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Chakraborty S, Uprety R, Daibani AE, Rouzic VL, Hunkele A, Appourchaux K, Eans SO, Nuthikattu N, Jilakara R, Thammavong L, Pasternak GW, Pan YX, McLaughlin JP, Che T, Majumdar S. Kratom Alkaloids as Probes for Opioid Receptor Function: Pharmacological Characterization of Minor Indole and Oxindole Alkaloids from Kratom. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2661-2678. [PMID: 34213886 PMCID: PMC8328003 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry leaves of kratom (mitragyna speciosa) are anecdotally consumed as pain relievers and antidotes against opioid withdrawal and alcohol use disorders. There are at least 54 alkaloids in kratom; however, investigations to date have focused around mitragynine, 7-hydroxy mitragynine (7OH), and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP). Herein, we probe a few minor indole and oxindole based alkaloids, reporting the receptor affinity, G-protein activity, and βarrestin-2 signaling of corynantheidine, corynoxine, corynoxine B, mitraciliatine, and isopaynantheine at mouse and human opioid receptors. We identify corynantheidine as a mu opioid receptor (MOR) partial agonist, whereas its oxindole derivative corynoxine was an MOR full agonist. Similarly, another alkaloid mitraciliatine was found to be an MOR partial agonist, while isopaynantheine was a KOR agonist which showed reduced βarrestin-2 recruitment. Corynantheidine, corynoxine, and mitraciliatine showed MOR dependent antinociception in mice, but mitraciliatine and corynoxine displayed attenuated respiratory depression and hyperlocomotion compared to the prototypic MOR agonist morphine in vivo when administered supraspinally. Isopaynantheine on the other hand was identified as the first kratom derived KOR agonist in vivo. While these minor alkaloids are unlikely to play the majority role in the biological actions of kratom, they represent excellent starting points for further diversification as well as distinct efficacy and signaling profiles with which to probe opioid actions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amal E Daibani
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Valerie L Rouzic
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amanda Hunkele
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kevin Appourchaux
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Shainnel O Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Nitin Nuthikattu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Rahul Jilakara
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lisa Thammavong
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Tao Che
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Bitombo AN, Zintchem AAA, Atchadé ADT, Mbabi Nyemeck Ii N, Bikobo DSN, Pegnyemb DE, Bochet CG. Antiplasmodial activities of indole alkaloids from Tabernaemontana penduliflora K. Schum (Apocynaceae). Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104941. [PMID: 34029654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Five undescribed carboxy-indole alkaloids with corynanthe skeleton, penduflorines A-E (1-3) as well as a voacangine-N-oxide alkaloid, tabernaemontine (4), were isolated along with eight other known compounds (5-12) from the trunk bark of Tabernaemontana penduliflora K. Schum (Apocynaceae). Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic and spectrometric methods such as UV, IR, NMR and HR-ESI-MS. Antiplasmodial activities of new isolates were evaluated against two strains of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 by the Sybr green I-based fluorescence assay setup. Those compounds showed good in vitro activities. Among them, penduflorines A and B (1a and 1b) as well as tabernaemontine (4) showed significant inhibitory activities against the two strains with IC50 values ranged between 1.85 and 7.88 μg/mL. This is the first report of quaternary-N-indole alkaloids (1a, 1b, 2, 3a, 3b and 4) occurring in the form of zwitterion from Tabernaemontana genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Néhémie Bitombo
- Faculty of science, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Chemie, Universität of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Auguste Abouem A Zintchem
- Faculty of science, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher's Training College, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Dominique Serge Ngono Bikobo
- Faculty of science, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Chemie, Universität of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Mitragynine concentrations in two fatalities. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 271:e1-e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sethuvasan S, Sugumar P, Ponnuswamy M, Ponnuswamy S. N-Benzyl-2,7-diphenyl-1,4-diazepan-5-one analogues: Synthesis, spectral characterization, stereochemistry, crystal structure and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang M, Carrell EJ, Ali Z, Avula B, Avonto C, Parcher JF, Khan IA. Comparison of three chromatographic techniques for the detection of mitragynine and other indole and oxindole alkaloids in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) plants. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1411-8. [PMID: 24659356 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa are used to suppress pain and mitigate opioid withdrawal syndromes. The potential threat of abuse and ready availability of this uncontrolled psychoactive plant have led to the need for improved analytical techniques for the detection of the major active components, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Three independent chromatographic methods coupled to two detection systems, GC with MS, supercritical fluid chromatography with diode array detection, and HPLC with MS and diode array detection, were compared for the analysis of mitragynine and other indole and oxindole alkaloids in M. speciosa plants. The indole alkaloids included two sets of diastereoisomers: (i) paynantheine and 3-isopaynantheine and (ii) mitragynine, speciogynine, and speciociliatine. Two oxindole alkaloid diastereoisomers, corynoxine and corynoxine B, were also studied. The HPLC and supercritical fluid chromatography methods successfully resolved the major components with slightly different elution orders. The GC method was less satisfactory because it was unable to resolve mitragynine and speciociliatine. This separation was difficult by GC with a liquid stationary phase because these diastereoisomers differ only in the orientation of an interior hydrogen atom. The observed lack of resolution of the indole alkaloid diastereoisomers coupled with the likeness of the mass and tandem mass spectra, calls into question proposed GC methods for the analysis of mitragynine based on solely GC with MS separation and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Zoerntlein SW, Kanogsunthornrat J, Maurer HH. Use of liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution linear ion trap mass spectrometry for studying the metabolism of paynantheine, an alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom in rat and human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:2379-91. [PMID: 19902190 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Thai medicinal plant Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom in Thai) is misused as a herbal drug of abuse. During studies on the main Kratom alkaloid mitragynine (MG) in rats and humans, several dehydro analogs could be detected in urine of Kratom users, which were not found in rat urine after administration of pure MG. Questions arose as to whether these compounds are formed from MG only by humans or whether they are metabolites formed from the second abundant Kratom alkaloid paynantheine (PAY), the dehydro analog of MG. Therefore, the aim of the presented study was to identify the phase I and II metabolites of PAY in rat urine after administration of the pure alkaloid. This was first isolated from Kratom leaves. Liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry provided detailed structure information of the metabolites in the MS(n) mode particularly with high resolution. Besides PAY, the following phase I metabolites could be identified: 9-O-demethyl PAY, 16-carboxy PAY, 9-O-demethyl-16-carboxy PAY, 17-O-demethyl PAY, 17-O-demethyl-16,17-dihydro PAY, 9,17-O-bisdemethyl PAY, 9,17-O-bisdemethyl-16,17-dihydro PAY, 17-carboxy-16,17-dihydro PAY, and 9-O-demethyl-17-carboxy-16,17-dihydro PAY. These metabolites indicated that PAY was metabolized via the same pathways as MG. Several metabolites were excreted as glucuronides or sulfates. The metabolism studies in rats showed that PAY and its metabolites corresponded to the MG-related dehydro compounds detected in urine of the Kratom users. In conclusion, PAY and its metabolites may be further markers for a Kratom abuse in addition of MG and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika A Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Chapter 4 Determination of Alkaloids through Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2009; 67:217-55. [DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(09)06704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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A new indole alkaloid, 7-hydroxyspeciociliatine, from the fruits of Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa and its opioid agonistic activity. J Nat Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-005-0001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arbain D, Lajis NH, Putra DP, Sargent MV, Skelton BW, White AH. New quaternary Corynanthé alkaloid from Lerchea bracteata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/p19920003039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Van Beek TA, Verpoorte R, Svendsen AB, Leeuwenberg AJ, Bisset NG. Tabernaemontana L. (Apocynaceae): a review of its taxonomy, phytochemistry, ethnobotany and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1984; 10:1-156. [PMID: 6371388 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(84)90046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomy, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and pharmacology of the genus Tabernaemontana L. (Apocynaceae) is reviewed. The genus is currently being revised taxonomically; most of the segregate genera are being reunited with it and the number of species that will ultimately be recognized will probably be about 100. All the names encountered in the chemical and ethnobotanical literature have been evaluated as far as possible, and a list is presented of the recognized species and their synonyms. The biogenesis and classification of the indole alkaloids found in Tabernaemontana species is set out and some problems in the determination of their stereochemistry are discussed. To facilitate access to the information, three lists have been compiled: the alkaloids in alphabetical order; the alkaloids in order of increasing molecular weight; and the alkaloids grouped according to their biogenetic classification, together with the species and plant part(s) in which they are known to occur. Biogenetic and chemotaxonomic aspects are briefly considered. A table of the non-alkaloidal constituents is also included. The ethnobotany of individual Tabernaemontana species is outlined and an overall assessment made. Likewise, information on the pharmacology of crude extracts and individual alkaloids from Tabernaemontana species has been assembled and appraised.
