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Rozenblit F, Gollisch T. What the salamander eye has been telling the vision scientist's brain. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 106:61-71. [PMID: 32359891 PMCID: PMC7493835 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Salamanders have been habitual residents of research laboratories for more than a century, and their history in science is tightly interwoven with vision research. Nevertheless, many vision scientists - even those working with salamanders - may be unaware of how much our knowledge about vision, and particularly the retina, has been shaped by studying salamanders. In this review, we take a tour through the salamander history in vision science, highlighting the main contributions of salamanders to our understanding of the vertebrate retina. We further point out specificities of the salamander visual system and discuss the perspectives of this animal system for future vision research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rozenblit
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Gollisch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Baden T, Euler T, Berens P. Understanding the retinal basis of vision across species. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 21:5-20. [PMID: 31780820 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate retina first evolved some 500 million years ago in ancestral marine chordates. Since then, the eyes of different species have been tuned to best support their unique visuoecological lifestyles. Visual specializations in eye designs, large-scale inhomogeneities across the retinal surface and local circuit motifs mean that all species' retinas are unique. Computational theories, such as the efficient coding hypothesis, have come a long way towards an explanation of the basic features of retinal organization and function; however, they cannot explain the full extent of retinal diversity within and across species. To build a truly general understanding of vertebrate vision and the retina's computational purpose, it is therefore important to more quantitatively relate different species' retinal functions to their specific natural environments and behavioural requirements. Ultimately, the goal of such efforts should be to build up to a more general theory of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Baden
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. .,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Euler
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Berens
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Barbier M, Fellmann D, Risold PY. Characterization of McDonald's intermediate part of the Central nucleus of the amygdala in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2165-2186. [PMID: 29893014 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The actual organization of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) in the rat is mostly based on cytoarchitecture and the distribution of several cell types, as described by McDonald in 1982. Four divisions were identified by this author. However, since this original work, one of these divisions, the intermediate part, has not been consistently recognized based on Nissl-stained material. In the present study, we observed that a compact condensation of retrogradely labeled cells is found in the CEA after fluorogold injection in the anterior region of the tuberal lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in the rat. We then searched for neurochemical markers of this cell condensation and found that it is quite specifically labeled for calbindin (Cb), but also contains calretinin (Cr), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) immunohistochemical signals. These neurochemical features are specific to this cell group which, therefore, is distinct from the other parts of the CEA. We then performed cholera toxin injections in the mouse LHA to identify this cell group in this species. We found that neurons exist in the medial and rostral CEAl that project into the LHA but they have a less tight organization than in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Barbier
- EA481, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon cedex, 25030, France
| | - Dominique Fellmann
- EA481, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon cedex, 25030, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- EA481, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon cedex, 25030, France
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4
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Morona R, López JM, Northcutt RG, González A. Regional chemoarchitecture of the brain of lungfishes based on calbindin D-28K and calretinin immunohistochemistry. J Comp Neurol 2018. [PMID: 29520817 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lungfishes are the closest living relatives of land vertebrates, and their neuroanatomical organization is particularly relevant for deducing the neural traits that have been conserved, modified, or lost with the transition from fishes to land vertebrates. The immunohistochemical localization of calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR) provides a powerful method for discerning segregated neuronal populations, fiber tracts, and neuropils and is here applied to the brains of Neoceratodus and Protopterus, representing the two extant orders of lungfishes. The results showed abundant cells containing these proteins in pallial and subpallial telencephalic regions, with particular distinct distribution in the basal ganglia, amygdaloid complex, and septum. Similarly, the distribution of CB and CR containing cells supports the division of the hypothalamus of lungfishes into neuromeric regions, as in tetrapods. The dense concentrations of CB and CR positive cells and fibers highlight the extent of the thalamus. As in other vertebrates, the optic tectum is characterized by numerous CB positive cells and fibers and smaller numbers of CR cells. The so-called cerebellar nucleus contains abundant CB and CR cells with long ascending axons, which raises the possibility that it could be homologized to the secondary gustatory nucleus of other vertebrates. The corpus of the cerebellum is devoid of CB and CR and cells positive for both proteins are found in the cerebellar auricles and the octavolateralis nuclei. Comparison with other vertebrates reveals that lungfishes share most of their features of calcium binding protein distribution with amphibians, particularly with salamanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | - R Glenn Northcutt
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, , University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
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5
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Zhang C, Yu WQ, Hoshino A, Huang J, Rieke F, Reh TA, Wong ROL. Development of ON and OFF cholinergic amacrine cells in the human fetal retina. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:174-186. [PMID: 29405294 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expressing retinal amacrine cells are present across vertebrates. These interneurons play important roles in the development of retinal projections to the brain and in motion detection, specifically in generating direction-selective responses to moving stimuli. ChAT amacrine cells typically comprise two spatially segregated populations that form circuits in the 'ON' or 'OFF' synaptic layers of the inner retina. This stereotypic arrangement is also found across the adult human retina, with the notable exception that ChAT expression is evident in the ON but not OFF layer of the fovea, a region specialized for high-acuity vision. We thus investigated whether the human fovea exhibits a developmental path for ON and OFF ChAT cells that is retinal location-specific. Our analysis shows that at each retinal location, human ON and OFF ChAT cells differentiate, form their separate synaptic layers, and establish non-random mosaics at about the same time. However, unlike in the adult fovea, ChAT immunostaining is initially robust in both ON and OFF populations, up until at least mid-gestation. ChAT expression in the OFF layer in the fovea is therefore significantly reduced after mid-gestation. OFF ChAT cells in the human fovea and in the retinal periphery thus follow distinct maturational paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Akina Hoshino
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Pérez de Sevilla Müller L, Azar SS, de Los Santos J, Brecha NC. Prox1 Is a Marker for AII Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:39. [PMID: 28529477 PMCID: PMC5418924 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Prox1 is expressed in multiple cells in the retina during eye development. This study has focused on neuronal Prox1 expression in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the adult mouse retina. Prox1 immunostaining was evaluated in vertical retinal sections and whole mount preparations using a specific antibody directed to the C-terminus of Prox1. Strong immunostaining was observed in numerous amacrine cell bodies and in all horizontal cell bodies in the proximal and distal INL, respectively. Some bipolar cells were also weakly immunostained. Prox1-immunoreactive amacrine cells expressed glycine, and they formed 35 ± 3% of all glycinergic amacrine cells. Intracellular Neurobiotin injections into AII amacrine cells showed that all gap junction-coupled AII amacrine cells express Prox1, and no other Prox1-immunostained amacrine cells were in the immediate area surrounding the injected AII amacrine cell. Prox1-immunoreactive amacrine cell bodies were distributed across the retina, with their highest density (3887 ± 160 cells/mm2) in the central retina, 0.5 mm from the optic nerve head, and their lowest density (3133 ± 350 cells/mm2) in the mid-peripheral retina, 2 mm from the optic nerve head. Prox1-immunoreactive amacrine cell bodies comprised ~9.8% of the total amacrine cell population, and they formed a non-random mosaic with a regularity index (RI) of 3.4, similar to AII amacrine cells in the retinas of other mammals. Together, these findings indicate that AII amacrine cells are the predominant and likely only amacrine cell type strongly expressing Prox1 in the adult mouse retina, and establish Prox1 as a marker of AII amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pérez de Sevilla Müller
- Departments of Neurobiology, Medicine and Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shaghauyegh S Azar
- Departments of Neurobiology, Medicine and Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janira de Los Santos
