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Wu LL, Zheng Y, Wang YM, Zhou ZH. Organocatalyzed enantioselective [3 + 3] annulation for the direct synthesis of conformationally constrained cyclic tryptophan derivatives. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24288f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of optically active conformationally strained β-branched cyclic tryptophan derivatives has been realized via chiral squaramide catalyzed enantioselective formal [3 + 3] annulation of indolin-2-thiones and 4-arylmethylideneoxazolin-5(4H)-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.-L. Wu
- Institute and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Y. Zheng
- Institute and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Y.-M. Wang
- Institute and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Z.-H. Zhou
- Institute and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
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2
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Hruby VJ. Adventures in peptides and science with students! The joys of research. Biopolymers 2013; 100:127-31. [PMID: 23616095 PMCID: PMC3967710 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Working with students at the undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels has brought me great joy and satisfaction. Each student is a unique human being, so each provides an important opportunity for learning, creativity and accomplishment in research and scholarship. In this reflection, several examples of this scientific process are discussed in the context of solving scientific problems which led to novel and critical scientific insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
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3
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Nie L, Yang R, Zhang C, Yin H, Yan S, Lin J. Asymmetric Synthesis of All Four Isomers of an Unusual Heterocycle-Containing Amino Acid: 2-Amino-3-furan-2-yl-pentanoic Acid. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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5
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Suárez-Castillo OR, Meléndez-Rodríguez M, Castelán-Duarte LE, Zúñiga-Estrada EA, Cruz-Borbolla J, Morales-Ríos MS, Joseph-Nathan P. Absolute configuration assignment of 3-oxindolylacetyl-4-phenyloxazolidinone derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Lundy BJ, Jansone-Popova S, May JA. Enantioselective conjugate addition of alkenylboronic acids to indole-appended enones. Org Lett 2011; 13:4958-61. [PMID: 21846131 DOI: 10.1021/ol2020847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective addition of alkenylboronic acids and alkynylboronic esters to unprotected indole-appended enones is reported. This transformation proceeds with high enantioselectivity and high product yields via the use of catalytic amounts of 3,3'-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-BINOL and Mg(Ot-Bu)(2). A range of α-branched indole derivatives are available from the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Lundy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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7
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Arai T, Awata A, Wasai M, Yokoyama N, Masu H. Catalytic Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts/Protonation of Nitroalkenes and N-Heteroaromatics. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5450-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200546a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Arai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and ‡Chemical Analysis Center, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Atsuko Awata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and ‡Chemical Analysis Center, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Makiko Wasai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and ‡Chemical Analysis Center, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naota Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and ‡Chemical Analysis Center, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hyuma Masu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and ‡Chemical Analysis Center, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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8
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Zheng BH, Ding CH, Hou XL, Dai LX. Ag-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Substituted Tryptophans from Sulfonylindoles. Org Lett 2010; 12:1688-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100161n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chang-Hua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xue-Long Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Xin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Abstract
From a scientific perspective, efforts to understand biology including what constitutes health and disease has become a chemical problem. However, chemists and biologists "see" the problems of understanding biology from different perspectives, and this has retarded progress in solving the problems especially as they relate to health and disease. This suggests that close collaboration between chemists and biologists is not only necessary but essential for progress in both the biology and chemistry that will provide solutions to the global questions of biology. This perspective has directed my scientific efforts for the past 45 years, and in this overview I provide my perspective of how the applications of synthetic chemistry, structural design, and numerous other chemical principles have intersected in my collaborations with biologists to provide new tools, new science, and new insights that were only made possible and fruitful by these collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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10
