski H, Oksala O. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of intraocular pressure: a possibility for glaucoma treatment. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Bae JS, Kim JW. Effect of Nitric Oxide on Adhesion and Migration of Trabecular Meshwork Cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2013.54.4.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seong Bae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Kim JW, Kang SH, Lee KW. Effect of Ascorbic Acid Against the Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence in Trabecular Meshwork Cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2013.54.3.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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30
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Aqueous humor oxidative stress proteomic levels in primary open angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2012; 103:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Munemasa Y, Chang CS, Kwong JMK, Kyung H, Kitaoka Y, Caprioli J, Piri N. The neuronal EGF-related gene Nell2 interacts with Macf1 and supports survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34810. [PMID: 22496866 PMCID: PMC3319615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nell2 is a neuron-specific protein containing six epidermal growth factor-like domains. We have identified Nell2 as a retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-expressed gene by comparing mRNA profiles of control and RGC-deficient rat retinas. The aim of this study was to analyze Nell2 expression in wild-type and optic nerve axotomized retinas and evaluate its potential role in RGCs. Nell2-positive in situ and immunohistochemical signals were localized to irregularly shaped cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and colocalized with retrogradely-labeled RGCs. No Nell2-positive cells were detected in 2 weeks optic nerve transected (ONT) retinas characterized with approximately 90% RGC loss. RT-PCR analysis showed a dramatic decrease in the Nell2 mRNA level after ONT compared to the controls. Immunoblot analysis of the Nell2 expression in the retina revealed the presence of two proteins with approximate MW of 140 and 90 kDa representing glycosylated and non-glycosylated Nell2, respectively. Both products were almost undetectable in retinal protein extracts two weeks after ONT. Proteome analysis of Nell2-interacting proteins carried out with MALDI-TOF MS (MS) identified microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (Macf1), known to be critical in CNS development. Strong Macf1 expression was observed in the inner plexiform layer and GCL where it was colocalizied with Thy-1 staining. Since Nell2 has been reported to increase neuronal survival of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, we evaluated the effect of Nell2 overexpression on RGC survival. RGCs in the nasal retina were consistently more efficiently transfected than in other areas (49% vs. 13%; n = 5, p<0.05). In non-transfected or pEGFP-transfected ONT retinas, the loss of RGCs was approximately 90% compared to the untreated control. In the nasal region, Nell2 transfection led to the preservation of approximately 58% more cells damaged by axotomy compared to non-transfected (n = 5, p<0.01) or pEGFP-transfected controls (n = 5, p<0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Munemasa
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department Ophthalmology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Chang-Sheng Chang
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jacky M. K. Kwong
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Haksu Kyung
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department Ophthalmology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Natik Piri
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Babizhayev MA. Biomarkers and special features of oxidative stress in the anterior segment of the eye linked to lens cataract and the trabecular meshwork injury in primary open-angle glaucoma: challenges of dual combination therapy with N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye d. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:86-117. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Bucolo C, Drago F. Carbon monoxide and the eye: Implications for glaucoma therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:191-201. [PMID: 21295073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the late 1990s, the scientific community witnessed a very peculiar phenomenon: the transformation of nitric oxide (NO) from a noxious gas into a key chemical messenger. The importance of NO in biology and medicine was highlighted in 1998 when the Nobel Prize was awarded in Physiology and Medicine to Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro and Ferid Murad for their pioneering work on the role of NO in the nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems. In this same time period, carbon monoxide (CO), another gas usually associated with environmental pollution, air poisoning and suicidal behavior, was also undergoing a similar change in image, although not as closely followed. It had been known for several decades that the human body generated CO upon the decomposition of hemoglobin, which was determined by the discovery that heme oxygenase (HO) is the enzymatic source of CO. However, CO's role as an endogenous neurotransmitter was established only in the early 1990s. Since then, many biological activities of CO have been demonstrated in studies using different tools, such as the pharmacological induction of HO by hemin, the direct administration of CO or the use of pro-drugs that generate CO. This review focuses on CO as a fine modulator of intraocular pressure and on its potential