- Departments of Neurobiology, Medicine and Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Departments of Neurobiology, Medicine and Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA.,CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Health SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Pérez de Sevilla Müller L, Sargoy A, Fernández-Sánchez L, Rodriguez A, Liu J, Cuenca N, Brecha N. Expression and cellular localization of the voltage-gated calcium channel α2δ3 in the rodent retina. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1443-60. [PMID: 25631988 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-voltage-activated calcium channels are hetero-oligomeric protein complexes that mediate multiple cellular processes, including the influx of extracellular Ca(2+), neurotransmitter release, gene transcription, and synaptic plasticity. These channels consist of a primary α(1) pore-forming subunit, which is associated with an extracellular α(2)δ subunit and an intracellular β auxiliary subunit, which alter the gating properties and trafficking of the calcium channel. The cellular localization of the α(2)δ(3) subunit in the mouse and rat retina is unknown. In this study using RT-PCR, a single band at ∼ 305 bp corresponding to the predicted size of the α(2)δ(3) subunit fragment was found in mouse and rat retina and brain homogenates. Western blotting of rodent retina and brain homogenates showed a single 123-kDa band. Immunohistochemistry with an affinity-purified antibody to the α(2)δ(3) subunit revealed immunoreactive cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer and immunoreactive processes in the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer. α(2)δ(3) immunoreactivity was localized to multiple cell types, including ganglion, amacrine, and bipolar cells and photoreceptors, but not horizontal cells. The expression of the α(2)δ(3) calcium channel subunit to multiple cell types suggests that this subunit participates widely in Ca-channel-mediated signaling in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pérez de Sevilla Müller
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Allison Sargoy
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | | | - Allen Rodriguez
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Janelle Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicholas Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, 90073
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Van Hook MJ, Thoreson WB. Endogenous calcium buffering at photoreceptor synaptic terminals in salamander retina. Synapse 2014; 68:518-28. [PMID: 25049035 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcium operates by several mechanisms to regulate glutamate release at rod and cone synaptic terminals. In addition to serving as the exocytotic trigger, Ca2+ accelerates replenishment of vesicles in cones and triggers Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) in rods. Ca2+ thereby amplifies sustained exocytosis, enabling photoreceptor synapses to encode constant and changing light. A complete picture of the role of Ca2+ in regulating synaptic transmission requires an understanding of the endogenous Ca2+ handling mechanisms at the synapse. We therefore used the "added buffer" approach to measure the endogenous Ca2+ binding ratio (κendo ) and extrusion rate constant (γ) in synaptic terminals of photoreceptors in retinal slices from tiger salamander. We found that κendo was similar in both cell types-∼25 and 50 in rods and cones, respectively. Using measurements of the decay time constants of Ca2+ transients, we found that γ was also similar, with values of ∼100 s(-1) and 160 s(-1) in rods and cones, respectively. The measurements of κendo differ considerably from measurements in retinal bipolar cells, another ribbon-bearing class of retinal neurons, but are comparable to similar measurements at other conventional synapses. The values of γ are slower than at other synapses, suggesting that Ca2+ ions linger longer in photoreceptor terminals, supporting sustained exocytosis, CICR, and Ca2+ -dependent ribbon replenishment. The mechanisms of endogenous Ca2+ handling in photoreceptors are thus well-suited for supporting tonic neurotransmission. Similarities between rod and cone Ca2+ handling suggest that neither buffering nor extrusion underlie differences in synaptic transmission kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198
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9
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Fan W, Xing Y, Zhong Y, Chen C, Shen Y. Expression of NMDA receptor subunit 1 in the rat retina. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:42-7. [PMID: 22512920 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) belong to the ionotropic glutamate receptors, which play key roles in neuronal communication in the retina. NMDA receptors are tetrameric protein complexes usually comprising two obligatory NMDA receptor 1 (NR1) subunits and modulatory NMDA receptor 2/3 (NR2/3) subunits. Although the expression patterns of different NMDA receptor subunits have been extensively studied, in this study we focused on NR1 protein expression in the rat retina by immunofluorescence double labeling. We show that NR1 labeling is diffusely distributed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and throughout the whole inner plexiform layer (IPL). The NR1-immunoreactivity (IR) was displayed in a variety of cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Interestingly, NR1 was expressed in both rod and cone bipolar cells identified by specific bipolar cell markers Chx10, protein kinase C (PKC) and recoverin. All the amacrine cells that we studied, including cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells, were NR1-IR positive. In the ganglion cell layer, NR1-IR was expressed in all cells that were positive for the ganglion cell marker Brn3a. Our study suggests that the NR1 subunit is expressed more widely than was previously appreciated.
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Thoreson WB, Mangel SC. Lateral interactions in the outer retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:407-41. [PMID: 22580106 PMCID: PMC3401171 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lateral interactions in the outer retina, particularly negative feedback from horizontal cells to cones and direct feed-forward input from horizontal cells to bipolar cells, play a number of important roles in early visual processing, such as generating center-surround receptive fields that enhance spatial discrimination. These circuits may also contribute to post-receptoral light adaptation and the generation of color opponency. In this review, we examine the contributions of horizontal cell feedback and feed-forward pathways to early visual processing. We begin by reviewing the properties of bipolar cell receptive fields, especially with respect to modulation of the bipolar receptive field surround by the ambient light level and to the contribution of horizontal cells to the surround. We then review evidence for and against three proposed mechanisms for negative feedback from horizontal cells to cones: 1) GABA release by horizontal cells, 2) ephaptic modulation of the cone pedicle membrane potential generated by currents flowing through hemigap junctions in horizontal cell dendrites, and 3) modulation of cone calcium currents (I(Ca)) by changes in synaptic cleft proton levels. We also consider evidence for the presence of direct horizontal cell feed-forward input to bipolar cells and discuss a possible role for GABA at this synapse. We summarize proposed functions of horizontal cell feedback and feed-forward pathways. Finally, we examine the mechanisms and functions of two other forms of lateral interaction in the outer retina: negative feedback from horizontal cells to rods and positive feedback from horizontal cells to cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B. Thoreson
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Stuart C. Mangel
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Bejarano-Escobar R, Blasco M, Durán AC, Rodríguez C, Martín-Partido G, Francisco-Morcillo J. Retinal histogenesis and cell differentiation in an elasmobranch species, the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula. J Anat 2012; 220:318-35. [PMID: 22332849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a detailed study of the major events in the retinal histogenesis in a slow-developing elasmobranch species, the small-spotted catshark, during embryonic, postnatal and adult stages using classical histological and immunohistological methods, providing a complete neurochemical characterization of retinal cells. We found that the retina of the small-spotted catshark was fully differentiated prior to birth. The major developmental events in retinal cell differentiation occurred during the second third of the embryonic period. Maturational features described in the present study were first detected in the central retina and, as development progressed, they spread to the rest of the retina following a central-to-peripheral gradient. While the formation of both plexiform layers occurs simultaneously in the retina of the most common fish models, in the small-spotted catshark retina the emergence of the outer plexiform layer was delayed with respect to the inner plexiform layer. According to the expression of the markers used, retinal cell differentiation followed a vitreal-to-scleral gradient, with the exception of Müller cells that were the last cell type generated during retinogenesis. This vitreal-to-scleral progression of neural differentiation seems to be specific to slow-developing fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Bejarano-Escobar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain
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12
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Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin D28k and calretinin in the retina of two lungfishes, Protopterus dolloi and Neoceratodus forsteri: Colocalization with choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Brain Res 2011; 1368:28-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Yu Y, Satoh H, Vila A, Wu SM, Marshak DW. Effects of histamine on light responses of amacrine cells in tiger salamander retina. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:645-54. [PMID: 20878231 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using immunofluorescence, we showed that histamine receptor 1 is expressed by horizontal cell axons and a subset of amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina. The effects of histamine on light responses of amacrine cells were studied in slice preparations. Histamine modulated the light responses of many salamander amacrine cells, depending upon the morphological type. The most pronounced effects of histamine were decreases in the light responses of broadly stratified amacrine cells, particularly those having medium-sized dendritic field diameters. To determine whether the effects of histamine were direct, Co(++) was substituted for Ca(++) in the extracellular medium to block synaptic transmission. Histamine still affected broadly stratified amacrine cells, but not narrowly stratified amacrine cells under these conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that inhibitory interactions between strata of the IPL and within the classical receptive fields of the ganglion cells would be particularly sensitive to histamine released from retinopetal axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77225, USA
