1
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Abstract
Interrupted reactions reroute established processes to new and often unanticipated end points. Of particular interest are the cases in which a known reactive intermediate takes on a new reaction pathway, either because this pathway is lower in energy or because the conventional pathway is no longer available. Through analysis of documented cases, we aim to dissect the known interrupted reactions and trace their mechanistic origins. As new chemical processes are being discovered at a seemingly ever-increasing pace, it is likely that new interrupted reactions will continue to emerge. Our hope is that the cases considered in this Review will help identify new classes of these fascinating transformations.
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2
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Spurlin RM, Harris AL, Pratt CJ, Jui NT. Synthesis of Spirocyclic Piperidines by Radical Hydroarylation. Synlett 2021; 32:211-214. [PMID: 34326573 DOI: 10.1055/a-1315-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reported here are conditions for the construction of spirocyclic piperidines from linear aryl halide precursors. These conditions employ a strongly reducing organic photoredox catalyst in combination with a trialkylamine reductant to achieve formation of aryl radical species. Regioselective cyclization followed by hydrogen-atom transfer affords a range of complex spiropiperidines. This system operates efficiently under mild conditions without the need for toxic reagents or precious metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber L Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cameron J Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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3
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Schwarz A, Hecko S, Rudroff F, Kohrt JT, Howard RM, Winkler M. Cell-free in vitro reduction of carboxylates to aldehydes: With crude enzyme preparations to a key pharmaceutical building block. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000315. [PMID: 33245607 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of practical methods for aldehyde synthesis in chemistry necessitates the development of mild, selective procedures. Carboxylic acid reductases catalyze aldehyde formation from stable carboxylic acid precursors in an aqueous solution. Carboxylic acid reductases were employed to catalyze aldehyde formation in a cell-free system with activation energy and reducing equivalents provided through auxiliary proteins for ATP and NADPH recycling. In situ product removal was used to suppress over-reduction due to background enzyme activities, and an N-protected 4-formyl-piperidine pharma synthon was prepared in 61% isolated yield. This is the first report of preparative aldehyde synthesis with carboxylic acid reductases employing crude, commercially available enzyme preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schwarz
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Area Biotransformation, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Hecko
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey T Kohrt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Applied Synthesis Technologies - Biocatalysis, Groton, USA
| | - Roger M Howard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Applied Synthesis Technologies - Biocatalysis, Groton, USA
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Area Biotransformation, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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4
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Abstract
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The
heterodimeric indole/coumarin natural product exotine B was
synthesized for the first time. The carbon skeleton of the natural
product was formed rapidly by a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling
reaction and a gallium-catalyzed three-component [4 + 3] cycloaddition
reaction. An alternative biosynthesis of exotine B is proposed based
on the total synthesis. Improved syntheses of coumarin natural products
gleinadiene and coumurrayin are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichu Cheng
- School of Science , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Giulio Volpin
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , New York 10003 , United States
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5
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Picazo E, Morrill LA, Susick RB, Moreno J, Smith JM, Garg NK. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Methanoquinolizidine-Containing Akuammiline Alkaloids and Related Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6483-6492. [PMID: 29694031 PMCID: PMC6085837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The akuammiline alkaloids are a structurally diverse class of bioactive natural products isolated from plants found in various parts of the world. A particularly challenging subset of akuammiline alkaloids are those that contain a methanoquinolizidine core. We describe a synthetic approach to these compounds that has enabled the first total syntheses of (+)-strictamine, (-)-2( S)-cathafoline, (+)-akuammiline, and (-)-Ψ-akuammigine. Our strategy relies on the development of the reductive interrupted Fischer indolization reaction to construct a common pentacyclic intermediate bearing five contiguous stereocenters, in addition to late-stage formation of the methanoquinolizidine framework using a deprotection-cyclization cascade. The total syntheses of (-)-Ψ-akuammigine and (+)-akuammiline mark the first preparations of akuammiline alkaloids containing both a methanoquinolizidine core and vicinal quaternary centers. Lastly, we describe the bioinspired reductive rearrangements of (+)-strictamine and (+)-akuammiline to ultimately provide (-)-10-demethoxyvincorine and a new analogue thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Picazo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lucas A. Morrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Robert B. Susick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jesus Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Joel M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Lee GS, Namkoong G, Park J, Chen DY. Total Synthesis of Strychnine. Chemistry 2017; 23:16189-16193. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geun Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Gil Namkoong
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Jisook Park
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - David Y.‐K. Chen
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 South Korea