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Sawai Y, Mizuno M, Ito T, Kawakami JI, Yamano M. A practical synthesis of enantiopure β-methyltryptophan ethyl ester for a preparation of diabetes drug. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Fu TH, Bonaparte A, Martin SF. Synthesis of β-Heteroaryl Propionates via Trapping of Carbocations with π-Nucleophiles. Tetrahedron Lett 2009; 50:3253-3257. [PMID: 20161309 PMCID: PMC2699308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A variety of heterocyclic alcohols and acetates were coupled with silyl ketene acetals and other π-nucleophiles in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to provide an array of substituted β-heteroaryl propionates, including those with contiguous quaternary centers, as well as vinylogs thereof. This reaction also proceeds with high diastereoselectivity when the π-nucleophile bears a chiral auxiliary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-hao Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, TX USA 78712
| | - Amy Bonaparte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, TX USA 78712
| | - Stephen F. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, TX USA 78712
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12
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Moore SB, Grant M, Rew Y, Bosa E, Fabbri M, Kumar U, Goodman M. Synthesis and biologic activity of conformationally constrained analogs of L-363,301. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 66:404-22. [PMID: 16316457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, biological activity and conformational analysis of analogs of the cyclic hexapeptide L-363,301, c[Pro6-Phe7-D-Trp8-Lys9-Thr10-Phe11] (numbering as in the native hormone somatostatin-14). The d-Trp in position 8 was replaced with (2R,3S)- and (2R,3R)-beta-MeTrp respectively, with an added methyl group in the beta position of Trp. The objective of our study was to determine the potency and selectivity generated by the added constraint in the beta position of the d-Trp upon binding to human somatostatin receptors hsst1-5. We synthesized the building blocks enantioselectively and incorporated them into the peptides by SPPS. Competition binding assays revealed that both compounds 2 and 3 were selective for hsst2 over hsst5. The (2R,3S) analog 2 was approximately 30 times more potent at hsst2 than the (2R,3R) analog 3. Interestingly, the (2R,3R) compound showed no binding affinity at hsst5.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0343, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E. Conrow
- Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, U.S.A
| | - W. Dennis Dean
- Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, U.S.A
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14
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Yao L, Smith BT, Aubé J. Base-Promoted Reactions of Bridged Ketones and 1,3- and 1,4-Haloalkyl Azides: Competitive Alkylation vs Azidation Reactions of Ketone Enolates. J Org Chem 2004; 69:1720-2. [PMID: 14987033 DOI: 10.1021/jo0356098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of 1,3- and 1,4-haloalkyl azides with enolates of 2-norbornanone (and a ring-expanded analog) afford polycyclic 1,2,3-triazolines in good yields. The reaction occurs by the initial azidation of the ketone enolate, followed in order by triazoline formation and O-alkylation. An interesting element of this process is the preferential reaction of the alkyl azide with an enolate anion as opposed to the more familiar reaction of the alkyl halide (including Cl and I derivatives). Reactions of acyclic or monocyclic enolates generally lead to 1,2,3-triazoles but none of the alternative C-alkylation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Room 4070, Malott Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-758, USA
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15
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Erchegyi J, Penke B, Simon L, Michaelson S, Wenger S, Waser B, Cescato R, Schaer JC, Reubi JC, Rivier J. Novel sst(4)-selective somatostatin (SRIF) agonists. 2. Analogues with beta-methyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine substitutions at position 8. J Med Chem 2004; 46:5587-96. [PMID: 14667213 DOI: 10.1021/jm0302445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a family of human sst(4)-selective, high-affinity (IC(50) = 2-4 nM) cyclic somatostatin (SRIF) octapeptides. These peptides result from the substitution of dTrp(8) in H-c[Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Phe(7)-DTrp(8)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)]-OH (SRIF numbering) (ODT-8) by one of the four conformationally biased stereoisomers of beta-methyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine (beta-Me2Nal). Whereas H-c[Cys-Phe-Phe-DNal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (ODN-8, 2) has high affinity and marginal selectivity for human sst(3) (Reubi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97, 13973-13978), H-c[Cys-Phe-Tyr-D-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (5) has high affinity for all sst's except for sst(1); H-c[Cys-Phe-Tyr-L-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (6) has high affinity for sst(4) (IC(50) = 2.1 nM), with more than 50-fold selectivity toward the other receptors. Analogues 7 and 8, containing d- and l-erythro-beta-Me2Nal instead of the corresponding threo derivatives at position 8, are essentially inactive at all receptors. Substitution of Tyr(7) in 5 and 6 by Aph(7) resulted in 9 and 10 with similar affinity patterns overall yet lowered affinity. The substitution of DCys(3) for