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14
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Morona R, González A. Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin-D28k and calretinin in the brainstem of anuran and urodele amphibians. J Comp Neurol 2009; 515:503-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Immunocytochemical analysis of photoreceptors in the tiger salamander retina. Vision Res 2008; 49:64-73. [PMID: 18977238 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the tiger salamander retina, visual signals are transmitted to the inner retina via six morphologically distinct types of photoreceptors: large/small rods, large/small single cones, and double cones composed of principal and accessory members. The objective of this study was to determine the morphology of these photoreceptors and their synaptic interconnection with bipolar cells and horizontal cells in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Here we showed that glutamate antibodies labeled all photoreceptors and recovering antibodies strongly labeled all cones and weakly labeled all rods. Antibodies against calbindin selectively stained accessory members of double cones. Antibodies against S-cone opsin stained small rods, a subpopulation of small single cones, and the outer segments of accessory double cones and a subtype of unidentified single cones. On average, large rods and small S-cone opsin positive rods accounted for 98.6% and 1.4% of all rods, respectively. Large/small cones, principle/accessory double cones, S-cone opsin positive small single cones, and S-cone opsin positive unidentified single cones accounted for about 66.9%, 23%, 4.5%, and 5.6% of the total cones, respectively. Moreover, the differential connection between rods/cones and bipolar/horizontal cells and the wide distribution of AMPA receptor subunits GluR2/3 and GluR4 at the rod/cone synapses were observed. These results provide anatomical evidence for the physiological findings that bipolar/horizontal cells in the salamander retina are driven by rod/cone inputs of different weights, and that AMPA receptors play an important role in glutamatergic neurotransmission at the first visual synapses. The different photoreceptors selectively contacting bipolar and horizontal cells support the idea that visual signals may be conveyed to the inner retina by different functional pathways in the outer retina.
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May CA, Nakamura K, Fujiyama F, Yanagawa Y. Quantification and characterization of GABA-ergic amacrine cells in the retina of GAD67-GFP knock-in mice. Acta Ophthalmol 2008; 86:395-400. [PMID: 17995983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the presence of gamma-aminobutyrate acid (GABA) in amacrine cells and its co-localization with other neuronal substances is well known, there exists only little information about their quantitative distribution in the mouse eye. The aim of the present study was to characterize GABA-ergic amacrine cells in the retina of the recently introduced glutamate decarboxylase 67-green fluorescent protein (GAD67-GFP) knock-in mouse. METHODS Whole mounts of the retina were prepared and the GFP-positive neurons quantified. Immunofluorescence staining was performed with antibodies against GABA, calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) 1, VGluT2 and VGluT3. RESULTS Displaced GABA-ergic amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) showed a density of 1006 +/- 170 cells/mm(2). In the inner nuclear layer (INL), the density of amacrine cells was 8821 +/- 448 cells/mm(2) in the central region and 6825 +/- 408 cells/mm(2) in the peripheral region. GFP-positive amacrine cells co-localized with GABA (99%), CR (INL 18%, GCL 71.3%), CB (INL 6.3%), bNOS (INL 1%, GCL 4%), and ChAT (INL 17%, GCL 92.6%). No co-localization was seen with antibodies against PV, TH, and VGluT 1-3. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first quantitative data concerning the co-localization of GABA-ergic neurons in the mouse retina with various neuronal markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albrecht May
- Department of Anatomy, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Cimini BA, Strang CE, Wotring VE, Keyser KT, Eldred WD. Role of acetylcholine in nitric oxide production in the salamander retina. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1952-63. [PMID: 18273886 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although acetylcholine is one of the most widely studied neurotransmitters in the retina, many questions remain about its downstream signaling mechanisms. In this study we initially characterized the cholinergic neurotransmitter system in the salamander retina by localizing a variety of cholinergic markers. We then examined the link between both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor activation and nitric oxide production by using immunocytochemistry for cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as an indicator. We found a large increase in cGMP-like immunoreactivity (cGMP-LI) in the inner retina in response to muscarinic (but not nicotinic) receptor activation. Based on the amplification of mRNA transcripts, receptor immunocytochemistry, and the use of selective antagonists, we identified these receptors as M2 muscarinic receptors. Using double-labeling techniques, we established that these increases in cGMP-LI were seen in GABAergic but not cholinergic amacrine cells, and that the increases were blocked by inhibitors of nitric oxide production. The creation of nitric oxide in response to cholinergic receptor activation may provide a mechanism for modulating the well-known mutual interactions of acetylcholine-glycine-GABA in the inner retina. As GABA and glycine are the primary inhibitory neurotransmitters in the retina, signaling pathways that modulate their levels or release will have major implications for the processing of complex stimuli by the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Cimini
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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18
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Immunocytochemical study of calretinin and calbindin D-28K expression in the retina of three cartilaginous fishes and a cladistian (Polypterus). Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:375-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Calbindin-D28k and calretinin as markers of retinal neurons in the anuran amphibian Rana perezi. Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:379-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Royer AS, Miller RF. Dendritic impulse collisions and shifting sites of action potential initiation contract and extend the receptive field of an amacrine cell. Vis Neurosci 2007; 24:619-34. [PMID: 17900378 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523807070617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the contributions of somatic and dendritic impulses to the receptive field dimensions of amacrine cells in the amphibian retina. For this analysis, we used the NEURON simulation program with a multicompartmental, multichannel model of an On-Off amacrine cell with a three-dimensional structure obtained through computer tracing techniques. Simulated synaptic inputs were evenly spaced along the dendritic branches and organized into eight annuli of increasing radius. The first set of simulations activated each ring progressively to simulate an area summation experiment, while a second approach activated each annulus individually. Both sets of simulations were done with and without the presence of Na channels in the dendrites and soma. Unexpectedly, the receptive field dimensions observed in the area summation simulations was often smaller than that predicted from the summation of the annular simulations. Collisions of action potentials moving in opposite directions in the dendrites largely accounted for this contraction in receptive field size for the area summation studies. The presence of dendritic Na channels increased the size of the receptive field beyond that achieved in their absence and allowed the physiological size of the receptive field to approximate the physical dimensions of the dendritic tree. This receptive field augmentation was the result of impulse generating ability in the dendrites which enhanced the signal observed at the soma. These simulations provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for physiological recordings from amacrine cells that show similar phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S Royer
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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21
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Comparative analysis of calbindin D-28K and calretinin in the retina of anuran and urodele amphibians: Colocalization with choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Brain Res 2007; 1182:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Costa LDF, Bonci DMO, Saito CA, Rocha FADF, Silveira LCDL, Ventura DF. Voronoi analysis uncovers relationship between mosaics of normally placed and displaced amacrine cells in the thraira retina. Neuroinformatics 2007; 5:59-78. [PMID: 17426353 DOI: 10.1385/ni:5:1:59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although neuronal dynamics is to a high extent a function of synapse strength, the spatial distribution of neurons is also known to play an important role, which is evidenced by the topographical organization of the main stations of the visual system: retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and cortex. The coexisting systems of normally placed and displaced amacrine cells in the vertebrate retina provide interesting examples of retinotopic spatial organization. However, it is not clear whether these two systems are spatially interrelated or not. The current work applies two mathematical-computational methods-a new method involving Voronoi diagrams for local density quantification and a more traditional approach, the Ripley K function-in order to characterize the mosaics of normally placed and displaced amacrine cells in the retina of Hoplias malabaricus and search for possible spatial relationships between these two types of mosaics. The results obtained by the Voronoi local density analysis suggest that the two systems of amacrine cells are spatially interrelated through nearly constant local density ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Da Fontoura Costa
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970 Brazil.