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7
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Uruno Y, Hashimoto K, Hiyama Y, Sumiyoshi T. Process Development for the Synthesis of a Selective M1 and M4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Agonist. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Uruno
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, ‡Process Chemistry Research & Development Laboratories, §Genomic Science Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hashimoto
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, ‡Process Chemistry Research & Development Laboratories, §Genomic Science Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiyama
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, ‡Process Chemistry Research & Development Laboratories, §Genomic Science Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sumiyoshi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, ‡Process Chemistry Research & Development Laboratories, §Genomic Science Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
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8
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Gromek SM, deMayo JA, Maxwell AT, West AM, Pavlik CM, Zhao Z, Li J, Wiemer AJ, Zweifach A, Balunas MJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of santacruzamate A analogues for anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5183-5196. [PMID: 27614919 PMCID: PMC5065774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Santacruzamate A (SCA) is a natural product isolated from a Panamanian marine cyanobacterium, previously reported to have potent and selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. To optimize the enzymatic and cellular activity, 40 SCA analogues were synthesized in a systematic exploration of the zinc-binding group (ZBG), cap terminus, and linker region. Two cap group analogues inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with analogous increased degranulation of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), while one cap group analogue reduced CTL degranulation, indicative of suppression of the immune response. Additional testing of these analogues resulted in reevaluation of the previously reported SCA mechanism of action. These analogues and the resulting structure-activity relationships will be of interest for future studies on cell proliferation and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Gromek
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - James A deMayo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew T Maxwell
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ashley M West
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Christopher M Pavlik
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ziyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Adam Zweifach
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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9
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Chakraborty A, Purkait R, De UC, Maiti DK, Majumdar S. Anion Dependent Imidazolium Protic Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Solvent-Free General Strategy for Chemoselective Fmoc and Cbz Protection of Amines and Their Chiral Analogues. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022 Tripura (W) INDIA
| | - Rakesh Purkait
- Department of Chemistry; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022 Tripura (W) INDIA
| | - Utpal C. De
- Department of Chemistry; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022 Tripura (W) INDIA
| | - Dilip K. Maiti
- Department of Chemistry; University College of Science; University of Calcutta; 92, A P C Road Kolkata 700 009 INDIA
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022 Tripura (W) INDIA
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10
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Tungler A, Szabados E. Overcoming Problems at Elaboration and Scale-up of Liquid-Phase Pd/C Mediated Catalytic Hydrogenations in Pharmaceutical Production. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antal Tungler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Energy Research, Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Department, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Szabados
- Centre for Energy Research, Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Department, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Moreno J, Picazo E, Morrill LA, Smith JM, Garg NK. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Akuammiline Alkaloids (+)-Strictamine, (-)-2(S)-Cathafoline, and (-)-Aspidophylline A. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1162-5. [PMID: 26783944 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The akuammiline alkaloids are a family of natural products that have been widely studied for decades. Although notable synthetic achievements have been made recently, akuammilines that possess a methanoquinolizidine core have evaded synthetic efforts. We report an asymmetric approach to these alkaloids, which has culminated in the first total syntheses of (-)-2(S)-cathafoline and the long-standing target (+)-strictamine. Moreover, the first enantioselective total synthesis of aspidophylline A is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Elias Picazo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lucas A Morrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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12
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Tomakinian T, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Synthesis of benzofuro[3,2-b]indoline amines via deamination-interrupted Fischer indolization and their unexpected reactivity towards nucleophiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5443-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the access to the benzofuro[3,2-b]indoline framework via an interrupted Fischer indolization and its unexpected reactivity towards allyl nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Tomakinian
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)
- Equipe Méthodologie
- Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT)
- Univ Paris Sud
- CNRS
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)
- Equipe Méthodologie
- Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT)
- Univ Paris Sud
- CNRS
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)
- Equipe Méthodologie
- Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT)
- Univ Paris Sud
- CNRS
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)
- Equipe Méthodologie
- Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT)
- Univ Paris Sud
- CNRS
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13