Cys(3) in 5 and 6 yielded H-c[DCys-Phe-Tyr-D-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (11) and H-c[DCys-Phe-Tyr-L-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (12), with biological profiles almost identical to those of their parents 5 and 6 (i.e., high affinity for sst(2-5) for 11 and high affinity and selectivity for sst(4) for 12). Analogue 12, with high sst(4) affinity combined with the highest sst(4) selectivity among all tested compounds, is an agonist in the cAMP accumulation assay (EC(50) = 1.29 nM). Cold monoiodination of 12 yielded 14, with loss of sst(4) selectivity and loss of high affinity (IC(50) = 21 nM). Introduction of Tyr(2) in 9 and 10 and substitution of Cys(3) by dCys(3), to yield 15 and 16 (IC(50) = 9.8 and 61 nM, respectively, for sst(4) and limited selectivity), failed to generate a high-affinity (125)iodinatable sst(4)-selective ligand. Substitution of Phe by Tyr at position 11 in H-c[DCys-Phe-Phe-L-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH yielded 18 (IC(50) = 11.8 nM at sst(4)), with limited sst(4) selectivity (30-fold or greater at the other receptors) yet only slightly improved affinity over that of 14. Cold monoiodination of 18 yielded 20 (IC(50) = 30 nM at sst(4) and high selectivity). Whereas we were able, in this study, to identify a new family of sst(4)-selective, high-affinity compounds, our additional goal, to identify highly potent and sst(4)-selective ligands amenable to (125)iodination, could not be achieved satisfactorily. On the other hand, some of the diastereomers identified in this study, such as 5, 11, 17, and 19, are very potent ligands at all receptors but sst(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erchegyi
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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Hruby VJ. Peptide Science: Exploring the Use of Chemical Principles and Interdisciplinary Collaboration for Understanding Life Processes. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4215-31. [PMID: 13678399 DOI: 10.1021/jm0303103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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17
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Holder JR, Xiang Z, Bauzo RM, Haskell-Luevano C. Structure-activity relationships of the melanocortin tetrapeptide Ac-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2 at the mouse melanocortin receptors. 4. Modifications at the Trp position. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5736-44. [PMID: 12477357 DOI: 10.1021/jm020296e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin pathway is involved in the regulation of several physiological functions including skin pigmentation, steroidogenesis, obesity, energy homeostasis, and exocrine gland function. This melanocortin pathway consists of five known G-protein coupled receptors, endogenous agonists derived from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene transcript, the endogenous antagonists Agouti and the Agouti-related protein (AGRP) and signals through the intracellular cAMP signal transduction pathway. The endogenous melanocortin agonists contain the putative message sequence "His-Phe-Arg-Trp," postulated to be important for melanocortin receptor molecular recognition and stimulation. Herein, we report a tetrapeptide library, based upon the template Ac-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH(2), consisting of 20 members that have been modified at the Trp(9) position (alpha-MSH numbering) and pharmacologically characterized for agonist activity at the mouse melanocortin receptors MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R. Results from this study yielded compounds that ranged in pharmacological properties from equipotent to a loss of melanocortin receptor activity at up to 100 microM concentrations. Interestingly, modification of the Trp(9) in the tetrapeptide template at the MC1R resulted in only up to a 220-fold potency change, while at the MC4R and MC5R, up to a 9700-fold decrease in potency was observed, suggesting the MC1R is more tolerant of the modifications examined herein. The most notable results of this study include identification that the Trp(9) indole moiety in the tetrapeptide template is important for melanocortin-3 receptor agonist potency, and that this position can be used to design melanocortin ligands possessing receptor selectivity for the peripherally expressed MC1 and MC5 versus the centrally expressed MC3 and MC4 receptors. Specifically, the Ac-His-D-Phe-Arg-Tic-NH(2) and the Ac-His-D-Phe-Arg-Bip-NH(2) tetrapeptides possessed nanomolar MC1R and MC5R potency but micromolar MC3R and MC4R agonist potency. Additionally, these studies identified that substitution of the Trp amino acid with either Nal(2') or D-Nal(2') resulted in equipotent melanocortin receptor potency, suggesting that the chemically reactive Trp indole side chain may be replaced with the nonreactive Nal(2') moiety for the design of nonpeptide melanocortin receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Ryan Holder
- University of Florida, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, USA
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19