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23
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Jiang Z, Li B, Jursky F, Shen W. Differential distribution of glycine transporters in Müller cells and neurons in amphibian retinas. Vis Neurosci 2007; 24:157-68. [PMID: 17640406 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523807070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian retinas are commonly used for electrophysiological studies on neural function and transduction because they share the same general properties as higher vertebrate retinas. Glycinergic synapses have been well described in amphibian retinas. However, the role of glycine transporters in the synapses is largely unknown. We studied the distribution and function of glycine transporters in the retinas from tiger salamanders, mudpuppies, and leopard frogs by immunofluorescence labeling and whole-cell recording methods. Our results indicated that GlyT1- and GlyT2-like transporters were present in Müller cells and neurons, respectively. GlyT1 labeling was present in Müller glial cells and co-localized with Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a Müller cell marker, whereas the GlyT2 immunoreactivity was present in the somas of amacrine cells (ACs) and processes in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Because the axon processes of glycinergic interplexiform cells (IPCs) are the only source of glycine input in the OPL, GlyT2 staining revealed a spatial pattern of the axon processes of IPCs in the OPL. The function of GlyT2 in the IPCs was studied in tiger salamander retinal horizontal cells (HCs) by whole-cell gramicidin perforated recording. The results demonstrated that inhibition of GlyT2 by a specific inhibitor, amoxapine, increased a tonic glycine input to HCs. Thus, the GlyT2 transporter is responsible for uptake of synaptic glycine in the outer retina. We also compared the distribution of glycine transporters in other amphibian species: salamander, mudpuppy, and frog. The results are consistent with the general pattern that GlyT1-like transporters are present in Müller cells and GlyT2-like transporters in neurons in amphibian retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
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24
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Ge LH, Lee SC, Liu J, Yang XL. Glycine receptors are functionally expressed on bullfrog retinal cone photoreceptors. Neuroscience 2007; 146:427-34. [PMID: 17346892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Using immunocytochemical and whole cell recording techniques, we examined expression of glycine receptors on bullfrog retinal cone photoreceptors. Immunofluorescence double labeling experiments conducted on retinal sections and isolated cell preparations showed that terminals and inner segments of cones were immunoreactive to both alpha1 and beta subunits of glycine receptors. Moreover, application of glycine induced a sustained inward current from isolated cones, which increased in amplitude in a dose-dependent manner, with an EC50 (concentration of glycine producing half-maximal response) of 67.3+/-4.9 microM, and the current was blocked by the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine, but not 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (DCKA) of 200 microM, a blocker of the glycine recognition site at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The glycine-induced current reversed in polarity at a potential close to the calculated chloride equilibrium potential, and the reversal potential was changed as a function of the extracellular chloride concentration. These results suggest that strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors are functionally expressed in bullfrog cones, which may mediate signal feedback from glycinergic interplexiform cells to cones in the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-H Ge
- Institute of Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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25
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Zhang J, Zhang AJ, Wu SM. Immunocytochemical analysis of GABA-positive and calretinin-positive horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499:432-41. [PMID: 16998928 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
By using immunocytochemical techniques, we demonstrate that there are two distinct, nonoverlapping populations of horizontal cells (HCs) in the tiger salamander retina: GABA-positive cells account for about 72% and GABA-negative (calretinin-positive) cells account for 28% of the total HC somas. The calretinin-positive HCs have relatively sparse and thick dendrites: soma diameter of 19.72 +/- 0.29 microm, and soma density of 140 +/- 13 cells/mm(2), morphological features very much like the A-type HCs described in the accompanying article. The GABA-positive HCs have thinner dendritic and coarse axon-terminal-like processes of higher density: soma diameter of 18 +/- 0.18 microm, and soma density of 364 +/- 18 cells/mm(2), features that very much resemble the B-type HCs and B-type HC axon terminals in the accompanying article. By using double and triple immunostaining techniques we found that only 18% of the non-GABAergic HC dendritic clusters contact rods, whereas the remaining 82% of the dendritic clusters contact cones. This is consistent with the physiological finding in the accompanying article that the A-type HCs are cone-dominated. On the other hand, 32% of GABAergic HC dendrites contact rod pedicles and 68% contact cone pedicles, consistent with the physiological finding that B-type HCs and B-type HC axon terminals receive mixed rod/cone inputs. Detailed confocal microscope analysis shows that 4% rods, 6% principal double cones/single cones, and 100% accessory double cones contact calretinin-positive HCs, and 79% rods, 100% principal double cones, 14% accessory double cones, and 82% single cones contact GABAergic HCs. These results suggest that GABAergic and non-GABAergic HC input/output synapses differ and they may mediate different functional pathways in the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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26
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Francisco-Morcillo J, Hidalgo-Sánchez M, Martín-Partido G. Spatial and temporal patterns of proliferation and differentiation in the developing turtle eye. Brain Res 2006; 1103:32-48. [PMID: 16797493 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we show for the first time different aspects of the pattern of neurogenesis in the developing turtle retina by using different morphological and molecular clues. We show the chronotopographical fashion of occurrence of three major aspects of retinal development: (1) morphogenesis of the optic primordia and emergence of the different retinal layers, (2) the temporal progression of neurogenesis by the cessation of proliferative activity, and (3) the apparition and cellular localization of different antigens and neuroactive substances. Retinal cells were generated in a conserved temporal order with ganglion cells born first, followed by amacrine, photoreceptor, horizontal and bipolar/Müller cells. While eventually expressed in many types of retinal neurons, Islet1 was permanently expressed in differentiating and mature ganglion cells. Calbindin-immunoreactive elements were found in the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. Interestingly, at later stages the amount of expressing cells in these layers was reduced dramatically. On the contrary, the number of calbindin-immunoreactive photoreceptors increased as development proceeded. In addition, calretinin expressing cells were prominent in the horizontal cell bodies, and their processes extending into the outer plexiform layer were also strongly labeled. Finally, the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was detected in developing and matured horizontal and amacrine cells. All these maturational features began in the dorso-central area, in a region slightly displaced towards the temporal retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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27
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Miller RF, Staff NP, Velte TJ. Form and Function of on-off Amacrine Cells in the Amphibian Retina. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:3171-90. [PMID: 16481463 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00090.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
on-off amacrine cells were studied with whole cell recording techniques and intracellular staining methods using intact retina-eyecup preparations of the tiger salamander ( Ambystoma tigrinum) and the mudpuppy ( Necturus maculosus). Morphological characterization of these cells included three-dimensional reconstruction methods based on serial optical sections obtained with a confocal microscope. Some cells had their detailed morphology digitized with a computer-assisted tracing system and converted to compartmental models for computer simulations. The dendrites of on-off amacrine cells have spines and numerous varicosities. Physiological recordings confirmed that on-off amacrine cells generate both large- and small-amplitude impulses attributed, respectively, to somatic and dendritic generation sites. Using a multichannel model for impulse generation, computer simulations were carried out to evaluate how impulses are likely to propagate throughout these structures. We conclude that the on-off amacrine cell is organized with multifocal dendritic impulse generating sites and that both dendritic and somatic impulse activity contribute to the functional repertoire of these interneurons: locally generated dendritic impulses can provide regional activation, while somatic impulse activity results in rapid activation of the entire dendritic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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28