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Villuri BK, Kotipalli T, kavala V, Ichake SS, Bandi V, Kuo CW, Yao CF. Synthesis of spiro isoindolinone-indolines and 1,2-disubstituted indoles from 2-iodobenzamide derivatives. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper catalyzed C-terminal and N-terminal attack of 2-alkynylanilines to 2-iodobenzamides afforded isoindolinones and 1,2-disubstituted indoles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veerababurao kavala
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Sachin S. Ichake
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Vijayalakshmi Bandi
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Chun-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Ching-Fa Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
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14
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James MJ, O'Brien P, Taylor RJK, Unsworth WP. Synthesis of Spirocyclic Indolenines. Chemistry 2015; 22:2856-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York YO10 5DD UK
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15
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Bodhak C, Kundu A, Pramanik A. ZrO2 nanoparticles as a reusable solid dual acid–base catalyst for facile one-pot synthesis of multi-functionalized spirooxindole derivatives under solvent free condition. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-step one-pot protocol for the facile synthesis of biologically important spirooxindole derivatives such as spiro[4H-pyran-3,3′-oxindoles] and spiro[indoline-3,4′(1H′)-pyrano-[2,3-c]pyrazol-2-ones has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Bodhak
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700 009
- India
| | - Ashis Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700 009
- India
| | - Animesh Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700 009
- India
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16
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Poomathi N, Mayakrishnan S, Muralidharan D, Perumal PT. A facile access to novel spiroxindole fused pyrrolidine and thiazolo pyrrolidine benzimidazole derivatives via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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General synthetic strategies towards N-alkyl sulfoximine building blocks for medicinal chemistry and the use of dimethylsulfoximine as a versatile precursor. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Pavlik CM, Wong CY, Ononye S, Lopez DD, Engene N, McPhail KL, Gerwick WH, Balunas MJ. Santacruzamate A, a potent and selective histone deacetylase inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2026-33. [PMID: 24164245 PMCID: PMC3879121 DOI: 10.1021/np400198r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A dark brown tuft-forming cyanobacterium, morphologically resembling the genus Symploca, was collected during an expedition to the Coiba National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the Pacific coast of Panama. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that it is 4.5% divergent from the type strain for Symploca and thus is likely a new genus. Fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of a new cytotoxin, designated santacruzamate A (1), which has several structural features in common with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [(2), SAHA, trade name Vorinostat], a clinically approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor used to treat refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Recognition of the structural similarly of 1 and SAHA led to the characterization of santacruzamate A as a picomolar level selective inhibitor of HDAC2, a Class I HDAC, with relatively little inhibition of HDAC4 or HDAC6, both Class II HDACs. As a result, chemical syntheses of santacruzamate A as well as a structurally intriguing hybrid molecule, which blends aspects of both agents (1 and 2), were achieved and evaluated for their HDAC activity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Pavlik
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Christina Y.B. Wong
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, Clayton, Apartado Postal 0816-02852, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Sophia Ononye
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Dioxelis D. Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, Clayton, Apartado Postal 0816-02852, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Niclas Engene
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Kerry L. McPhail
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Ancón, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Marcy J. Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, Clayton, Apartado Postal 0816-02852, Panama City, Panamá
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Ancón, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panamá
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19
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20
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Sluder A, Shah S, Cassayre J, Clover R, Maienfisch P, Molleyres LP, Hirst EA, Flemming AJ, Shi M, Cutler P, Stanger C, Roberts RS, Hughes DJ, Flury T, Robinson MP, Hillesheim E, Pitterna T, Cederbaum F, Worthington PA, Crossthwaite AJ, Windass JD, Currie RA, Earley FGP. Spiroindolines identify the vesicular acetylcholine transporter as a novel target for insecticide action. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34712. [PMID: 22563457 PMCID: PMC3341389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of all major insecticide classes continues to be eroded by the development of resistance mediated, in part, by selection of alleles encoding insecticide insensitive target proteins. The discovery of new insecticide classes acting at novel protein binding sites is therefore important for the continued protection of the food supply from insect predators, and of human and animal health from insect borne disease. Here we describe a novel class of insecticides (Spiroindolines) encompassing molecules that combine excellent activity against major agricultural pest species with low mammalian toxicity. We confidently assign the vesicular acetylcholine transporter as the molecular target of Spiroindolines through the combination of molecular genetics in model organisms with a pharmacological approach in insect tissues. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter can now be added to the list of validated insecticide targets in the acetylcholine signalling pathway and we anticipate that this will lead to the discovery of novel molecules useful in sustaining agriculture. In addition to their potential as insecticides and nematocides, Spiroindolines represent the only other class of chemical ligands for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter since those based on the discovery of vesamicol over 40 years ago, and as such, have potential to provide more selective tools for PET imaging in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease. They also provide novel biochemical tools for studies of the function of this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sluder