implications in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Medical School, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Rosenstein RE, Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Brown GM, Cardinali DP. Melatonin as a therapeutic tool in ophthalmology: implications for glaucoma and uveitis. J Pineal Res 2010; 49:1-13. [PMID: 20492443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support the view that increased free radical generation and altered nitric oxide (NO) metabolism play a role in the pathogenesis of highly prevalent ocular diseases, such as glaucoma and uveitis. Data are discussed indicating that melatonin, being an efficient antioxidant that displays antinitridergic properties, has a promising role in the treatment of these ocular dysfunctions. Melatonin synthesis occurs in the eye of most species, and melatonin receptors are localized in different ocular structures. In view of the fact that melatonin lacks significant adverse collateral effects even at high doses, the application of melatonin could potentially protect ocular tissues by effectively scavenging free radicals and excessive amounts of NO generated in the glaucomatous or uveitic eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Rosenstein
- Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine, CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Iwabe S, Lamas M, Vásquez Pélaez CG, Carrasco FG. Aqueous humor endothelin-1 (Et-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels in Mexican glaucomatous patients. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:287-94. [PMID: 20373895 DOI: 10.3109/02713680903545315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the concentration of endothelin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cyclooxygenase-2 in aqueous humor from normal and glaucomatous human patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Concentrations of these proteins were measured using ELISA kits in 83 patients (30 presenting for cataract surgery and 53 with glaucoma). RESULTS Endothelin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cyclooxygenase-2 were detected in all samples. The ages of the patients with glaucoma (64.51 +/- 17.51 years) and cataracts subjects (59.30 +/- 19.15 years) were similar. The endothelin-1 concentration in cataracts patients (48.55 +/- 9.50 pg/ml) was statistically different when compared to endothelin-1 concentration in aqueous humor from primary open-angle glaucoma (107.94 +/- 12.20 pg/ml) and neovascular glaucoma (114.68 +/- 25.50 pg/ml) (p < 0.05). No statistical difference was observed in normal tension glaucoma group (69.14 +/- 52.80 pg/ml) (p > 0.05). Vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was higher in neovascular glaucoma (81.84 +/- 6.40 pg/ml), being the difference statistically significant when compared with the other groups (p < 0.0001). Cyclooxygenase-2 levels showed no statistical difference between cataract groups and any other glaucoma group (p > 0.05). No effect of age, gender, or previously medication of aqueous humor concentration of these proteins could be detected (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study we observed increased levels of endothelin-1 in aqueous humor from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and neovascular glaucoma, and increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor only in neovascular glaucoma patients, raising a possible connection between endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in the role of some types of glaucoma. Regarding cyclooxygenase-2 levels detected, perhaps indicate that low values of cyclooxygenase-2 are necessary for normal functions of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Iwabe
- Pharmacobiology Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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Stagni E, Bucolo C, Motterlini R, Drago F. Morphine-induced ocular hypotension is modulated by nitric oxide and carbon monoxide: role of mu3 receptors. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:31-5. [PMID: 20148660 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2009.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings generated from our laboratory have demonstrated the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in morphine-induced reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). The present study was designed to investigate the possible involvement of carbon monoxide (CO) in morphine-induced reduction of IOP and the role of mu(3) opioid receptors. METHODS New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. They were pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1%, 30 microL), or an inhibitor of heme oxygenase (HO), zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPP-IX; 0.1 mg/kg; i.v.). The same animals were then treated with morphine (100 microg/30 microL) with or without NO or CO donors administration, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and tricarbonylchloro(glycinato)ruthenium(II) (CORM-3), respectively. A separate set of animals were pretreated with the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (100 microg/30 microL), or the micro(3) opioid receptor inhibitor, L-glutathione (GSH, 1%, 30 microL), in the presence of SNP or CORM-3 followed by morphine administration. IOP measurements were taken at different times after monolateral instillation of morphine. RESULTS Morphine induced a significant decrease in IOP and pretreatment with ZnPP-IX or L-NAME significantly prevented this effect whereas administration of NO or CO donors amplified morphine-induced decrease in IOP. This effect was partially abrogated both by pretreatment with ZnPP-IX or L-NAME, and by pretreatment with naloxone and GSH suggesting that the decrease in IOP relies on exogenous NO and CO liberated from SNP and CORM-3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the endogenous NO/CO system and micro(3) receptors contribute to morphine-induced ocular hypotension and that the reduction of IOP elicited by morphine can be augmented by exogenous NO and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Stagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Short-term variability of systemic blood pressure and submacular choroidal blood flow in eyes of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:833-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Bae CB, Kim JW. Effect of High Glucose on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Trabecular Meshwork Cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2010.51.3.