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Morona R, Moreno N, López JM, González A. Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin-D28k and calretinin in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis. J Comp Neurol 2006; 494:763-83. [PMID: 16374814 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the distribution and morphology of neurons containing the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis and determine the extent to which this organization is comparable to that of mammals. Most CB- and CR-containing neurons were located in the superficial dorsal gray field, but with distinct topography. The lateral, ventrolateral, and ventromedial fields also possessed abundant neurons labeled for either CB or CR. Double immunohistofluorescence demonstrated that a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion cells and neurons in the dorsal and ventrolateral fields contained CB and CR. By means of a similar technique, a cell population in the dorsal field was doubly labeled only for CB and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), whereas in the ventrolateral field colocalization of NOS with CB and CR was found. Choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry revealed that a subpopulation of ventral horn neurons, including motoneurons, colocalized CB and CR. The involvement of CB- and CR-containing neurons in ascending spinal projections was demonstrated combining the retrograde transport of dextran amines and immunohistochemistry. Cells colocalizing the tracer and CB or CR were quite numerous, primarily in the dorsal and ventrolateral fields. Similar experiments demonstrated supraspinal projections from CB- and CR-containing cells in the brainstem and diencephalon. The distribution, projections, and colocalization with neurotransmitters of the neuronal systems containing CB and CR in Xenopus suggest that CB and CR are important neuromodulator substances with functions conserved in the spinal cord from amphibians through mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. Calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivity in the retina of adult and larval sea lamprey. Brain Res 2006; 1068:118-30. [PMID: 16368080 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of calretinin and calbindin immunoreactivity is studied in the retina of larval and adult lamprey and their respective distributions are compared. Calretinin distribution is also studied in the retina of transforming stages. Western blot analysis in brain extracts showed a 29-kDa band with both polyclonal anti-calbindin and anti-calretinin antibodies. Calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivity has shown a partially different distribution. In the adult retina large and small bipolar cells, with respectively stratified or diffuse axons, the inner row of horizontal cells and ganglion cells and/or some amacrine cells were labeled with anti-calretinin antibody. The anti-calbindin antibody labels the same cell types except most of ganglion cells, but the label was less conspicuous. Therefore, the possible existence of these two calcium-binding proteins in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey could be discussed. In the differentiated central retina of larval lampreys, numerous calretinin immunoreactive bipolar and ganglion cells were observed, while, in the lateral retina, only ganglion cells were labeled, accordingly with the lack of differentiation of other neural cell types. CR-ir bipolar cells appeared in the retina by the stage 5 of transformation, i.e. about the time when differentiation of photoreceptors occurs. The comparison of the distribution of calretinin and calbindin between adult and larval central retina of lampreys shows striking differences that could be related to the different functionality of eyes in these two stages of the life cycle of lampreys. In addition, this is the first report on the presence of calcium-binding proteins in the larval and transforming lamprey retina, on the presence of calretinin- and calbindin-immunoreactive horizontal cells in adult lamprey retinas and on the differential stratification of bipolar cell terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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30
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Zhang J, Wang HH, Yang CY. Synaptic organization of GABAergic amacrine cells in the salamander retina. Vis Neurosci 2005; 21:817-25. [PMID: 15733337 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523804216029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synaptic organization of GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of salamander retina was studied with the use of postembedding immuno-electron microscopy. A total of 457 GABA-IR amacrine synapses, with identified postsynaptic elements, were analyzed on photomontages of electron micrographs covering 3,618 microm2 of the IPL. GABA-IR amacrine synapses were distributed throughout the IPL, with a small peak at the proximal margin of sublamina a. The majority of the output targets (81%) were GABA(-) neurons. Most of the contacts were simple synapses with one postsynaptic element identified as a process of an amacrine cell (55%), bipolar cell (19%) or ganglion cell (26%), and serial synapses were very rare. Of the 89 postsynaptic bipolar terminals, 63% participated in a reciprocal feedback synapse with the same presynaptic GABA-IR amacrine profile. There appeared to be no preference between GABA-IR amacrine contacts with rod- or cone-dominated bipolar cells (9.1% vs. 8.9%) or in the total number of amacrine synapses in sublaminas a and b (52% vs. 47%). The preponderance of amacrine cell input to bipolar cells in the OFF layer was derived from GABA-IR cells. These findings provide ultrastructural support to the existing physiological studies regarding the functional roles of the GABAergic amacrine cells in this species. Our results have added to the data base demonstrating that, in contrast to mammals, GABA-IR amacrine cells in amphibians and other nonmammals contact other amacrine cells more frequently, suggesting greater involvement of GABAergic amacrine cells in modulating lateral inhibitory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5230, USA
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Ichinose T, Lukasiewicz PD. Inner and outer retinal pathways both contribute to surround inhibition of salamander ganglion cells. J Physiol 2005; 565:517-35. [PMID: 15760938 PMCID: PMC1464530 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.083436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Illumination of the receptive-field surround reduces the sensitivity of a retinal ganglion cell to centre illumination. The steady, antagonistic receptive-field surround of retinal ganglion cells is classically attributed to the signalling of horizontal cells in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). However, amacrine cell signalling in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) also contributes to the steady receptive-field surround of the ganglion cell. We examined the contributions of these two forms of presynaptic lateral inhibition to ganglion cell light sensitivity by measuring the effects of surround illumination on EPSCs evoked by centre illumination. GABA(C) receptor antagonists reduced inhibition attributed to dim surround illumination, suggesting that this inhibition was mediated by signalling to bipolar cell axon terminals. Brighter surround illumination further reduced the light sensitivity of the ganglion cell. The bright surround effects on the EPSCs were insensitive to GABA receptor blockers. Perturbing outer retinal signalling with either carbenoxolone or cobalt blocked the effects of the bright surround illumination, but not the effects of dim surround illumination. We found that the light sensitivities of presynaptic, inhibitory pathways in the IPL and OPL were different. GABA(C) receptor blockers reduced dim surround inhibition, suggesting it was mediated in the IPL. By contrast, carbenoxolone and cobalt reduced bright surround, suggesting it was mediated by horizontal cells in the OPL. Direct amacrine cell input to ganglion cells, mediated by GABA(A) receptors, comprised another surround pathway that was most effectively activated by bright illumination. Our results suggest that surround activation of lateral pathways in the IPL and OPL differently modulate the sensitivity of the ganglion cell to centre illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ichinose
- Department of Ophthalmology/Campus Box 8096, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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32