- Cambria Biosciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sheetal Shah
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ralph Clover
- Cambria Biosciences, Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Shi
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Cutler
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Stanger
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - David J. Hughes
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John D. Windass
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Currie
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus G. P. Earley
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lu GP, Cai C. An Efficient, One-Pot Synthesis of Spiro[Dihydropyridine-Oxindole] Compounds under Catalyst-Free Conditions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3184/174751911x13157531279974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of the biologically important spiro[dihydropyridine-oxindole] scaffolds from isatins, 2-naphthylamine and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in poly (ethylene glycol) 400/H2O under catalyst-free conditions is described. The reaction is free of catalysts and toxic solvents, operates under neutral conditions and allows for ease of product isolation, making it more environmentally friendly and suitable for large-scale operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-ping Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaoling Wei, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Chun Cai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaoling Wei, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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22
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Bhowmick M, Sappidi RR, Fields GB, Lepore SD. Efficient synthesis of Fmoc-protected phosphinic pseudodipeptides: Building blocks for the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Biopolymers 2011; 96:1-3. [PMID: 20225219 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A convenient route for the synthesis of Fmoc-protected phosphinic dipeptide building blocks is described. The protected amino acid isosteres benzyloxycarbonyl aminomethyl phosphinic acid (glycine surrogate), benzyl α-isopropyl acrylate (valine surrogate), and benzyl α-isobutyl acrylate (leucine surrogate) were synthesized starting from commercially available materials. Reaction of either the valine or leucine surrogate with bis(trimethylsilyl) phosphonite generated the pseudodipeptide bond. The synthesis concluded with an efficient one-pot three-step procedure involving a bis-deprotection of the N- and C-termini under catalytic hydrogenation conditions followed by selective capping of the N-terminus with an Fmoc group to yield either Fmoc-NHCH(2) PO(OAd)CH(2) CH(Pr(i) )CO(2) H or Fmoc-NHCH(2) PO(OAd)CH(2) CH(Bu(i) )CO(2) H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishabrata Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA
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23
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Pehere AD, Abell AD. An improved large scale procedure for the preparation of N-Cbz amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Chen T, Xu XP, Ji SJ. Novel, one-pot, three-component route to indol-3-yl substituted spirooxindole derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:659-63. [PMID: 20593846 DOI: 10.1021/cc100064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient approach to the synthesis of a novel series of polysubstituted 6'-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1',7'-dihydrospiro[indoline-3,4'-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine]-2-one derivatives in high yields was developed from a one-pot, three-component reaction of 3-cyanoacetyl indoles, isatins, and 1H-pyrazol-5-amines in H(2)O/HOAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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25
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Vanlaldinpuia K, Sema HA, Rokhum L, Bez G. An Excellent Method for Cbz-protection of Amines. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Dandia A, Singh R, Bhaskaran S. Ultrasound promoted greener synthesis of spiro[indole-3,5'-[1,3]oxathiolanes in water. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2010; 17:399-402. [PMID: 19720551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An aqueous mediated novel synthesis of substituted 2'amino-4'benzoyl-2'-methyl spiro[indole 3,5'-[1,3]oxathiolane]-2(1H)-ones (2a-f) was carried out from the reaction of spiro [indole-3,2'-oxiranes] (1a-f) with thioacetamide in the presence of LiBr as catalyst. The reaction was carried out under both microwaves and sonication and results were also compared with conventional method. In general, improvement in rate and yields observed when reaction was carried out under sonication as compared to microwave irradiation and conventional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Dandia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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27
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Sakamoto T, Moriya M, Tsuge H, Takahashi T, Haga Y, Nonoshita K, Okamoto O, Takahashi H, Sakuraba A, Hirohashi T, Shibata T, Kanno T, Ito J, Iwaasa H, Gomori A, Ishihara A, Fukuroda T, Kanatani A, Fukami T. Novel orally active NPY Y5 receptor antagonists: Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of spiroindoline class compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5015-26. [PMID: 19525116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spiroindoline urea derivatives, designed to act as NPY Y5 receptor antagonists, were synthesized and their structure-activity relationships were investigated. Of these derivatives, compound 3a showed good Y5 binding affinity with favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Compound 3a significantly inhibited bPP Y5 agonist-induced food intake in rats, and suppressed body weight gain in DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sakamoto
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Merck Research Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Okubo-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan.