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Nemes C, Jeannin L, Sapi J, Laronze M, Seghir H, Augé F, Laronze JY. A Convenient Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained β-Substituted Tryptophans. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Peptide and protein biological activities depend on their three dimensionals structures in the free state and when interacting with their receptors/acceptors. The backbone conformations such as alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn, and so forth provide critical templates for the three-dimensional structure, but the overall shape and intrinsic stereoelectronic properties of the peptide or protein important for molecular recognition, signal transduction, enzymatic specificity, immunomodulation, and other biological effects depend on arrangement of the side chain groups in three-dimensional chi space (their chi 1, chi 2, etc. torsional angles). In this paper we explore approaches to the de novo design of polypeptides and peptidomimetics with biased or specific conformational/topographical properties in chi space. We consider computational and experimental methods that can be used to examine the effects of specific structural modifications in constraining side chain groups of amino acid residues and their similarities in chi space to the natural amino acids to evaluate what sort of mimetics are likely to mimic normal amino acids. We then examine some of the asymmetric synthetic methods that are being developed to obtain the amino acid mimetics. Finally, we consider selected examples in the literature where these specialized amino acids have been incorporated in biologically active peptides and the specific insights they have provided regarding the topographical requirements for bioactive peptide potency, selectivity, and other biochemical and pharmacological properties. Constraints in chi space show great promise as useful tools in peptide, protein, and peptidomimetic de novo design of structures and pharmacophores with specific stereostructural, biochemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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21
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Bonner GG, Davis P, Stropova D, Edsall S, Yamamura HI, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Opiate aromatic pharmacophore structure-activity relationships in CTAP analogues determined by topographical bias, two-dimensional NMR, and biological activity assays. J Med Chem 2000; 43:569-80. [PMID: 10691683 DOI: 10.1021/jm9900218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Topographically constrained analogues of the highly mu-opioid-receptor-selective antagonist CTAP (H-D-Phe-c[Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen]-Thr-NH(2), 1) were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Replacement of the D-Phe residue with conformationally biased beta-methyl derivatives of phenylalanine or tryptophan (2R,3R; 2R,3S; 2S,3R; 2S,3S) yielded peptides that displayed widely varying types of biological activities. In an effort to correlate the observed biological activities of these analogues with their structures, two-dimensional (1)H NMR and molecular modeling was performed. Unlike the parent (1), which is essentially a pure mu antagonist with weak delta agonist activities in the MVD bioassay, the diastereomeric beta-MePhe(1)-containing peptides exhibited simultaneous delta agonism and mu antagonism by the (2R,3R)-containing isomer 2; mu antagonism by the (2R,3S)-containing isomer 3; weak mu agonism by the (2S,3R)-containing isomer 4; and delta agonism by the (2S,3S)-containing isomer 5. Incorporation of beta-MeTrp isomers into position 1 led to peptides that were mu antagonists (2R,3R), 8; (2R,3S), 9, or essentially inactive (<10%) in the MVD and GPI assays (2S,3R), 10; (2S,3S), 11. Interestingly, in vivo antinociceptive activity was predicted by neither MVD nor GPI bioactivity. When D-Trp was incorporated in position 1, the result (7) is a partial, yet relatively potent mu agonist which also displayed weak delta agonist activity. Molecular modeling based on 2D NMR revealed that low energy conformers of peptides with similar biological activities had similar aromatic pharmacophore orientations and interaromatic distances. Peptides that exhibit mu antagonism have interaromatic distances of 7.0-7.9 A and have their amino terminal aromatic moiety pointing in a direction opposite to the direction that the amino terminus points. Peptides with delta opioid activity displayed an interaromatic distance of <7 A and had their amino terminal aromatic moiety pointing in the same direction as the amino terminus.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Models, Molecular
- Narcotic Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Narcotic Antagonists/chemistry
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Pain Measurement
- Peptide Fragments
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Somatostatin
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Bonner
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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22
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Enantiomeric high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of β-substituted tryptophan analogues. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Cyr LV, Newton MG, Phillips RS. Stereospecificity of Pseudomonas fluorescens kynureninase for diastereomers of beta-methylkynurenine. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1497-503. [PMID: 10482441 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The diastereomers of beta-methyl-L-kynurenine were prepared by preparative ozonolysis of the respective diastereomers of beta-methyl-L-tryptophan. A practical method for preparative enzymatic resolution of the diastereomers of beta-methyltryptophan was developed using carboxypeptidase A digestion of the N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. The stereochemical assignment was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure determination of (2S, 3R)-threo-beta-methyl-L-tryptophan. (2S,3S)-erythro-beta-Methyl-L-kynurenine is a slow substrate for kynureninase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (k(cat)/K(m) = 0.1% that of L-kynurenine), producing anthranilic acid, while (2S,3R)-threo-L-kynurenine is about 390-fold less reactive than erythro. Rapid-scanning stopped-flow measurements show that beta-methyl substitution affects the rate of alpha-deprotonation of the L-kynurenine-pyridoxal-5'-phosphate Schiffs base. This is consistent with the stereoelectronic requirements of the reaction. These results are the first demonstration that beta-substituted kynurenines can be substrates for kynureninase, and may be useful in the design of mechanism-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Cyr