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Bennis M, Versaux-Botteri C, Repérant J, Armengol JA. Calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the retina of the chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon). BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2005; 65:177-87. [PMID: 15687725 DOI: 10.1159/000083683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the pioneering studies of Ramon y Cajal [1893] and Rochon-Duvigneaud [1943], few studies have been devoted to the detailed study of the cytological and biochemical structure of the chameleon retina. In the present study we analyzed the expression of calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivities in the chameleon retina, and compared their distribution with those found in the retinas of other vertebrate species. CB immunoreactivity is dense in photoreceptors, horizontal and some lower amacrine cells. The most intense immunoreactivity was observed for calretinin; CR-ir amacrine cells are distributed throughout the inner nuclear, inner plexiform, and ganglion cell layers of the retina. Horizontal cells also display immunoreactivity to CR. A few retinal interneurons are weakly PV-ir. Double-labeling shows that all PV-ir or CB-ir cells, except the photoreceptors, are also strongly CR-ir. The distributions of these calcium-binding proteins in the chameleon retina share similarities with those observed in mammalian and avian retinas. In addition, the widespread distribution and co-localization of CB and CR reinforces the idea that these proteins play a general role in buffering the intracellular calcium levels in retinal cells. Furthermore, CB- and CR-immunoreactivities have enabled us to identify for the first time axon-bearing horizontal cells in the peripheral retina of the chameleon, very similar to those described in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bennis
- Unité de Neurobiologie, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Marrakech, Marrakech, Morocco.
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Partida GJ, Lee SC, Haft-Candell L, Nichols GS, Ishida AT. DARPP-32-like immunoreactivity in AII amacrine cells of rat retina. J Comp Neurol 2005; 480:251-63. [PMID: 15515184 PMCID: PMC3232744 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the dopamine- and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphatase inhibitor known as "DARPP-32" is present in rat, cat, monkey, and human retinas. We have followed up these studies by asking what specific cell subtypes contain DARPP-32. Using a polyclonal antibody directed against a peptide sequence of human DARPP-32, we immunostained adult rat retinas that were either transretinally sectioned or flat mounted and found DARPP-32-like immunoreactivity in some cells of the amacrine cell layer across the entire retinal surface. We report here, based on the shape and spatial distribution of these cells, their staining by an anti-parvalbumin antibody, and their juxtaposition with processes containing tyrosine hydroxylase, that DARPP-32-like immunoreactivity is present in AII amacrine cells of rat retina. These results suggest that the response of AII amacrine cells to dopamine is not mediated as simply as previously supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew T. Ishida
- Correspondence to: Andrew Ishida at the address given above, tel & fax: (530) 752-3569,
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34
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Krizaj D, Liu X, Copenhagen DR. Expression of calcium transporters in the retina of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). J Comp Neurol 2004; 475:463-80. [PMID: 15236230 PMCID: PMC2579895 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Changes in intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, modulate the flow of visual signals across all stages of processing in the retina, yet the identities of Ca2+ transporters responsible for these changes are still largely unknown. In the current study, the distribution of plasma membrane and intracellular Ca2+ transporters in the retina of tiger salamander, a model system for physiological studies of retinal function, was determined. Plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs), responsible for high-affinity Ca2+ extrusion, were highly expressed in the salamander retina. PMCA isoforms 1, 2, and 4 were localized to photoreceptors, whereas the inner retina expressed all four isoforms. PMCA3 was expressed in a sparse population of amacrine and ganglion neurons, whereas PMCA2 was expressed in most amacrine and ganglion cells. Na+/Ca2+ exchangers, a high-capacity Ca2+ extrusion system, were expressed in the outer plexiform layer and in a subset of inner nuclear and ganglion layer cells. Intracellular Ca2+ store transporters were also represented prominently. SERCA2a, a splice variant of the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase, was found mostly in photoreceptors, whereas SERCA2b was found in the majority of retinal neurons and in glial cells. The predominant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ channels in the salamander retina are represented by the isoform 2 of the IP3 receptor family and the isoform 2 of the ryanodine receptor family. These results indicate that Ca2+ transporters in the salamander retina are expressed in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Krizaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0730, USA.
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35
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Clemente D, Porteros A, Weruaga E, Alonso JR, Arenzana FJ, Aijón J, Arévalo R. Cholinergic elements in the zebrafish central nervous system: Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. J Comp Neurol 2004; 474:75-107. [PMID: 15156580 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the zebrafish has been extensively used for studying the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the zebrafish CNS has been poorly analyzed in the adult. The cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in the brain, retina, and spinal cord. AChE labeling was more abundant and more widely distributed than ChAT immunoreactivity. In the telencephalon, ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) cells were absent, whereas AChE-positive neurons were observed in both the olfactory bulb and the telencephalic hemispheres. The diencephalon was the region with the lowest density of AChE-positive cells, mainly located in the pretectum, whereas ChAT-ir cells were exclusively located in the preoptic region. ChAT-ir cells were restricted to the periventricular stratum of the optic tectum, but AChE-positive neurons were observed throughout the whole extension of the lamination except in the marginal stratum. Although ChAT immunoreactivity was restricted to the rostral tegmental, oculomotor, and trochlear nuclei within the mesencephalic tegmentum, a widespread distribution of AChE reactivity was observed in this region. The isthmic region showed abundant AChE-positive and ChAT-ir cells in the isthmic, secondary gustatory and superior reticular nucleus and in the nucleus lateralis valvulae. ChAT immunoreactivity was absent in the cerebellum, although AChE staining was observed in Purkinje and granule cells. The medulla oblongata showed a widespread distribution of AChE-positive cells in all main subdivisions, including the octavolateral area, reticular formation, and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. ChAT-ir elements in this area were restricted to the descending octaval nucleus, the octaval efferent nucleus and the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. Additionally, spinal cord motoneurons appeared positive to both markers. Substantial differences in the ChAT and AChE distribution between zebrafish and other fish species were observed, which could be important because zebrafish is widely used as a genetic or developmental animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Clemente
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
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36
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Zhang J, Yang Z, Wu SM. Immuocytochemical analysis of spatial organization of
photoreceptors and amacrine and ganglion cells in the tiger salamander
retina. Vis Neurosci 2004; 21:157-66. [PMID: 15259567 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523804042075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, using double- or triple-label
immunocytochemistry in conjunction with confocal microscopy, we aimed
to examine the population and distribution of photoreceptors, GABAergic
and glycinergic amacrine cells, and ganglion cells, which are basic but
important parameters for studying the structure–function
relationship of the salamander retina. We found that the outer nuclear
layer (ONL) contained 82,019 ± 3203 photoreceptors, of which 52%
were rods and 48% were cones. The density of photoreceptors peaked at
∼8000 cells/mm2 in the ventral and dropped to
∼4000 cells/mm2 in the dorsal retina. In addition,
the rod/cone ratio was less than 1 in the central retina but larger
than 1 in the periphery. Moreover, in the proximal region of the inner
nuclear layer (INL3), the total number of cells was 50,576 ±
8400. GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells made up approximately
78% of all cells in this layer, including 43% GABAergic, 32%
glycinergic, and 3% GABA/glycine colocalized amacrine cells. The
density of these amacrine cells was ∼6500 cells/mm2
in the ventral and ∼3200 cells/mm2 in the dorsal
area. The ratio of GABAergic to glycinergic amacrine cells was larger
than 1. Furthermore, in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), among a total of
36,007 ± 2010 cells, ganglion cells accounted for 65.7 ±
1.5% of the total cells, whereas displaced GABAergic and glycinergic
amacrine cells comprised about 4% of the cells in this layer. The
ganglion cell density was ∼1800 cells/mm2 in the
ventral and ∼600 cells/mm2 in the dorsal retina. Our
data demonstrate that all three major cell types are not uniformly
distributed across the salamander retina. Instead, they exhibit a
higher density in the ventral than in the dorsal retina and their
spatial arrangement is associated with the retinal topography. These
findings provide a basic anatomical reference for the
electrophysiological study of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine. One Baylor Plaza, Houston 77030, USA.