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Beum Bae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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39
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Color Doppler imaging and pattern visual evoked potential in normal tension glaucoma and hypertension glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol 2009; 119:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-009-9192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Goto W, Oku H, Okuno T, Sugiyama T, Ikeda T. Amelioration of Endothelin-1–Induced Optic Nerve Head Ischemia by Topical Bunazosin. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:81-91. [PMID: 15814466 DOI: 10.1080/02713680490904386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of bunazosin hydrochloride, an alpha1-adrenergic blocker, on the impairment of optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow and depression of visual function induced by repeated intravitreal injections of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in rabbits. METHOD We injected ET-1 (20 pmol) into the right posterior vitreous of rabbits twice a week for 4 weeks, and the observation period was set at 8 weeks (starting the first injection). The animals that received ET01 were divided into two groups: twice a day for 8 weeks, o ne group received topical 0.01% bunazosin, while the second received the vehicle for bunazosin. The ONH blood flow was monitored using the laser speckle method, and visual function was assessed by examining visually evoked potentials (VEPs). Changes in the ONH cup/disk area and in the number of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer (CCL) were also determined. RESULTS Repeated injections of ET-1 decreased the ONH blood flow, prolonged the VEP implicit time, enlarged the optic cup, and decreased the number of GCL cells. Topical bunazosin significantly decreased these impairments. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in rabbits, topical bunazosin suppresses the changes in ONH circulation and function induced by intravitreal ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Goto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of ocular diseases characterized by optic neuropathy associated with loss of the retinal nerve fibre layer and re-modelling of the optic nerve head, and a subsequent particular pattern of visual field loss. Increased intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor for the disease, but the pathogenesis of glaucoma is not monofactorial. Among other factors, ischaemia and vascular dysregulation have been implicated in the mechanisms underlying glaucoma. The vascular endothelium plays an important role in the regulation of ocular blood flow and pathological alterations of vascular endothelial cells may induce ischaemia and dysregulation. The present review summarizes our current evidence of endothelial dysfunction in glaucoma. This is of interest because endothelial dysfunction is a good prognostic factor for progression in several diseases. Although such data are lacking for glaucoma, endothelial dysfunction may provide an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in open-angle glaucoma and other vascular disorders of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemma Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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Kim JW, Bae CB, Lee JH. Effect of High Glucose on the Oxidative Stress in Trabecular Meshwork Cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2009.50.10.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Beum Bae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Mozaffarieh M, Grieshaber M, Orgül S, Flammer J. The Potential Value of Natural Antioxidative Treatment in Glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 53:479-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Redox proteins thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 support retinal ganglion cell survival in experimental glaucoma. Gene Ther 2008; 16:17-25. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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45
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46