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2556, USA
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Gibson (née Thomas) SE, Guillo N, Tozer MJ. Towards control of χ-space: Conformationally constrained analogues of Phe, Tyr, Trp and His. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Hoerrner RS, Askin D, Volante R, Reider PJ. A highly enantioselective asymmetric hydrogenation route to β-(2R,3S)-methyltryptophan. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Péter A, Tóth G. Chromatographic methods for the separation of enantiomers and epimers of β-alkyl amino acids and peptides containing them. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Haskell-Luevano C, Toth K, Boteju L, Job C, Castrucci AM, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ. beta-Methylation of the Phe7 and Trp9 melanotropin side chain pharmacophores affects ligand-receptor interactions and prolonged biological activity. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2740-9. [PMID: 9276019 DOI: 10.1021/jm970018t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Topographically modified melanotropin side chain pharmacophore residues Phe7 and Trp9 in a cyclic peptide template (Ac-Nle4-c[Asp-His-Xaa7-Arg-Yaa9-Lys]-NH2) and Phe7 in a linear peptide template (Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Nle4-Glu-His-Xaa7-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2) result in differences in potency and prolonged biological activity in the frog and lizard skin bioassays. These topographic modifications included the four isomers of beta-methylphenylalanine (beta-MePhe)7 and beta-methyltryptophan (beta-MeTrp)9 and the two isomers of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (Tca)9 Modifications in the cyclic template resulted in up to a 1000-fold difference in potency for the beta-MePhe7 stereoisomeric peptides; up to a 476-fold difference in potency resulted for the beta-MeTrp9 peptides, and about a 50-fold difference between the Tca9-containing peptides. Up to a 40-fold difference in potency resulted for the beta-MePhe7 stereoisomeric peptides using the linear template in these assays. The relative potency ranking for modifications in the cyclic template of beta-MePhe7 were 2R,3S > 2S,3S = 2S,3R > 2R,3R in the frog assay and 2S,3R > 2R,3S > 2S,3S > 2R,3R in the lizard assay. The relative potencies for modifications in the cyclic template of beta-MeTrp9 were 2R,3S > 2R,3R > 2S,3S > > 2S,3R in the frog assay and 2S,3S = 2R,3R > 2R,3S > 2S,3R in the lizard assay. The relative potencies for modifications in the cyclic template of Tca9 were DTca > LTca in both assays. Significant differences in prolonged (residual) activities were also observed for these modified peptides and were dependent upon stereochemistry of the beta-methyl amino acid, peptide template, and bioassay system. Furthermore, comparisons of beta-MeTrp9 stereoisomeric peptides on the frog, lizard, and human MC1 receptors suggest that structure-activity relationships on both the classical frog and lizard skin bioassays do not necessarily predict corresponding SAR profiles for the human melanocortin receptors, indicating a remarkable species specificity of the MC1 receptor requirements.
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Asymmetric synthesis of unusual amino acid: Synthesis of four isomers of β-methyl-3-(2′-naphthyl)alanine. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Boteju LW, Nikiforovich GV, Haskell-Luevano C, Fang SN, Zalewska T, Stropova D, Yamamura HI, Hruby VJ. The use of topographical constraints in receptor mapping: investigation of the topographical requirements of the tryptophan 30 residue for receptor binding of Asp-Tyr-D-Phe-Gly-Trp-(N-Me)Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2 (SNF 9007), a cholecystokinin (26-33) analogue that binds to both CCK-B and delta-opioid receptors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:4120-4. [PMID: 8831778 DOI: 10.1021/jm960078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cholecystokinin (26-33) [CCK (26-33)] octapeptide analog Asp-Tyr-D-Phe-Gly-Trp(N-Me)-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2 (SNF 9007) is a potent and selective ligand for both the CCK-B and delta-opioid receptors. Pharmacological studies of SNF 9007 suggest a relationship between the ligand requirements of CCK-B and delta-opioid receptors, which further implies a possible structural relationship between these receptors. We have utilized topographical constrainment of the important Trp30 residue to investigate structural features of SNF 9007 that would distinguish between binding requirements in this region for the CCK-B and delta-opioid receptors. Thus, the four optically pure isomers of beta-MeTrp were substituted for L-Trp30 of SNF 9007. Receptor binding results suggest that the preferred topography of the Trp30 residue for CCK-B receptor binding may be the 2S,3S (erythro-L) configuration whereas for the delta-opioid receptor it may be the 2S,3R (threo-L) configuration. Molecular modeling studies of these ligands further support the recently revised receptor-bound model for CCK-B octapeptide ligands (Kolodziej et al. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 137-149) and are in good agreement with the DPDPE-delta opioid receptor "template" model (Nikiforovich et al. Biopolymers 1991, 31, 941-955).