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37
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O'Brien BJ, Richardson RC, Berson DM. Inhibitory network properties shaping the light evoked responses of cat alpha retinal ganglion cells. Vis Neurosci 2004; 20:351-61. [PMID: 14658764 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523803204016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cat retinal ganglion cells of the Y (or alpha) type respond to luminance changes opposite those preferred by their receptive-field centers with a transient hyperpolarization. Here, we examine the spatial organization and synaptic basis of this light response by means of whole-cell current-clamp recordings made in vitro. The hyperpolarization was largest when stimulus spots approximated the size of the receptive-field center, and diminished substantially for larger spots. The hyperpolarization was largely abolished by bath application of strychnine, a blocker of glycinergic inhibition. Picrotoxin, an antagonist of ionotropic GABA receptors, greatly reduced the attenuation of the hyperpolarizing response for large spots. The data are consistent with a model in which (1) the hyperpolarization reflects inhibition by glycinergic amacrine cells of bipolar terminals presynaptic to the alpha cells, and perhaps direct inhibition of the alpha cell as well; and (2) the attenuation of the hyperpolarization by large spots reflects surround inhibition of the glycinergic amacrine by GABAergic amacrine cells. This circuitry may moderate nonlinearities in the alpha-cell light response and could account for some excitatory and inhibitory influences on alpha cells known to arise from outside the classical receptive field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Box 1953, Providence, RI 02912-1953, USA
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38
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Pombal MA, Abalo XM, Rodicio MC, Anadón R, González A. Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the retina of adult and developing lampreys. Brain Res 2003; 993:154-63. [PMID: 14642841 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ChATir) amacrine cells is reported for the first time in the retinas of three species of lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, and Petromyzon marinus). In the three species, the ChATir cells were mainly distributed in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), which in lampreys extends from the inner nuclear layer (INL) to the inner limiting membrane. These cells had a bipolar, triangular or stellate appearance, and gave rise to processes coursing in the inner plexiform layer. In transforming lampreys, ChATir processes formed two asymmetrical inner and outer subplexuses in the inner plexiform layer, which is reminiscent of the distribution of processes of ChATir cells in the On and Off sublaminae reported in jawed vertebrates. The larval retina lacked ChAT immunoreactivity, and ChATir cells and processes appeared at early metamorphosis throughout the retina, exhibiting in late transforming stages an organization similar to that of adults. This first report of ChATir cells in the lamprey retina indicates that the appearance of cholinergic circuits in the retina of vertebrates occurred before the divergence of the agnathan and gnathostome lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Angel Pombal
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, University of Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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39
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Kim D, Kim MJ, Lee JH, Im JO, Won YJ, Yoon SY, Hong HN. Concomitant distribution shift of glial GABA transporter and S100 calcium-binding proteins in the rat retina after kainate-induced excitotoxic injury. Neurosci Lett 2003; 353:17-20. [PMID: 14642427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to elucidate the involvement of neuronal and glial calcium-binding proteins in the stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport system by kainate-induced excitotoxicity in the rat retina. We used immunohistochemical method to assess the localization of GABA reuptake and calcium-binding proteins. After systemic administration of kainate, the neuronal GABA transporter does not show an association with calbindin D-28K. However, the localization of the GAT-3 transport system in Müller glial cells is closely correlated with the S100 proteins interacting with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in response to kainate injury. Furthermore, we demonstrate that kainate-mediated excitotoxicity induced concomitant distribution shift of glial GABA transporter, S100 proteins and GFAP in the distal processes and endfeet of glial cells during the first 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghou Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
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40
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Haeseleer F, Palczewski K. Calmodulin and Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBPs): variations on a theme. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 514:303-17. [PMID: 12596929 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger that frequently exerts its effects through Ca2+-binding proteins. In response to changes in the intracellular [Ca2+], Ca2+-binding proteins modulate the cellular activities of enzymes, channels and structural proteins. Multiple Ca2+-binding proteins are expressed in the retina and, in most cases, in a unique cellular and sub-cellular manner. CaBPs are retinal Ca2+-binding proteins displaying a high similarity to calmodulin (CaM). CaBPs are able to mimic some of the interactions of CaM with effector enzymes, although their physiological role has not yet been resolved. CaBPs could be cell-type specific proteins that play a key role in the Ca2+ signaling of specialized retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Haeseleer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6485, USA.
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41
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Straiker A, Sullivan JM. Cannabinoid receptor activation differentially modulates ion channels in photoreceptors of the tiger salamander. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89:2647-54. [PMID: 12740409 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00268.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors have been detected in retinas of numerous species, with prominent labeling in photoreceptor terminals of the chick and monkey. CB1 labeling is well-conserved across species, suggesting that CB1 receptors might also be present in photoreceptors of the tiger salamander. Synaptic transmission in vertebrate photoreceptors is mediated by L-type calcium currents-currents that are modulated by CB1 receptors in bipolar cells of the tiger salamander. Presence of CB1 receptors in photoreceptor terminals would therefore be consistent with presynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission, a role seen for cannabinoids in other parts of the brain. Here we report immunohistochemical and electrophysiological evidence for the presence of functional CB1 receptors in rod and cone photoreceptors of the tiger salamander. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55212-2 enhances calcium currents of rod photoreceptors by 39% but decreases calcium currents of large single cones by 50%. In addition, WIN 55212-2 suppresses potassium currents of rods and large single cones by 44 and 48%, respectively. Thus functional CB1 receptors, present in the terminals of rod and cone photoreceptors, differentially modulate calcium and potassium currents in rods and large single cones. CB1 receptors are therefore well positioned to modulate neurotransmitter release at the first synapse of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Straiker
- The Salk Institute and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92037, USA.