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Kisilevsky M, Hudson C, Mardimae A, Wong T, Fisher J. Concentration-dependent vasoconstrictive effect of hyperoxia on hypercarbia-dilated retinal arterioles. Microvasc Res 2008; 75:263-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Flammer J, Mozaffarieh M. What is the present pathogenetic concept of glaucomatous optic neuropathy? Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 52 Suppl 2:S162-73. [PMID: 17998042 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy implies loss of neural tissue, activation of glial cells, tissue remodeling, and change of blood flow. The blood flow reduction is not only secondary but has a primary component. Activation of astrocytes leads to an altered microenvironment. An unstable ocular perfusion, either due to IOP fluctuation or a disturbed autoregulation (due to primary vascular dysregulation syndrome) leads to a mild reperfusion injury. The superoxide (O(2)(-)) anion produced in the mitochondria of the axons, fuses with the nitric oxide (NO) diffusing from the astrocytes, leading to the damaging peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). It is possible that the diffusion of endothelin and metalloproteinases to the surrounding of the optic nerve head leads to a local vasoconstriction and thereby increases the risk for venous occlusion and weakens the blood-brain barrier, which in extreme situations results in splinter hemorrhages. Activated retinal astrocytes can be visualized clinically. The involvement of primary vascular dysregulation in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy may explain why women, as well as Japanese, suffer more often from normal-tension glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Flammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Lee JI, Lee SY, Kim JW. Effect of Nitric Oxide on the Migration and Fibroblast-mediated Contraction of Collagen Gels. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2008. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.4.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Il Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Soo Yoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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49
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Oxidative stress and glaucoma: injury in the anterior segment of the eye. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2008; 173:385-407. [PMID: 18929123 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)01127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The perturbation of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance can lead to increased oxidative damage, especially when the first line of antioxidant defense weakens with age. Chronic changes in the composition of factors present in aqueous or vitreous humor may induce alterations both in trabecular cells and in cells of the optic nerve head. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species are able to affect the cellularity of the human trabecular meshwork (HTM). These findings suggest that intraocular pressure increase, which characterizes most glaucomas, is related to oxidative and degenerative processes affecting the HTM and, more specifically, its endothelial cells. This supports the theory that glaucomatous damage is the pathophysiological consequence of oxidative stress. Glaucomatous subjects might have a genetic predisposition, rendering them more susceptible to reactive oxygen species-induced damage. It is likely that specific genetic factors contribute to both the elevation of IOP and susceptibility of the optic nerve/retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to degeneration. Thus, oxidative stress plays a fundamental role during the arising of glaucoma-associated lesions, first in the HTM and then, when the balance between nitric oxide and endothelins is broken, in neuronal cell. Vascular damage and hypoxia, often associated with glaucoma, lead to apoptosis of RGCs and may also contribute to the induction of oxidative damage to the HTM. On the whole, these findings support the hypothesis that oxidative damage is an important step in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma and might be a relevant target for both prevention and therapy.
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Brooks DE, Komaromy AM, Kallberg ME, Miyabashi T, Ollivier FJ, Lambrou GN. Blood flow velocity response of the ophthalmic artery and anterior optic nerve head capillaries to carbogen gas in the rhesus monkey model of optic nerve head ischemia. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10 Suppl 1:20-7. [PMID: 17973831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect on blood flow velocity of the ophthalmic artery and anterior superficial optic nerve head (ONH) capillaries by changing inhaled gas from 100% oxygen to carbogen (95% oxygen, 5% CO(2)) in rhesus monkeys receiving chronic unilateral orbital endothelin-1 administration. METHODS The right eye of six young male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received endothelin-1 (ET-1) by osmotic minipumps to the perineural optic nerve (0.3 microg/day) for 8 months. Three additional monkeys (control group) received the ET-1 vehicle (Sham) solution to the right optic nerve for the same period of time. The left eye served as a nontreated control in both groups. The blood flow velocities of the anterior ONH capillaries and ophthalmic artery were assessed in both eyes using confocal laser scanning flowmetry (CSLF) and color Doppler imaging (CDI), respectively. RESULTS A slight increase in the CDI blood flow velocities and a small decrease in the resistive index of the ophthalmic artery, and increased flow of the ONH capillaries in rhesus monkeys were detected when inhaled gas was changed from 100% oxygen to carbogen. The difference in CSLF blood flow in the nasal ONH between the endothelin-1 (ET-1) treated right eye and the normal left eye of the same individual monkeys was significantly greater than the difference in blood flow between the Sham-treated right eye and the normal left eye in control animals under the conditions of carbogen and oxygen inhalation. CONCLUSION Carbogen inhalation slightly influences the microcirculation of the globe and ONH in rhesus monkeys. These data suggest that low dose ET-1 administration has a subtle vasorelaxing effect in the ONH microcirculation in this animal model of ONH ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Brooks
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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