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Boteju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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Qian X, Shenderovich MD, Kövér KE, Davis P, Horváth R, Zalewska T, Yamamura HI, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Probing the Stereochemical Requirements for Receptor Recognition of δ Opioid Agonists through Topographic Modifications in Position 1. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja954241w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Qian
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Mark D. Shenderovich
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Katalin E. Kövér
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Peg Davis
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Robert Horváth
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Henry I. Yamamura
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Frank Porreca
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
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Donati D, Garzon-Aburbeh A, Natalini B, Marchioro C, Pellicciari R. Conformationally constrained tryptophan analogs. Synthesis of (±)-(Z)- and (±)-(E)-2-amino-2,3-methano-3-(indol-3-yl)-propanoic acids. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Azizeh BY, Shenderovich MD, Trivedi D, Li G, Sturm NS, Hruby VJ. Topographical amino acid substitution in position 10 of glucagon leads to antagonists/partial agonists with greater binding differences. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2449-55. [PMID: 8691441 DOI: 10.1021/jm960130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of position 10 in the beta-turn region of glucagon was investigated by substituting chiral constrained amino acids and other modifications in the N-terminal region. A series of glucagon analogues have been designed and synthesized by incorporating beta-methylphenylalanine isomers (2S,3S, 2S,3R, 2R,3R, and 2R,3S) at position 10 in order to explore the structural and topographical requirements of the glucagon receptor, and, in addition, utilizing previous studies which indicated that antagonism could be enhanced by modifications (des-His1, Glu9) and a bulky group at position 5. The structures of the new analogues are as follows: [des-His1,-Tyr5,Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (II), [des-His1,Tyr5,Glu9,Phe10]glucagon-NH2 (III), [des-His1,Tyr5,Glu9,-Ala10]glucagon-NH2 (IV), [des-His1,Tyr5,Glu9,(2S,3R)-beta-MePhe10]glucagon-NH2 (V), [des-His1,-Tyr5,Glu9,(2S,3S)-beta-MePhe10]glucagon-NH2 (VI), [des-His1,Tyr5,Glu9,D-Tyr10]glucagon-NH2 (VII), [des-His1,Tyr5,Glu9,D-Phe10]glucagon-NH2 (VIII), [des-His1,Tyr5,Glu9,D-Ala10]glucagon-NH2 (IX), [des-His1,Tyr5,Glu9,(2R,3R)-beta-MePhe10]glucagon-NH2 (X), and [des-His1,Tyr5,Glu9,(2R,3S)-beta-MePhe10]glucagon-NH2 (XI). These analogues led to dramatically different changes in in vitro binding affinities for glucagon receptors. Their receptor binding potencies IC50 values (nM) are 2.3 (II), 4.1 (III), 395.0 (IV), 10.0 (V), 170.0 (VI), 74.0 (VII), 34.5 (VIII), 510.0 (IX), 120.0 (X), and 180.0 (XI). Analogues II, III, V, VI, and XI were found to be weak partial agonists/partial antagonists with maximum stimulation between 5%-9%, while the other compounds (IV and VII-X) were antagonists unable to activate the adenylate cyclase system even at concentrations as high as 10(-5) M. In competition experiments, all of the analogues caused a right shift of the glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase dose-response curve. The pA2 values were 6.60 (II), 6.85 (III), 6.20 (IV), 6.20 (V), 6.10 (VI), 6.50 (VII), 6.20 (VIII), 5.85 (IX), 6.20 (X), and 6.00 (XI). Putative topographical requirements of the glucagon receptor for the aromatic side chain conformation in position 10 of glucagon antagonists are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Azizeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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Ager DJ, Prakash I, Schaad DR. 1,2-Amino Alcohols and Their Heterocyclic Derivatives as Chiral Auxiliaries in Asymmetric Synthesis. Chem Rev 1996; 96:835-876. [PMID: 11848773 DOI: 10.1021/cr9500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1276] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Ager
- NSC Technologies, and NutraSweet Kelco Units of Monsanto, 601 East Kensington Road, Mount Prospect, Illinois 60056
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Facile removal of the N-indole-mesitylenesulfonyl protecting group using HF cleavage conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00117952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Stereoselective total synthesis of topographically constrained designer amino acids: 2′, 6′-dimethyl-β-methyltyrosines. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(94)00996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Avenoza A, Busto JH, Cativiela C, Peregrina JM. A new efficient synthesis of 2-phenyl-4-oxo-1-amino-cyclohexanecarboxylic acids. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)81218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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