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42
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Cuenca N, Deng P, Linberg KA, Fisher SK, Kolb H. Choline acetyltransferase is expressed by non-starburst amacrine cells in the ground squirrel retina. Brain Res 2003; 964:21-30. [PMID: 12573509 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have used immunostaining techniques to reveal a new type of amacrine cell that is immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, in the Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) retina. Cryostat sections and double immunostained wholemount preparations were examined by confocal microscopy. This new ChAT type III cell is distinct in morphology and neurotransmitter content from the well know 'starburst' amacrine cells (types I and II) that are so well represented in the ground squirrel retina [J. Comp. Neurol. 365 (1996) 173-216]. The type III cell colocalizes glycine with the acetylcholine and does not appear to be GABAergic or exhibit calcium-binding proteins like the well-known starburst type. As well, type III cells do not occur as a mirror-symmetric pair with normally placed and displaced varieties. The type III cell is probably a small field amacrine type branching broadly in upper sublamina b of the inner plexiform layer, and is most likely A6 of the Ground Squirrel retina [J. Comp. Neurol. 365 (1996) 173-216]. Type III cells are ideally placed in the architecture of the Ground Squirrel retina to influence ON directionally selective ganglion cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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43
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Du JL, Yang XL. Glycinergic synaptic transmission to bullfrog retinal bipolar cells is input-specific. Neuroscience 2002; 113:779-84. [PMID: 12182885 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) focally elicited at the dendrites and axon terminals were recorded from bipolar cells in the bullfrog retinal slice, using the whole-cell clamp technique. IPSCs driven by input from interplexiform cells at bipolar cell dendrites (ipc-IPSCs) had a much slower decay time constant (25.2 +/- 7.8 ms) than IPSCs driven by input from amacrine cells at bipolar cell axon terminals (ac-IPSCs) (14.7 +/- 5.5 ms). Furthermore, peak-scaled non-stationary noise analysis revealed that the weighted mean single-channel conductance of the glycine receptors underlying bipolar cell dendritic ipc-IPSCs (20.8 +/- 6.6 pS) was significantly larger than that of those underlying bipolar cell axon terminal ac-IPSCs (12.9 +/- 2.9 pS). These results demonstrate that glycinergic synaptic transmission with different properties at bipolar cell dendrites and axon terminals differentially mediates intraretinal centrofugal signal transfer from the inner retina to the outer retina provided by interplexiform cells and lateral inhibition offered by amacrine cells in the inner retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Du
- Institute of Neurobiology, Fudan University, 220 Han-Dan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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44
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Abstract
Most synapses rely on regulated exocytosis for determining the concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft. However, this mechanism may not be universal. Several synapses in the retina appear to use a synaptic machinery in which transmitter transporters play an essential role. Two types of transport-mediated synapses have been proposed. These synapses have been best observed in horizontal cells and cones of nonmammalian retinas. Horizontal cells use a transporter to mediate a bidirectional shuttle, whose balance point is set by ion concentrations and voltage. Nonmammalian cones combine exocytosis and the activity of a transporter. Because exocytosis is voltage independent over most of a cone's physiological voltage range, a voltage-dependent transporter determines the concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft. These two synapses may be models for transport-mediated synapses that operate in other parts of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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45
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Sun X, Barnes S, Baldridge WH. Adenosine inhibits calcium channel currents via A1 receptors on salamander retinal ganglion cells in a mini-slice preparation. J Neurochem 2002; 81:550-6. [PMID: 12065663 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of adenosine on high-voltage-activated calcium channel currents in tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells were investigated in a mini-slice preparation. Adenosine produced a concentration-dependent decrease in the amplitude of calcium channel current with a maximum inhibition of 26%. The effects of adenosine on calcium channel current were both time- and voltage-dependent. In cells dialyzed with GTP-gamma-s, adenosine caused a sustained and irreversible inhibition of calcium channel current, suggesting involvement of a GTP-binding protein. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on calcium channel current was blocked by the A1 antagonist 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (DPCPX, 1-10 microm), but not by the A2 antagonist 3-7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 10 microm), and was mimicked by the A1 agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA, 1 microm) but not by the A2 agonist 5'-(N-cyclopropyl) carbox-amidoadenosine (CPCA, 1 microm). Adenosine's inhibition of calcium channel current was not affected by the L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine (5 microm). However, adenosine's inhibition of calcium channel current was reduced to approximately 10% after application of omega-conotoxin GVIA (1 microm), suggesting that adenosine inhibits N-type calcium channels. These results show that adenosine acts on an A1 adenosine receptor subtype via a G protein-coupled pathway to inhibit the component of calcium channel current carried in N-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Sun
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Physiology and Biophysics and. Ophthalmology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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46
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Du JL, Yang XL. Bullfrog retinal bipolar cells may express heterogeneous glycine receptors at dendrites and axon terminals. Neurosci Lett 2002; 322:177-81. [PMID: 11897167 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular localization and properties of glycine receptors on bipolar cells (BCs) were studied using whole-cell recordings and non-stationary noise analysis (NSNA) in bullfrog retinal slices. The currents elicited by focally applied glycine were of comparable amplitudes at the dendrites and axon terminals of both OFF and ON BCs. Moreover, glycine receptors were also expressed at the axons of some BCs. NSNA revealed that the weighted mean single-channel conductance of the glycine receptors at the dendrites (18.2 pS) was significantly larger than that of those at the axon terminals (8.1 pS), thus implying that the glycine receptors on bullfrog retinal BCs may be heterogeneous at these two sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Lin Du
- Institute of Neurobiology, Fudan University, 220 Han-Dan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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47
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Anadón R, Luz Díaz M, Becerra M, Jesús Manso M. Presence of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone-immunoreactive (TRHir) amacrine cells in the retina of anuran and urodele amphibians. Brain Res 2002; 926:86-93. [PMID: 11814410 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone-immunoreactive (TRH-ir) amacrine cells in the retina of amphibians is reported for the first time. The anuran and urodele retinas studied exhibit major differences in the distribution of TRH-ir cells. In the two urodele species investigated, most TRH-ir amacrine cells were located in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). These pear-shaped cells originate a dense TRH-ir dendritic plexus in strata 4-5 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). A small number of TRH-ir amacrine cells were observed in the inner nuclear layer (INL). Most of these INL TRH-ir cells were multipolar neurons with radiating dendrites that originate a loose plexus in the IPL stratum 1. In the three anuran species investigated, most TRH-ir amacrine cells were located in the INL. Distribution of TRH-ir processes in the IPL of anurans was not so clearly layered as in urodeles, dendrites being observed throughout strata 1-5. In the toad retina THR-ir material was also observed in the outer plexiform layer, which suggests that toads may have some TRH-ir interplexiform neurons. In the frog and toad, TRH-ir fibers were also observed in the optic nerve, although their origin could not be ascertained. The number of TRH-ir amacrine cells per whole retina was higher in anurans than in urodeles, though urodeles have higher cell densities. The marked differences in distribution of TRH-ir amacrine cells observed between anurans and urodeles, and among the three anuran species, suggest different functions of TRH in retinal processing, perhaps related to the different specializations of the visual systems of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Anadón
- Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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48
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Kolb H, Nelson R, Ahnelt P, Cuenca N. Cellular organization of the vertebrate retina. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 131:3-26. [PMID: 11420950 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)31005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Kolb
- John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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