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28
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Ogino Y, Ohtake N, Nagae Y, Matsuda K, Moriya M, Suga T, Ishikawa M, Kanesaka M, Mitobe Y, Ito J, Kanno T, Ishihara A, Iwaasa H, Ohe T, Kanatani A, Fukami T. Design, syntheses, and structure–activity relationships of novel NPY Y5 receptor antagonists: 2-{3-Oxospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4′-piperidin]-1′-yl}benzimidazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5010-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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30
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Lippa B, Pan G, Corbett M, Li C, Kauffman GS, Pandit J, Robinson S, Wei L, Kozina E, Marr ES, Borzillo G, Knauth E, Barbacci-Tobin EG, Vincent P, Troutman M, Baker D, Rajamohan F, Kakar S, Clark T, Morris J. Synthesis and structure based optimization of novel Akt inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3359-63. [PMID: 18456494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on a high throughput screening hit, pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitors of the Akt kinase are explored. X-ray co-crystal structures of two lead series results in the understanding of key binding interactions, the design of new lead series, and enhanced potency. The syntheses of these series and their biological activities are described. Spiroindoline 13j is found to have an Akt1 kinase IC(50) of 2.4+/-0.6 nM, Akt cell potency of 50+/-19 nM, and provides 68% inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model (50 mg/kg, qd, po).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Lippa
- Pfizer, Inc., PGRD Groton, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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31
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Liverton NJ, Bednar RA, Bednar B, Butcher JW, Claiborne CF, Claremon DA, Cunningham M, DiLella AG, Gaul SL, Libby BE, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, McCauley JA, Mosser SD, Nguyen KT, Stump GL, Sun H, Wang H, Yergey J, Koblan KS. Identification and characterization of 4-methylbenzyl 4-[(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate, an orally bioavailable, brain penetrant NR2B selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2007; 50:807-19. [PMID: 17249648 DOI: 10.1021/jm060983w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel series of NR2B subtype selective N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists is reported. Initial optimization of a high-throughput screening lead afforded an aminopyridine derivative 13 with significant NR2B antagonist potency but limited selectivity over hERG-channel and other off-target activities. Further structure-activity studies on the aminoheterocycle moiety and optimization of the carbamate led to the highly potent 2-aminopyrimidine derivative 20j with a significantly improved off-target activity profile and oral bioavailability in multiple species coupled with good brain penetration. Compound 20j demonstrated efficacy in in vivo rodent models of antinociception, allodynia, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Liverton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Pavan Kumar V, Somi Reddy M, Narender M, Surendra K, Nageswar Y, Rama Rao K. Aqueous phase mono-protection of amines and amino acids as N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives in the presence of β-cyclodextrin. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.06.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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A Sequential Cyclization Route to Spiroindanyl Heterocycles through Olefin Metathesis and Free Radical Reaction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.2.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Xie JS, Huang CQ, Fang YY, Zhu YF. A convenient synthesis of 1′-H-spiro-(indoline-3,4′-piperidine) and its derivatives. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Herr RJ. 5-Substituted-1H-tetrazoles as carboxylic acid isosteres: medicinal chemistry and synthetic methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:3379-93. [PMID: 12213451 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Substituted-1H-tetrazoles (RCN4H) are often used as metabolism-resistant isosteric replacements for carboxylic acids (RCO2H) in SAR-driven medicinal chemistry analogue syntheses. This review provides a brief summary of the medicinal chemistry of tetrazolic acids and highlights some examples of tetrazole-containing drug substances in the current literature. A survey of representative literature procedures for the preparation of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles, focusing on preparations from aryl and alkyl nitriles, is presented in sections by generalized synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jason Herr
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., PO Box 15098, Albany, NY 12212-5098, USA.
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37
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Liverton NJ, Butcher JW, Claiborne CF, Claremon DA, Libby BE, Nguyen KT, Pitzenberger SM, Selnick HG, Smith GR, Tebben A, Vacca JP, Varga SL, Agarwal L, Dancheck K, Forsyth AJ, Fletcher DS, Frantz B, Hanlon WA, Harper CF, Hofsess SJ, Kostura M, Lin J, Luell S, O'Neill EA, O'Keefe SJ. Design and synthesis of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable tetrasubstituted imidazole inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2180-90. [PMID: 10377223 DOI: 10.1021/jm9805236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel potent and selective diarylimidazole inhibitors of p38 MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase are described which have activity in both cell-based assays of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release and an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. The SAR leading to the development of selectivity against c-Raf and JNK2alpha1 kinases is presented, with key features being substitution of the 4-aryl ring with m-trifluoromethyl and substitution of the 5-heteroaryl ring with a 2-amino substituent. Cell-based activity was significantly enhanced by incorporation of a 4-piperidinyl moiety at the 2-position of the imidazole which also enhanced aqueous solubility. In general, oral bioavailability of this class of compounds was found to be poor unless the imidazole was methylated on nitrogen. This work led to identification of 48, a potent (p38 MAP kinase inhibition IC50 0.24 nM) and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor which inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated release of TNF-alpha from human blood with an IC50 2.2 nM, shows good oral bioavailability in rat and rhesus monkey, and demonstrates significant improvement in measures of disease progression in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Liverton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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38
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