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Bag BG, Majumdar R. Self-assembly of Renewable Nano-sized Triterpenoids. CHEM REC 2017; 17:841-873. [PMID: 28195390 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Braja Gopal Bag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Vidyasagar Univesity; Midnapore 721102, West Bengal India
| | - Rakhi Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Vidyasagar Univesity; Midnapore 721102, West Bengal India
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Protostane and fusidane triterpenes: a mini-review. Molecules 2013; 18:4054-80. [PMID: 23563857 PMCID: PMC3901436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protostane triterpenes belong to a group of tetracyclic triterpene that exhibit unique structural characteristics. Their natural distribution is primarily limited to the genus Alisma of the Alismataceae family, but they have also been occasionally found in other plant genera such as Lobelia, Garcinia, and Leucas. To date, there are 59 known protostane structures. Many of them have been reported to possess biological properties such as improving lipotropism, hepatoprotection, anti-viral activity against hepatitis B and HIV-I virus, anti-cancer activity, as well as reversal of multidrug resistance in cancer cells. On the other hand, fusidanes are fungal products characterized by 29-nor protostane structures. They possess antibiotic properties against staphylococci, including the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fusidic acid is a representative member which has found clinical applications. This review covers plant sources of the protostanes, their structure elucidation, characteristic structural and spectral properties, as well as biological activities. The fungal sources, structural features, biological activities of fusidanes are also covered in this review. Additionally, the biogenesis of these two types of triterpenes is discussed and a refined pathway is proposed.
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Mitsuguchi H, Seshime Y, Fujii I, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y, Kushiro T. Biosynthesis of Steroidal Antibiotic Fusidanes: Functional Analysis of Oxidosqualene Cyclase and Subsequent Tailoring Enzymes from Aspergillus fumigatus. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6402-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8095976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Mitsuguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Seshime
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Isao Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shibuya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ebizuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kushiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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Lodeiro S, Xiong Q, Wilson WK, Ivanova Y, Smith ML, May GS, Matsuda SPT. Protostadienol biosynthesis and metabolism in the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Org Lett 2009; 11:1241-4. [PMID: 19216560 DOI: 10.1021/ol802696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Details of the fungal biosynthetic pathway to helvolic acid and other fusidane antibiotics remain obscure. During product characterization of oxidosqualene cyclases in Aspergillus fumigatus, we found the long-sought cyclase that makes (17Z)-protosta-17(20),24-dien-3beta-ol, the precursor of helvolic acid. We then identified a gene cluster encoding the pathway to helvolic acid, which is controlled by a transcription regulator (LaeA) associated with fungal virulence. Evidence regarding the evolutionary origin and taxonomic distribution of fusidane biosynthesis is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lodeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Eschenmoser A, Arigoni D. Revisited after 50 Years: The ‘Stereochemical Interpretation of the Biogenetic Isoprene Rule for the Triterpenes’. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The triterpenoids are a large group of natural products derived from C(30) precursors. Nearly 200 different triterpene skeletons are known from natural sources or enzymatic reactions that are structurally consistent with being cyclization products of squalene, oxidosqualene, or bis-oxidosqualene. This review categorizes each of these structures and provides mechanisms for their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 S Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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