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Crabb TA, Katritzky AR. Conformational Equibria in Nitrogen-Containing Saturated Six-Membered Rings. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Seguin E, Koch M, Ahond A, Gulhem J, Poupat C, Potier P. Dischroïsme circulaire des alcaloïdes du groupe de l'hétéroyohimbane. Helv Chim Acta 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19830660717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Szántay C, Blaskó G, Honty K, Baitz-Gács E, Tamás J, Tőke L. Synthesis of reserpine-type alkaloids, III. Synthesis ofrac-deserpidine and arac-raunescine epimer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198319830804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Calverley M, Harley-Mason J, Quarrie S, Edwards P. On the stereochemistry of the solvolytic c/d ring cleavage of the 1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydroindolo[2,3-a] quinolizine system. Tetrahedron 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Tóth I, Szabó L, Kajtár-Peredi M, Baitz-Gács E, Radics L, Szántay C. Investigation on the chemistry of berbans—VII. Tetrahedron 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(78)89011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Alcaloides indoliques CVI (1) Identité de la mayumbine et de l'épi-19 ajmalicine. L'iso-3 rauniticine, un nouvel alcaloïde extrait du (R. Good) N. Hallé. Tetrahedron Lett 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)92624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Damak M, Ahond A, Potier P, Janot MM. Structure d'un alcaloïde indolique ancien : La geissoschizine. Tetrahedron Lett 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)93011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bárczai-Beke M, Dörnyei G, Tóth G, Tamás J, Szántay C. Synthesis of corynantheidine alkaloids—III. Tetrahedron 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(76)85039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kutney JP, Chan KK, Failli A, Fromson JM, Gletsos C, Leutwiler A, Nelson VR, de Souza JP. Total synthesis of indole and dihydroindole alkaloids. VI. The total synthesis of some monomeric vinca alkaloids: dl-vincadine, dl-vincaminoreine, dl-vincaminorine, dl-vincadifformine, dl-minovine and dl-vincaminoridine. Helv Chim Acta 1975; 58:1648-71. [PMID: 1176298 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19750580620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Geibel K, Staudinger B, Grellmann K, Wendt H. Investigations of the cis-trans isomerization of benzylidene aniline. III U.v. and n.m.r. spectra of cis-benzylidene anilines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(74)80024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bárczai-Beke M, Dórnyei G, Tamás J, Szántay C. Synthese des Dimethoxy-despyrrolo-corynantheidins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19721051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Beckett AH, Dwuma-Badu D. The influence of stereochemistry on pKa, rate of quaternization and partition coefficients of corynantheidine-type alkaloids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1969; 21:Suppl:162S+. [PMID: 4391151 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1969.tb08368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In alkaloids of the corynantheidine group, the rate of quaternization at N-4 and the pKa values give a measure of the degree of steric hindrance at this site due to the axial hydrogen at C-3 and the ethyl group at C-20. These hinder the availability of the lone pair of electrons on N-4 to electrophiles. Partition coefficients indicate that lipid solubility is associated with planarity of the molecules; this explains why the more planar isomers (allo and normal) are more highly metabolized in microsomes than the less planar isomers (pseudo and epiallo).
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Beckett AH, Dwuma-Badu D, Haddock RE. Some new mitragyna-type indoles and oxindoles; the influence of stereochemistry on mass spectra. Tetrahedron 1969; 25:5961-9. [PMID: 5373537 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)83103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kovar KA, Ehrhardt H, Auterhoff H. [Configuration and conformation of rubremetinium-derivatives]. ARCHIV DER PHARMAZIE UND BERICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN PHARMAZEUTISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT 1969; 302:220-8. [PMID: 5262144 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19693020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Beckett AH, Dwuma-Badu D. Gas-liquid chromatography of heteroyohimbine alkaloids: the effect of methoxy substitution and of configuration. J Pharm Pharmacol 1968; 20:Suppl:74S+. [PMID: 4388178 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The gas-liquid chromatographic retention times of heteroyohimbine alkaloids on a 1% SE-30 column are in the order pseudo < epiallo < allo < normal. The introduction of one methoxy group into the indole nucleus doubles the retention time while two methoxy groups increase it by a factor of four. Binding of the indole nucleus reinforced by the suitably orientated lone pair electrons of the basic nitrogen to the liquid phase of the column in the important conformers of the various configurations, is used to explain the results.
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Trager WF, Phillipson JD, Beckett AH. Chemical confirmation for the configurations assigned to the indole alkaloids, speciogynine, speciociliatine, mitraciliatine and hirsutine. Tetrahedron 1968; 24:2681-5. [PMID: 5641278 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)82542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Trager WF, Lee CM, Phillipson JD, Haddock RE, Dwuma-Badu D, Beckett AH. Configurational analysis of rhynchophylline-type oxindole alkaloids. The absolute configuration of ciliaphylline, rhynchociline, specionoxeine, isospecionoxeine, rotundifoline and isorotundifoline. Tetrahedron 1968; 24:523-43. [PMID: 5637484 DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(68)88002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Phillipson JD, Shellard EJ. The effect of methoxy substitution and of configuration on the thin-layer chromatographic behaviour of some heteroyohimbine alkaloids. J Chromatogr A 1967; 31:427-38. [PMID: 4296646 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)86092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Beckett AH, Morton DM. The metabolism of corynantheidine and 9-methoxycorynantheidine-type alkaloids by liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1967; 16:1609-15. [PMID: 6049428 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(67)90139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Indole alkaloids from gambir structure of bambirtannine, oxogambirtannine and dihydrogambirtannine. Tetrahedron 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)83369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee CM, Trager WF, Beckett AH. Corynantheidine-type alkaloids. II. Absolute configuration of mitragynine, speciociliatine, mitraciliatine and speciogynine. Tetrahedron 1967; 23:375-85. [PMID: 6037287 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)83323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Trager W, Lee C, Phillipson J, Beckett A. The absolute configuration of paynantheine and hirsutine. Tetrahedron 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(67)85052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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